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_______________________________________________________________________________________________ www.mantech.co.za Last updated : 25 June 2015 P a g e | 1
MANTECH ELECTRONICS
TEL JHB : (011) 493-9307
CAPE : (021) 535-3150
KZN : (031) 309-7692
FAX : (011) 493-9319
[email protected] International Components Distributor www.mantech.co.za _______________________________________________________________________________________________
A Ampere ABI Application Binary Interface- Specification for hardware platform and operating system ABR Available Bit Rate traffic - ATM networking level ABR AutoBaud Rate detect AC Alternating Current. Also Audio Codec.
ACD Automatic Call Distribution - Routing of an incoming telephone call to next available operator ACE Advanced Computing Environment - Open standard based on UNIX and Windows NT ACIA Asynchronous Communication Interface Adapter ACK Acknowledge, Logic signal ACP Audio Control Panel ACPI Advanced Configuration Power Interface ACPR Adjacent Channel Power Ratio ACS Asynchronous Communications Server - Communications server managing pool of modems
ACTS Advanced Communications Technologies and Services A/D Analogue to Digital ADB Apple Desktop Bus - Macintosh communications port for input devices ADC Analogue to Digital Converter
ADCCP Advanced Data Communications Control Procedures ADLC Advanced Data Link Controller
ADPCM Adaptive Differential Pulse Code Modulation ADS AutoCAD Development System - Facility allowing C routines to be run from within AutoCAD ADSL Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Lines ADT Asynchronous Data Transfer - Transmission technique used in ISDN PBXs to allocate bandwidth AF Audio Frequency
AFC Automatic Frequency Control AFDEC Association of Franchised Distributors of Electronic Components
AFE Apple File Exchange AFM Atomic Force Microscopy AFP Appletalk Filing Protocol AGC Automatic Gain Control AGP Accelerated Graphics Port AGP Advanced Graphics Port AI Artificial Intelligence
AIM Apple/IBM/Motorola AIX Advanced Interactive eXecutive ALC Automatic Level Control ALU Arithmetic Logic Unit AM Amplitude Modulation; also Active Matrix.
AMD Advanced Micro Devices AMA American Electronics Association AMI American Megatrends Inc
AMPS Analogue Mobile Phone system A/N Alphanumeric ANA Article Numbering Association
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ANDF Architecture Neutral Distributed Format ANI Automatic Number Identification ANR Active Noise Reduction ANSI American National Standards Institute AOL America Online APA All Points Addressable APC Automatic Phase Control API Application Programming Interface
APM Advanced Power Management
APPC Advanced Program-to-Program Communications - IBM protocol analogous to OSI model's session layer
APPN Advanced Peer-to-Peer Networking APT Automatic Programmed Tools ARC Advanced RISC Computing
ARCHIE ARCHIvE ARCNET Attached Resource Computer NETwork ARDIS Advanced National Radio Data Service ARP Address Resolution Protocol
ARPANET Advanced Research Projects Agency Network ARQ Automatic ReQuest for repeat ASA American Standards Association ASCII American Standard Code for Information Interchange ASIC Application Specific Integrated Circuit ASK Amplitude Shift Keying ASP Analogue signal processor ASPI Advanced SCSI Programming Interface ASSP Application Specific Standard Part ASRP Application Specific RISC Processor
AT Advanced Technology ATDM Asynchronous Time Division Multiplexing
ATE Automatic Test Equipment ATG Automatic Test Generation ATM Asynchronous Transfer Mode
ATRAC Adaptive Transform Acoustic Coding ATS Application Technology Satellite AUI Attachment Unit Interface
AUTODIN AUTOmatic DIgital Network AUX AUXiliary AV Audio/Visual
AVC Automatic Volume Control AVC Audio Visual Connection AVI Audio Video Interleaved AVK Audio Video Kernel AVSS Audio/Video Subsystem. - Part of DVI standard BASIC Beginners’ All-purpose Symbolic Instruction Code BBC British Broadcasting Corporation BBD Bucket Brigade Device BBS Bulletin Board System BCC Bump Chip Carrier BCC Block Check Character BCD Binary Coded Decimal BCI BroadCast Interference
BCPA British Copyright Protection Association BCS British Computer Society BCS Basic Control System
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BDM Background Debug Mode BDOS Basic Disk Operating System
BE Back End BEDO Burst Extended Data Out BEM Boundary Element Method BER Bit Error Rate BEV Billion Electron Volts BFT Binary File Transfer BGA Ball Grid Array BIB British Interactive Broadcasting
BICMOS Bipolar Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor BIFET BIpolar Field-Effect Transistor
BIMOS Bipolar Metal Oxide Semiconductor BIOS Basic Input/Output System
BISDN Broadband Integrated Services Digital Network BIST Built In Self Test BITE Built In Test Equipment BJT Bipolar junction transistor BLT Boundary Block Transfer
BMMG British Microcomputer Manufacturers' Group BNC Bayonet Nut Connector BNC Baby N Connector BNF Backus Naur Form BPI Bits Per Inch BPS Bits Per Second
Bytes/s Bytes Per Second BSA Business Software Alliance BSC Binary Synchronous Communications BSD Berkeley Standard Distribution BSE Broadcast Satellite Experiment BSI British Standards Institution
BSRAM Burst SRAM BT British Telecom
BTAM Basic Terminal Access Method BTB Branch Target Buffer BTU British Thermal Units BW BandWidth CAB Configurable Analogue Blocks CAD Computer Aided Design CAE Computer Aided Engineering CAE Computer Aided Education CAE Computer Assisted Education CAI Computer Aided Instruction CAI Common air Interface
CAM Computer Aided Manufacturing CAM Content Addressable Memory
CAMU Communications Audio Management Unit CAN Controller Area Network CAS Column-Address Strobe - Logic signal
CASE Computer Assisted Software Engineering CAT Computerised Axial Tomography
CATV Cable Television CB Citizens' Band CB Customer Box
CBA Cell Based Array
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CBI Complementary Binary CBIC Cell Based Integrated Circuit CBR Continuous Bit Rate traffic - High priority level in ATM networking C&C Communication & Control C&C Command & Control CC Constant Current
CCD Charge Coupled Device CCFP Common Control Fixed Part CCIR Committee Consultation International Radiocommunications CCIS Command and Control Information Systems
CCITT Consultative Committee of International Telephony and Telegraphy CCS Communications Control System
CCTV Closed Circuit TeleVision CCU Communications Control Unit CD Compact Disc
CDC Control Data Corporation CDDI Copper Distributed Data Interface CD-I Compact Disc Interactive
CDMA Code Division Multiple Access CDPD Cellular Digital Packet Data CDR Compact Disc Recordable
CDRAM Cached DRAM (See EDRAM) CD-ROM Compact Disk Read Only Memory
CD-ROM XA CD-ROM eXtended Architecture CDV Compact Disc Video
CDWORM Compact Disc Write-Once/Read-Many CE Communaute Europe
CECL Cascade Emitter-Coupled Logic CEMF Counter ElectroMotive Force
CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardisation CerDIP Ceramic Dual Inline Package CERN Conseil Europ�en pour la Recherche Nucl�aire CES Consumer Electronics Show CF Centre Frequency
CFB Current FeedBack CFD Computational Fluid Dynamics CFI CAD Framework Initiative
CGA Colour Graphics Adapter CGI Computer Graphics Interface
CGM Computer Graphics Metafile CHBW CHannel BandWidth
CHKDSK CHecK DiSK CI Common Interface CIF Common Intermediate Format
CIME Computer Integrated Manufacturing and Engineering CIRC Cross-Interleaved Reed-solomon Code CISC Complex Instruction Set Computer
CISPR International Special Committee on Radio Interference CL Current Loop
CLA Carry Lookahead Adder CLRC Central Laboratory of the Research Councils CLS Clear Screen CLV Constant Linear Velocity CMC Common Mail Calls CMIP Common Management Information Protocols
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CMIS Common Management Information Services CMOS Complementary Metal Oxide Semiconductor CMRS Commercial Mobile Radio Service CMYK Cyan-Magenta-Yellow-blacK CNC Computerised Numerical Control
COBALT COncurrent Broadcast Array Logic Technology COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language COBRA Coastal Battlefield Reconnaissance and Analysis system CODEC COder-DECoder COFDM Coded Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplex
COG Chip On Glass COMSAT COMmunication SATellite corporation COMTEC COmputer Micrographics and TEChnology
COSE Common Open Software Environment COTS Commercial Off The Shelf CPD Continuing Professional Development CPE Customer Premises Equipment CPI Characters Per Inch
CPLD Complex Programmable Logic Device CP/M Control Program for Microcomputers CPS Characters Per Second CPU Central Processing Unit
CQFP Ceramic Quad-FlatPack CRC Cyclical Redundancy Check - Error detection scheme CRT Cathode Ray Tube CS Control Strobe - Logic signal
CSA Canadian Standards Association - UL's Canadian counterpart CSMA Carrier Sense Multiple Access
CSMA/CD Carrier Sense Multiple-Access with Collision Detect CTA Cordless Terminal Adapter CTC Counter/Timer Circuit CTI Computer Telephony Integration
CTM Cordless Terminal Mobility CTS Clear To Send - Protocol signal CV Constant Voltage
CVD Chemical Vapour Deposition CW Carrier Wave CW Continuous Waves D/A Digital to Analogue DAA Data Access Arrangement DAA Decimal Adjust Accumulator DAA Direct Access Arrangement DAB Digital Audio Broadcasting DAC Digital to Analogue Converter DAC Data Acquisition and Control DAL Data Access Lines DAM DECT Authentication Module
D-AMPS Digital Analogue Mobile Phone system DAQ Data AcQuisition
DARPA Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency DASD Direct Access Storage Device DAT Digital Audio Tape DAV Data AVailable/DatA Valid - Logic signal
DAVID Digital Audio Video Interactive Decoder dB DeciBel
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dBA DeciBels Adjusted DBA Data Base Administrator
DBAM DataBase Access Method DBI DataBase Index dBK DeciBels - referred to 1 Kilowatt dBM DeciBels - above or below 1 milliwatt
DBMS Data Base Management System DBOS Disk-Based Operating System DBR Dos Boot Record dBV DeciBels - Voltage dBX DeciBels - above reference coupling DC Direct Current DC Data Conversion
DCC Digital Compact Cassette DCC Direct Cable Connection DCD Data Carrier Detect - Protocol signal DCE Data Circuit-terminating Equipment DCE Data Communications Equipment DCE Distributed Computing Environment DCI Display Control Interface
DCOM Distributed Common Object Model DCP Display Control Program DCR Data Conversion Receiver DCR Digital Conversion Receiver DCS Distributed Control System DCS Data Carrier System DCT Discrete Cosine Transform DCTL Direct Coupled Transistor Logic DD Double Density
DDA Digital Differential Analyser DDC Digital Display Channel DDC Direct Digital Control DDC Display Data Channel DDC Digital Down Converter
DDCE Digital Data Conversion Equipment DDCMP Digital Data Communications Message Protocol
DDD Direct Distance Dialling DDE Dynamic Data Exchange DDL Data Definition Language DEA Data Encryption Algorithm DEC Digital Equipment Corporation
DECT Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications DERA Defence Evaluation Research Agency DES Data Encryption Standard DES Digital Encryption Standard DF Direction Finder
DFD Data Flow Diagram DFM Design For Manufacture DFT Design For Test DIB Data Input Bus DID Direct Inward Dialling
DIGICOM DIGItal COMmunications system DIL Dual In Line
DIMM Dual Inline Memory Module DIN Deutsche Industrie Normenausschuss
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DIP Dual In line Package DIS Draft International Standard
DISOSS DIStributed Office Supported System DIY Do It Yourself DLC Dual Layer Capacitor DLL Dynamic Link Library DLS Digital Subscriber Lines
DMA Direct Memory Access DMASS Distributors and Manufacturers Association of Semiconductor Specialists
DMF Distribution Media Format DML Data Manipulation Language DMM Digital MultiMeter DMOS Double-diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor DMT Discrete Multitone modulationTransceiver DMX Digital Media Extension DNA DEC Network Architecture DNC Direct Numerical Control DNS Domain Name Server DoD Department of Defense - US defence department DoI Department of Industry DOR Digital Optical Recording DOS Disk Operating System DOT Digital Online Terminal DoT Department of Transport DP Data Processing
DPCM Differential Pulse Code Modulation DPDT Dual Pole Dual Throw DPE Data Parity Error DPI Dots Per Inch
DPMA Data Processing Management Association DPP Distributed Parallel Processing DPS Data Processing System
DPSK Differential Phase Shift Keying DPSRAM Dual Port SRAM
DPST Dual Pole Single Throw DRAM Dynamic Random Access Memory DRAW Direct Read After Write DRDA Distributed Relational Database Architecture
DS Double Sided DS Data Strobe - Logic signal
DSA Distributed Systems Architecture DSA Data Set Adapter DSA Digital Signal Algorithm DSO Digital Storage Oscilloscope DSP Digital Signal Processor (or Processing) DSR Data Set Ready DSS Decision Support System DSS Digital Spread Spectrum DSS Decision Support System DSS Digital Signature Standard DST Dynamic Stress Testing
DS3 Digital Signal level 3. A North American digital hierarchy signalling standard for transmission at 44.736Mbit/s
DTC Data Terminal Controller DTE Data Terminating Equipment
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DTI Department of Trade & Industry DTL Diode Transistor Logic - Predecessor of TTL
DTMF Dual-Tone MultiFrequency - Standard for touch tones telephones DTP Desk Top Publishing DTR Data Terminal Ready - Protocol signal DTS Distributed Time Services DTV Digital TV DUT Device Under Test DUV Data Under Voice DVB Digital Video Broadcasting
DVBIRD Digital Video Broadcasting Integrated Receiver/Decoder DVD Digital Video Disc DVI Digital Video Interactive
DVM Digital VoltMeter DVT Design Verification Testing
DWMT Discrete wavelet multitone DWT Discrete wavelet transform or Discrete wavelet tone
E1 A digital transmission link with a capacity of 2.048Mbit/s E3 A digital transmission link with a capacity of 34.368Mbit/s
EAB Embedded Array Block EAN European Article Numbering
EAPROM Electrically Alterable Programmable Read-Only Memory EAROM Electrically Alterable Read-Only Memory EBCDIC Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange Code
EBR Electron Beam Recording EBU European Broadcasting Union ECC Emitter Coupled Circuits ECC Error Checking and Correction ECC Error Correction Code
ECCM Electronic Counter Counter Measures ECHO European Commission Host Organisation ECL Emitter Coupled Logic ECM Electronic Counter Measures
ECMA European Computer Manufacturers Association ECO Electron Coupled Oscillator EDA Electronic Design Automation EDC Error Detection Code EDE Embedded Development Environment EDI Electronic Data Interchange
EDIF Electronic Data Interchange Format EDO Extended Data Out EDP Electronic Data Processing
EDPM Electronic Data Processing Machine EDPS Electronic Data Processing System
EDRAM Enhanced Dynamic Random Access Memory EDS Electronic Data Systems
EEPROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory E2PROM Electrically Erasable Programmable Read Only Memory EEROM Electrically Erasable Read Only Memory
EFT Electronic Funds Transfer EGA Enhanced Graphics Adapter EIA Electronics Industries Association
EIDE Enhanced Integrated Device Electronic EISA Enhanced (or Extended) Industry Standard Architecture EL ElectroLuminescent
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ELF Extremely Low Frequency EMC ElectroMagnetic Compatibility
EMCTLA EMC Test Laboratory Association EMF ElectroMotive Force EMF Enhanced MetaFile EMI ElectroMagnetic Interference
EMM Expanded Memory Manager EMP ElectroMagnetic Pulse EMS Expanded Memory Specification EMV Europay, Mastercard, Visa
ENIAC Electronic Numerical Integrator And Calculator ENOB Effective Number Of Bits EOB End Of Block EOF End Of File EOL End Of Line EOM End Of Message EOR End Of Record EOR Exclusive OR EOT End Of Transmission
EPAC Electrically Programmable Analogue Circuit EPLD Electrically Programmable Logic Device EPOS Electronic Point of Sale EPP Enhanced Parallel Port
EPROM Erasable Programmable Read-Only Memory EPSMA European Power Supply Manufacturers Association? EPSRC Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council
EQ EQualiser ESA European Space Agency ESC EScape Character ESD ElectroStatic Discharge ESD Electrostatic Sensitive Device
ESDA Electronic System Design Automation ESDI Enhanced Small Devices Interface
ESMR Enhanced Specialised Mobile Radio ESR Equivalent Series Resistance
ETACS European Total Access Communications System ETB End of Transmission Block ETL Enhanced Ttransceiver Logic ETS European Telecommunications Standard ETSI European Telecommunications Standards Institute EU European Union
EUT Equipment Under Test eV Electron Volt
FAA Federal Aviation Administration FAT File Allocation Table FAX FACSimile FCC Federal Communications Commission FCFS First Come-First Served FCIC Full Custom Integrated Circuit FCT Fast CMOS Technology FD Full Duplex
FDC Floppy Disk Controller FDD Floppy Disk Drive FDDI Fibre Distributed Data Interface FDI Flash Data Integrator
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FDM Frequency Division Multiplexing FDMA Frequency Division Multiple Access FDOS Floppy Disk Operating System FDOS Floppy Disk Operating System FDX Full-Duplex Transmission FEA Finite Element Analysis FED Field Emission Display FEI Federation of the Electronics Industry FET Field Effect Transistor FF Fieldbus Foundation FF Flip Flop
FFT Fast Fourier Transform FHD Fixed Head Disk
FHMA Frequency Hopping Multiple Access FIFO First-In First-Out FILO First-In Last-Out
FINTEL FINancial Times ELectronic FIR Finite Impulse Response filter FLIR Forward Looking InfraRed FM Frequency Modulation
FMV Full Motion Video FORTH FOuRTH-generation language
FORTRAN FORmula TRANslation FP Floating Point
FPGA Field Programmable Gate Array FPLA Field Programmable Logic Array FPM Fast Page Mode FPS Frames per second FPU Floating Point Unit FRU Field-Replaceable Unit FSF Free Software Foundation FSK Frequency Shift Keying FSM Frequency Shift Modulation FSTN Film Super Twisted Nematic
FT Fixed Termination FTAM File Transfer Access and Management
FTP File Transfer Protocol FVC Frequency to Voltage Converter GB GigaByte GA Gate Array GAL Generic Array Logic
GaAs Gallium Arsenide GaAlAs Gallium Aluminium Arsenide
GAP Generic Access Profile GCS Gate Controller Switch GDI Graphics Device Interface GDS Global Directory Services GDT Graphic Display Terminal GFCI Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter GFI Ground Fault Interrupter
GFLOPS Giga - 109 FLOating Point Operations Per Second GFSK Gaussian Frequency Shift Keying GHz Gigahertz
GIGO Garbage In Garbage Out GIRL Generalised Information Retrieval Language
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gif Graphics Interchange Format GIS Geographic Information System GKS Graphics Kernel System GLB Generic Logic Block
GMM Graphical MultiMeter GMR Giant Magneto Resistance GND GrouND GNU Gnu's Not UNIX GPF General Protection Fault GPIB General Purpose Interface Bus GPS Global Positioning System GRP Global Routing Pool GSI Graphic Structure Input
GSM Global System for Mobile communications GTL Gunning Transceiver Logic GUI Graphical User Interface HAL Hardwired Array Logic
HART Highway Addressable Remote Transducer HCMOS High-density Complementary Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
HD Hard Disk HDB Home Data Base HDC Hard Disk Controller HDD Hard Disk Drive HDD Head Down Display HDL Hardware Description Language
HDLC High Level Data Link Control HDSL High speed Digital Subscriber Lines HDTV High Definition TeleVision HDX Half Duplex
HEMT High Electron Mobility Transistor HER High Efficiency Red - As in an LED HET Heterodyne HEU Headset electronic Unit HF High Frequency HFS Hierarchical File System HIC Hybrid Integrated Circuit
HI-FI HIgh FIdelity HIPO Hierarchy Input, Process, Output
HISAM Hierarchical Indexed Sequential Access Method HLL High Level Language HLS Hue Luminance Saturation
HMA High Memory Area HMD Helmet Mounted Display
HMOS High-density Metal Oxide Semiconductor HOOD Hierarchical Object Oriented Design
HP Hewlett Packard HPIB Hewlett Packard Interface Bus - Identical to GPIB HPIL Hewlett Packard Interface Loop HPC Handheld PC HPFS High Performance File System HPGL Hewlett Packard Graphics Language
HS Helical Scan HSM High-Speed Memory HSSI High Speed Serial Interface HSV Hue-Saturation-Value
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HTL High Threshold Logic HTML HyperText Markup Language HTS Helmet Tracking System
HTTP HyperText Transfer Protocol HUD Head Up Display
HVDC High Voltage Direct Current HVPS High Voltage Power Supply
Hz Hertz - Cycles per second I2C Integrated InterConnect
I2ICE Integrated Instrumentation and InCircuit Emulation I2L Integrated Injection Logic IA Instrumentation Amplifier
IBM International Business Machines IC Integrated Circuit
ICE In-Circuit Emulator (or Emulation) ICL International Computers Ltd IDC International Data Corporation
IDCT Inverse Discrete Cosine Transform IDE Integrated Device Electronics or Intelligent Drive Electronics
IDE Integrated Development Environment; also Integrated Drive Electronics
IDVC Integrated Data/Voice Channel IEE Institute of Electrical Engineers
IEEE Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers IEEIE Institute of Electronics and Electrical Incorporated Engineers IETF Internet Engineering Task Force
IF Intermediate Frequency IGBT Insulated Gate Bipolar Transistor IGES Initial Graphics Exchange Standard
IGFET Insulated Gate Field Effect Transistor IIE Institute of Industrial Engineers IIL Integrated Injection Logic IIR Infinite Impulse Response filter ILD Injection Laser Diode
IMECHIE Institute of MECHanical Incorporated Engineers InP Indium Phosphide
INTELSAT INternational TELecommunications SATellite consortium I/O Input/Output IP Internet Protocol - see TCP/IP IP Intellectual Property
IPC Interprocess Communication Services IPGA Inverted Pin Grid Array IPSEC Internet Protocol SECurity IPUI International Portable User Identity IPX Internetwork Protocol Exchange IR InfraRed
IRAS InfraRed Astronomical Satellite [Space] IRD Integrated Receiver/Decoder
IRDA InfraRed Data Association IRED InfraRed Emitting Diode IRQ Interrupt ReQuest IRTF Internet Research Task Force ISA Industry Standard Architecture ISA Instrument Society of America
ISAM Indexed Sequential Access Method
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ISDN Integrated Services Digital Network ISN Information Systems Network ISO International Standards Organisation ISP Internet Service Provider ISP In System Programmable
ISPBX Integrated Systems PBX ISV Independent Software Vendor IT Information Technology
ITAC ISDN Terminal Adapter Circuit ITC InterTool Communications ITT International Telephone and Telegraph ITU International Telecommunications Union IVD Integrated Voice Data IVTS International Video Teleconferencing Service JBC Java Byte Code
JBEM Joint Board for Engineering Management JCL Job Control Language
JEDEC Joint Electronic Device Engineering Council JEIDA Japanese Electronic Industry Development Association JFET Junction Field Effect Transistor JIS Japanese Industrial Standard JIT Just-In-Time
JPEG Joint Photographic Experts Group JPL Jet Propulsion Laboratory
JTAG Joint Test Action Group JUG Joint Users Group JVM Java Virtual Machine
K Kelvin K Kilo - 103
KA KiloAmpere -1000A KB Kilobits
KBPS KiloBits Per Second KBytes Kilobytes
KEV Kilo Electron Volts KHz KiloHertz KVA Kilo Volt Amps KW Kilowatt
KWH Kilowatthour L2FET Logic Level Field Effect Transistor LAN Local Area Network
LASCR Light Activated Silicon Controlled Rectifier LASER Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation
LBA Linear Block Array LC Inductance and Capacitance
LCD Liquid Crystal Display LCM Least/Lowest Common Multiple LD Line Driver
LDMOS Lateral Double diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor LDO Low DropOut LE Local Exchange
LEC Local Exchange Carrier LED Light Emitting Diode LEP Light Emitting Polymer LF Line Feed LF Low Frequency
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LFO Low Frequency Oscillator LIFO Last-In First-Out LIM Lotus-Intel-Microsoft LIPS Logical Inferences Per Second LISN Line Interference Stabilisation Network LISP LISt Processing - Programming language LLC Logical Link Control - Layer of OSI standard
LMDS Local Multipoint (or Microwave) Distribution Service (or System) LO Local Oscillator
LON Local Operating Network LORAN LOng RAnge Navigation
LP Low Pass LPC Linear Predictive Coding
LPGA Laser Programmable Gate Array LQ Letter Quality LRC Longitudinal Redundancy Check LSB Least Significant Byte LSb Least Significant Bit LSD Least Significant Digit LSI Large Scale Integration LUT Look Up Table LV Low Voltage
LVD Low Voltage Directive LVDS Low Voltage Differential Signalling
LVPSU Low Voltage PSU LW Long Wave M Mega - 106
MAC Multiplexed Analogue Components MAC Media Access Control - Sub layer of OSI standard MAC Multiplier-ACcumulator MAN Metropolitan Area Network MAP Microprocessor Application Project MAP Manufacturing Automation Protocol MAPI Messaging Application Programming Interface
MASER Microwave Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation MAT Machine Aided Translation Mb Megabit MB Megabyte
MbPS Megabits Per Second MBPS Megabytes Per Second MBR Master Boot Record MCA Micro Channel Architecture
MCGA Multi-Colour Graphics Array MCI Media Control Interface
MCLED Micro Cavity LED MCM MultiChip Module MCU MicroComputer Unit MDA Mechanical Design Automation MDA Monochrome Display Adapter
MDAC Multiplying Digital to Analogue Converter MDI Multiple Document Interface MDS Multipoint Distribution System
MESFET Metal Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor MFLOPS Mega FLOating Point Operations per Second
MFM Modified Frequency Modulation
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MGA Masked Gate Array MHS Message Handling Systems MHz Megahertz MIB Microelectronics In Business
MICR Magnetic Ink Character Recognition MICRON Millionth of a metre (10-6) MIDAS Multimade International Data Acquisition Service MIDI Musical Instrument Data Interface MIL MILitary
MIMD Multiple-Instruction Multiple-Data MIME Multipurpose Internet Mail Extensions MIPS Million Instructions per Second MIRS Motorola Integrated Radio system MIS Management Information System
MISD Multiple-Instruction Single Data ML MultiLayer
MLB MultiLayer Board MMI Man Machine Interface MMU Memory Management Unit MMX MultiMedia eXtensions MNP Microcom Network Protocol MO Magneto Optical MO Master Oscillator
MODEM MOdulator/DEModulator MOPS Millions of Operations Per Second MOS Metal Oxide Semiconductor
MOSFET Metal Oxide Semiconductor Field Effect Transistor MOV Metal Oxide Varistor MP MultiProcessor
MPC Multimedia Personal Computer MPEG Motion Picture Experts Group MPP Massively Parallel Processor MPS Micro Port Saver
MPSK Minimum Phase Shift Keying MPU MicroProcessor Unit
MQFP Metal Quad Flat Pack MR Magnetic Resonance
MRP Manufacturing Resource Planning MSB Most Significant Byte MSb Most Significant bit MSC Mobile Services Switching Centre MSD Most Significant Digit
MS-DOS MicroSoft Disk Operating System MSI Medium Scale Integration MSN MicroSoft Network MTA Message Transfer Agent MTBF Mean Time Between Failures MTBM Mean Time Between Maintenance
MTF Modulation Transfer Function MTS Message Transfer System
MTTF Mean Time To Failure MTTR Mean Time To Recovery MTTR Mean Time To Repair
MUMPS MUltiplex MicroProcessor System MUX Multiplexer
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MVDS Multipoint Video Distribution System MVS Multiple Virtual Storage NAM Network Access Machine
NAMAS National Accreditation of Measurement And Sampling N-AMPS Narrowband Analogue Mobile Phone system NAND Not AND NASA National Aeronautics and Space Administration NBS National Bureau of Standards NC Network Computer NC Numerical Control NC Not Connected NC Normally Closed
NCR National Cash Registers NCSC National Computer Security Center - Arm of the US National Security NDR Network Data Representation NEC Nippon Electric Corporation
NEDA National Electronics Distributors Association NEMA National Electrical Manufacturers Association NEMI National Electronics Manufacturing Initiative NEST Novell Embedded Systems Technology
NetBIOS Network Basic Input/Output System NF NanoFarad - measure of capacitance
NFM Network File Manager NFS Network File Server NFS Network File System NFU Not Frequently Used NIC Network Information Centre
NiCad Nickel Cadmium - Rechargeable battery NiMH Nickel Metal Hydride NISRC Northern Ireland Semiconductor Research Centre NLQ Near Letter Quality NMH Nickel Metal Hydride NMI National Microelectronics Institute NMI Non-Maskable Interrupt
NMOS Negative-channel Metal-Oxide Semiconductor NMR Nuclear Magnetic Resonance NMS Network management system NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone NN Neural Network NO Normally Open
NO-OP NO-OPeration instruction NOP No OPeration NOR Not OR
NORAD NORth American Defense NOS Network Operating System NPL National Physical Laboratory NPN Negative Positive Negative NRE Non Recurring Engineering
NRFM Non-volatile Ram File Manager NRU Not-Recently Used NRZ Non Return to Zero NRZI Non Return to Zero Invert NSA National Security Agency NSF National Science Foundation NSP Native Signal Processing
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NTACS Nippon Total Access Communications System NTC Negative Temperature Coefficient NTFS New Technology File System NTSC National Television Standards Committee NTT Nippon Telephone & Telegraph
NUMA Non Uniform Memory Access NUI Network User Identification NVG Night Vision Goggle
NVRAM NonVolatile Random Access Memory OA&M Operations, Administration and Maintenance
OC Open Collector
OC Optical Carrier. A range of standards applying to optical communications. For example. OC-1 51.84Mbit/s
OCR Optical Character Recognition OCXO Oven Controlled Crystal Oscillator ODBC open database connectivity ODI Open Datalink Interface
OEM Original Equipment Manufacturer OFDM Orthogonal Frequency Division Modulation
OFS Open File System OLE Object Linking and Embedding
OLRT On-Line Real-Time OLTP OnLine Transaction Processing OMG Object Management Group OOP Object Oriented Programming
OPAMP OPerational AMPlifier op amp OPC Organic Photo Conductor OPR Optical Pattern Recognition OR Operational Research
ORACLE Optional Reception of Announcements by Coded Line Electronics ORBIT On-line Real-time Branch InformaTion ORP Output Routing Pool OS Operating System
OSCAR Orbiting Satellite Carrying Amateur Radio OSD On Screen Display OSD Optical Scanning Device OSF Open Software Foundation OSI Open Systems Interconnection
OTDR Optical Time Domain Reflectometry OTP One Time Programmable OUP Output Routing Pool OUP Oxford University Press OVP Over Voltage Protection PA Public Address PA Power Amplifier
PABX Private Automated Branch Exchanges PAD Packet Assembler/Disassembler PAL Phase Alternate Line TV standard used in UK and many other countries PAL Programmable Array Logic PAM Pulse Amplitude Modulation
PANDA Prestel Advanced Network Design Architecture PASCAL Program Applique la Selection et la Complication Automatique de la Litterature
PAX Private Automatic Exchange PB Push Button
PBX Private Branch eXchange
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PC Personal Computer PC Program Counter
PCB Printed Circuit Board PCC Plastic Chip Carrier PCD Photo Compact Disc PCI Peripheral Component Interconnect (or Interface)
PCIF Printed Circuit Interconnect Federation PCL Play Control List PCL Printer Control Language Drives Hewlett-Packard printers PCM Pulse Code Modulation PCM Plug Compatible Manufacturer
PCMCIA Personal Computer Memory Card International Association PDA Personal Digital Assistant PDIP Plastic Dual Inline Package PDM Pulse Duration Modulation PDU Professional Development Unit PE Processor Element
PEC PhotoElectric Cell PEEL programmable Electrically Erasable Logic
PEROM Programmable and Erasable Read Only Memory PERT Program Evaluation and Review Technique
PF Pulse Frequency PF Power Factor
PFC Power Factor Correction PFF Page Fault Frequency PFM Pulse Frequency Modulation PG Power Gain
PGA Pin Grid Array PGA Professional Graphics Adapter PGP Pretty Good Privacy PH Page Heading PIA Peripheral Interface Adapter PIC Peripheral Interface Controller
PICS Platform for Internet Contents Specification PIF Program Information File PIM Personal Information Manager PIN Personal Identification Number PIO Processor Input/Output PIO Programmed Input/Output PIV Peak Inverse Voltage
PIXEL PICTure ELement PLA Programmable Logic Array PLC Programmable Logic Controller
PLCC Plastic Leaded Chip Carrier PLD Programmable Logic Device PLL Phase Locked Loop
PLUGE Picture Line Up GEnerator PLV Production Level Video PM Phase Modulation PM Pulse Modulation PM Preventive Maintenance
PMBX Private Manual Branch eXchange PMCM Power MultiChip Module PMLCD Passive Matrix LCD PMOS Positive-channel Metal-Oxide Semiconductor
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PMR Private Mobile Radio PMT Photo Multiplier Tube PN Positive Negative
PNG Portable Network Graphics PnP Plug aNd Play PNP Positive Negative Positive POD Power-On Diagnostics POP Point Of Presence POS Programmable Option Select POS Point Of Sale
POSIX Portable Operating System Interface for Unix POST Power-On Self Test POTS Plain Old Telephone Service POV Peak Operating Voltage PPI Pixels Per Inch
PPM Parts Per Million PPP Point-to-Point Protocol PPS Pulses Per Second
PPTP Point-to-Point Tunnelling Protocol PQFP Plastic Quad-FlatPack PRN Pseudo Random Noise
PROM Programmable Read-Only Memory PSDN Packet Switched Data Network PSG Programmable Sound Generator PSI Pounds per Square Inch PSK Phase Shift Keying
PSTN Public Switched Telephone Network PSU Power Supply Unit PSW Program Status Word PTE Page Table Entry PTM Pulse Time Modulation PTP Peer To Peer PTT Postal, Telegraph & Telephone PUT Programmable Unijunction Transistor PV PhotoVoltaic
PVT Page View Terminal PWM Pulse Width Modulation PWR PoWeR QA Quality Assurance
QADC Queued Analogue to Digital Converter QAM Quadrature Amplitude Modulation or Modulator QAM Queued Access Method QBE Query by example QC Quality Control
QCIF Quarter Common Intermediate Format QFP Quad Flat Pack QIC Quarter Inch Cartridge QIP Quad Inline Package QOS Quality Of Service QPSK Quadrature Phase Shift Keying QRC Quick Release Connector QSM Quad Surface Mount QSM Queued Serial Module
QSAM Queued Sequential Access Method QTAM Queued Telecommunications Access Method
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QTC Quantum Tunnelling Composites QWERTY First 6 letter keys of keyboard
R &D Research and Development RACE Research on Advanced Communication for Europe RAD Rapid Access Disk RAD Radiation Absorbed Dose
RADAR RAdio Detection And Ranging RADLS Rate Adaptive Digital Subscriber Lines RAID Redundant Arrays of Inexpensive Disks RAM Random Access Memory
RAMDAC Random Access Memory Digital to Analogue Converter RAS Remote Access Server (or Services) RAS Row Address Strobe
RBFM Random Block File Manager RBOC Regional Bell Operating Companies RBW Resolution BandWidth RC Radio Control RC Remote Control RC Resistance and Capacitance
RCA Radio Corporation of America RCC Routing Control Centre RCTL Resistor Capacitor Transistor Logic RCV ReCeiVe RD Receive Data RD ReaD - Logic signal
RDS Radio Data Signal RDY ReaDY REP Resolution Enhancement Procedure RET RETurn RF Radio Frequency RFI Radio Frequency Interference RFP Radio Fixed Part RFS Remote File Service RGB Red Green Blue
RHDP Right Hand Decimal Point RI Ring Indicator
RIFF Resource Interchange File Format RISC Reduced Instruction Set Computer RJE Remote Job Entry RLE Run Length Encoding RLL Radio in the Local Loop RLL Run Length Limited RMI Radio Magnetic Interference
RMM Read Mostly Memory RMS Root Mean Square RMW Read Modify Write RoHS Restriction of the use of certain Hazardous Substance ROM Read Only Memory RPC Remote Procedure Call RPD Record of Professional Development RPG Report Program Generator
?RPG Role Playing Game RPM Rotations (or Revolutions) Per Minute RPS Revolutions Per Second RS Reed Solomon - Error correction technique
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RS-232 Recommended Standard 232 RSA Rivest-Shamir-Adleman RT Remote Terminal RT Rise Time RT Real Time
RTC Real Time Clock RTCA Real Time Control Area RTD Resistance Temperature Detector RTF Rich Text Format RTI Real Time Interrupt RTL Register Transfer Level RTL Resistor Transistor Logic
RTOS Real Time Operating System RTP Real Time Processing RTR Real Time Record RTRI Real Time Record Interpreter RTS Request To Send - Protocol signal
RTSP Real Time Streaming Protocol RTU Remote Terminal Unit RTV Real Time Video RTX RealTime Executive R/W Read/Write RZ Return to Zero
SAA Systems Application Architecture SAM Sequential Access Memory SAM Serial Access Memory SAP Service Access Point SAP Service Advertising Protocol SAR Segmentation and Reassembly SASI Shugart Associates Standard Interface SAW Surface Acoustic Wave SBA Semiconductor Business Association SBC Single Board Computer SC Switched Capacitor
SCA SubCarrier Adapter SCADA Supervisory Control And Data Acquisition SCAM SCSI Configuration Auto Magically SCART Societe de Constructeurs des Appareils Radio Television SCCCD Surface Channel Charge Coupled Device SCFM Sequential Character File Manager
SCI Serial Communication Interface SCI Scalable Coherent Interconnect SCL Serial CLock SCO Santa Cruz Operation SCR Silicon Controller Rectifier SCS Silicon Controller Switch
SCSA Signal Computing System Architecture SCSI Small Computer Systems Interface SD Single Density
SDH Synchronous digital hierarchy; An ITU standard for transmitting data over optical fibre. SDI Strategic Defense Initiative
SDLC Synchronous Data Link Control SDSL Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Lines
SDRAM Synchronous Dynamic Random Access Memory SECAM SEquentiel Couleurs A Memoire
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SEC Single Edge Contact SECC Single Edge Contact Cartridge SEM Scanning Electron Microscope SEMI Semiconductor Equipment and Materials Institute SERC Science and Engineering Research Council SES Satellite Earth Station SET Single Electron Transistor
SETSE Single Electron Transistor Scanning Electrometer SHARC Super Hardware Architecture RISC Computer
SG Signal Ground SGML Standard Generalised Markup Language
SGRAM Synchronous Graphics Random Access Memory S/H Sample and Hold SHF Super High Frequency SI Systeme International Si Silicon
SIF Sound Intermediate Frequency SIF Source Input Format SIG Special Interest Group
SIGGRAPH Special Interest Group for GRAPHics SIM Subscriber Identity Module
SIMD Single-Instruction Multiple-Data SIMM Single Inline Memory Module - Form of chip packaging
SIO Serial Input and Output SIPO Serial In Parallel Out SIPP Single Inline Pinned Package SISD Single-Instruction Single-Data SISO Serial In Serial Out
SL Symbolic Language SLIC Subcriber line interface circuit. SLCC Single Layer Ceramic Capacitor SLIP Serial Line Internet Protocol SLSI Super Large Scale Integration SMA Semiconductor Manufacturers Association - A division of FEI SMB Server Message Block SMD Surface Mount Device
SMDS Switched Multimegabit Data Service SMI System Management Interrupt
SMM Shared Memory Map SMM System Management Mode SMTP Simple Mail Transfer Protocol SMP Symmetric Multi-Processing
SMPS Switched Mode Power Supply SMR Specialised Mobile Radio SMT Surface Mount Technology S/N Signal to Noise SNA System Network Architecture
SNMP Simple Network Management Protocol SNR Signal to Noise Ratio SO Small Outline SO Serial Output
SOB Start Of Block SOC Systems On a Chip
SO-DIMM Small Outline-Dual Inline Memory Module SOHO Small Office/Home Office
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SOI Silicon on Insulator SOIC Small Outline Integrated Circuit SOJ Small Outline J-leaded - Chip package SOL Small OutLine
SOLV SOLenoid Valve SONAR SOund NAvigation and Ranging SONET Synchronous Optical NETwork
SOP Small Outline Package SOR Statement Of Requirement SOS Silicon On Sapphire SOT Small Outline Transistor SP Signal Processor SP Stack Pointer
SPDT Single Pole Double Throw SPGA System PGA
SPI Serial to Parallel Interface SPICE Simulation Program with Integrated Circuit Emphasis SPL Sound Pressure Level
SPLD Simple Programmable Logic Device SPM Scanning Probe Microscopy
SPOOL Simultaneous Peripheral Operation On Line SPS Stand-by Power Supply
SPST Single Pole Single Throw SPT Sectors Per Track SPU Single Processor Unit SQL Structured Query Language
SQUID Superconducting Quantum Interface SR Shift Register
SRAM Static Random Access Memory SS Single Sided
SSA Serial Storage Architecture SSB Single SideBand SSC Station Selection Code SSI Small Scale Integration
SSOP Shrink Small Outline Package SSR Solid State Relay SST Single Sideband Transmission
SSTV Slow Scan TeleVision STDM Synchronous Time Division Multiplexing STM Scanning Tunnelling Microscope STN Super Twisted Nematic STR Synchronous Transmitter-Receiver
STS-1 Synchronous transfer signal level 1. A Sonet standard for transmission over OC-1 optical fibre at 51.84Mbit/s
STS-3 Synchronous transfer signal level 3. A Sonet standard for transmission over OC-3 optical fibre at 155.84Mbit/s
STU Streaming Tape Unit SVGA Super Video Graphics Array (or Adapter) S-VHS Super Video Home System
SW Short Wave SWIFT Society for Worldwide Interbank Financial SWTL Surface Wave Transmission Line
SYSGEN SYStem GENeration T1 Digital transmission link standard in North America supporting 1.544Mbit/s T3 Digital transmission link standard in North America which supports 44.736Mbit/s
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TAB Tape Automated Bonding TACS Total Access Communications Systems TAPI Telephone Applications Programming Interface TASI Time Assignment Speech Interpolation TC Temperature Coefficient
TCAM TeleCommunications Access Method TCF Technical Construction File TCL Tool Command Language TCM Terminal to Computer Multiplexer TCM Trellis Code Modulation TCP Transmission Control Protocol
TCP/IP Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol TCSEC Trusted Computer System Evaluation Criteria TCU Terminal Control Unit TD Tunnel Diode
TDM Time Division Multiplexing TDMA Time Division Multiple Access
TTN Technology Transfer Node TEM Transverse Electromagnetic TF Transfer Function
TFD Thin Film Detector TFEL Thin Film ElectroLuminescent TFT Thin Film Transistor Display THD Total Harmonic Distortion THz TeraHertz TI Texas Instruments
TIA Telecommunications Industry Association TIFF Tagged Image File Format TIGA Texas Instruments Graphics Adapter TLB Translation-Lookaside Buffer TLI Transport Level Interface TM Transverse Magnetic TOC Table Of Contents TPU Time Processor Unit TQA Total Quality Assurance TQFP Thin Quad Flat Pack
TR Transient Response TS Time Sharing
TSO Time Sharing Option TSOP Thin Small Outline Package TSSOP Thin Shrink Small Outline Package
TSR Terminate and Stay Resident TTL Transistor Transistor Logic TTS Time Sharing System TTY TeleTYpewriter TUV Technischer �berwachuags Verein TWT Travelling Wave Tube UART Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter UAV Unmanned Aerial Vehicle UBC Universal Block Channel UBR Unspecified Bit Rate traffic UCM Universal Cable Module UCS Universal Character Set
UDLC Universal Data Link Protocol UHF Ultra High Frequency
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UHV Ultra High Vacuum UJT UniJunction Transistor
UKAS United Kingdom Accreditation Service UL Underwriters Laboratories
ULSI Ultra Large Scale Integration UMB Upper Memory Block
UMIST University of Manchester Institute of Science and Technology UML Unified Modelling Language
UMTS Universal Mobile Telecommunications System UPC Universal Product Code UPS Uninterruptible Power Supply URL Universal Resource Locator Logical address identifying a resource on the Internet URL User Requirements Language
USART Universal Synchronous-Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter USB Universal Serial Bus USM Unlisted Securities Market USRT Universal Synchronous Receiver Transmitter UTC Universal Time Coordinated UTC Universal Time Code
UTOC User Table of Contents UTP Unshielded Twisted Pair
UUCP Unix to Unix Copy Program UV UltraViolet
UVLO UnderVoltage LockOut V Volt
VA Volt Ampere VAC Volts Alternating Current VAN Value Added Network VAR Value Added Reseller VAR VARiable VBR Variable Bit Rate traffic VCA Voltage Control Amplifier VCCI Voluntary Control Council for Interference VCD Variable Capacitance Diode VCF Voltage Control Filter VCO Voltage Controlled Oscillator VCR Video Cassette Recorder
VCSEL Vertical Cavity Surface Emitting Laser VCXO Voltage Controlled Crystal Oscillator VDB Visitor Data Base VDC Volts Direct Current VDD Virtual Device Driver VDI Virtual Device Interface
VDLS Very high speed Digital Subscriber Lines VDMOS Vertical Double-diffused Metal Oxide Semiconductor
VDN Virtual Data Network VDR Voltage Dependent Resistor VDT Video Display Terminal VDU Video Display Unit VESA Video Electronics Standards Association
VF Vacuum Fluorescent VF Voice Frequency
VFAT Virtual File Allocation Table VFC Voltage to Frequency Converter VFO Variable Frequency Oscillator
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VGA Video Graphics Array (or Adapter) VGC Video Graphics Controller
VHDL VHSIC Hardware Description Language VHF Very High Frequency VHS Very High Speed VHS Video Home System
VHS-C Video Home System-Compact VHSIC Very High Speed Integrated Circuit
VIO Virtual Input/Output VIS Visual Instruction Set
VISC Video Instruction Set Computing VLB VESA Local Bus or VL-Bus VLF Very Low Frequency
VLIW Very Long Instruction Word VLSI Very Large Scale Integration VLT Video Look up Table VM Virtual Machine VM Virtual Memory
VME Versa Module Eurocard VMOS V-groove Metal Oxide Semiconductor VMS Virtual Memory System VOIP Voice Over Internet Protocol VOL Volume Label VOM Volt OhmMeter VOX Voice Operated transmit VPN Virtual Private Network VR Virtual Reality VR Voltage Regulator
VRAM Video Random Access Memory VRC Vertical Redundancy Check
VRML Virtual Reality Modelling Language VS Virtual Storage VS Vertical Sync
VSAM Virtual Storage Access Method VSI Virtual Socket Interface
VSIA Virtual Socket Interface Alliance VSWR Voltage Standing Wave Ratio
VT Validation Test VT Virtual Terminal
VTAM Virtual Telecommunications Access Method VTM Voltage Tunable Magnetron VTOC Volume Table Of Contents VTR Video Tape Recorder
VTVM Vacuum Tube Volt Meter VU Volume Unit
VVMOS Vertical V-groove Metal Oxide Semiconductor VXO Variable crystal Oscilator
WABI Windows Application Binary Interface WACK Wait before ACKnowledge WAIS Wide Area Information Server WAN Wide Area Network WARC World Administration Radio Conference WATS Wide Area Telephone Service
WCDMA Wideband Code Division Multiple Access WD Western Digital
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WDC World Data Centre WDM Wavelength Division Multiplexing WDT Watch Dog Timer WE Write Enable
WEEE Waste from Electrical & Electronic Equipment WHR Watt HouR
WIMP Windows Icons Menus and Pointing device WINS Windows Internet Names Services WISE World Information Systems Exchange WLL Wireless Local Loop
WMF Windows Meta File WORM Write-Once Read-Many WOSA Windows Open System Architecture
WP Word Processor WP Write Protect
WPM Words Per Minute WR WRite - logic signal
WRAM Window Random Access Memory WRS Wireless Relay Station WS Wait State
WSTS World Semiconductor Trade Statistics WV Working Voltage WW Wire Wound
WWW World Wide Web WYSIWYG What You See Is What You Get
XA eXtended Architecture XCA eXternal Communication Adapter XGA eXtended Graphics Array XGA eXtended Graphics Adapter XMS eXtended Memory Specification XMT TransMiT XNS Xerox Network Services XOR eXclusive OR XT eXtended Technology
XTAL crysTAL YAG Yttrium Aluminium Garnet - Material used in lasers YIG Yttrium Iron Garnet YUV Luminance and Chrominance vectors ZBR Zero Bit Reduction ZBR Zone Bit Recording ZD Zero Defects ZIF Zero Insertion Force ZIP Zigzag Inline Package