Mans 2012 - Amotopoan Trails. A recent archaeology of Trio movements

7/23/2019 Mans 2012 - Amotopoan Trails. A recent archaeology of Trio movements

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l rojoet lrjmlocicfy

ca ^rgc kcvokoets

Lkctcpcle rlgis

Hgkky Kles

K o n o n o i g e f o e v l e m o t T g h b s k u s o u k v c c r Q c i b o e b u e n o , I o g n o e


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Zgnostceo ProssL eow foeorltgce ca Pudigsmgef

Wcu lro rolngef l auii vorsgce ca tmgs dccb, acr aroo!

^mgs dccb gs plrt ca tmo Zgnostceo o-igdrlry wmoro kcst ca cur

pudigjltgces lro auiiy ljjossgdio acr aroo. Acr ljjoss tc kcro

aroo dccbs vgsgt8 www.sgnostceo.jck/igdrlry

Ncweicln Auii PNA

Qgsgt tmo Zgnostceo o-igdrlry tc drcwso cur o-dccbs. Acr l kgegkli

aoo ycu jle purjmlso l auiiy auejtgceli PNA len dy ncgef sc, ycu

moip tc boop cur igdrlry rueegef.

www.sgnostceo.jck/igdrlry


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Zgnostceo Pross

LKC^CPCLE^TLGIZ


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K T Q, I

Ec.

Hgkky Kles

LKC^CPCLE^TLGIZL rojoet lrjmlocicfy ca rgc kcvokoets


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Kononoigefoe vle mot Tghbskusouk vccr Qciboebueno Ec. >:.4 Dugingef l mcuso ge Lkctcpc, Plrt G8 tmo acuenltgce suppcrts >6:.: Arck tmo pcst tc tmo pcstmcio len dljb ? Dugingef l mcuso, Plrt GG8 tmo rcca ?>:.? ô vlrgoty ge tmo acuenon strujturos ?6

:.?.< ô Jckkueli Ztrujturos (JKZs) ?7:.?.4 ô Mldgtltgce Ztrujturos (MZs) 14:.?.: ô Jccbgef Ztrujturos (JZs) 1?


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:.1 ô suppcrtgvo strujturos arck jcro tc porgpmory 17:.1.< ô Zuppcrt Ztrujturos (ZZ) len gscilton pcsts 60:.1.4 ô porgpmorli strujturos (PZs) 6?

:.1.: Porgpmorli pcsts len stlbos 6=:.1.> ô Toauso Nopcsgts (TNs) 67

:.6 Lkctcpc jckpcsgtgce = Lkctcpcle kcdgigllen tmo vgiilfo aiux =7

>.< ô spmoro ca sudsgstoejo kcdgigl 70

>...>. Cdsorvon fflux ca prcjuron sudsgstoejo kcdgigl 76>..4 ô spmoro ca oxjmlefo kcdgigl .4.< Cdsorvon fflux ca oxjmlefo kcdgigl .4.4 Topcrton fflux ca ljjukuilton oxjmlefo kcdgigl .4.: Topcrton geacrkltgce ce ngfforoet oxjmlefo cdhojts


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1 Ngsjussgce len jcejiusgces


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Lppoengx F8 Boy jcnos tc tmo rgc ca tmo Vostore rgc frcup oxjmlefospmoro 4:7

Lppoengx M8 Cdsorvon Oxjmlefo ge Lkctcpc nurgef 400= 4>7

Lppoengx G8 Topcrton oxjmlefo ca tmo ljjukuilton kcdgiglgeLkctcpcle strujturos 4?:

Lppoengx H8 ^o Vostore rgc frcup len tmogr focicfgjli sgfelturos 41?

Lppoengx B8 Lkctcpcle porjoptgces ce Tgvgros nltl ca Lililplnu 417

Lppoengx I8 Nojolson aoiicw gemldgtlets ca Lililplnu 466

Lppoengx K8 Popu Gplhlrg (T_Z-0


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Igst ca Agfuros

Agf.


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Agf. :.


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Agf. >.68 mo soplrlto jltofcrgos ca cdhojts ca dctm cdsorvon (I) lenljjukuilton Lkctcpcle oxjmlefo (T).

.=8 mo ngaaoroet jlijuiltgces roaiojtgef tmo roiltgvo pcsgtgcesca acur ca tmo scjgli ecnos ge tmo kosmwcrb ca tmo cdsorvonoxjmlefo.

.78 mo cdsorvon oxjmlefo eotwcrb ca tmo Lkctcpcles nur-gef tmo rlgey solsce ca 400=, smcwgef tmo roiltgvo iovoi cadotwooeeoss.

Agf. >.


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Agf. ?.=8 Acrkor vgiilfos ca 1 ca tmo gemldgtlets ca Lililplnu nurgef

Agf. ?.78 mo ausgce tc tmo kgssgcelry vgiilfo ca Lililplnu len tmo sud-soquoet kcvo tc Bwlklilslkutu. ?

Agf. ?.


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acr tmogrmcspgtligty tc wmgjm G eovor kgen roturegef lator ky porgcns ca agoinwcrb.Ge Cxacrn spojgli tmlebs fc tc okorgtus Prcaosscr Potor Tgvgro acr prcvgn-gef ko wgtm gesgfmts getc tmo cdsorvltgces mo klno lkcef tmo rgc likcst?0 yolrs lfc. Mgs wcrb prcvgnon le gevliuldio piltacrk acr mgstcrgjgsgeftmo Zurgelkoso-rgc kcvokoets. Nr. Jmrgstcpmor Kcrtce, jurltcr ca tmoPmctcfrlpm len Kleusjrgpt jciiojtgces lt tmo Pgtt-Tgvors Kusouk acr prc-vgngef ko wgtm Tgvgros pmctcfrlpms ca tmo


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?

Jmlptor 2 Mljboedojb 400=8


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, tmo ngkoesgces ca kcdgigllro ngsjusson. mo trlhojtcrgosca dctm pocpio len cdhojts lro piljon ge jcejort wgtm oljm ctmor. mo kc-dgigllro ngvgnon getc ngaaoroet jltofcrgos dlson ce tmogr roiltgcesmgps tc

jortlge lrjmlocicfgjli spmoros ca kcvokoet, elkoiy sudsgstoejo kcdgigl,oxjmlefo kcdgigllen rosgnoetgli kcdgigl. Ge Jmlptor ? tmo Lkctcpclevgiilfo gs ngljmrcegjliiy jckplron wgtm vlrgcus vgiilfos cvor tmo porgcn ca ljoetury tmrcufm tmo lppigjltgce ca getorljtgvo lelicfgos. Dlson ce lelicfg-jli jckplrgsces l mgstcry ca kltorgli jmlefo jle do ngstgiion. mo rosuitswgii do ngsjusson ge tmo ageli Jmlptor. Kcrocvor, tmo prcpcson lgks lenquostgces pcson ge tmgs Getrcnujtgce wgii do lesworon.


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) wgii acjus klgeiy ce l spo-jgagj rgc vgiilfo (Lkctcpc). Jmlptor ? wgii noli wgtm l joetury ca rgckcvokoets ge tmo Zurgelkoso Jcroetyeo dlsge. mo prcvgnon scjgli lendgcpmysgjli nltl wgii aljgigtlto jcetoxtuligzltgce wgtm roflrn tc tmo sudso-

quoet Jmlptors.Ge tmo agrst sojtgce ca tmgs Jmlptor (4.), jcetlges l sbotjm ca tmo vofotltgce vlrgo-

tgos wmgjm frcw ce tmo ilen len wltor gemldgton dy tmo rgc.


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4.< Tofgces gemldgton dy tmo prosoet-nly ^rgc

mo rgc acrk le gengfoecus jcefickorlto ca sudfrcups tmlt lro uegagonls l sgefio frcup wmc spolb tmo rgc ilefulfo (soo Agf. 4.86). Ge lii tmgefs el-tgceli len getoreltgceli, tmgs frcup gs roaorron tc ls rgc mgs tork jcvorstmo rgc gemldgtgef tmo Topudigj ca Zurgelko len tmo grgy wmc igvo ge

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Vlgwlg

Xco

Lplrlg

Vlylel

Zlrlkljjl

Pligbur

Vlpgsmlel

Klbusmg

Pltlkcel

Lblwlgc

Pokce

Blrgel

Vlrlc

Icbcec Blrgel

Bwgetg

Icbcec

Icbcec

Blrgel

Blrgel

Vlyp

Okorgiice

^rgc

Vlgwlg

Enyubl

Z_TGELKOATOEJM

F_GLEL

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Jlrgdle Ilefulfo

Lrlwlble Ilefulfo

^upg Ilefulfo

Klrcce Ilefulfo

Vlrlc Ilefulfo

0 00 bk

Agf. 4.


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jgagj jlso stuny ls ngsjusson ge tmo Getrcnujtgce (soo


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4?

G

oejcuetor l mgfm eukdor ca porgsmldio lrtoaljts len mln pileeon tc gevos-tgflto (l) tmo rltgc dotwooe porgsmldio len ece-porgsmldio kltorgli juiturolen (d) tmo prcnujtgce soquoejos ca porgsmldio lrtoaljts.

Nr. Jlrige bgeniy getrcnujon ko tc Ltgegc Pleobbo ge Plrlklrgdc.Cejo mo len mgs altmor, tmo jlptlge ca Lkctcpc, mln frleton porkgssgcetc jcenujt rosolrjm ge tmogr vgiilfo, G wls liicwon tc stly tmoro acr l porgcnca 1 woobs. Mlvgef ioat Plrlklrgdc, G ljjckplegon tmo Lkctcpcles uptmo Jcroetyeo Tgvor tc tmogr vgiilfo. Vmoe vgsgtgef tmo agrst rgc vgiilfouprgvor (Zlenilengef) G cdsorvon tmlt tmo Lkctcpcles woro fgvoe porgsm-ldio lrtoaljts sujm ls pilgton jlsslvl squoozors len jlsslvl sgators. Vmoelsbon wmy tmoy tccb tmoso cdhojts wgtm tmok arck tmgs vgiilfo, tmoy ge-acrkon ko tmlt tmoy tmoksoivos ngn ect mlvo tmo becwionfo tc klbo sujmcdhojts. Lator l icef hcureoy wo lrrgvon lt tmo vgiilfo ca Lkctcpc. Gestolnca jckgef ljrcss qugto l ilrfo quletgty ca porgsmldio kltorgli juituro jce-sgstgef ca kltorglis oxtrljton arck tmo ngrojt surrcuengef oevgrcekoet, Gcdsorvon le lduenlejo ca kotli ples len pilstgj jups, piltos len pcts (sooAgf. :.


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acrokcst, tc trljo tmo kcvokoets ca tmo Lkctcpcles len tmogr cdhojtsge len cut ca tmogr vgiilfo, len sojceniy tc trljo tmogr lejostrli kcvo-koets cvor l porgcn ca kcro tmle


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4.4.< Zongkoet Dlsge

Vo jle cdsorvo tmo Projlkdrgle smgoin arck suaagjgoet litgtuno ls l woltm-oron gsilen surrcuenon dy ortglry len \ultorelry songkoets (Fgdds &Dlrrce


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4=

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mls le lfo ca j. 4.


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4.4.: Fuglel _pilens

Mgfmor tmle :00 k ldcvo sol iovoi up tc


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l ece-songkoetlry crgfge. Nuo tc icjligzon ngaaoroetgli woltmorgef ca tmojcuetry rcjb frlegtos, frleuigtos len nciorgtos dojlko oxpcson, tlbgef cetmo lppolrlejo ca gscilton klssgas len rgnfos (Mlkkcen 400?8>6). Ldcvo

=00 k, Mlkkcen jcetgeuos, tmo vlrgoty ca focicfgjli strujturos gejiunofrlegtgj getrusgvos, frleuigtgj mcrsts ls sooe lt tmo Dlbmugs len VgimoikgelKcuetlges (tmo mgfmor oiovltgces ca tmo frleuigto doit) len lejgoet kotl-kcrpmcson vcijlegjs ca tmo _ltuk sugto. Kcst mgiis len kcuetlges ldcvo


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:00bk, tmo Klpuorl 41.?00bk len tmo Vost-Plru :1.?00 bk. Kcvgef tc-

wlrns tmo olst arck tmo rckdotls dlsge, wo oejcuetor twc skliior dlsges,elkoiy tmo dlsge ca tmo Olst-Plru trgdutlry wgtm l nrlgelfo lrol ca >>.4?0bk len dlsge ca tmo Hlrg trgdutlry wgtm l nrlgegef le lrol ca ?>.100 bk(Mlkkcen 400?8


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Ge suk, Pooi ot li. prcvgno us wgtm tmo kcst rojoet nltl jceagrkgefouegssoe ot li.slacrokoetgceon jigklto lsjrgptgce acr tmo rgc lrol (soolisc Mcaakle 40078>7-?0). Gt sooks tc smcw tmlt, cvor tmo plst 40 yolrs,tmo Lk jigklto mls oxplenon tc tmo ecrtm ge Zurgelko len tmo Lw jigkltozceo mls oetoron tmo jcuetry getc tmo scutmwost. mgs jcuin oxpilge kycdsorvltgces ge tmo agoin.4>

4.> Acrosts ca tmo Fuglel poeopilge

Lator ngsjussgef tmo olrtm len wltor, gt gs ecw tgko tc noli wgtm tmo vof-otltgce. Ls stlton olrigor, tmo acrosts mlvo icef dooe nookon getoreliiyjcesgstoet dy prosukgef tmoy lii jcestgtuton l sgefio prgstgeo rlgeacrost.moro gs l jcesoesus ecwlnlys lkcef sjmcilrs tc kcvo lwly arck tmgs ec-tgce ca tmo mckcfoecus prgkcrngli rlgeacrost (o.f. Dlio 2 Orgjbsce400=2 Lioxglnos 4007). mgs sojtgce lttokpts tc smcw tmo ngvorsgty ca tmorlgeacrost acr tmgs rofgce ls alr ls tmo igtorlturo ce dctley porkgts. mo

4> Tolscegef arck tmo cin rlgealii solsceligty sjmoko, G mln mcpon tc oxporgoejo tmo smcrt nry

porgcn len tmo icef rlgey solsce. Eovortmoioss dctm ky oinwcrb porgcns tccb piljo nurgefceo len tmo slko rlgey solsce.

Hleu

lry

Aodr

ulry

Klrjm

Lprgi

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iy

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st

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r

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r

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r

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r

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vofotltgce typos jcvorgef tmo ldcvokoetgceon ilenacrks ca tmo Fuglelsmlvo dooe nosjrgdon dy tor Ztoofo len Xcenorvle. moyprcvgno l moipauingvgsgce ca tmo Fuglel acrosts getc sovorli klhcr rofgces (soo Agf. 4.62 torZtoofo & Xcenorvle 40008:=-?>).

mo jcetokpcrlry rgc lrol prosoetiy cvorilps tmroo ca tmoso klhcracrost rofgces tc wmgjm tmo ece-acrost rofgce ca tmo Zgpligwgeg slvleel jle

do lnnon. Zgejo tmo okorfoejo ca tmo Vostore rgc Frcup, tmo rgc wmcmlvo kcvon aurtmost ecrtm (soo Agf. 4.4) mlvo rojoetiy oetoron twc eow

Z_TGELKO

F_WLEL

ATOEJM

F_GLEL

DTLZGI

0 00 bk

^rgc Ilensjlpo

Acrosts ce tmo Zcutmore Poeopilge

Zlvleel Qofotltgce

Acrosts ge tmo Plblrlgkl-Joetrli (Fulylel _pilen rofgce)

Acrosts ca EV-Fuylel & Qoeozuoile Fulylel

Acrosts ca tmo tortglry slen pilges

Acrosts ca tmo jclstli pilges

E

Agf. 4.68 Klp ca tmo klhcr acrost len slvleel rofgces ge tmo Fuglels (lnlpton arck torZtoofo & Xcenorvle 40008:7).


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acrost rofgces. mo ecrtmore rgc lffickorltgce ca tmo icwor JcroetyeoTgvor ecw agens gtsoia surrcuenon dy acrosts ca tmo tortglry slen pilges(tmo vgiilfo ca Vlelple) len tmo acrosts ca tmo jclstli pilges (tmo vgiilfo

ca Zlenilengef).4? Zgejo tmo acjus ca ky tmosgs gs klgeiy ce tmo jcetok-pcrlry rgc lffickorltgce ca tmo kgnnio Jcroetyeo Tgvor len tmo acrkorlrol ca gts gemldgtlets icjlton aurtmor scutm, G mlvo jmcsoe tc igkgt tmoprosoet jcetoxt tc tmo kcst roiovlet klhcr acrost rofgce, g.o. tmo Fuglelpoeopilge. Acr kcro geacrkltgce ce tmo vofotltgce ca tmo Zgpligwgegslvleel tmo rolnor gs roaorron tc tmo wcrbs ca Cinoedurfor len Ecrno(Cinoedurfor ot li.


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4.>.< _pilen aiccnpilge acrosts

Ztlrtgef wgtm tmo Jcroetyeo Tgvor lflge, wo wgii agrstiy acjus ce tmo acrostsca mor dlebs. _pilen aiccnpilge acrosts jle do jmlrljtorgzon ls dogef og-tmor porkleoetiy aiccnon cr solsceliiy aiccnon (Mcaakle 40078??). moacrkor gs ge foeorli jmlrljtorgzon dy swlkp acrosts wgtm l icw nofroo catroo ngvorsgty. Mcaakle jceagrks tmlt tmo aiccnpilge acrosts ca tmo Fuglelscatoe nc ect jcrrospcen woii wgtm tmo Drlzgigle solsceliiy aiccnon vlrzlacrosts. mo rolsce acr tmgs gs tmlt tmo rgvors ca tmo Fuglels aicwgef ecrtmgetc tmo Ltiletgj lro kujm skliior tmle tmlt ca tmo Lklzce (Mcaakle40078?6 ge roaoroejo tc Pgros & Prlejo


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4.>.4 _pilen nry acrosts

Ge Zurgelko tmo acrost typo ca tmo upilen nry acrosts gs roaorron tc ls icw-ilen mgfm nry ilen acrost (ouegssoe ot li. 400:847), wmgio ge Fuylelceo roaors tc tmgs typo ls kgxon acrost (vle Lenoi 40008G8>1-62 Mcaakle40078??). Ge jcetrlst tc tmo Drlzgigle vlrzl-Fuglel aiccnpilge acrostgejcefruoejo, tmgs ece-aiccnon acrost typo ca tmo getor-aiuvgli lrol, mcw-ovor, ncos sook tc jcrrospcen wgtm tmo Drlzgigle jltofcry ca torrl agrko(Mcaakle 40078?? roaorrgef tc Pgros & Prlejo


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torgzon dy tmo kgegkliiy ngsturdon sicw-frcwgef foeorl. moso troos lrojmlrljtorgzon dy ilrfo soons, noeso wccn len soia-ropiljgef ngsporsli. monry ilen acrosts aurtmor scutm roprosoets l jckpcsgtgce ca l mgfm vlrgoty

ca pgceoorgef spojgos jmlrljtorgzon dy dgrn len prgklto ngsporsli ca skliisoons len l icw wccn noesgty (tor Ztoofo & Mlkkcen 4000).

4.>.: Acrost Gsilens

Kcec-nckgelejo ca jortlge spojgos ge skliior dcuenon lrols kly mlvovlrgcus jlusos. Le lssukptgce tmlt tor Ztoofo len Mlkkcen sook tcquostgce gs tmo ectgce tmlt tmoro gs ceiy l sgefio jigklx vofotltgce typo getmo nry acrosts len tmlt lii vofotltgce uitgkltoiy rofoeorltos getc tmo slkojigklx vofotltgce lt tmgs iltgtuno (tor Ztoofo & Mlkkcen 40008


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Jcroetyeo dlsge (ouegssoe ot li. 400:8:4). Ce tmo ceo mlen, tmgs acrostgsilen typo wcuin agt ge tmo nry acrosts (provgcusiy nosjrgdon dy tor Ztoofolen Xcenorvle) ge tmo iolst ngsturdon joetrli lrol. Ce tmo ctmor mlen,

tmgs jmlrljtorgstgj acrost gsilen sooks tc cjjur arck ecrtm tc scutm liceftmo Jcroetyeo Tgvor. moy mlvo dooe ropcrton eolr ceo ca gts scurjos (eolrtmo Zgpligwgeg Zlvleel), eolr tmo rgc vgiilfo ca Lililplnu GG, eolr tmorgc vgiilfos ca Burueg len Jlsuoil ge tmo kgnnio Jcroetyeo lrol lenncwe tc tmo Bldurg jroob eolr Lpurl (ouegssoe ot li. 400:8:4-::, geroaoroejo tc vle rcce len ?2 soo lisc no Hcef 40068162 Duddorkle


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> (ja. Zjmgaaor


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Cejo tmo jcro ca acuenon strujturos ca tmo vgiilfo mls dooe nosjrgdon,wo smlii kcvo tcwlrns ngsjussgef tmo ece-acuenon strujturos len tmo aol-turos dotwooe len surrcuengef tmo acuenon strujturos (soo :.1). Icjlton

eolrdy tmo acuenon strujturos, wo smcuin drgef tc kgen pmoeckoel sujmls nrygef rljbs len dugingefs wmoro pcts lro stcron. Kcro tcwlrns tmo po-rgpmory ca tmo vgiilfo, wo oejcuetor tmo ncf boeeois, tmo jiustor ca pciossuppcrtgef ngaaoroet pilets len tmo roauso nopcsgts.

Ilst dut iolst, ge :.6, tmo jckpcsgtgce ca l eukdor ca tmo ldcvo-koe-tgceon aolturos lro nolit wgtm ge torks ca spltgli roiltgces. Dosgnos ngs-jussgef tmo aolturos icjltgces, tmo vgiilfo vofotltgce len tmo surrcuengefmcrtgjuiturli dlen lro getrcnujon tcc. mo nltl ce tmo jckpcsgtgce ca tmovgiilfo ca Lkctcpc len gts lrjmlocicfgjli gkkcdgio oiokoets lro jcetox-tuligson len jcejiunon ge :.=.

:.< L pcsgtgvo lrjmlocicfgjli gklfo8 pcsts len stlbos caLkctcpc

mo gkkcdgigl(moro tmo acjus igos ce tmo dugit oevgrcekoet) jrolto tmokltorgli jmlrljtorgstgjs ca tmo rgc vgiilfo ca Lkctcpc (soo Agf. :.


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pcsts, cdsorvo tmo icjltgces ca molrtms len soo wmoro tmo gemldgtlets nukptmogr wlsto len wmoro tmogr ngtjmos lro. Ge smcrt, tc cdsorvo wmoro len mcwtmoy iolvo tmogr trljos ge tmo ilensjlpo. Oxprosson ge l kotlpmcr, tmoso

aolturos len tmogr trljos lro getrgesgjliiy igebon ls l eofltgvo gklfo gs tc lpcsgtgvo gklfo. Le lrjmlocicfgjli porspojtgvo gs lejmcron wgtmge le otm-ecfrlpmgj stuny dy jmccsgef tc stlrt wgtm tmgs soiojtgce ca geacrkltgce.

Litmcufm tmo kltorgli jltofcrgos lnmoron tc ge tmgs vgiilfo lro tmo slko(pcsts, molrtms, kgnnoes len ngtjmos), tmo porspojtgvo ncos genoon stlrtwgtm l wgnor uegt ca cdsorvltgce, elkoiy tmlt ca tmo oetgro vgiilfo. Ge cr-nor tc sgtulto tmoso kltorgli jltofcrgos wo uenortlbo scko ljtgce ge crnortc lnmoro plrtgjuilr sgfegagjlejo tc tmo aolturos. mo uitgklto fcli ca geg-tgliiy nosjrgdgef tmo vgiilfo ge tmgs wly sorvos tc frcuen tmo sudsoquoet,cdsorvon ljtgces getc tmo kltorgli sottgef nosjrgdon moro. Nurgef tmoso =yolrs (400


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Agf. :.48 Eukdor ca pcsts len stlbos len tmogr nglkotor ngstrgdutgce (ge jk).

Agf. :.:8 Eukdor ca pcsts len stlbos len tmogr mogfmt ngstrgdutgce (ge jk).

0

40

>0

10

=0


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L

tmo vgiilfo.::mgs orrcr rltgc lppolron uelvcgnldio, sgejo tmo kotmcn caspltgli nltl ljqugsgtgce lncpton ge tmgs rosolrjm wls ioss getrusgvo tmlewmoe jckplron wgtm jcevoetgceli lrjmlocicfgjli kotmcns (g.o., l tctli

stltgce cr l kolsurgef frgn). mo jgrjukaoroejos ca tmo pcsts len stlbosworo kolsuron wgtm l rcpo cr l kolsurgef tlpo. Dlson ce tmgs jgrjukaor-oejo tmo nglkotor ca l jortlge pcst cr stlbo jcuin do jlijuilton. Arcktmo vgowpcget ca lrjmlocicfgjli sojtgcegef ca aolturos, tmgs wcuin do tmoproaorron porspojtgvo. G klelfon tc cdtlge l nglkotor cdsorvltgce acr ?4>ca tmo 1:7 pcsts len stlbos (=4%) (soo Agf. :.4). mo ctmor vlrgldio tmltjcuin do kolsuron gs tmo mogfmt ca tmo pcsts len stlbos. G klelfon tc cd-tlge l mogfmt kolsurokoet acr :46 ca tmo 1:7 pcsts len stlbos (?. Vmoeovor l strujturo gs ngsjusson moro, lroaoroejo gs klno tc l frcup ca getorroilton pcsts cr stlbos (wgtm l kgeg-kuk ca acur) tcfotmor sorvgef l jckkce purpcso. Vo wgii ecw prcjoondy piljgef tmo lacrokoetgceon tctlis getc kcro spojgagj jcetoxts. Ls gt gsolsgor tc rolsce arck l strujturo tmle gt gs arck l trljo, l nosjrgptgce ca l

plrt ca tmo soquoejo ca mcw tmo kcst jckkce strujturo gs dogef dugit gsprosoeton ge :.4. mgs strujturo wgii tmoe do jcesgnoron l foeorli kcnoi gecrnor tc nosjrgdo tmo ctmor strujturos ge tmo vgiilfo.

:.4 Dugingef l mcuso ge Lkctcpc, Plrt G8 tmo acuenltgcesuppcrts

_eacrtueltoiy G wls ect ldio tc cdsorvo tmo prcjoss ca dugingef l mcusoarck tmo vory stlrt nuo tc kgsjckkuegjltgce wgtm tmo vgiilfo jlptlge,Pleosmg Pleobbo wmc mln lirolny dofue tc piljo tmo acur rcca suppcrts

(TZs). Vlblpuwccn (8Vlblpu, I8Qculjlpcul Lkorgjlel Rouegssoe otli. 400:[) gs utgigson acr tmoso rcca suppcrts, dojluso ca gts mlrneoss lentmoroacro lisc gts gkpoeotrldgigty acr dufs. Gt gs vory grrofuilr len lsyk-kotrgjli ge acrk, dut gts mlrneoss (8 Blrgko womtc) gs ca prgko gkpcr-

:: ^oso orrcr klrfges lppiy plrtiy tc tmo sojcen, dut pronckgeletiy tmo tmgrn rgef ca mldg-

tltgce strujturos (soo :.6). ^o nltl ljqugron dy koles ca l kolsurgef tlpo len jckplssnofroos dojcko ioss sojuro cvor froltor ngstlejos.


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tlejo.:>\ugto scko tgko doacro dugingef l mcuso, wlblpu troosge tmo vg-

jgegty ca tmo vgiilfo lro soiojton wmoe tmo koe fc muetgef. moy jut tmosotroos ncwe iolvgef tmo sbge tc rct wmgio tmo mlrn jcro roklges getljt (sooAgf. :.>). Liicwgef tmo jcro ca tmo wlblputroo tc nry ge tmo sue acr qugtoscko tgko, gt dojckos tmlt mlrn l elgi jleect do nrgvoe getc gt.

Acr tmo rcca suppcrts ca tmo strujturo, l mcio wls nuf wgtm l skliismcvoi tc l noptm ca ceo lrk (soo lisc Agf. :.1). Ltgegc Pleobbo, tmo jlp-tlges sce, oxpilgeon tc ko tmlt ls tc tmo rcca suppcrts ca tmo ilrfost struj-turo becwe tc tmo rgc (tmo ubusgple) ge foeorli l mcio kolsurgef tmoioeftm ca l mukle dcny up tc tmo smcuinor mln tc do nuf.

mo tcps ca tmo rcca suppcrts lro drcboe caa ge l spojgagj wly ge crnor

tc fgvo l auturo dolk kcro suppcrt (soo Agf. :.?). mgs gs nceo oaagjgoetiywgtm l kljmoto dy juttgef l tmgrn ca tmo wly ge tc tmo jcro ce dctm sgnosca tmo pcst j.


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(lvorlfo tctli ngstlejo :>1 jk). Jlptlge Pleosmg tmoe oetors tmo acrosttc iccb acr sugtldio dolks len jrcss-dolks jlrrygef l pgojo ca iglel wgtmoxljtiy tmo rgfmt ioeftm. mo quost acr tmoso dolks gs olsgor tmle iccbgefacr wlblpu. Pleosmg len Ltgegc oetoron tmo acrost tc tmo ecrtm ca tmo vgi-ilfo len spctton twc jlengnltos acr pcsts wgtmge ls igttio ls


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L

tmo porkleoet jrcss-dolks ce tmo oxtorgcr. Cejo lflge tmoso rcca rgnfodolrors jcesgst ca wlblpu wccn. mo noptm ca oljm mcio acr tmoso rccargnfo suppcrts gs oqugvlioet tc tmo ioeftm ca l mukle iof. Ls scce ls tmosoworo ge piljo le gejursgce tccb piljo getc tmo acrost tc agen l rcca rgnfo.Cejo lflge, tmo ioeftm ca tmgs dolk wls kolsuron wgtm l iglel. Cejo tmorcca rgnfo suppcrt mls dooe put ge piljo, tmo acuenltgce ca tmo mcusos

rcca gs jckpioton.Vmgio proplrgef tmo tmltjm acr tmo rcca, Pleosmg lisc klno proplrl-

tgces acr tmo pcsts tmlt wcuin suppcrt tmo oiovlton aiccr. moso suppcrtslro lisc wlblpu pcsts tmlt woro drcboe caa ge tmo slko wly ls tmo rccasuppcrts (soo Agf. :.?). mo sgno wgtm tmo jut-cut gs piljon aljgef tmo rccadolror len gesgno tmo strujturo. L beoo-noop mcio gs nuf len sudsoquoetiytmo pcst gs piljon getc tmo mcio ge l siletgef pcsgtgce. Ge tmgs wly tmo au-turo jrcss-dolk jle do jlrrgon dy tmo aiccr suppcrts len iole tcwlrns tmorcca suppcrts. mo jrcss-dolks lro ecw piljon. Ls tc tmo orojtgce ca kcst

ctmor pcsts, lii tmo sklii pcsts len tmo stlbos, ec mcios lro nuf. mo pcstslro tmrust getc tmo frcuen. Ge 400=, G wgteosson l stlbo (wgtm l nglkotor caj. 1.> jk) dogef tmrust getc tmo frcuen lator wltor mln dooe pcuron getcwmlt wls tc dojcko tmo mcio (Agf. :.1 T). Lator ? kgeutos ca tmrustgef,wgtm tmo lgn ca wltor, tmo stlbo wls nookon tc mlvo fceo ge noop oecufm(40-:0 jk). Gt wls lirolny agrkiy sot ge tmo wot jily len lii tmo kcro sccejo tmo jily nrgon ge tmo sue.

Agf. :.18 Pcsts len stlbos piljon getc tmo scgi. I8 ^mo pcstmcio wgtm tmo ccr pcst gs iion wgtm scgi len pcuenon

wgtm l stgjb dy Pleosmg. K8 Ceo ca tmo pcsts wgtm tmo arosm scgi jcetrlstgef wgtm tmo surrcuengef jmlrjcli scgi(nuo tc provgcus dure jiolrgef). T8 Pleosmg okdons l pcgeton stlbo getc tmo scgi dy lnngef wltor len jcetgeu-cusiy tmrustgef.


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?>. Ge rovorso, noplrtgef arck l rgc klio kole stlturo ca


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L

do jlijuilton ce tmo dlsgs ca ogfmtrcca rgnfo pcsts (e;=).:7 mo tmgrntypo, tmo rcca suppcrt, mls le lvorlfoioeftm ca 4.> k (e;40). mo acurtmtypo mls le lvorlfo ioeftm ca 1: jk(e; 0mo agatm typo, tmo stlbos,kly do prosoet ge tmo mcuso suppcrt-gef tmo oxtoesgces (soo lisc :.1 T). LsG mlvo ect cdsorvon le oxtoesgce do-gef dugit, G mlvo lssukon tmlt tmososuppcrts mlvo dooe tmrust getc tmofrcuen. mo rosuitgef stlbo mcios lroprcdldiy smliicwor tmle tmo sklii-ost pcstmcios. mo ioeftms ca tmosooxtoesgce suppcrts lro sgkgilr tc tmorcca suppcrts, dojluso tmo rcca ox-toesgces acr tmo mldgtltgce strujturoslro rcufmiy lt tmo slko rcca mogfmt(4.> k) ls tmo jcro ca tmo strujturo.

mo rlefo ca ioeftms ca tmo ngaaoroetpcst jltofcrgos nc ect sook tc cvor-ilp.>0 ^o eukdor ca pcsts gs lisc jlijuilton ce tmo dlsgs ca tmo mogfmts ca tmo oiovlton fflccrs cesovorli sgnos.

>< ^o fflccr suppcrts kolsuro ge ioeftm dotwooe >0 jk len =: jk, tmo rcca suppcrts dotwooe0> jk.

Agf. :.=8 Dcny-pcst noptm-mogfmt roiltgces.

1.00 k3

:.=0 k

4.>0 k

0.1: k

-0.:? k

-0.64 k

-0 10 =0


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lppigos tc tmogr noptms (soo Agf. :.7). Ectwgtmstlengef, ge ldsciuto torks,tmoso noptms oxmgdgt l kujm skliior rlefo wmgjm klbos tmo ngaaoroetgltgcesudsuraljo kcro prcdiokltgj.

Dlson ce tmoso agfuros, scko noptm-ioeftm rltgcs jle do jlijuilton tcc.Ls acr tmo oiovlton aiccr suppcrts, tmo rltgc ca pcstmcio noptm tc pcstioeftm gs .>>.

:.> Dugingef l mcuso, Plrt GG8 tmo rcca

Mlvgef jckpioton tmgs sudtorrleole prcspojtgce ca tmo mldgtltgcestrujturo, gt gs tgko tc gespojt tmo roklgegef plrt (soo lisc Dcvoe 40072

Mooksborb & Iljmkgsgef 40


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??

L

rcca rgnfo pcsts lro tgon tc tmo plttkle-tcelen, ge l eukdor ca struj-turos, sojuron wgtm le oxtrl jrcss-dolk licef tmo icef lxgs jliion gmblpog.moso pcsts suppcrt tmo rcca rgnfo pcio tmlt gs roaorron tc ls gebc.

Cejo tmoso jrcss-dolks lro ge piljo, tmo ilttgjo (hlrlblpu) jle dopiljon. L eukdor ca stoks lro jciiojton tc sorvo ls dlrs ge tmgs ilttgjowcrb.>4Ce dctm sgnos dlrs lro pcsgtgceon lt >0 jk lplrt. mo oen ca tmo

dolk wgtm tmo ilrfost nglkotor gs piljon upwlrns len tmo oen wgtm tmoskliiost nglkotor gs piljon ncwewlrns. Elgis lro proaorron wmoe sojurgeftmoso dlrs tc tmo rgnfo pcio. Ga tmoro lro ec elgis tmoe spigt iglels lro lp-pigon.>:Cejo tmoso mlvo dooe piljon twc skliior ioeftm jrcss-dolks (gtl-rlkkg) lro lnnon. moso lro piljon ce tcp ca tmo dlrs siletgef lt l jortlgelefio len >0 jk icwor tmle tmo ioeftm jrcss-dolks. mo dlrs lro lii tgontc tmgs ioeftm jrcss-dolk dy koles ca wot iglel strgps.

Eoxt tmo jlptlge stlrts proplrgef tmo tmltjm. Nurgef tmo tmroo projon-gef woobs klrlhl (O8 Nligdleel plik2 I8Foceckl Dljuigaorl Rvle Lenoi40008GG8: ^o iglel vgeos (dctm ecpchlkolen lghlwlro) lro spigt ge mlia wgtm tmo tmukdelgi, len yotlflge, len tmoe ceo kcro tgko, uetgi tmo gegtgli iglel vgeo gs ngvgnon getc sgx strgps. ^oso

lro tmoe piljon ge l dujbot ca wltor len sclbon ge crnor tc prcvgno tmok wgtm klxgkukffloxgdgigty.

Lct

Gebc

Gtlrlkkg Ompltb

Grotg Getc

Klrlhl Hlrlblpu Ompltb

Klrlhl Hlrlblpu Ompltb

Plttkle

Gtlrlkkg

Gmblpog

Klrlhl Hlrlblpu

Grotg lbeotc lpg

Grotg lbetc

^blpmp

^lrl

Lettc

Agf. :.


70/333

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aorron tc moro ls wobg. moy lro dctm j. 400 jk icef. moe tmo jlptlgetlbos twc iolvos pcsgtgcegef tmok ce tcp ca oljm ctmor wgtm tmo eorvo alj-gef up len tmo stok tcwlrns mgk. Zudsoquoetiy mo piljos l iola wgtm tmo

eorvo aljgef ncwe len tmo stok pcgetgef tcwlrns mgk ce tcp ca tmo ctmoriolvos. mo stoks ca tmo tmroo iolvos lro jurvon lrcuen tmopurl doacro do-gefjilspon wgtm ecpcglko tmlt gstljbon tmrcufm tmo iolvos cetc tmo wobg.mgs prcjoss gs ropolton ce lvorlfo 14 tgkos, rosuitgef ge l sgefio tblpmp(igt.8 tmo wcvoe ceo). Ce ceo cjjlsgce gt wls tgkon tc tlbo tmo jlptlge :6kgeutos. Ge tmo aciicwgef nlys mo jckpioton tmo wcrb ce tmo sgx bltlrg-tcewgtm klrlhliolvos len stlrton piljgef tmo tblpmpce tmo ilttgjo wcrb.

mo agrst tblpmp tcdopiljon ce tmo ilttgjo jcesgst ca l ngaaoroet kl-torgli, g.o. tmo ycuef stoks ca tmo Klrgpl Gefc (I8Lttliol sp.). Arck tmosoycuef stoks tmroo cr acur iolvos lro oxtrljton. Eoxt twc cppcsgto stokslro tgon tcfotmor. moso iolvos lro tmoe iccsoiy pilgton, piljon ge tmo icwostpiljo ce tmo ilttgjo ge crnor tc provoet tmo klrlhl tblpmparck icsgefiolvos wmoe pcsgtgceon ce tcp ca tmoso klrgpl gefc tblpmp.>>mo kl-rlhl tblpmp lro ecw put ge tmo liicjlton piljo. Ce lvorlfo tmoy lro ?6jk wgno len 400 jk icef. wc lro pcsgtgceon eoxt tc oljm ctmor wgtm lecvorilp ca j.


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?6

L

tc tmo oxtoesgces ca tmo lct, tmoklrlhl iolvos wgii do pilgton ce l kcroaioxgdio slpigef. G wls ldio tc cdsorvo tmo prcjoss ca mcuso-dugingef up tctmgs pcget.

Mlvgef ngsjusson mcw l mldgtltgce strujturo gs dugit, wo jle ecw jce-sgnor mcw tmgs plrtgjuilr kcnoi (soo Agf. :.6 len Agf. :.


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mldgtltgce strujturo kcnoi. Mcwovor, tmgs tgko gt gs prosoeton ge pile vgowlen ge jckplrgsce tc tmcso ca tmo jckkueli strujturo kcnoi len tmojccbgef strujturo kcnoi. moso kcnois lro dlson ce tmo lvorlfo spltgli

roiltgces dotwooe tmo acuenltgce pcsts len tmogr roiltgce tc gts aiccr lrol.mo aiccr lrol ge tmgs soeso gs jcesgnoron tc do tmlt spojgagj plrt ca tmostrujturo tmlt roklges nry nuo tc tmo acrk len sgzo ca tmo rcca. Mcw tmogrstrujturli lppolrlejos roilto tc tmo acuenltgce pcsts len tmo aiccr lrolwgii do ngsjusson ge tmgs sojtgce. Ls l rgc tokpilto cr kcnoi fcvores liitmo oiigptgjli strujturos, wo jle ostgklto tmo aiccr lrol dy jlijuiltgef tmongstlejo dotwooe tmo noopost piljon pcsts8 tmo rcca rgnfo suppcrts (TTZ)(soo Agf. :.0

>

:0

46

47

:7

:>

:=

:= ^o kolsurokoets ca tmo ioeftms woro tlboe ceiy arck Z-0< sgejo tmoso nltl acr Z-04 wororofrottldiy ect jciiojton.


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10

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wgtm le lvorlfo nglkotor ca


75/333

1.>k. mo TTZs mlvo le lvorlfo ioeftm ca :.= k (e;=) len l nglkotor ca =.0jk (e;7). Lii ca tmo tgkdors (e;=) lro Vlblpu oxjopt acr ceo wmgjm gs

Ctcpk (I8Kgequlrtgl fugleoesgs RMcaakle 40078:)?4len tmo ng-lkotor gs =.0 jk (e;40). moy lro likcst twc tmgrns wlblputgkdor (tctlie;4). Vlblpulflge acrks tmo klhcrgty ca tmosotgkdors (=1% arck e;>:).?>

?0 ^gs strujturo wls dogef dugit ge 400=. ^o koe woro egsmgef tmo rcca wmoe G ioat tmovgiilfo.

?< ^gs lvorlfo roprosoets l rlefo arck 44.>? k acr Z-:? tc >< (sooLppoengx J).

?> ^o roklgegef sgx lro GK->0, GK->1, twgjo GK->< len twgjo GK-?4 (soo LppoengxJ).


77/333

1:

L

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>?6

>?=

>?7

?0

4

4:?

4:1

4:6

4:=

4:7

4>0

4>4

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:=:

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:70

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:76

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:77:71

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78/333

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mcso icefost stlengef strujturos sook tc mlvo novoicpon ngtjmos. Gectmor jlsos tmogr cweors nuf tmok. Lii strujturos mlvo siltton wliis (sooAgf. :. GVZ-?

GVZ-1 GVZ-6

GZZ-6 GZZ-=

KP-4

:>:

:>>

:>?

:>1

:>6

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:>7n)

4>:

4>>

4>?

4>1

4>6

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4>74?04?4??

4?1 4?6

4?=4?7

41

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411

416

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417

460

460

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d)


81/333

16

L

aiccr lrol getc. M-> wls tmo molrtm ca tmo jccbgef strujturo tmlt projononZ-). Lator rodugingefZ-


82/333

1=

L

cr pgojos ca arugt sujm ls dlelels lro bopt (GZZ-


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17

L

stgjbs cut lt tmo mgfm oen ldcvo tmo icef PP sorvgef ls l mccb arck wmgjmtmo pilgton klegcj squoozor jle do suspoenon. Lt tmo icw oen ca tmo icefPP, l mcio gs jrolton ilrfo oecufm tc agt l dolk. mgs dolk gs sudsoquoetiy

pcsgtgceon tmrcufm tmo pilgton iccp ca tmo icw oen ca tmo klegcj squoozorgetc tmo mcio ca tmo icef PP. Vmoe tmgs dolk (j. 4.? k icef) gs pusmon tctmo frcuen, iovorlfo gs jrolton ge crnor tc squoozo tmo prussgj ljgn cut catmo frlton, dgttor klegcj.

:.1 ^mo suppcrtgvo strujturos arck jcro tc porgpmory

Vo mlvo ngsjusson tmo jckkueli, mldgtltgce len jccbgef strujturos ge:.?. Arck le lrjmlocicfgjli vgowpcget, tmoso lro tmo kcst vgsgdio. mogrvlrgcus sgzos, rlenckiy piljon GZZs len ctmor vlrgotgos sook tc jluso tmogr

lpplroet oxtorgcr ngaaoroejos. moso GZZs lro tmo sklii frcups len jiustorsca stlbos tmlt jrolto le gejckpromoesgdio swlrk ca stlbo mcios. Gt sooksgkpcssgdio tc jltofcrgzo tmok len tc lsjrgdo ley sgfegagjlejo tc tmok.Mcwovor, gt jle dojcko kcro jicuny stgii. Gt jcuin do pcstuilton tmlttmoso aolturos lro lt iolst okdonnon ge l kctmor strujturo. Iot us jcetgeuowgtm strujturos iljbgef sujm le cvorlrjmgef kctmor strujturo. moy wgiido ngsjusson ls jilssgagon getc tmo aciicwgef jltofcrgos8 (l) tmo frcup jce-sgstgef ca tmo sklii strujturos len (d) tmo frcup jcesgstgef ca tmo gsciltonpcsts len stlbos. mo agrst frcup (l) gs kcstiy jcestrujton dy koles castlbos tmrust getc tmo frcuen len cjjupgos le lrol skliior tmle tmo sklii-

ost jccbgef strujturo (Z-:6). mo sojcen frcup (d) gejcrpcrltos tmcso

Agf. :.408 Prcjossgef Pcsts (PPs) ge ljtgce. (I) L suflrjleo pross (PP) ge Z^-41. (T) L klegcj squoozorlen gts pcsgtgce ge tmo iovorlfo jcestrujtgce (PP ce tmo ioat sgno) ge Z^-


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pcsts len stlbos tmlt nc ect smcw ley strujturli jcrroiltgce wgtm ctmorpcsts len stlbos cr tmcso tmlt truiy sorvo l sgefio purpcso. Vo wgii sot caaarck wgtmge tmo vgiilfo tc tmoe rlnglto cutwlrns tcwlrns gts porgpmorli

aolturos.

:.1.< ^mo Zuppcrt Ztrujturos (ZZ) len gscilton pcsts

Litmcufm tmo vlrgcus typos ca strujturos ldcvo frcuen nc mlvo sovorliaolturos ge jckkce, ge pile vgow gt kgfmt sook tc do hust le ueroiltonjicun ca pcsts len stlbos. mo nosjrgdon jckkueli, mldgtltgce len jccb-gef strujturos lisc oxmgdgt vlrgltgce ge tmogr ily-cut len lppolrlejo. mgsgs pronckgeletiy nuo tc tmogr vlrgcus sgzos len tmo vlrgltgce ca tmo getrl-strujturos. mo frcup ca tmo Zuppcrt Ztrujturos tc do ngsjusson moro mls

l auejtgceli cvorilp wgtm tmo GZZ ge tmlt tmo strujturos ge foeorli jcesgstca lt iolst acur stlbos len ge tmlt tmogr suraljo lppolrs ge rojtlefuilr acrkge pile vgow. Acr l ngsjussgce ca twc strujturos tmlt lro ilrfor oxtoreli vl-rgotgos ca tmoso GZZ len tmlt sorvo ls oxtrl-ilrfo stcrlfo aljgigty, soo doicw.mo klhcrgty ca tmo roklgegef strujturos, mcwovor, jcesgst ca nrygef rljbspiljon eolr tmo jccbgef strujturos. moso lro qugto sgkgilr tc tmo GZZ lenboop accnstuaas (jlsslvl droln, agsm) ldcvo tmo frcuen lwly arck gesojts,rlts len ncfs. Ls wo smlii soo tmoso strujturos nc ect jcesgst ca tmo strcef-ost wccn. mgs iolns tc aroquoet roplgr hcds len ropiljokoets ceiy lnngeftc tmo frcwgef jicun ca pcstmcios len stlbos. Litmcufm tmo frcup ca tmo

Zuppcrt Ztrujturos jle do sudngvgnon getc strujturos rlefgef arck ilrforstcrlfo uegts tc skliior nrygef rljbs, G proaor tc uegay tmok uenor l sgefiofrcup molngef ls tmoy lii mlvo tmo slko rojtlefuilr lppolrlejo ge pilevgow.

:.1.


85/333

666 >6= >67 >=0

?07?


87/333

6:

L

:.1.


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Agf. :.4:8 Z^-47 (4006).

Agf. :.4>8 ^mo suflrjleo strujturo Z^-4= (4006).


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6?

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:.1.4 ^mo porgpmorli strujturos (PZs)

mo frcup ca porgpmorli strujturos gs acrkon dy dugingefs ect pcsgtgceonge dotwooe strujturos, dut dy dugingefs piljon doycen tmo dcrnor ca tmojiolron lrol ca tmo vgiilfo2 ge ctmor wcrns doycen tmo jcro ca acuenonstrujturos. Boeeois len ilvltcrgos doicef tc tmgs jltofcry.

Agf. :.4?8 Z^-:= (400=).


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:.1.4.< ^mo ncf strujturos (NZs)

mo ncf boeeois (Z-, Z-


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66

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wls nuf tmlt gs tcppon wgtm l mlia cpoe cgi dlrroi. mo ilvltcry jicsost tctmo vgiilfo (Z-4>), len tmoroacro vgsgdio arck gt, gs jckpiotoiy igeon wgtmzgej piltos. mo ctmor twc ilvltcrgos ect wgtmge vgowgef rlefo lro koroiyaoejon caa arck tmo vgiilfo iolvgef ceo sgno cpoe. mogr lvorlfo suraljolrol kolsuros


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6=

L

:.1.: Porgpmorli pcsts len stlbos

Jiustors ca stlbos len gscilton pcsts len stlbos ge dctm tmo getor-strujturlispljo ls woii ls tmo porgpmorli lrol lro ngsjusson ge tmgs ageli jltofcry. mojiustors ca stlbos jle do ngstgefugsmon dojluso tmo klhcrgty acrks jiustorscr jicuns ca stlbos tmlt nc ect nokcestrlto l jiolr cr jckkce plttore gepile vgow. mo getor-strujturli pcsts len stlbos ueroilton tc l frcup cactmor pcsts cr stlbos sorvo tmogr cwe purpcso, cjjlsgceliiy wgtm ceo ctmorpcst cr stlbo. Agrstiy, tmo getor-strujturli gscilton pcsts len stlbos acuen getmo jcro ca tmo vgiilfo lro nolit wgtm, aciicwon dy tmo porgpmorli aolturos.

Zcko ca tmoso gscilton pcsts, tmo MPs, lro sgkgilr tc tmcso oejcuetoronwgtmge tmo strujturo, tmo ceiy ngaaoroejo dogef tmlt tmoy lro pcsgtgceonhust cutsgno tmo strujturo. moso mlkkcjb pcsts lro piljon cutsgno tmo

strujturos lt sujm l ngstlejo tmlt ceo ca tmo strujturli acuenltgces jlesorvo ls tmo sojcen pcst acr tmo mlkkcjb. moy lro ceiy acuen eolr tmoacuenon strujturos. Ge tctli acur MPs woro notorkgeon ect tc mlvo legetrl-strujturli pcsgtgce. Lectmor frcup ca gscilton stlbos gs acrkon dywlsmgef igeo stlbos (e;1) tmlt lro piljon dotwooe strujturos, ls woii lsaoejo pcsts (e;1), wmgjm iolvos l kgsjoiileocus frcup ca pcsts len stlbostmlt sorvo vory spojgagj purpcsos (e;1).17

mo klhcrgty ca tmo jiustors len gscilton stlbos lro acuen ge tmo po-rgpmorli lrol, ge ctmor wcrns ect ge dotwooe ctmor strujturos. moy jle doacuen doycen cr ce tmo dcrnor ca tmo jiolron lrol. L kgecrgty ca tmoso

porgpmorli stlbos (e;


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ge Agf. :.:


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=

:0

46

47

:7

:>

:=

:

L

lvorlfo ca 6=..:1 k (getor-aiccr, e;4). Lageli getorostgef ngstlejo gs tmo ceo dotwooe tmo roauso molps len tmo jics-ost acuenon strujturos. mgs ngstlejo jle do ca getorost acr icjltgef struj-

turos ce tmo dlsgs ca tmo roauso nopcsgts. Ca tmo 4: roauso nopcsgts,


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=?

L

vgiilfo jcvoron ge frlss tmlt stgii doicefs tc tmo jiolron lrol len l sofkoettmlt gs ec icefor plrt ca tmo vgiilfo.64

moe tmoro lro twc ctmor jltofcrgos. c oxpilge tmoso G kust agrstiy ox-

pilge tmo cutor dlen tmlt gs ec icefor roliiy plrt ca tmo vgiilfo. mo rgcjlii gt wrptlc. Gt gs jcesgnoron le lkdgfucus lrol surrcuengef tmo vgi-ilfo, wmoro spgrgts lro slgn tc nwoii (Tgvgro


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=1

L

:.= Jcejiungef tmo pcsgtgvo lrjmlocicfgjli gklfo

mo nltl prosoeton ge tmgs Jmlptor stlrton wgtm l eukdor ca aolturos wgtmwmgjm wo lro alkgiglr wgtm arck lrjmlocicfgjli porspojtgvos. mgs Jmlptorgs ect ldcut kcvokoet lt lii. Mcwovor, dy dofgeegef wgtm scko ca tmoprosukon noopost pcstmcios len tmoe jcetgeugef ce tc tmogr strujturos,wcrbgef arck strujturos len stlbos tcwlrns tmogr ngstrgdutgces len tmogrspltgli roiltgce, l pcsgtgvo lrjmlocicfgjli klp ca kltorgli ngstrgdutgce gsprcvgnon moipgef us tc frcuen sudsoquoet kcvokoet Jmlptors.

Zcko getorostgef jcejiusgces jle do nrlwe wgtm roflrn tc tmo agoin calrjmlocicfy. mo rgc kolsuron tmo noptms ca tmo pcstmcios ljjcrngef tcjortlge spojgagj dcngiy ngkoesgces. Vgtm tmgs becwionfo l rltgc jcuin dojlijuilton acr l eukdor ca noptms wgtmge tmoso Fugleoso scgis tc tmo ljtuli

mogfmts ca jortlge pcsts. Tolscegef arck tmo ngstrgdutgce ca tmoso acuenl-tgce pcsts len tmo ngstlejos dotwooe tmok, l aiccr lrol acr oiigptgjli struj-turos jle do jlijuilton tmrcufm jortlge rltgcs (soo Lppoengx A). Qlrgltgcedotwooe strujturos dlson ce tmo slko kcnoi jle do oxpilgeon dy ngaaor-oejos ge torks ca sgzo, ca getoreli pcst ngstrgdutgce len ca lsscjglton lnng-tgceli pcsts len stlbos. Moro l ngstgejtgce jle do klno dotwooe (l) acue-nltgce suppcrts, g.o.pcsts roqugrgef l pcstmcio, len (d) skliior stlbos tmltjle sgkpiy do tmrust ge tmo frcuen. Lii ece-acuenon strujturos, oxjopt acrpormlps tmo pct strujturos, lro jcestrujton dy wly ca tmoso tmrust stlbos.mgs ngaaoroet jcestrujtgce lisc jcrrospcens tc tmo lppigjltgce ca vlrg-

cus tgkdors. Vmoro tmo acuenon strujturos lro klgeiy jcestrujton arckwlblpu tgkdor, tmo ece-acuenon strujturos lro jcestrujton dy koles castlbos jcesgstgef ca ngaaoroet len scator wccn. mgs lisc iolns tc aroquoetropiljokoet len roplgr wmgjm ge ture gejrolsos tmo eukdor ca trljos.

Porgpmorli strujturos len stlbos, ls sud-jltofcry ca tmo ece-acuenonstrujturos, lro usuliiy gevgsgdio ge lrjmlocicfgjli jlsos. Mcwovor, wmoescko strujturos len stlbos lro rojcrnon tmoy usuliiy oen up ge l rosgnulijltofcry len roklge tcc spojuiltgvo tc lsjrgdo tc l spojgagj auejtgce. Lsscko stlbos nc ect oxmgdgt ley plttores oxjopt acr acrkgef jiustors, lngaaoroet kltorgli jcrroiltgce gs eoonon tc lssgfe ley auejtgce. mgs gs-suo jle do lpprcljmon dy ngsjussgef spltgli dcuenlrgos. Ge tmo rgc vgi-ilfo ca Lkctcpc tmo acuenon strujturos len tmogr GZZs, len ZZs tmlt lropcsgtgceon ge dotwooe tmok, tcfotmor acrk tmo jcro ca tmo vgiilfo. moboeeois, ilvltcrgos len pilet suppcrts jle lii do acuen wgtmge tmo porgpm-orli dlen surrcuengef tmgs jcro vgiilfo. mgs porgpmorli lrol sooks tc dojckpcson ca tmroo kltorgli dlens8 (l) tmo cutor lrol acrkon dy tmo dlenca roauso nopcsgts, (d) tmo geeor dlen wmgjm gs tmo juitgvlton plrt dcrnorondy tmo mcrtgjuiturli dlen len ge piljos klrbon dy tmo jiustors ca piletsuppcrts len (j) tmo lrol dotwooe tmgs geeor len cutor dlen. mgs gs wmoro


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L

ley iccso ruddgsm gs ngspcson ca len wmoro tmo boeeois jle do acuen.6:moilvltcrgos lro icjlton ge tmo lrol doycen tmo roauso nopcsgts cr licef pltmsdoycen tmoso nopcsgts.

mgs kltorgli ectgce ca tmroo dlens lisc rcufmiy jcrrospcens wgtm tmorgc porjoptgce ca tmogr surrcuengefs. mo jiolron spljo wmgjm sgfegagostmo jcro ca tmo vgiilfo (8Leel) gs aciicwon dy l dlen ca mcrtgjuiturlipilets (8_ebecwe), domgen wmgjm igos l tcss zceo tmoy roaor tc ls ngrty(8Vrpko). mo eoxt dlen (8Vrptlc) klrbs tmo lrol dotwooe tmoroauso nopcsgts len tmo gegtgli cutigeo ca tmo agrst flrnoe doycen wmgjm tmoacrost (8Gtu) dofges.

Mcw tmgs sookgefiy syejmrcecus kltorgli gklfo gs ngvgnon getc tmoyolrs ca gts oxgstoejo len gs igebon tc tmo kcvokoets ca tmo scjgli ngkoe-sgce gs nolit wgtm ge Jmlptor >. Moro G wgii getrcnujo gts gemldgtlets lenjceeojt tmok tc tmo gkkcdgio spmoro ngsjusson ge tmo prosoet Jmlptor.Moejo wo wgii mlvo l nojoet noplrturo pcget ge crnor tc acjus ce tmo kc-dgigllen tmogr roiltgces cutsgno tmo vgiilfo. Ls jcuin lirolny do roln do-twooe tmo igeos, tmo kltorglis prosoeton lii acrk plrt ca tmo prcjoss ca tmovgiilfo. mo dojckgef ca tmgs vgiilfo cvor l porgcn ca ogfmt yolrs smcws tmltl eukdor ca tmo strujturos lro ect jcetokpcrleocus len ge scko jlsoscvorilp oljm ctmor ovoe wgtmge tmo spljo ca sujm l smcrt porgcn ca tgko.mo pcsgtgvo gklfo, ls gt gs prosoeton moro, gs ect lt lii gts ageli stlfo. movgiilfo gs ect le lrjmlocicfgjli sgto. mo prosoet jmlptor okpicyon le lr-

tgagjgli aroozo tmlt G gkpcson ce tmo vgiilfos prcjoss. Ce tmo jcetrlry, gtsspltgli dcuenlrgos lro ge l stlto ca jcestlet aiugngty. mgs lrtgagjgli aroozoncos, mcwovor, prcvgno us wgtm scko ectgce ca ngstlejo sgfegagon dy tmoLkctcpcles ge tmogr ycuef eowiy acuenon vgiilfo.

6: G kust koetgce moro tmlt tmo lrol surrcuengef l eukdor ca boeeois (o.f. tmo pltm iolngef

tc tmo strujturo) sookon tc do juitgvlton ce l rofuilr dlsgs. Ls wls ect tmo jlso ls tc lii tmostrujturos G ncjukoeton ge 400=.


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=7

Jmlptor >

LKC^CPCLEKCDGIGLLEN^MOQGIILFOAI_]

Prcjoongef licef l pltm, ovory gemldgtlet ilys l trlgi. Vmoro gemldgtletskoot, trlgis lro oetwgeon, ls tmo igao ca oljm dojckos dcuen up wgtm tmoctmor. Ovory oetwgegef gs l bect, len tmo kcro tmlt igaoigeos lro oetwgeon,tmo froltor tmo noesgty ca tmo bect. Gefcin R4007[ 40


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Ge tmo ageli sojtgce (>.>) tmo ldcvokoetgceon Lkctcpcle spmoros cakcvokoet, wmgjm tcfotmor jckpcso tmo tctli gkkcdgigsltgce prcjoss catmo vgiilfo, wgii do ngsjusson len jcejiunon.

>.< ^mo spmoro ca sudsgstoejo kcdgigl

mo spmoro ca tmo sudsgstoejo kcdgiglgs klrbon dy tmo roklges nopcsgtonce tmo roauso nopcsgts surrcuengef tmo vgiilfo (soo :.1.>, Agf. :.:.mo jlptlgeca tmo vgiilfo gs Pleosmg Pleobbo (?1y, LKC-0 ô nosjoet gnoetgtgos jle do sooe ls sudfrcups ca tmo rgc ilefulfo frcup. ôso nosjoetgnoetgtgos, (kcro ca tmok wgii do koetgceon ge Jmlptor ?) woro suppcsoniy ngfforoet igefugs-tgj frcups tmlt cvor tmo jcurso ca tgko mlvo lncpton tmo rgc ilefulfo. ô nosjoet gnoetgtylppolrs tc do vlfuo len ece-xon, ldio tc jmlefo arck foeorltgce tc foeorltgce. Do tmlt lsgt kly, tmoso gnoetgtgos lro porjogvon ls truo gnoetgtgos.

6? Ge jcetrlst tc otmecicfgjli kcnos ca roaoroejgef roiltgces, gt gs kcro getorostgef, arck lelrjmlocicfgjli pcget ca vgow, tc gejiuno tmo piljo ca crgfge ge l jcno. Iltor ce ge tmgs jmlptor,wmoe noligef oxpigjgtiy wgtm kgfrltgce, gt dojckos cdvgcus tmlt tmgs wly ca jcngef iolns tc ljcevoegoet len gestlet jckpromoesgce ca tmo tctligty ca kcvokoets.

61 L dlshl gs le lutmcrgson lssgstlet-iolnor ca tmo jlptlge wmc gs okpicyon dy tmo Topudigj caZurgelko.


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sce elkon Orgeliso cr utl (=y, LKC-06). Ge 400= Koroc flvo dgrtm tcl nlufmtor elkon Bootho (0y, LKC-4


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Ge smcrt, koe usuliiy fugno tmo kcdgigty ca wckoe cutsgno tmo flrnoeslen vgiilfo. Lkctcpcle wckoe drgef ge tmo rcct jrcps len agrowccn jci-iojton wgtmge tmo juitgvlton lrol (tmo vgiilfo len gts flrnoes). Koe drgef

ge agsm, flko, arugts len jcestrujtgce kltorglis arck doycen tmgs juitg-vlton lrol. Lkctcpcle koe sook tc mlvo tmo agrst jcetljt wgtm ovorytmgefjckgef arck cutsgno tmo juitgvlton lrol ca tmo vgiilfo len tmo flrnoe.Vgtmge tmo juitgvlton lrol leytmgef jle do mlenion len aurtmor prcjossondy wckoe. Ls wo smlii soo, tlsb ngvgsgce ncos ect eojosslrgiy roilto tc tmopmysgjli oaacrt cr stroeftm eoonon ge tmo prcjoss.

>.0 bf.=4mogr kcvokoets lro klgeiy rostrgjton tc tmo flrnoes icjlton eolr tmovgiilfo. Cvor tmo jcurso ca 4? nlys, tmo sgx wckoe ca tmo vgiilfo,=:tcfotm-or wgtm tmo cjjlsgceli fuost, jciiojton le ostgklton =6? bf ca agrowccn,wmgjm wls eojosslry acr tmo proplrltgce ca accn len nrgeb. Aurtmorkcro,tmoy jciiojton klegcj wgtm le ostgklton tctli ca ?4> bf len suflrjleo (60bf). mgs lpprcxgklto lvorlfo rosuiton ge quletgtgos ca agrowccn (:? bf),

klegcj (4< bf) len suflrjleo (4.= bf) por ngok . mo lvorlfo klxgkukngstlejo trlvoiion doycen tmo vgiilfo jiolrgef gs 401 k (ngsroflrngef ceoleckliy ca ?1< k), l igkgt gkpcson dy tmo dcuenlrgos ca tmo flrnoes (sooAgf. >.4). mo eukdors sooks jcesorvltgvo sgejo tmo rlgealii ge tmgs porgcnwls oxjoptgceliiy mgfm, nostrcygef l ilrfo smlro ca tmo ygoin.

=4 Nurgef tmo rst nlys ca ncjukoetgef tmo wckoes kcdgigty G wls ldio tc wogfm twc dljbpljbs

(8 bltlrg-tce)wgtm rowccn wmgjm tmoy jcesgnoron molvy (:6 bf len := bf rospojtgvoiy).Zcce lator tmoso rst kolsurokoets tmo wogfmgef sjlio drcbo ncwe. G ostgklton ceo auiibltlrg tc wogfm j. :? bf, len arck tmoe ce jcueton tmo eukdor ca dljbpljbs. Lii ca tmosoeukdors smcuin tmoroacro do roflrnon ls ostgkltos len auturo ljjurlto kolsurokoets lroeojosslry.

=: Fgris ca l ycuef lfo lirolny auiiy plrtgjgplto ge tmo nlgiy tlsbs ca tmo vgiilfo. Lt tmo slko tgkodcys ca tmo slko lfo lro stgii prljtgsgef tmogr muetgef sbgiis, ge l pilyaui kleeor, ce leytmgeftmlt kcvos wgtmge tmo vgiilfo dcuenlrgos. Lnkgttoniy, tmo dcys ge Lkctcpc, wmc woro stgiiycuef (? len = yolrs ca lfo), sckotgkos woet licef ce smgef trgps (soo lisc Mooksborb& Noivcyo 40068?6). ^o jltjm tmoy drcufmt getc tmo vgiilfo ge torks ca sm len flkosookon eofigfgdio. Zotrgjb (LKC-


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LKC^CPC

Tlgey solsce kcdgigty

Flrnoes

Aliicw flrnoes

Eow flrnoe

Dltmge

fPil

jo

pltm tc lgrstrgp

Muetgef pltms

4?-1

41-1

46-1

46-1

4=-1

4=-1

47-1

47-1

:0-1

:0-1

0


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mo koe fc cut agsmgef len muetgef, sc tmo kcdgigltmoy drgef getc tmovgiilfo ce l nlgiy dlsgs klgeiy jckprgso legklis len tmo pgojos ca arugt tmoymlppoe tc agen ce tmo wly. G wgii moro acjus ce tmo legkli jckpceoet.=>

Cvor l porgcn ca ?6 nlys tmoso sovoe koe, lt tgkos lssgston dy cjjlsgcelifuosts, agsmon len mueton l tctli ca :40 legklis. mo klhcrgty moroca(e;4?:), gejlsu67%, jcesgsts ca agsm (soo Agf. >.?). Moro tmo jltagsm jlt-ofcry nckgeltos8 tmo frleuilton jltagsm (8Zcbo, I8Ptorcncrls frleuicsus),tmo klenudl (8Kotlrl, I8Lfoeogcsus georkgs), tmo ron-tlgion jltagsm (8Bgecrcgko, I8Pmrljtcjopmlius mokgcigcptorus) len tmo tgfor smcvoiecso jlt-agsm (8Zurug, I8Psouncpiltystckl alsjgltuk). Zkliior spojgos sujm ls plju(8Vlsgtlu, I8Kyious rmckdcgnligs) len pgrleml (8Pceo, I8Zorrlslikusspp.) woro aroquoetiy jlufmt.

mo ctmor 4.> len Agf. >.1).Moro tmo klkklis nckgelto8 lfcutgs (8Lburg,I8Nlsyprcjtl iopcrgeo),pljls (8Burgklc, I8Juegjuius pljl), mcwior kceboys (8Lrlwltl,I8Liculttl soegjuius), lrklngiics (8Blplg,I8Nlsypus ecvokjgetus)2 l kg-ecrgty jcesgsts ca dgrns, sujm ls diljb jurlsscws (8Ccbc,I8Jrlx liojtcr)len fules (8Klrlsg, I8 Poeoicpo spp.), len roptgios sujm ls jlgkles (8Lrgwo, I8Jlgkle jrcjcngios) len gfulels (8Gwlel,I8Gfulel gfulel). Lnlgiy lvorlfo ca tmgs eukdor jle do jlijuilton lt >.> agsm len


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76

L

Pleosmg tc l frcvo ca Nligdleel pliks(8Klrlhl, I8Foceckl dljuigaorlRouegssoe & Eccrnlk 400:2 Wno [), tmo iolvos ca wmgjm sorvon lsrcca tmltjm (soo sojtgce :.>). Zgkgilriy, rcca pcsts, wccn acr le lxo mlenio

cr tmo igbo woro spojgagjliiy scufmt. mo klhcrgty moroca mln dooe jciiojtonwgtmge tmo nlgiy rlefo ls nopgjton ge Agf. >.:.

>. Cdsorvon aiux ca prcjuron sudsgstoejo kcdgigl

mo froltost plrt ca tmo ldcvo-koetgceon jciiojton legklis len rcct jrcpswls jcesukon len tmo roklges nopcsgton ce ceo ca tmo roauso molps. moroklges ca tmo jckkueli kolis woro nopcsgton ce tmo roauso molp (TN-). mo nlgiy ljjukuil-tgces ca woons len jlsslvl poois ce tcp ca legkli roklges boop tmo stoejm

arck gts rcttgef prcjoss lt dly. Toklges ca ece-jckkueli kolis lro no-pcsgton ce tmo roauso molps eolrost tc tmo gengvgnuli jccbgef strujturos.

KlkklisToptgios

Dgrns

Agsm


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Moro tmo kcdgigl lro sudhojton tc tmogr ageli nopcsgtgce len lro trles-acrkon getc gkkcdgigl2 tmoy dojcko l porkleoet aolturo, focfrlpmgjliiyagxon ge tmo ilensjlpo. L sklii smlro ca tmo accn gtoks, mcwovor, wls cd-

sorvon tc stly kcdgio dy dogef fgvoe tc gemldgtlets ca ctmor vgiilfos geroture acr ctmor kcdgigl.

Cvor l tctli porgcn ca 64 nlys ceiy le ostgklton :? bf ca klegcj (ceobltlrg), 6 bf ca jlsslvl droln len ? igtros ca jlsslvl door woro oxjmlefon.=1mgs kust do jcesgnoron l sklii lkcuet, len jle do lttrgduton tc l ilrfoeukdor ca tmo klegcj pilets ge tmo flrnoes mlvgef rctton lwly nuo tctmo molvy rlges. mgs mln lisc mlppoeon lt tmo Lkctcpcles acrkor vgi-ilfo ca Bwlklilslkutu ceo yolr olrigor, ge 4006. Lkctcpc mln soet tmogracrkor jc-mldgtlets l surpius ca >00 bf ca klegcj. mo cdsorvon legklioxjmlefos cvor l porgcn ca 64 nlys smcwon tmlt 16 gengvgnuli legklis catmo oetgro quletgty ca agsm len flko woro oxjmlefon.=6Lplrt arck l sgefioskcbon gfulel, lii woro agsm. Jcesgnorgef tmo nlgiy tctli lvorlfo, 0.7? catmo >.>0 jlufmt agsm wls oxjmlefon cut ca Lkctcpc. Ge ctmor wcrns, 44%ca lii tmo jlufmt agsm ioat tmo vgiilfo.==

Ls tmo accn gtoks smcw, tmo roklges ca tmo froltor smlro ca tmo prc-juron kcdgigl trlesacrk getc gkkcdgiglnuo tc gts ageli nopcsgtgce ce tmoroauso molps, ge tmo smlpo ca l.c. jlsslvl poois len tmo sboiotli roklges catmo legklis jcesukon. Mcwovor, ls wo mlvo sooe ect lii tmo accn gs jce-sukon wgtmge tmo vgiilfo dcuenlrgos. L plrt jcetgeuos ls kcdgigluetgi gt

dojckos gkkcdgigson ge lectmor vgiilfo (soo >.:).

>.


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L

alt len, len nuo tc tmgs, tmoy dojcko nosgron flko. mo tlpgr (8 Plg,I8lpgrus torrostrgs),=7tmo gfulel len tmo diljb jurlsscw lro lisc slgn tcklbo fccn jltjmos nurgef tmo rlgey solsce. Gt smcuin do rokokdoron tmlt

tmo mgfmost iovoi ca wltor ge tmo rlgey solsce jckos tc aiccn tmo gsilensge tmo rgvor. moso gsilen legklis (lrklngiics, lfcutgs) gejur tmo icss cailen len, wmgio aioogef tmo aiccns, dojcko le olsy jltjm. Voii lwlro catmgs, tmo Lkctcpcles oxpicgt tmgs sgtultgce. Eoxt tc tmo legklis koe-tgceon, Mooksborb len Noivcyo lisc lnn tmo fglet letoltor (8Klsgwo,I8Kyrkojcpmlfl trgnljtyil), tmo lfcutg70len tmo jlgkle tc tmgs rlgey sol-sce igst (40068?=).7=-7[) lenKljjl euts (8Kurukuru, I8 Lstrcjlryuk sjgcpmyiuk Rsoo Mccfdorfoe


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.4 ^mo spmoro ca oxjmlefo kcdgigl

mo eoxt spmoro ca tmo kcdgigl tc do nolit wgtm gs tmlt ca tmo oxjmlefogtoks ca Lkctcpc. moso kcdgigl, wmoe uitgkltoiy drcboe cr cut ca uso,lro klgeiy ngsjlrnon ge tmo tcss zceo (soo :.4.6, soo Agf. :.:


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..4.< Cdsorvon aiux ca oxjmlefo kcdgigl

mo agrst eotwcrb gs dlson ce cdsorvon lrtoaljt oxjmlefos tmlt tccb piljodotwooe Lkctcpcles len tmogr oxjmlefo plrteors cutsgno tmo vgiilfo nur-gef : kcetms ge tmo rlgey solsce ca 400=. mo ecnos ge tmo eotwcrb lroscjgli ljtcrs dctm gesgno len cutsgno tmo vgiilfo ca Lkctcpc. mo kcvo-koets ca cdhojts dotwooe tmoso ljtcrs lro vgsuligzon dy ngrojton onfoswmgjm lro tmo lrrcws ge tmo kosmwcrb.76mgs kosmwcrb ca oxjmlefo rop-rosoets l tgko sigjo ca ce-fcgef, noilyon rojgprcjli ljtgces2 tmoroacro, gekcst gestlejos ceiy ceo mlia ca tmo oxjmlefo prcjoss jcuin do rojcrnon

(soo Lppoengjos M len F). Vmoeovor le oxjmlefo arck ceo porsce tclectmor jckprgson sovorli gtoks, tmoso woro lii jcueton gengvgnuliiy. Gejlso ca oxjmlefon legklis lii woro jcueton soplrltoiy, ovoe ga gt jcejoreonjortlge dcny plrts ca le legkli (ge igeo wgtm tmo Kgegkuk Eukdor ca

7? Lt prosoet Gefcin sooks tc drgef tmo poenuiuk tc tmo kgnnio, len soos l jc-oxgstoejo ca lkosmwcrb len l eotwcrb. Toaorrgef tc tmo lrjmlocicfgst Jlri Belppott Gefcin stltos smcuinwo ect lisc do proplron tc rojcfegso tmlt fflugngty mls gts igkgts, gts stcpplfos len gts kckoetsca jcescignltgce3 _p jicso len gkkorson ge tmo ljtgce, tmgefs kly sook fflugn, dut wmltga wo woro tc stop dljb len tlbo l icefor len kcro kolsuron vgow3 (Gefcin 40


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). cfotmor tmoy acrk tmo twc kcstjoetrli klrgtli plgrs tmlt acrkliiy ioln tmo vgiilfo. Ge nosjrgdgef tmo ox-jmlefo ca gtoks, gt scce dojlko jiolr tmlt tmo oxjmlefo ca legklis gs l

jrujgli plrt ca tmo cdsorvon oxjmlefos (soo Agf. >.6, I). Lii ca tmo agsm lenflko ge Lkctcpc wls jlufmt dy tmo koe len wls mlenon tc tmo wckoeacr proplrltgce. Agsm cr flko kolet tc do fgvoe lwly wls sooe dogef pro-plron dy ogtmor koe cr wckoe.

mo jlptlge ca tmo vgiilfo ge tmgs jlso, mcwovor, gs ect sc kujm cj-jupgon wgtm muetgef len agsmgef, dut kcstiy jcejoreon wgtm jciiojtgef,jrlatwcrb, toljmgef, proljmgef len iolngef tmo vgiilfo. Igbowgso, ge tmokosmwcrb leliysgs, Pleosmg (LKC-0.=).77 Mgs wgao, Lpmpe (LKC-04), lppolrs tcpily l alr kcro gkpcrtlet rcio. mo eotwcrb becwionfo ca tmo oxjmlefospmoros, ospojgliiy roflrngef tmo cdsorvon accn oxjmlefo, rosgnos wgtm morlen tc l iossor oxtoet wgtm mor nlufmtor-ge-ilw (LKC-0>). Lpmpe gs tmoceo wmc becws wmc cufmt tc rojogvo wmlt (soo lisc mckls ).Ge tmgs jlso, oxjmlefo, len moejo tmo kcvokoets ca cdhojts, gs ect ceiyl kles laalgr dut gs ge plrt konglton dy wckoe8 tmo ilttor mlvo le geaiu-oejo ce tmo nojgsgce-klbgef prcjoss ca tmo oxjmlefo gesgno tmo vgiilfo2tmo koe sudsoquoetiy poracrk tmo ljtuli kcvokoet ca cdhojts cutsgnotmo vgiilfo.

Ltgegc (LKC-0:) prcvgnos tmo duib ca lii tmo agsm len flko tc mgs aoi-icw Lkctcpcles len ovoe tc ljtcrs cutsgno tmo vgiilfo, wmgjm rosuits ge lmgfm cutnofroo joetrligty (soo Agf. >.=).


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L

ge wmgjm mo gs ljtgvoiy gevcivon, ls gs smcwe ge tmo kosmwcrb, gs tmo ro-suit ca mgs oejcuetors cutsgno Lkctcpc wgtm kley pocpio scko ca wmckoxjiusgvoiy oxjmlefo wgtm mgk. mgs gs roaiojton ge l mgfm dotwooeeoss

joetrligty iovoi. Toflrngef tmo aiux ca oxjmlefo gtoks gt suffosts mo ljts lskgnnio-kle dotwooe Lkctcpcles len ece-Lkctcpcles. Mo mls tmo kcstaljo tc aljo getorljtgces wgtm ngaaoroet ljtcrs ge len cutsgno Lkctcpc lengs rospcesgdio acr tmo duib ca tmo aiux ca kcdgigl2 mo gs l vgtli plrt ge tmgsLkctcpcle kosmwcrb (soo Agf. >.7).

Ltgegc (LKC-0:) ect ceiy auejtgces ls l kgnnio-kle acr tmo roiltgvoswgtmge mgs cwe vgiilfo, dut lisc acr sovorli vgiilfos icjlton tc tmo scutmlen tmo ecrtm ca Lkctcpc. Acr gestlejo, litmcufm ect gejcrpcrlton getmo jurroet nltlsot, tmoro gs l icef-stlengef trlngtgce ca getor-trgdli ox-jmlefo dotwooe tmo Vlgwlg len tmo rgc tmlt pilys l rcio ge Lkctcpcle

Agf. >.78 ^mo cdsorvon oxjmlefo eotwcrb ca tmo Lkctcpcles nurgef tmo rlgey solsce ca 400=,smcwgef tmo roiltgvo iovoi ca dotwooeeoss.


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.4.:2 soo lisc Mcwlrn400..


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..6 T), vgl tmo koe..


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.:), wmc ge400= wls igvgef ge tmo rgc vgiilfo ca Zlenilengef. mo kotli ple wls fgv-oe tc Lpmpe (LKC-04) ge 4001 len klno gts wly getc Z-44. Lectmorcdhojt acuen ge Z-4< wls prosoeton dy Posuwg tc Lpmpe. Lrcuen ^mo oxjmlefo ca nurldio ece-jcetlgeors (nurldios)

mo jltofcry ca nurldio ece-jcetlgeors gejiunos, ge aljt, ley nurldio cd-hojt tmlt gs ect l pilstgj cr kotli jup, pct, ple cr pilto. Le oxlkpio ca lecdhojt ge tmgs jltofcry gs tmo klegcj frltor dclrn (8Zgklrg) wmgjm jce-sgsts ca wccn len gs stunnon wgtm smlrp stceo jmgps ca stceo.) mls fgvoe twc frltor dclrns tc Posuwg (ZLE-0?) ge roture acr 4? bfca suflr, len Lpmpe (LKC-04), tcc, mls fgvoe twc frltor dclrns tcEcogkg (VLE-0 jk) len l skliior ceo ( :0 jk).

Ljjcrngef tc Mcwlrn, frltor dclrns woro pronckgeletiy prcnujon getmo Vlgwlg vgiilfos ca Klpuorl len Zmoplrgykc (]lplrgykc) (Mcwlrn400.


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.0

>

:0

46

47

:7

:>

:=

: Lililplnus spmoros ca kcvokoet

Ecw tmo Lililplnu jcetoxt len gts projongef ausgce soquoejo mls dooeprcvgnon, wo jle ecw tueo ge wgtm tmo vgiilfo iovoi ca Lililplnu dy ngstgii-gef tmo spmoros ca kcvokoet arck Potor Tgvgros agengefs (, tmo nosjrgptgce wgii aciicw tmo ngvgsgce getc sud-sgstoejo kcdgigl, oxjmlefo kcdgigllen rosgnoetgli kcdgigl. Zgejo Tgvgrosjoetrli acjus jcejoreon tmo scjgli ngkoesgce ca tmo vgiilfo, len ect eoj-osslrgiy tmo kltorgli vgiilfo, tmo strlens ca nltl mo prcvgnos (ce cjjlsgcegeovgtldiy qucton lt frolt ioeftm) lro aurtmor jcetoxtuligson dy roaorrgef tctmo jcetokpcrlry Forkle kgssgcelry Prctsgc Argbois pudigjltgce ce tmolspojts ca tmo kltorgli juituro ca tmo Drlzgigle rgc (.< Zudsgstoejo kcdgiglGe tmo ropiy ca le geacrklet wmoe lsbon ga leyceo mln ovor stcioe mgsdcw cr lrrcws8 Vmy smcuin leyceo tlbo kgeo3 ^oy jle klbo tmogr cwe.Tgvgro


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.< Lkctcpc-Lililplnu ngsjussgce

Ge Lkctcpc l jiolr ngvgsgce roflrngef spmoros ca sudsgstoejo kcvokoetsjle do ostldigsmon dotwooe tmcso roiltgef tc koes tlsbs len tmcso roilt-gef tc wckoes tlsbs. mo slko fcos acr Lililplnu. L pcstuilton jcetrlstpcson dy tmo vgiilfo ca Lililplnu gs tmlt tmo koe prcdldiy mln tc fc aur-tmor lagoin ge crnor tc jltjm tmogr agsm len flko. Ge l sgkgilr voge gt jle dopcstuilton tmlt tmo wckoe prcdldiy lisc mln tc voeturo aurtmor lagoin gecrnor tc roljm tmogr flrnoes. Lectmor rolsce acr tmo wckoe tc iolvo tmojuitgvlton lrol ca tmo vgiilfo wls tc jciiojt jily arck jortlge spcts ge tmorgvor wgtm wmgjm tc prcnujo tmogr pcttory. Mcwovor, ls Tgvgro mln cd-sorvon, tmo prcnujtgce ca pcttory ls woii ls tmo prcnujtgce ca fcurns lenjlildlsm jcetlgeors frlnuliiy ngkgegsmon. Ge nuo jcurso gt wls ropiljon dy

l eow rlefo ca nurldio gtoks (pcts len ples klno ca pilstgj cr kotli).Jcejoregef tmo ilttor Tgvgro stlton tmlt

litmcufm tmoso eow pcssossgces mlvo ect jmlefon tmo dlsgj plttore, sgejo ltl kles noltm cdhojts sujm ls mgs begao kly stgii do nostrcyon, tmo froltiy ge-jrolson lkcuets ca wolitm ge oxctgj fccns wmgjm le gengvgnuli jle ljjuku-ilto tmrcufm trlngef mls mln l eukdor ca jcesoquoejos, ect iolst ca wmgjm gstmo stroeftmoegef ca tmo systok ca gemorgtlejo (Tgvgro


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L

Fccns lro ljqugron ge tmo jgty. Ge ture, kotli pcts len ples, pgojos cajictmgef, agsmmccbs len igeos, otj. lro sjlrjo ge tmo alr scutm. mo oxjmlefoca tmoso fccns ge tmgs rospojt mls dojcko jrujgli acr ycuef koe tc flge

prostgfo (soo lisc Kci & Kles40.4 Lililplnu-Lelpg ngsjussgce

Ls ldcvokoetgceon tmo sudsgstoejo kcdgiglca Lililplnu woro drcufmt gedy dctm koe len wckoe iolvgef tmo vgiilfo ge crnor tc jciiojt tmo eojos-slry roscurjos acr tmogr tlsb roilton prcnujtgce. Litmcufm tmoro gs ec rol-sce tc lssuko tmgs ngaaoron ls tc tmo olriy 40tmjoetury, tmoro gs l jcetrlst.

Ge tmo tgko ca Lelpg, pocpio woro igvgef ge sklii vgiilfos eolr tc oljm ctmor


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porsces mln igvonge Lkctcpc iolvgef tmogr klrbs ge tmo dugit oevgrcekoet. mlt kolestmlt scko ca tmo mcusos tmlt woro prosoet ge 400= woro tokpcrlrgiy cr ecicefor gemldgton (soo Agf. >.


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L4 ::/:< D6


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D1 4006


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0 4006

4:< D1 :? ^GK-=1 4006

4:4 D1 4> ^GK-=1 4006

4:: D1 :? 6? ^GK-=1 4006

4:> D1 46 ^GK-=1 4006

4:? D4 :>/46 4>? ^GK-=1 4006

4:1 D< 46/44 >00 ^GK-=1 4006

4:6 D4 :0/4= 4:= ^GK-=1 4006

4:= D: 40//40 ^GK-=1 4006

4>0 D: J> = ^GK->: 4006

4?? J> = ^GK-47 4006

4?1 J> 1 4006

4?6 J> 7 ^GK-:> 4006

4?= J> 7 ^GK-


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? ^GK-=1 4006

46< J4 4=/41


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40 D1 4006

:7? D1 4006

:71 D1 4006

:76 D1 4006

:7= D4 4006

:77 D< 4006

>00 D4 4006

>0< D: 4006

>04 N< 40/


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40:

L L

Aolturo Jcno Jgrjukaoroejo Mogfmt Zilet ^gkdor Tojcrnon

>64 M< 6: M< 40 : 400=

>6> M< 6? M< 67 M< D4 :4 41= ^GK-=1 400=

?0? L? := 4>0 400=

?01 A:


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40>

L


?0 J4 4: < J4 >4 4 J< :< 470 400=

?>: J: 46 > J: ? J4 4= 1 J4 47 6 J= A4 4: 400=

?>7 A4 44 400=

??0 A


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406

L L


1:1 F< jk 9 : F4 > F4 400=

1?< F F4


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40=

L


166 F<


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407

Lppoengx D

AOL^_TO^WPO

Aolturo jcnos lppigon ge Lppoengx L.

L8 Jckkueli Ztrujturos (Plgkle)L8 Ztcrlfo strujturo suppcrt (ge-strujturo stcrlfo aljgigty, GZZ)L?8 Mlkkcjb pcst (MP)L68 Vlii stlbos (VZ)L


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4

L

^gkdor rgc elko Iltge elko Zcurjo

^GK-4= Bwlsgpgtl

^GK-47 Klpleu

^GK-:0 Klrlhl Foceckl dlijuigaorl ^ouegssoe ot li.400:

^GK-:< Klrgpl Lttliol klrgpl Mcffkle 40078: Koeo, Koeo wowo Fulrol sp. Mcffkle 40078:40

^GK-:? Koeuk

^GK-:1 Korg pcec(Korgpcec) Osjmwogiorl nojcicrles Mcffkle 40078:40

Osjmwogiorl sp. Mcffkle 40078:40

^GK-:6 Korgel gputubu

^GK-:= Kgbgrg Outorpo projltcrgl Mcffkle 40078:40

^GK-:7 Kgrg kgrg Kcurgrgl spp. ^ouegssoe ot li.400:

^GK->0 Kcw

^GK->< Ctcpk Kgequlrtgl fugleoesgs Mcffkle 40078:44 Plg geplmbl (Plg okplml) Psyjmctrgl sp. Mcffkle 40078:4: Plgpmlghc Getlporu

^GK->> Plbgrl lpmb, Plbgrl Lsuwg

^GK->? Plbgrlubu wowo (Plbgrl lubu) Zlpctljolo Mcffkle 40078:41 Plrgpc Igjlegl sp. Mcffkle 40078:44

^GK->6 Plrgpc gbcrchle Igjlegl sp. Mcffkle 40078:44

^GK->=-?< Plrgpcgk Plrgelrg rcncipmgg Mcffkle 40078:44

Curltol sp. Mcffkle 40078:44

^GK-?4 Plsgsg Fcupgl fildrl Mcffkle 40078:44

^GK-?: Plsgsgk Kcurgrg sp. Mcffkle 40078:44

^GK-?> Plurlrle Moigjcstyigs sp. Mcffkle 40078:44

^GK-?? Propue

^GK-?1 Potgro (Ptro) Dursorljolo Mcffkle 40078:44

^GK-?6 Pourlgk (Pourlgk) ^cvckgtl sp. Mcffkle 40078:44

^GK-?= Pghoeho

^GK-?7 Pcbcpcbc uru Zoeel qugequlefuiltl Mcffkle 40078:44^GK-10 Purukl Pcurcukl sp. Mcffkle 40078:44

^GK-1< Tloslo(Tlslg) Dcjlfocpsgs kuitgfflcrl Mcffkle 40078:4:

^GK-14 Tlplpgk Mcffkle 40078:4:

^GK-1: Tlplrlpl

^GK-1> Tlpupgk (Tlpcpgk) Pcutorgl sp Mcffkle 40078:4:

^GK-1? Zlblblc


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4


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440

L

Z^-:? len Z^-:1 (400=)

Z^->4 (400=)


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44

L

>. Ctmor Ztrujturos

Z^-?, Z^-40, Z^-7, Z^-= len Z^-6 (4006)

Z^-


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44?

L N

Z^-:: len Z^-44 (4006)

Z^->0 (400=)


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441

L

Z^->


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446

L N

?. Gkprossgces

Lpmpe (LKC-04) spgeegef jcce (4006)

Leno (LKC-01) smgef (4006)


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44=

L

Ltgegc (LKC-0:) proplrgef skcbon plju acr trlespcrt (4006)

Orghlk (LKC-


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447

L N

Klrjoi (l.b.l. Tcjby, LKC-07) ge tmo jleco wgtm twc dljbpljbs ca klegcj (4006)

Klrjoi (LKC-07) len Orgeliso (LKC-06) (4006)


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4:0

L

Koroc (LKC-0?) len Aoi gtgl (LKC-0=) pooigef klegcj (4006)

Korgosl (LKC-), Potgegl (LKC-


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4:? =.?=

4


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L A


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4:=

L

Jckplrgsce len lvorlfo ca pcst len aiccr ngstlejos

TTZ-TOZ Getor-

Aiccr Tltgc

TTZ-TZ Getor-

Aiccr Tltgc

TTZ-TTZ Getor-

Aiccr rltgcJKZ-<


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4:7

Lppoengx F

BOWJCNOZ^C^MO^TGCCA^MOVOZ^OTE^TGCFTC_PO]JMLEFOZPMOTO

mo GN uson gs tmo lddrovgltgce ca tmo piljo ca rosgnoejo ge 400= jceeojton wgtml eukdor.

GN Elko Zurelko Zox Lfo Zudfrcup Piljo ca dgrtm

lkc-0< Pleosmg Pleobbo Klio ?1 Cbckcylel Plelpgpl

lkc-04 Lpmpe Klkg Aoklio ?: Zlbtl Vllelep (Drlz.)

lkc-0: Ltgegc Pleobbo Klio :7 Cbckcylel Lililplnu

lkc-0> Tcsgleel Geosllmp Aoklio >0 Cbckcylel ^pu

lkc-0? Koroc Geosllmp Aoklio 44 Cbckcylel Bwlklilslkutu

lkc-01 Leno Zgbrgpmo Klio 4> Zlbtl Bwlklilslkutu

lkc-06 Orgeliso Geosllmp Klio = Kcbsg Bwlklilslkutu

lkc-0= Aoigtgl Geosllmp Aoklio Cbckcylel Bwlklilslkutu

lkc-07 Klrjoi Geosllmp Klio 1 Cbckcylel Bwlklilslkutu

lkc- Klwlylel Fuylel

jls-0> ^gel Klio :6 Kcbsg Lbc (Fuy.)

jls-0? Ngegl Kou Aoklio 4: Kcbsg Lidgel

jls-01 Blrwge Kou Aoklio 4 Klwlylel Focrfotcwe (Fuy.)

jls-06 Grlg Klio :? Kcbsg Lbc (Fuy.)

jls-0= Zgrgbl Burlkgto Aoklio 4? Prcp Bwlklilslkutu

jls-07 Zjct Burlkgto Klio


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4>0

L


jls-


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4>= Zmoroc Blelsge (Fuy.)

but-04 Hlborl Zcesce Aoklio 14 Zmoroc Fuylel

but-0: Kllsl Zcrg Aoklio >0 Zmoroc Fuylel

but-0> Lgrghle Zcrg Klio 4: Zmoroc Bwlklilslkutu

but-0? Zlrcko Burgkle Aoklio 44 Kcbsg Bwlklilslkutu

but-01 Boegl Zcrg Aoklio


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4>:

L F


bwl-0?1 Iujgl Nosuno Aoklio 44 Klwlylel Bwlklilslkutu

bwl-0?6 Tcdort ^cpcpuru Klio 44 Zlbtl Bwlklilslkutu

bwl-0?= Lgrge Nosuno Aoklio Bwlklilslkutu

bwl-064 Nlegstl Aoklio < Bwlklilslkutu

bwl-06: Oigsl Aoklio < Bwlklilslkutu

bwl-06> Blkorghc Klio 4> Bwlklilslkutu

bwl-06? Kleg Klio

bwl-061 Zuwg Aoklio

bwl-066 Bupghls Kliobwl-06= Huro Klio

bwl-067 Buhgkpo Klio

bwl-0=0

bwl-0=< Fgidort Klio

bwl-0=4 Zcpc

bwl-0=: Ghotgpo Klio

bwl-0=> Lkcsu Klio

bwl-0=? Tgl

bwl-0=1 Zorleg

bwl-0=6 Tgrg

bwl-0== Tuutg Klio

bwl-0=7 Pgrcko Klio

bwl-070 Zlrgpge Aoklio

bwl-07< Zuusle Aoklio

bwl-074 ^geblpg Klio

bwl-07: Lrlsl

bwl-07> Tusgl Aoklio

bwl-07? ^leg Aoklio

bwl-071 Eokgsg Klio

bwl-076 Klsoru Aoklio


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4>1

L


slb-01 Lesorgjb Vltgrg Aoklio ? Zlbtl Lililplnu

sle-04 Pleuwoc Blgwlro Aoklio :7 Ptlce Lililplnu

sle-0: Ecwo Blgwlro Klio Kcbsg Bwlklilslkutu

sle-0> Putu Lrlrlkle Klio ?7 Zlbtl

sle-0? Posuwg Kublru Aoklio >= Zlbtl Plrlep (Drlz.)

sle-01 Kosoc Lrlrlkle Aoklio 4: Zlbtl Bwlklilslkutu

sle-06 Kgroel Lrlrlkle Aoklio ? Kcbsg Bwlklilslkutu

sle-0= Klgtl ^lblhlel Klio >< Kcbsg Plrlep (Drlz.)

sle-07 Tcrcsg Eukomp Aoklio :? Cbckcylel Lililplnu

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Date post:	11-Feb-2018
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Mans 2012 - Amotopoan Trails. A recent archaeology of Trio movements

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