Manual de Fluidos de Completamiento.pdf

8/12/2019 Manual de Fluidos de Completamiento.pdf

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COMPLETION

FLUIDSManual


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TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . iv

Chapter 1

DIVALENT BRINES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·1• Calcium Chloride . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·1• Calcium Bromide. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·2• Calcium Chloride and Calcium Bromide . . . . 1·2• Calcium Chloride, Calcium Bromide,

Zinc Bromide . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·4

• Blending TablesU.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·5Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1·23

Chapter 2MONOVALENT BRINES. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·1• Sodium Chloride (Dry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·1• Potassium Chloride (Dry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·1• Ammonium Chloride (Dry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·1• Sodium Bromide (Liquid). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·1• Sodium Bromide (Dry) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·2• Sodium Formate (Dry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·2• Potassium Formate (Liquid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·2• Potassium Formate (Dry). . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·2

• Cesium Formate (Liquid) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·3• Miscellaneous Blends . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·3• Blending Tables

U.S. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·4Metric . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2·15

Chapter 3

EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3·1Chapter 4QHSE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4·1

Chapter 5TEMPERATUREAND PRESSURE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5·1


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Chapter 6TESTING PROCEDURES . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6·1

• RDF Testing Procedures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6·32Chapter 7DISPLACEMENT TECHNOLOGY . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7·1

Chapter 8VISCOSIFIERS ANDFLUID-LOSS CONTROL. . . . . . . . 8·1

Chapter 9CORROSION INHIBITION ANDPACKER FLUIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9·1

Chapter 10FILTRATION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10·1

Chapter 11

SPEEDWELL* TOOLS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 11·1Chapter 12INTERVENTION FLUID SYSTEMS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 12·1

Chapter 13RESERVOIRDRILL-IN FLUIDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13·1

Chapter 14ENGINEERING FORMULAS AND TABLES . . . . . . . . 14·1

Chapter 15LIST OF PRODUCTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 15·1


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INTRODUCTION

M-I SWACO* provides a complete line of reser-voir drill-in, completion and workover fluids

and additives that help make oil and gas wellsmore productive. The company also offers fluidreclamation and filtration services comple-mented by a complete line of scrapers andbrushes for internal cleaning of casing, linersand risers.

This manual provides information and tech-nical data to support these systems and assistin their management during well design andfield operations.


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INTRODUCTIONTO COMPLETION FLUIDS

With the recent proliferation of horizontalwellbores and open-hole completions, many

drilling and completion engineers now considerthe completion operation to begin as soon asthe drill bit enters the productive interval.Therefore, it is necessary to plan proceduresand implement practices to reduce formationdamage and maximize productivity at theearliest possible stage. Proper selection andapplication of the completion fluid is an inte-gral part of this process.

Completion fluid can be defined as any fluidpumped downhole to conduct operations afterthe initial drilling of a well. Workover fluids arethose used during remedial operations after a

well has been completed and produced oil and/or gas. Clear, solids-free brine completion/workover fluids serve to control downhole for-mation pressures while reducing the risk of permanent formation damage (permeabilitydamage) resulting from solids invasion or some

form of incompatibility between the comple-tion fluid and the in situ matrix. The clear brinesused for completion and workover applicationsare pure solutions of dissolved salt in water andmust be stable at surface and downhole con-ditions. Depending on the application, othercompletion/workover fluid types are some-times used, including solids-laden, oil-baseand emulsions. For the purpose of this docu-ment, no distinction is made between comple-tion and workover fluids and the terms are usedinterchangeably throughout. Packer fluids arethose that fill the annular volume above a pro-

duction packer. The term reservoir drill-in fluid


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designed to minimize damage to the interval,typically by eliminating insoluble solids such as

barite, minimizing the total solids content andformulating such that a thin, resilient, remov-able, non-damaging filter cake is placed.

Among the typical operations in whichclear brines are applied are well kills, fishing,perforating, washing, drilling and gravel pack-ing and as packer fluids. In order to perform thedesired function, completion fluids must con-trol formation pressures, circulate and trans-port solids, protect the productive zone, bestable under surface and downhole conditions,be safely handled, be environmentally friendlyor used with controlled exposure, and be cost

effective. Completion fluids have no purposewithin the formation and may in fact reducethe permeability. The operator has two choices:1) minimize fluid losses to the formation and2) use a formation-compatible fluid and acceptpartial losses.

Clear brine completion fluids are formulatedand applied in the field according to perform-ance specifications that ensure well controlwith minimal permeability reduction. Thesespecifications are not always expressly iden-tified but should always be understood andassigned. Density and solids content (expressedas clarity — NTU) are typical performancespecifications for clear brine, although selec-tion of a particular completion fluid accordingto these alone can be dangerous to the produc-tivity of a well. Proper density is necessary forpressure control.

Clarity is necessary to eliminate formation


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Density and BlendingThe density of clear brine is obtained by dis-

solving salt in water. The density achieved isdirectly related to the amount of salt in solu-tion. Table 2 shows the maximum solubilityof standard completion-fluid salts in water atroom temperature.

The data in Table 2 demonstrates that thesolubility of these salts in water is extremelyhigh, capable of producing densities up to21 lb/gal (2.52 SG). It is also evident that as the

solubility increases, the ratio of salt-to-water

Sol Density Specific lb lbSalt wt % (lb/gal) Gravity Salt Water

Sodium 26 10.0 1.200 109 311Chloride

Potassium 24 9.7 1.164 98 309

ChlorideSodium 46 12.7 1.525 245 288Bromide

Calcium 40 11.8 1.416 198 298Chloride

Calcium 57 15.3 1.837 366 277Bromide

Zinc 78 21.0 2.521 688 194Bromide

Sodium 50 11.1 1.329 231 235Formate

Potassium 78 13.3 1.595 434 125Formate

Cesium 84 19.17 2.30 676.3 128.8Formate

Table 2: Maximum Solubility of Salt in Waterone bbl at room temperature


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becomes increasingly small. In fact, the satu-rated solutions of several of these systems

contain more salt than water. This fact isextremely important. It defines much of the“special chemistry” and properties of high-density completion fluids.

Commercial completion brines are oftenprepared with a combination of dry salts andliquid “stock fluids.” Some salts such as NaCland KCl are produced as dry material, i.e., theyare mined or formed through simple evapora-tion. Other brines like sodium bromide, potas-sium formate, calcium chloride and calciumbromide are manufactured as liquids. The drysalts are obtained only after processing the

liquid. This process is energy consumptive andexpensive, so, solutions prepared with thesesalts are generally more expensive than theirall-liquid-blended counterparts. Zinc bromideis produced only in the liquid form. Table 3 listscommercially available “stock” fluids and dry

salts. Comparing Tables 2 and 3 indicates thestock fluids are not produced as saturated solu-tions. In this way, the crystallization temper-ature is low enough as to allow storage inunheated tanks.


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“Standard” brine tables follow that providethe necessary data to blend various clear brinefluids to a specific density. Simple blendingcalculations are also included. To blend fluids

to achieve a specific crystallization tempera-ture (see TCT) or, to blend to a lowest-costdensity, consult an M-I SWACO completionfluids representative.

Stock Fluids that are Manufactured as Liquids

11.6 lb/gal (1.39) [38%] CaCl2 (U.S.)

11.3 lb/gal (1.36) [35%] CaCl2 (Europe)

12.5 lb/gal (1.50) [45%] NaBr

14.2 lb/gal (1.70) [52%] CaBr2

13.1 lb/gal (1.57) [78%] KHCO2

19.2 lb/gal (2.30) [53% / 23%] ZnBr2 / CaBr2

18.3 lb/gal (2.20) Cesium Formate

20.5 lb/gal (2.46) ZnBr2

Fluids Prepared From Salts

10 lb/gal (1.20) NaCl Stock, 3 to 8% KCl, 3-8% NH4Cl

Stock Salts

NaCl, NaBr, KCl, NH4Cl, CaCl2, CaBr2, NaHCO2, KHCO2

Table 3


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Crystallization Temperature (TCT)As salt is dissolved in water, it lowers the freez-

ing point of the solution until the eutecticpoint is reached. The eutectic temperaturerepresents the lowest temperature on thesaltwater phase diagram. Increasing the saltconcentration beyond the eutectic raises thecrystallization point. The concentration at

which the solution is saturated is a function of its temperature. As shown in Table 2, calciumchloride is soluble in water to a final concen-tration of 40-wt % at room temperature. Thissolution is referred to as “saturated at roomtemperature.” If the solution is cooled, salt willprecipitate from solution. If the solution is

heated, additional salt can be dissolved. Thattemperature, at which a salt is saturated, iscalled the True Crystallization Temperature(TCT). There are many instances where thecrystallization temperature of brine is aprimary selection criterion. For example, when

stored in cold weather or when used offshorewhere the seawater may be cold, the temper-ature at which a salt solution crystallizes (TCT)is an important consideration. Figures 2 and3 show crystallization curves for variouscompletion fluids. Pressure increases the crys-

tallization point of a brine solution when theconcentration of salt is above the eutectic con-centration. See section 5 for a discussion of theeffect of pressure on TCT.


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55

35

15

–5

–25

–45

–65

Temperature (° F)

Density (lb/gal)

8.3 9.1 9.9 10.7 11.5 12.3 13.1 13.9 14.7 15.1

Eutectic pt

Eutectic pt

TCT (CaBr2) TCT (CaCl2)

Figure 2: Crystallization curves forCaCl2 and CaBr2

60

40

20

0

–20

–40

–60

–80

Density (lb/gal)

Potassium Chloride

Sodium Chloride

Calcium Chloride

8.58 9.5 10 11 11.5 1210.59

Temperature (° F)

Eutectic pt

Eutectic pt

Eutecticpt

Figure 3: Crystallization curvesfor KCl, NaCl and CaCl2


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Chapter 1

DIVALENTBRINES

COMPLETION FLUIDSMANUAL

1 .

D I V A L E

N T B R I N E S

Go To Table of Contents


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DIVALENTBRINES

Calcium ChlorideCalcium chloride is available either as a con-centrated solution or as a dry powder. The solu-tion is manufactured at two different densitiesdepending on the source, i.e., 11.6 lb/gal (1.392 SG)and 11.3 lb/gal (1.356 SG). Liquid calcium chlo-ride is the most economical form. The anhy-drous (94 to 97%) form of CaCl2 is used at the

rigsite to adjust fluid density.The dry form of calcium chloride contains

trace amounts of insoluble contaminants thatcause brines mixed on location to be more tur-bid than premixed brines. These contaminantsshould be filtered out of solution before use.

With addition of dry calcium chloride tofreshwater, a great deal of heat is generated.Adding the solid calcium chloride too rapidlycan result in enough heat to bring the temper-ature of the solution to over 200° F (93.3° C).Safe handling must be exercised to avoid beingburned by the hot liquid or equipment.

Less heat is produced when the concen-trated solution is diluted to prepare the desireddensity. As a result, problems related to heat aregenerally not encountered.

Personnel protective equipment must beused when mixing brines with dry calcium

chloride. This material will generate dust that ishygroscopic and will also generate heat as itabsorbs moisture from the atmosphere or fromskin. Exposure to this dust must be avoided.

Formation waters or seawater should notbe used to prepare calcium chloride completion

fluids because sodium chloride and/or insolublecalcium salts may precipitate


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DIVALENTBRINES

Calcium BromideCalcium Bromide (CaBr2) brine systems aresingle-salt solutions used to form clear-brineworkover and completion fluids with densitiesranging from 8.4 to 15.3 lb/gal (1.404 to 1.812 SG).The desired density is obtained by mixing stan-dard 14.2 lb/gal (1.704 SG) calcium bromide brinewith dry calcium bromide (or water) or by simply

mixing dry calcium bromide in water. Calciumbromide systems exhibit lower crystallizationpoints than the corresponding calcium bromide/calcium chloride fluids.

Calcium bromide systems provide inhibition,preventing the hydration and migration of

swelling clays, and can be used for packer fluidsor to adjust the density of other brine systems.

Calcium bromide brine systems can be formu-lated with various crystallization points and areavailable for special applications and winter use.

Calcium Chloride and Calcium BromideClear brines having a density range of 11.7 lb/gal(1.404 SG) and 15.1 lb/gal (1.813 SG) are preparedusing a combination of calcium chloride andcalcium bromide. Liquid CaCl2, pelletized calciumchloride, concentrated liquid CaBr2, or solid cal-cium bromide powder are used in combination

to prepare these brines. CaBr2 concentrate isproduced at a density of 14.2 lb/gal (1.705 SG).

Calcium bromide costs approximately tentimes as much as calcium chloride. When TCTand density requirements allow, field-preparedbrines should contain as much calcium chloride

as is practical.


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DIVALENTBRINES

Increasing the density of a CaCl2-CaBr2blended brine by adding dry salts can cause

wellsite problems unless proper blending tech-niques are employed. For example, the additionof calcium bromide powder to a saturated blendcan result in the precipitation of calcium chlo-ride. Under these conditions, both water andcalcium bromide must be added to avoid precip-itation. An example of this is provided at theend of this section.

High-density, solids-free brines ranging upto 15.3 lb/gal (1.837 SG) can be prepared usingeither calcium bromide or the combination of calcium bromide and calcium chloride. The ratioof bromide-to-chloride in any particular density

determines the True Crystallization Temperature(TCT), or “freezing point.” Crystallization tem-perature must always be considered whenblending brines of any type, however, thechloride-bromide brines are particularly sensi-tive because small changes in the ratio of the

two salts can result in significant changes inTCT. Environmental factors such as surface tem-perature, water depth and water temperatureand the influence of pressure on the crystal-lization point are important considerations andmust be taken into account when formulatingthe appropriate blend.

High-density slugs are used to ensure thata dry string is pulled when coming out of thehole. This is an important safety considerationsince calcium bromide brines can be irritatingto the skin and eyes.

When solid calcium bromide is added to

freshwater, considerable heat is released. Care


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DIVALENTBRINES

calcium chloride, this is not a problem whenliquid calcium bromide is added to water

because very little heat is generated.

Calcium Chloride, Calcium Bromideand Zinc BromideConcentrated zinc bromide-calcium bromidesolutions are manufactured to a density of

19.2 lb/gal (2.305 SG). Solution densitiesbetween ±14.0 to 19.2 lb/gal (1.681 to 2.305 SG)are prepared by blending this 19.2 lb/gal(2.305 SG) “stock” fluid with lower densitycalcium bromide or calcium bromide-calciumchloride brines. The three-salt formulations areless expensive due to the presence of calciumchloride. As with the lower density chloride-bromide brines, special blend formulationsare used to achieve a specific density and TCT.

Zinc bromide or zinc bromide-calcium bro-mide solutions of up to 20.5 lb/gal (2.46 SG) arealso available in smaller quantities for slugging

or spiking purposes. When agitated in pitswhich are exposed to the atmosphere for as lit-tle as 4 hrs, the density of these concentratedliquids can decrease by as much as 0.02 lb/gal(2.397 kg/m3). A calm solution does not pick upmoisture as readily and will not lose density as

quickly. To prevent absorption of moisture fromthe atmosphere, these high-density brinesshould be mixed and stored in covered tanks.


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DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaCl2 Water CaCl2 Ca+2 Cl– TCT@70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F

8.3 0.0 0.0000 0.00% 0 0 32

8.4 3.8 0.9989 1.00% 3,641 6,443 32

8.5 9.4 0.9951 2.50% 9,212 16,298 30

8.6 14.9 0.9914 3.90% 14,540 25,724 29

8.7 20.4 0.9875 5.30% 19,989 35,365 27

8.8 26.0 0.9836 6.70% 25,560 45,221 25

8.9 31.6 0.9796 8.00% 30,866 54,608 24

9.0 37.2 0.9755 9.40% 36,675 64,886 22

9.1 42.9 0.9714 10.70% 42,211 74,680 20

9.2 48.6 0.9671 11.90% 47,461 83,968 18

9.3 54.3 0.9627 13.20% 53,218 94,153 15

9.4 60.1 0.9583 14.50% 59,087 104,538 13

9.5 65.9 0.9537 15.70% 64,658 114,394 10

9.6 71.7 0.9491 16.90% 70,333 124,433 7

9.7 77.5 0.9443 18.10% 76,111 134,657 4

9.8 83.4 0.9395 19.30% 81,994 145,065 1

9.9 89.4 0.9346 20.40% 87,552 154,897 –3

10.0 95.3 0.9296 21.60% 93,638 165,666 –7

10.1 101.3 0.9245 22.70% 99,391 175,843 –12

10.2 107.3 0.9193 23.80% 105,239 186,190 –16

10.3 113.4 0.9140 24.90% 111,182 196,705 –22

10.4 119.4 0.9086 26.00% 117,221 207,389 –27

10.5 125.6 0.9031 27.00% 122,900 217,436 –33

10.6 131.7 0.8975 28.10% 129,125 228,450 –39

10.7 137.9 0.8918 29.10% 134,982 238,812 –46

10.8 144.1 0.8860 30.20% 141,394 250,155 –51

10.9 150.4 0.8801 31.20% 147,428 260,831 –36

Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (U.S.)Mixing dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) and water

Composition for one barrel fluid

Continues on next page


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DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaCl2 Water CaCl2 Ca+2 Cl– TCT@70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F

11.0 156.7 0.8741 32.20% 153,549 271,661 –22

11.1 163.0 0.8680 33.20% 159,757 282,644 –10

11.2 169.4 0.8618 34.20% 166,052 293,780 2

11.3 175.8 0.8555 35.20% 172,433 305,070 13

11.4 182.2 0.8491 36.10% 178,407 315,639 22

11.5 188.7 0.8426 37.10% 184,957 327,228 31

11.6 195.2 0.8360 38.10% 191,594 338,970 38

11.7 201.7 0.8293 39.00% 197,810 349,969 44

11.8 208.1 0.8227 39.90% 204,105 361,105 50To calculate parts per million, divide mg/L by the specific gravity.

Continued from previous page

Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (U.S.)

Mixing dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) and waterComposition for one barrel fluid


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DIVALENTBRINES

CaCl2Density 11.6 lb/gal Water TCT

70° F bbl bbl ° F

8.3 0.022 0.978 32

8.4 0.022 0.978 32

8.5 0.052 0.948 308.6 0.083 0.917 29

8.7 0.113 0.887 27

8.8 0.144 0.856 25

8.9 0.174 0.826 24

9.0 0.203 0.797 22

9.1 0.233 0.767 209.2 0.264 0.736 18

9.3 0.294 0.706 15

9.4 0.325 0.675 13

9.5 0.356 0.644 10

9.6 0.390 0.610 7

9.7 0.420 0.580 4

9.8 0.450 0.550 1

9.9 0.480 0.520 –3

10.0 0.510 0.490 –7

10.1 0.540 0.460 –12

10.2 0.571 0.429 –16

10.3 0.601 0.399 –22

10.4 0.632 0.368 –27

10.5 0.663 0.337 –33

10.6 0.694 0.306 –39

10.7 0.724 0.276 –46

Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (U.S.)Blending 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2 (liquid) and water

Composition for one barrel of fluid



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DIVALENTBRINES

CaCl2Density 11.6 lb/gal Water TCT

70° F bbl bbl ° F

10.8 0.755 0.245 –51

10.9 0.785 0.215 –36

11.0 0.820 0.180 –22

11.1 0.850 0.150 –10

11.2 0.880 0.120 2

11.3 0.910 0.090 13

11.4 0.940 0.060 22

11.5 0.970 0.030 31

11.6 1.000 0.000 38


Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (U.S.)

Blending 11.6 lb/gal CaCl2 (liquid) and waterComposition for one barrel of fluid


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DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaBr2 Water CaBr2 Ca+2 Br– TCT@70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F

8.33 0.0 1.0000 0.00% 0 0 32

8.4 3.6 0.9992 1.00% 2,022 8,062 30

8.5 9.0 0.9958 2.40% 4,910 19,580 30

8.6 14.4 0.9923 3.80% 7,866 31,366 29

8.7 19.9 0.9889 5.20% 10,889 43,421 28

8.8 25.3 0.9854 6.50% 13,768 54,900 27

8.9 30.7 0.9819 7.80% 16,709 66,628 27

9.0 36.1 0.9784 9.10% 19,713 78,606 26

9.1 41.6 0.9749 10.30% 22,560 89,961 25

9.2 47.0 0.9713 11.60% 25,687 102,428 24

9.3 52.4 0.9678 12.80% 28,653 114,253 23

9.4 57.9 0.9642 13.90% 31,449 125,405 22

9.5 63.3 0.9606 15.10% 34,528 137,681 21

9.6 68.8 0.9570 16.20% 37,433 149,266 19

9.7 74.3 0.9534 17.30% 40,391 161,061 18

9.8 79.7 0.9498 18.40% 43,402 173,068 17

9.9 85.2 0.9461 19.50% 46,466 185,286 16

10.0 90.7 0.9425 20.50% 49,343 196,756 14

10.1 96.2 0.9388 21.50% 52,267 208,417 13

10.2 102.0 0.9351 22.50% 55,240 220,270 11

10.3 107.0 0.9314 23.50% 58,261 232,316 10

10.4 113.0 0.9277 24.50% 61,329 244,553 8

10.5 118.0 0.9239 25.50% 64,447 256,982 7

10.6 124.0 0.9202 26.40% 67,357 268,586 5

10.7 129.0 0.9164 27.30% 70,310 280,362 3

10.8 135.0 0.9126 28.20% 73,307 292,312 2

10.9 140.0 0.9088 29.10% 76,347 304,434 0

11 0 146 0 0 9050 30 00% 79 430 316 729 2

Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (U.S.)Mixing dry CaBr2 (95%) and water



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DIVALENTBRINES


11.1 151.0 0.9012 30.80% 82,289 328,131 –4

11.2 157.0 0.8973 31.70% 85,457 340,762 –6

11.3 162.0 0.8935 32.50% 88,396 352,481 –8

11.4 168.0 0.8896 33.30% 91,373 364,353 –10

11.5 174.0 0.8857 34.10% 94,389 376,379 –12

11.6 179.0 0.8818 34.90% 97,444 388,559 –14

11.7 185.0 0.8779 35.70% 100,537 400,892 –16

11.8 190.0 0.8740 36.50% 103,668 413,379 –18

11.9 196.0 0.8700 37.20% 106,552 424,877 –21

12.0 201.0 0.8660 38.00% 109,758 437,661 –23

12.1 207.0 0.8621 38.70% 112,711 449,438 –25

12.2 213.0 0.8581 39.40% 115,698 461,349 –28

12.3 218.0 0.8540 40.10% 118,719 473,394 –30

12.4 224.0 0.8500 40.80% 121,773 485,574 ≤–30

12.5 229.0 0.8460 41.50% 124,861 497,888 ≤–30

12.6 235.0 0.8419 42.20% 127,983 510,336 ≤–30

12.7 241.0 0.8378 42.90% 131,139 522,919 ≤–30

12.8 246.0 0.8338 43.50% 134,020 534,408 ≤–30

12.9 252.0 0.8296 44.20% 137,240 547,249 ≤–30

13.0 258.0 0.8255 44.80% 140,182 558,978 ≤–30

13.1 263.0 0.8214 45.40% 143,152 570,822 ≤–30

13.2 269.0 0.8172 46.10% 146,469 584,048 ≤–30

13.3 274.0 0.8131 46.70% 149,499 596,131 ≤–30

13.4 280.0 0.8089 47.30% 152,558 608,330 ≤–30

13.5 286.0 0.8047 47.90% 155,646 620,644 ≤–30

13.6 291.0 0.8005 48.50% 158,763 633,073 ≤–30

13.7 297.0 0.7962 49.10% 161,909 645,618 ≤–30


Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (U.S.)

Mixing dry CaBr2 (95%) and waterComposition for one barrel of fluid


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DIVALENTBRINES


13.9 309.0 0.7877 50.20% 167,953 669,718 –29

14.0 314.0 0.7835 50.80% 171,183 682,598 –19

14.1 320.0 0.7792 51.30% 174,103 694,240 –10

14.2 326.0 0.7749 51.90% 177,389 707,341 –1

14.3 331.0 0.7705 52.40% 180,359 719,185 7

14.4 337.0 0.7662 52.90% 183,353 731,125 15

14.5 343.0 0.7618 53.50% 186,720 744,552 23

14.6 349.0 0.7575 54.00% 189,765 756,693 30

14.7 354.0 0.7531 54.50% 192,834 768,931 36

14.8 360.0 0.7487 55.00% 195,927 781,264 43

14.9 366.0 0.7443 55.50% 199,044 793,693 48

15.0 371.0 0.7398 56.00% 202,185 806,218 54

15.1 377.0 0.7354 56.50% 205,350 818,839 59

15.2 383.0 0.7309 57.00% 208,540 831,557 63

15.3 389.0 0.7264 57.50% 211,753 844,370 68

To calculate parts per million, divide mg/L by the specific gravity.



Mixing dry CaBr2 (95%) and waterComposition for one barrel of fluid


25/343

DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaBr2lb/gal 14.2 lb/gal Water TCT@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F

8.33 0.0 1.0000 32

8.4 0.012 0.989 30

8.5 0.028 0.972 308.6 0.045 0.957 29

8.7 0.061 0.940 28

8.8 0.078 0.924 27

8.9 0.094 0.908 27

9.0 0.111 0.892 26

9.1 0.127 0.876 25

9.2 0.144 0.859 24

9.3 0.162 0.840 23

9.4 0.177 0.826 22

9.5 0.194 0.810 21

9.6 0.211 0.793 19

9.7 0.228 0.777 18

9.8 0.244 0.760 17

9.9 0.261 0.744 16

10.0 0.278 0.727 14

10.1 0.295 0.710 13

10.2 0.312 0.693 11

10.3 0.329 0.676 10

10.4 0.345 0.660 8

10.5 0.362 0.643 7

10.6 0.379 0.626 5

10.7 0.396 0.609 3

10.8 0.413 0.592 210 9 0 430 0 575 0

Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (U.S.)Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 (liquid) and waterComposition for one barrel


26/343

DIVALENTBRINES


11.0 0.447 0.558 –2

11.1 0.464 0.541 –4

11.2 0.481 0.524 –6

11.3 0.499 0.507 –8

11.4 0.516 0.490 –10

11.5 0.533 0.472 –12

11.6 0.550 0.456 –14

11.7 0.567 0.438 –1611.8 0.584 0.421 –18

11.9 0.601 0.403 –21

12.0 0.619 0.386 –23

12.1 0.636 0.369 –25

12.2 0.653 0.351 –28

12.3 0.670 0.334 –3012.4 0.687 0.317 ≤–30

12.5 0.705 0.299 ≤–30

12.6 0.722 0.282 ≤–30

12.7 0.739 0.264 ≤–30

12.8 0.757 0.247 ≤–30

12.9 0.774 0.229 ≤–30

13.0 0.791 0.212 ≤–30

13.1 0.809 0.194 ≤–30

13.2 0.826 0.177 ≤–30

13.3 0.843 0.159 ≤–30

13.4 0.861 0.142 ≤–30


Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 (liquid) and waterComposition for one barrel




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DIVALENTBRINES


13.5 0.878 0.124 ≤–30

13.6 0.895 0.106 ≤–30

13.7 0.913 0.089 ≤–30

13.8 0.930 0.071 ≤–30

13.9 0.948 0.053 –29

14.0 0.965 0.036 –19

14.1 0.982 0.018 –10

14.2 1.000 0.000 –1


Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 (liquid) and waterComposition for one barrel



28/343

DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaBr2 CaCl2lb/gal Water (95%) (94 – 97%) TCT@70° F bbl/bbl dry lb/bbl dry lb/bbl ° F

11.7 0.809 8.1 200.3 40

11.8 0.803 16.1 198.3 41

11.9 0.798 24.2 196.2 42

12.0 0.793 32.3 194.1 42

12.1 0.788 40.3 192.0 42

12.2 0.783 48.4 189.9 43

12.3 0.778 56.5 187.8 4312.4 0.773 64.5 185.8 43

12.5 0.768 72.6 183.7 44

12.6 0.763 80.6 181.6 45

12.7 0.758 88.7 179.5 46

12.8 0.752 96.8 177.4 47

12.9 0.747 104.8 175.4 4713.0 0.742 112.9 173.3 47

13.1 0.737 121.0 171.2 48

13.2 0.732 129.0 169.1 48

13.3 0.727 137.1 167.0 49

13.4 0.722 145.2 165.0 50

13.5 0.717 153.3 162.9 50

Calcium Bromide/Calcium ChlorideCaBr2 /CaCl2 Dry (U.S.)

Mixing water, dry CaBr2 (95%) anddry CaCl2 (94 to 97%)Composition for one barrel



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DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaBr2 CaCl2lb/gal Water (95%) (94 – 97%) TCT@70° F bbl/bbl dry lb/bbl dry lb/bbl ° F

13.6 0.712 161.3 160.8 52

13.7 0.707 169.4 158.7 53

13.8 0.701 177.5 156.6 55

13.9 0.696 185.5 154.6 56

14.0 0.691 193.6 152.5 57

14.1 0.686 201.7 150.4 58

14.2 0.681 209.7 148.3 58

14.3 0.676 217.8 146.2 59

14.4 0.671 225.8 144.1 60

14.5 0.666 233.9 142.1 60

14.6 0.661 242.0 140.0 61

14.7 0.658 249.2 137.9 61

14.8 0.651 258.1 135.8 61

14.9 0.645 266.2 133.7 62

15.0 0.640 274.2 131.7 62

15.1 0.635 282.3 129.6 63

Calcium Bromide/Calcium Chloride

CaBr2 /CaCl2 Dry (U.S.)Mixing water, dry CaBr2 (95%) anddry CaCl2 (94 to 97%)Composition for one barrel



30/343

DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaBr2 CaCl2 CaCl2lb/gal 14.2 lb/gal 11.6 lb/gal dry TCT@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl lb/bbl ° F

11.7 0.024 0.971 3.6 40

11.8 0.048 0.943 7.2 41

11.9 0.073 0.915 10.9 42

12.0 0.097 0.886 14.5 42

12.1 0.121 0.857 18.1 42

12.2 0.146 0.829 21.7 43

12.3 0.170 0.800 25.3 4312.4 0.194 0.772 29.0 43

12.5 0.218 0.744 32.6 44

12.6 0.243 0.715 36.2 45

12.7 0.267 0.686 39.8 46

12.8 0.291 0.658 43.4 47

12.9 0.315 0.630 47.0 4713.0 0.340 0.601 50.7 47

13.1 0.364 0.572 54.3 48

13.2 0.388 0.544 57.9 48

13.3 0.412 0.516 61.5 49

13.4 0.437 0.487 65.2 50

13.5 0.461 0.458 68.8 50

13.6 0.485 0.430 72.4 52

13.7 0.509 0.402 76.0 53

Calcium Bromide/Calcium ChlorideCaBr2 /CaCl2 (U.S.)

Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 (liquid), 11.6 lb/galCaCl2 liquid and dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%)Composition for one barrel



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DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaBr2 CaCl2 CaCl2lb/gal 14.2 lb/gal 11.6 lb/gal dry TCT@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl lb/bbl ° F

13.8 0.534 0.373 79.6 55

13.9 0.558 0.345 83.2 56

14.0 0.582 0.316 86.9 57

14.1 0.606 0.288 90.5 58

14.2 0.631 0.259 94.1 58

14.3 0.655 0.231 97.7 59

14.4 0.679 0.202 101.3 60

14.5 0.703 0.174 l05.0 60

14.6 0.728 0.145 108.6 61

14.7 0.749 0.120 111.8 61

14.8 0.776 0.088 115.8 61

14.9 0.800 0.060 119.4 62

15.0 0.825 0.031 123.1 62

15.1 0.851 0.000 126.9 63


CaBr2 /CaCl2 (U.S.)Blending 14.2 lb/gal CaBr2 (liquid), 11.6 lb/galCaCl2 (liquid) and dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%)Composition for one barrel



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DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaBr2 ZnCaBr2lb/gal 14.2 lb/gal 19.2 lb/gal TCT@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F

14.2 1.000 0.000 –1

14.3 0.980 0.020 –5

14.4 0.960 0.040 –11

14.5 0.940 0.060 –17

14.6 0.920 0.080 –21

14.7 0.900 0.100 –27

14.8 0.880 0.120 –3114.9 0.860 0.140 –34

15.0 0.840 0.160 –37

15.1 0.820 0.180 –40

15.2 0.800 0.200 –43

15.3 0.780 0.220 –46

15.4 0.760 0.240 –4915.5 0.740 0.260 –52

15.6 0.720 0.280 –55

15.7 0.700 0.300 –58

15.8 0.680 0.320 –60

15.9 0.660 0.340 –62

16.0 0.640 0.360 –58

16.1 0.620 0.380 –55

16.2 0.600 0.400 –51

16.3 0.580 0.420 –46

16.4 0.560 0.440 –42

16.5 0.540 0.460 –37

16.6 0.520 0.480 –31

Calcium Bromide/Zinc BromideCaBr2 /ZnBr2 (U.S.)

Blending 14.2 CaBr2 (liquid) with19.2 ZnCaBr2 (liquid)Composition for one barrel of fluid


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DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaBr2 ZnCaBr2lb/gal 14.2 lb/gal 19.2 lb/gal TCT@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F

16.7 0.500 0.500 –27

16.8 0.480 0.520 –23

16.9 0.460 0.540 –20

17.0 0.440 0.560 –17

17.1 0.420 0.580 –14

17.2 0.400 0.600 –11

17.3 0.380 0.620 –9

17.4 0.360 0.640 –7

17.5 0.340 0.660 –5

17.6 0.320 0.680 –3

17.7 0.300 0.700 –2

17.8 0.280 0.720 –1

17.9 0.260 0.740 1

18.0 0.240 0.760 2

18.1 0.220 0.780 3

18.2 0.200 0.800 4

18.3 0.180 0.820 5

18.4 0.160 0.840 618.5 0.140 0.860 8

18.6 0.120 0.880 9

18.7 0.100 0.900 11

18.8 0.080 0.920 13

18.9 0.060 0.940 14

19.0 0.040 0.960 13


Calcium Bromide/Zinc Bromide

CaBr2 /ZnBr2 (U.S.)Blending 14.2 CaBr2 (liquid) with19.2 ZnCaBr2 (liquid)Composition for one barrel of fluid


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DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaCl2 /CaBr2 CaBr2 /ZnCaBr2lb/gal 15.1 lb/gal 19.2 lb/gal TCT@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F

15.1 1.000 0.000 62

15.2 0.976 0.024 60

15.3 0.951 0.049 59

15.4 0.927 0.073 58

15.5 0.903 0.098 56

15.6 0.878 0.122 55

15.7 0.854 0.146 5415.8 0.829 0.171 53

15.9 0.805 0.195 51

16.0 0.780 0.220 51

16.1 0.756 0.244 49

16.2 0.732 0.268 48

16.3 0.707 0.293 4716.4 0.683 0.317 46

16.5 0.658 0.342 44

16.6 0.634 0.366 42

16.7 0.610 0.390 39

16.8 0.585 0.415 34

16.9 0.561 0.439 28

17.0 0.537 0.463 25

17.1 0.512 0.488 26

17.2 0.488 0.512 28

17.3 0.463 0.537 28

17.4 0.439 0.561 30

17.5 0.415 0.585 32

Calcium Chloride/Calcium Bromide/Zinc Bromide CaCl2 /CaBr2 /ZnBr2 (U.S.)

Blending 15.1 CaCl2 /CaBr2 (liquid)with 19.2 ZnCaBr2 (liquid)Composition for one barrel of fluid


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DIVALENTBRINES

Density CaCl2 /CaBr2 CaBr2 /ZnCaBr2lb/gal 15.1 lb/gal 19.2 lb/gal TCT@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F

17.6 0.390 0.610 34

17.7 0.366 0.634 36

17.8 0.341 0.659 38

17.9 0.317 0.683 40

18.0 0.293 0.707 35

18.1 0.268 0.732 32

18.2 0.244 0.756 29

18.3 0.220 0.780 27

18.4 0.195 0.805 25

18.5 0.171 0.829 23

18.6 0.146 0.854 21

18.7 0.122 0.878 20

18.8 0.097 0.903 19

18.9 0.073 0.927 17

19.0 0.049 0.951 16

19.1 0.024 0.976 12

19.2 0.000 1.000 10

To make 1 bbl 15.1 lb/gal = .851 (14.2 lb/gal CaBr 2 )+ 127 ppb dry CaCl2 .


Calcium Chloride/Calcium Bromide/

Zinc Bromide CaCl2 /CaBr2 /ZnBr2 (U.S.)Blending 15.1 CaCl2 /CaBr2 (liquid)with 19.2 ZnCaBr2 (liquid)Composition for one barrel of fluid


36/343

DIVALENTBRINES

SpecificGravity CaCl2 Water CaCl2 Ca+2 Cl– TCT

(SG) kg/m3 m3 /m3 wt % mg/L mg/L ° C

1.00 0.0 0.0000 0.00% 0 0 0

1.01 11.2 0.9988 1.10% 4,012 7,098 0

1.02 24.2 0.9957 2.30% 8,472 14,988 –1

1.03 37.2 0.9926 3.40% 12,646 22,374 –2

1.04 50.4 0.9895 4.60% 17,276 30,564 –2

1.05 63.5 0.9863 5.80% 21,992 38,908 –3

1.06 76.8 0.9830 6.90% 26,412 46,728 –4

1.07 90.0 0.9797 8.00% 30,911 54,689 –5

1.08 103.0 0.9763 9.10% 35,490 62,790 –6

1.09 117.0 0.9728 10.20% 40,149 71,031 –6

1.10 130.0 0.9693 11.30% 44,886 79,414 –7

1.11 144.0 0.9657 12.40% 49,704 87,936 –8

1.12 157.0 0.9620 13.40% 54,196 95,884 –10

1.13 171.0 0.9583 14.40% 58,760 103,960 –11

1.14 185.0 0.9546 15.50% 63,809 112,891 –12

1.15 199.0 0.9507 16.50% 68,521 121,229 –13

1.16 213.0 0.9468 17.50% 73,306 129,694 –15

1.17 226.0 0.9428 18.40% 77,741 137,539 –16

1.18 240.0 0.9388 19.40% 82,666 146,254 –18

1.19 255.0 0.9347 20.40% 87,664 155,096 –20

1.20 269.0 0.9305 21.30% 92,301 163,299 –21

1.21 283.0 0.9263 22.30% 97,439 172,391 –23

1.22 297.0 0.9220 23.20% 102,210 180,830 –26

1.23 311.0 0.9177 24.10% 107,045 189,385 –28

1.24 326.0 0.9132 25.00% 111,945 198,055 –30

1.25 340.0 0.9087 25.90% 116,911 206,839 –33

1.26 355.0 0.9042 26.80% 121,941 215,739 –36

Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (Metric)Mixing dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) and water

Composition for one m3 of fluid


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DIVALENTBRINES

SpecificGravity CaCl2 Water CaCl2 Ca+2 Cl– TCT

(SG) kg/m3 m3 /m3 wt % mg/L mg/L ° C

1.27 369.0 0.8995 27.70% 127,036 224,754 –38

1.28 384.0 0.8948 28.60% 132,196 233,884 –41

1.29 399.0 0.8901 29.50% 137,422 243,128 –52

1.30 413.0 0.8852 30.30% 142,243 251,657 –45

1.31 428.0 0.8803 31.20% 147,594 261,126 –38

1.32 443.0 0.8754 32.00% 152,534 269,866 –32

1.33 458.0 0.8703 32.80% 157,532 278,708 –26

1.34 473.0 0.8652 33.70% 163,072 288,508 –20

1.35 488.0 0.8600 34.50% 168,189 297,561 –15

1.36 504.0 0.8548 35.30% 173,363 306,717 –10

1.37 519.0 0.8494 36.10% 178,596 315,974 –6

1.38 534.0 0.8440 36.90% 183,886 325,334 –2

1.39 550.0 0.8386 37.70% 189,234 334,796 2

1.40 565.0 0.8330 38.50% 194,640 344,360 51.41 581.0 0.8274 39.30% 200,104 354,026 8

1.42 596.0 0.8217 40.00% 205,113 362,887 10



Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (Metric)

Mixing dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) and waterComposition for one m3 of fluid


38/343

DIVALENTBRINES

Specific CaCl2Gravity 1.39 SG Water TCT

(SG) m3 /m3 m3 /m3 ° C

1.00 0.000 1.000 0

1.01 0.022 0.978 –1

1.02 0.052 0.948 –11.03 0.083 0.917 –1

1.04 0.113 0.887 –2

1.06 0.144 0.856 –3

1.07 0.174 0.826 –4

1.08 0.203 0.797 –6

1.09 0.233 0.767 –71.10 0.264 0.736 –8

1.12 0.294 0.706 –9

1.13 0.325 0.675 –11

1.14 0.356 0.644 –12

1.15 0.390 0.610 –14

1.16 0.420 0.580 –16

1.18 0.450 0.550 –17

1.19 0.480 0.520 –19

1.20 0.510 0.490 –22

1.21 0.540 0.460 –24

1.22 0.571 0.429 –27

1.24 0.601 0.399 –30

1.25 0.632 0.368 –33

1.26 0.663 0.337 –36

1.27 0.694 0.306 –39

1.29 0.724 0.276 –43

Calcium Chloride CaCl2 (Metric)Blending 1.39 SG CaCl2 (liquid) and water




39/343


40/343

DIVALENTBRINES

Specific CaBr2Gravity Water 95% dry CaBr2 Ca+ Br– TCT

(SG) m3 /m3 kg/m3 % wt mg/L mg/L ° C

1.00 1.0000 0.0 0.0% 0 0 0

1.01 0.9991 10.9 1.0% 2,025 8,074 –1

1.02 0.9963 23.7 2.2% 4,499 17,939 –1

1.03 0.9934 36.5 3.4% 7,021 27,995 –2

1.04 0.9905 49.4 4.5% 9,383 37,412 –2

1.05 0.9876 62.2 5.6% 11,789 47,005 –2

1.06 0.9847 75.1 6.7% 14,239 56,774 –3

1.07 0.9818 87.9 7.8% 16,733 66,719 –3

1.08 0.9789 100.8 8.9% 19,271 76,839 –3

1.09 0.9760 113.7 9.9% 21,635 86,264 –4

1.10 0.9730 126.6 11.0% 24,259 96,729 –4

1.11 0.9701 139.5 12.0% 26,705 106,481 –5

1.12 0.9671 152.4 13.0% 29,191 116,394 –5

1.13 0.9641 165.4 13.9% 31,491 125,563 –6

1.14 0.9612 178.3 14.9% 34,055 135,788 –6

1.15 0.9582 191.3 15.8% 36,429 145,253 –7

1.16 0.9552 204.2 16.8% 39,072 155,789 –7

1.17 0.9521 217.2 17.7% 41,520 165,550 –8

1.18 0.9491 230.2 18.6% 44,004 175,454 –8

1.19 0.9461 243.2 19.5% 46,524 185,503 –9

1.20 0.9430 256.2 20.3% 48,839 194,736 –10

1.21 0.9400 269.2 21.2% 51,430 205,065 –10

1.22 0.9369 282.2 22.0% 53,812 214,562 –11

1.23 0.9338 295.3 22.9% 56,472 225,170 –12

1.24 0.9308 308.3 23.7% 58,920 234,931 –12

1.25 0.9277 321.4 24.5% 61,400 244,819 –13

1.26 0.9246 334.4 25.3% 63,912 254,836 –14

Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (Metric)Mixing CaBr2 dry (95%) and water



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DIVALENTBRINES



1.27 0.9214 347.5 26.1% 66,456 264,980 –15

1.28 0.9183 360.6 26.8% 68,776 274,230 –15

1.29 0.9152 373.7 27.6% 71,383 284,622 –16

1.30 0.9120 386.8 28.4% 74,021 295,142 –17

1.31 0.9089 399.9 29.1% 76,429 304,743 –18

1.32 0.9057 413.1 29.8% 78,865 314,456 –19

1.33 0.9025 426.2 30.5% 81,329 324,281 –20

1.34 0.8993 439.4 31.2% 83,821 334,217 –20

1.35 0.8961 452.5 31.9% 86,341 344,266 –21

1.36 0.8929 465.7 32.6% 88,889 354,426 –22

1.37 0.8897 478.9 33.3% 91,466 364,699 –23

1.38 0.8864 492.1 34.0% 94,070 375,083 –24

1.39 0.8832 505.3 34.6% 96,424 384,468 –25

1.40 0.8799 518.5 35.3% 99,082 395,068 –26

1.41 0.8767 531.7 35.9% 101,486 404,653 –27

1.42 0.8734 545.0 36.6% 104,199 415,469 –28

1.43 0.8701 558.2 37.2% 106,653 425,254 –29

1.44 0.8668 571.5 37.8% 109,131 435,135 –30

1.45 0.8635 584.7 38.4% 111,633 445,111 –31

1.46 0.8602 598.0 39.0% 114,159 455,184 –33

1.47 0.8568 611.3 39.6% 116,709 465,352 –34

1.48 0.8535 624.6 40.2% 119,284 475,617


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DIVALENTBRINES



1.53 0.8366 691.3 43.1% 132,209 527,155


43/343

DIVALENTBRINES



1.79 0.7446 1042.2 55.5% 199,177 794,174 9

1.80 0.7409 1055.9 55.9% 201,733 804,366 11

1.81 0.7372 1069.5 56.3% 204,306 814,623 14

1.82 0.7335 1083.2 56.7% 206,894 824,943 16

1.83 0.7298 1096.9 57.1% 209,498 835,327 18

1.84 0.7260 1110.5 57.5% 212,119 845,775 20


Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (Metric)

Mixing CaBr2 dry (95%) and waterComposition for one m3 of fluid



44/343

DIVALENTBRINES

Specific CaBr2Gravity 1.705 SG Water TCT

(SG) m3 m3 ° C

1.008 0.012 0.989 –1

1.020 0.028 0.972 –1

1.032 0.045 0.957 –21.044 0.061 0.940 –2

1.056 0.078 0.924 –2

1.068 0.094 0.908 –3

1.080 0.111 0.892 –3

1.092 0.127 0.876 –4

1.104 0.144 0.859 –5

1.116 0.162 0.840 –5

1.128 0.177 0.826 –6

1.140 0.194 0.810 –7

1.152 0.211 0.793 –7

1.164 0.228 0.777 –8

1.176 0.244 0.760 –9

1.188 0.261 0.744 –9

1.200 0.278 0.727 –10

1.212 0.295 0.710 –11

1.224 0.312 0.693 –12

1.236 0.329 0.676 –12

1.248 0.345 0.660 –13

1.261 0.362 0.643 –14

1.273 0.379 0.626 –15

1.285 0.396 0.609 –16

1.297 0.413 0.592 –17

Calcium Bromide CaBr2 (Metric)Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2 (liquid) and water




45/343

DIVALENTBRINES


(SG) m3 m3 ° C

1.309 0.430 0.575 –17

1.321 0.447 0.558 –18

1.333 0.464 0.541 –19

1.345 0.481 0.524 –20

1.357 0.499 0.507 –21

1.369 0.516 0.490 –22

1.381 0.533 0.472 –23

1.393 0.550 0.456 –251.405 0.567 0.438 –28

1.417 0.584 0.421 –28

1.429 0.601 0.403 –29

1.441 0.619 0.386 –29

1.453 0.636 0.369 –31

1.465 0.653 0.351 –341.477 0.670 0.334 –37

1.489 0.687 0.317 –37

1.501 0.705 0.299 –37

1.513 0.722 0.282 –37

1.525 0.739 0.264 –37

1.537 0.757 0.247 –37

1.549 0.774 0.229 –37

1.561 0.791 0.212 –38

1.573 0.809 0.194 –38

1.585 0.826 0.177 –38

1.597 0.843 0.159 –38


Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2 (liquid) and waterComposition for one m3 of fluid




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DIVALENTBRINES


(SG) m3 m3 ° C

1.609 0.861 0.142 –38

1.621 0.878 0.124 –38

1.633 0.895 0.106 –38

1.645 0.913 0.089 –38

1.657 0.930 0.071 –38

1.669 0.948 0.053 –32

1.681 0.965 0.036 –28

1.693 0.982 0.018 –261.705 1.000 0.000 –18


Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2 (liquid) and waterComposition for one m3 of fluid



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DIVALENTBRINES

Specific CaBr2 CaCl2Gravity Water (95%) (94 – 97%) TCT

(SG) m3 /m3 dry kg/m3 dry kg/m3 ° C

1.405 0.809 23.1 572.1 4

1.417 0.803 46.0 566.2 5

1.429 0.798 69.1 560.3 6

1.441 0.793 92.2 554.3 6

1.453 0.788 115.2 548.4 6

1.465 0.783 138.2 542.4 6

1.477 0.778 161.2 536.5 61.489 0.773 184.3 530.5 6

1.501 0.768 207.3 524.6 7

1.513 0.763 230.1 518.6 7

1.525 0.758 253.4 512.7 8

1.537 0.752 276.5 506.8 8

1.549 0.747 299.4 500.8 81.561 0.742 322.5 494.9 8

1.573 0.737 345.5 488.9 9

1.585 0.732 368.5 483.0 9

1.597 0.727 391.6 477.1 9

1.609 0.722 414.6 471.1 10

1.621 0.717 437.7 465.1 10

1.633 0.712 460.7 459.2 11

1.645 0.707 483.7 453.3 12

Calcium Bromide/Calcium Chloride DryCaBr2 /CaCl2 (Metric)

Mixing procedure for dry CaBr2 (95%),dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) and waterComposition for m3 of fluid



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DIVALENTBRINES

Specific CaBr2 CaCl2Gravity Water (95%) (94 – 97%) TCT

(SG) m3 /m3 dry kg/m3 dry kg/m3 ° C

1.657 0.701 506.8 447.3 13

1.669 0.696 529.8 441.4 13

1.681 0.691 552.8 435.5 14

1.693 0.686 575.9 429.5 14

1.705 0.681 599.0 423.5 14

1.717 0.676 622.0 417.6 15

1.729 0.671 645.0 411.7 16

1.741 0.666 668.0 405.7 16

1.753 0.661 691.0 399.8 16

1.765 0.658 711.8 393.8 16

1.777 0.651 737.2 387.9 16

1.789 0.645 760.2 381.9 17

1.801 0.640 783.2 376.0 17

1.813 0.635 806.2 370.1 17

Calcium Bromide/Calcium Chloride Dry

CaBr2 /CaCl2 (Metric)Mixing procedure for dry CaBr2 (95%),dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%) and waterComposition for one m3 of fluid



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DIVALENTBRINES

Specific CaBr2 CaCl2 CaCl2Gravity 1.705 SG 1.39 SG (94 – 97%) TCT

(SG) m3 /m3 m3 /m3 dry kg/m3 ° C

1.405 0.024 0.971 10.3 4

1.417 0.048 0.943 20.6 5

1.429 0.073 0.915 31.1 6

1.441 0.097 0.886 41.4 6

1.453 0.121 0.857 51.7 6

1.465 0.146 0.829 62.0 6

1.477 0.170 0.800 72.3 61.489 0.194 0.772 82.8 6

1.501 0.218 0.744 93.1 7

1.513 0.243 0.715 103.4 7

1.525 0.267 0.686 113.7 8

1.537 0.291 0.658 124.0 8

1.549 0.315 0.630 134.2 81.561 0.340 0.601 144.8 8

1.573 0.364 0.572 155.1 9

1.585 0.388 0.544 165.4 9

1.597 0.412 0.516 175.6 9

1.609 0.437 0.487 186.2 10

1.621 0.461 0.458 196.5 10

1.633 0.485 0.430 206.8 11

1.645 0.509 0.402 217.1 12

Calcium Bromide/Calcium ChlorideCaBr2 /CaCl2 (Metric)

Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2 (liquid), 1.39 SGCaCl2 (liquid) and dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%)Composition for one m3 of fluid



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DIVALENTBRINES

Specific CaBr2 CaCl2 CaCl2Gravity 1.705 SG 1.39 SG (94 – 97%) TCT

(SG) m3 /m3 m3 /m3 dry kg/m3 ° C

1.657 0.534 0.373 227.3 13

1.669 0.558 0.345 237.6 13

1.681 0.582 0.316 248.2 14

1.693 0.606 0.288 258.5 14

1.705 0.631 0.259 268.7 14

1.717 0.655 0.231 279.0 15

1.729 0.679 0.202 289.3 16

1.741 0.703 0.174 299.9 16

1.753 0.728 0.145 310.2 16

1.765 0.749 0.120 319.3 16

1.777 0.776 0.088 330.7 16

1.789 0.800 0.060 341.0 17

1.801 0.825 0.031 351.6 17

1.813 0.851 0.000 362.4 17


CaBr2 /CaCl2 (Metric)Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2 (liquid), 1.39 SGCaCl2 (liquid) and dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%)Composition for one m3 of fluid



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DIVALENTBRINES

Specific CaBr2 ZnCaBr2Gravity 1.705 SG 2.31 SG TCT

(SG) m3 /m3 m3 /m3 ° C

1.705 1.0000 0.0000 –18

1.720 0.9780 0.0220 –22

1.730 0.9613 0.0387 –24

1.740 0.9447 0.0553 –27

1.750 0.9281 0.0719 –29

1.760 0.9114 0.0886 –31

1.770 0.8948 0.1052 –321.780 0.8781 0.1219 –34

1.790 0.8615 0.1385 –36

1.800 0.8449 0.1551 –38

1.810 0.8282 0.1718 –39

1.820 0.8116 0.1884 –41

1.830 0.7949 0.2051 –421.840 0.7783 0.2217 –43

1.850 0.7617 0.2383 –44

1.860 0.7450 0.2550 –46

1.870 0.7284 0.2716 –47

1.880 0.7117 0.2883 –48

1.890 0.6951 0.3049 –49

1.900 0.6785 0.3215 –51

1.910 0.6618 0.3382 –52

1.920 0.6452 0.3548 –51

1.930 0.6285 0.3715 –49

1.940 0.6119 0.3881 –47

1.950 0.5953 0.4047 –45

Calcium Bromide/Zinc BromideCaBr2 /ZnBr2 (Metric)

Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2 (liquid)with 2.31 SG ZnCaBr2 (liquid)Composition for one m3 fluid


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DIVALENTBRINES


(SG) m3 /m3 m3 /m3 ° C

1.960 0.5786 0.4214 –43

1.970 0.5620 0.4380 –41

1.980 0.5454 0.4546 –39

1.990 0.5287 0.4713 –37

2.000 0.5121 0.4879 –34

2.010 0.4954 0.5046 –32

2.020 0.4788 0.5212 –31

2.030 0.4622 0.5378 –29

2.040 0.4455 0.5545 –28

2.050 0.4289 0.5711 –27

2.060 0.4122 0.5878 –25

2.070 0.3956 0.6044 –24

2.080 0.3790 0.6210 –23

2.090 0.3623 0.6377 –22

2.100 0.3457 0.6543 –21

2.110 0.3290 0.6710 –20

2.120 0.3124 0.6876 –19

2.130 0.2958 0.7042 –192.140 0.2791 0.7209 –18

2.150 0.2625 0.7375 –18

2.160 0.2458 0.7542 –17

2.170 0.2292 0.7708 –17

2.180 0.2126 0.7874 –16

2.190 0.1959 0.8041 –162 200 0 1793 0 8207 16



CaBr2 /ZnBr2 (Metric)Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2 (liquid)with 2.31 SG ZnCaBr2 (liquid)Composition for one m3 fluid


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DIVALENTBRINES


(SG) m3 /m3 m3 /m3 ° C

2.210 0.1626 0.8374 –14

2.220 0.1460 0.8540 –14

2.230 0.1294 0.8706 –13

2.240 0.1127 0.8873 –12

2.250 0.0961 0.9039 –11

2.260 0.0794 0.9206 –11

2.270 0.0628 0.9372 –10

2.280 0.0462 0.9538 –11

2.290 0.0295 0.9705 –11

2.300 0.0129 0.9871 –12



CaBr2 /ZnBr2 (Metric)Blending 1.705 SG CaBr2 (liquid)with 2.31 SG ZnCaBr2 (liquid)Composition for one m3 fluid


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DIVALENTBRINES

Specific CaCl2 /CaBr2 ZnCaBr2Gravity 1.81 SG 2.31 SG TCT

(SG) m3 /m3 m3 /m3 ° C

1.81 1.000 0.000 17

1.83 0.976 0.024 16

1.84 0.951 0.049 15

1.85 0.927 0.073 14

1.86 0.903 0.098 13

1.87 0.878 0.122 13

1.89 0.854 0.146 121.90 0.829 0.171 12

1.91 0.805 0.195 11

1.92 0.780 0.220 11

1.93 0.756 0.244 9

1.95 0.732 0.268 9

1.96 0.707 0.293 81.97 0.683 0.317 8

1.98 0.658 0.342 7

1.99 0.634 0.366 6

2.01 0.610 0.390 4

2.02 0.585 0.415 1

2.03 0.561 0.439 –2

2.04 0.537 0.463 –4

2.05 0.512 0.488 –3

2.07 0.488 0.512 –2

2.08 0.463 0.537 –2

2.09 0.439 0.561 –1

2.10 0.415 0.585 0

Calcium Chloride/Calcium Bromide/ZincBromide CaCl2 /CaBr2 /ZnBr2 (Metric)

Blending 1.81 SG CaCl2 /CaBr2 (liquid)with 2.31 SG CaBr2 /ZnCaBr2 (liquid)Composition for one m3 fluid


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DIVALENTBRINES

Specific CaCl2 /CaBr2 ZnCaBr2Gravity 1.81 SG 2.31 SG TCT

(SG) m3 /m3 m3 /m3 ° C

2.11 0.390 0.610 1

2.13 0.366 0.634 2

2.14 0.341 0.659 3

2.15 0.317 0.683 4

2.16 0.293 0.707 2

2.17 0.268 0.732 0

2.19 0.244 0.756 –2

2.20 0.220 0.780 –3

2.21 0.195 0.805 –4

2.22 0.171 0.829 –5

2.23 0.146 0.854 –6

2.25 0.122 0.878 –7

2.26 0.097 0.903 –7

2.27 0.073 0.927 –8

2.28 0.049 0.951 –9

2.29 0.024 0.976 –11

2.31 0.000 1.000 –12

To make 1 m3 15.1 lb/gal = 0.851 m3 (1.71 SG) + 57.8 kg/bbl dry CaCl2 (94 to 97%).

Calcium Chloride/Calcium Bromide/Zinc

Bromide CaCl2 /CaBr2 /ZnBr2 (Metric)Blending 1.81 SG CaCl2 /CaBr2 (liquid)with 2.31 SG CaBr2 /ZnCaBr2 (liquid)Composition for one m3 fluid



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Chapter 2

MONOVALENTBRINES

COMPLETION FLUIDSMANUAL

2 .

M O N O V A L E N T B R I N E S

Go To Table of Contents


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MONOVALENT BRINES

Sodium Chloride (Dry)Sodium Chloride (dry) is a high-purity salt usedin brines with a density range between 8.4 to10.0 lb/gal (1.008 to 1.200 SG). When mixedwith NaBr, densities up to 12.5 lb/gal (1.501 SG)can be achieved. It is packaged in 100-lb (45.4-kg),80-lb (36.3-kg), 110-lb (50-kg) sacks and 2,000-lb(909-kg) tote bags.

Potassium Chloride (Dry)Potassium Chloride (dry) is a high-purity saltthat can achieve brine densities from 8.4 lb/gal(1.008 SG) to 9.7 lb/gal (1.164 SG). It is packagedin 50-lb (22.7-kg), 100-lb (45.4-kg) sacks and

2,000-lb (909-kg) tote bags.

Ammonium Chloride (Dry)Ammonium Chloride (dry) is a high-purity saltthat can generate brine densities from 8.4 to9.7 lb/gal (1.008 to 1.164 SG). It is also used at 2

to 4% as a clay and shale stabilizer. It may liber-ate ammonia gas at pHs above 9.0. Ammoniumchloride (dry) is packaged in 50-lb (22.7-kg) and55-lb (25-kg) sacks.

Sodium Bromide (Liquid)Sodium Bromide (liquid) is a single-salt clearbrine fluid. Pure sodium bromide solutions canbe prepared with densities between 8.4 lb/gal(1.008 SG) and 12.8 lb/gal (1.537 SG). Typically,it can be mixed with NaCl to prepare brineswith densities between 10.0 and 12.5 lb/gal(1.200 and 1.501 SG). It is used where formation

waters contain high concentrations of bicar-b lf b f l d f


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MONOVALENT BRINES

various crystallization temperatures and forsummer or winter blends. It is packaged in

bulk-liquid quantities.

Sodium Bromide (Dry)Sodium Bromide (dry) is a high-purity salt.Pure sodium bromide solutions can be preparedwith densities between 8.4 lb/gal (1.008 SG) and

12.8 lb/gal (1.537 SG). Typically, it can be mixedwith NaCl to prepare brines with densitiesbetween 8.4 and 12.5 lb/gal (1.008 and 1.501 SG).It is used where formation waters contain highconcentrations of bicarbonate or sulfate ionsand is packaged in 55-lb (25-kg) sacks.

Sodium Formate (Dry)Sodium formate (dry) is a high-purity, organicsalt that can deliver brine fluid densities rang-ing from 8.4 lb/gal (1.008 SG) to 11.1 lb/gal(1.330 SG). It is packaged in 55-lb (25-kg) sacksand 2,205-lb (1,000-kg) “big” bags.

Potassium Formate (Liquid)Potassium Formate (liquid) is a single-saltclear brine fluid. Pure potassium formate solu-tions can be prepared with densities between8.4 lb/gal (1.08 SG) and 13.1 lb/gal (1.571 SG).

Potassium formate provides excellent thermalstabilization effects on natural polymers. Thepotassium ion provides excellent clay stabili-zation and swelling inhibition of shales.

Potassium Formate (Dry)Potassium formate (dry) is a high-purity,organic salt with eventual densities between


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MONOVALENT BRINES

8.4 lb/gal (1.008 SG) and 13.1 lb/gal (1.573 SG).It is packaged in 55-lb (25-kg) sacks or in 2,205-lb

(1,000-kg) “big” bags.

Cesium Formate (Liquid)Cesium formate (liquid) is a single-salt clearbrine fluid. Pure cesium formate systems canbe prepared with densities between 8.4 lb/gal

(1.01 SG) and 20.0 lb/gal (2.40 SG), but cesiumformate is most often commercially availableat 17.5 lb/gal (2.10 SG) and 18.3 lb/gal (2.20 SG).Like potassium formate, cesium formate providesexcellent thermal stability on natural polymers,clay stabilization and shale-swelling inhibition.

Miscellaneous Blends• Sodium Chloride/Calcium Chloride• Potassium Bromide


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MONOVALENT BRINES

Densitylb/gal NaCl Water NaCl Na+ Cl– TCT@70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F

8.33 0.0 1.000 0.0 0 0 32

8.40 3.7 0.998 1.0 4,133 6,350 31

8.50 9.6 0.993 2.7 10,710 16,524 298.60 16.2 0.986 4.4 18,060 27,761 27

8.70 22.2 0.981 6.0 24,638 38,106 25

8.80 28.1 0.976 7.5 31,258 48,259 23

8.90 34.8 0.969 9.2 38,662 59,701 21

9.00 41.0 0.962 10.7 45,576 70,200 19

9.10 47.7 0.955 12.4 53,071 81,900 169.20 54.3 0.948 13.9 60,389 93,178 14

9.30 61.3 0.940 15.5 68,188 105,239 11

9.40 68.0 0.933 17.1 75,576 116,748 8

9.50 74.6 0.926 18.5 82,992 128,022 5

9.60 81.3 0.919 20.0 90,432 139,507 1

9.70 88.6 0.910 21.5 98,474 152,135 –2

9.80 95.6 0.902 23.0 106,310 164,052 –6

9.90 102.3 0.895 24.4 113,810 175,586 12

10.00 109.0 0.890 25.7 121,200 187,080 25


Sodium Chloride NaCl (U.S.)Mixing dry NaCl (99%) and water



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MONOVALENT BRINES

Density NaCllb/gal 10.0 lb/gal Water TCT@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F

8.33 0.000 1.000 32

8.40 0.034 0.968 31

8.50 0.088 0.914 298.60 0.149 0.854 27

8.70 0.204 0.799 25

8.80 0.259 0.746 23

8.90 0.320 0.684 21

9.00 0.377 0.628 19

9.10 0.439 0.566 169.20 0.500 0.505 14

9.30 0.564 0.439 11

9.40 0.626 0.377 8

9.50 0.686 0.317 5

9.60 0.748 0.255 1

9.70 0.815 0.186 –2

9.80 0.879 0.121 –6

9.90 0.941 0.059 12

10.00 1.000 0.000 25

Sodium Chloride NaCl (U.S.)Blending 10.0 lb/gal NaCl (liquid) and water



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MONOVALENT BRINES

Densitylb/gal KCl Water KCl K Cl– TCT@70° F lb/bbl bbl/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F

8.33 0.0 1.000 0.00 0 0 32

8.40 4.3 0.995 1.21 6,350 5,745 31

8.50 11.6 0.986 3.22 17,237 15,605 298.60 19.0 0.977 5.21 28,171 25,592 28

8.70 26.0 0.970 7.04 38,521 34,971 26

8.80 33.4 0.960 8.95 49,522 44,876 24

8.90 41.0 0.950 10.86 60,871 55,104 22

9.00 47.7 0.943 12.49 70,734 64,147 20

9.10 55.7 0.932 14.43 82,658 74,905 189.20 62.7 0.924 16.06 93,060 84,339 16

9.30 69.4 0.917 17.59 102,999 93,290 14

9.40 76.8 0.908 19.26 113,919 103,317 12

9.50 84.1 0.898 20.87 124,706 113,079 23

9.60 91.5 0.890 22.47 135,695 123,024 38

9.70 98.6 0.882 23.96 146,303 132,569 54To calculate parts per million, divide mg/L by the specific gravity.

Potassium Chloride KCl (U.S.)Mixing dry KCl (99%) and water



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MONOVALENT BRINES

Density NaBrlb/gal Water 97% dry NaBr Na Br TCT@70° F bbl/bbl lb/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F

9.0 0.973 37.9 9.73 23,434 81,533 24

9.1 0.969 43.4 11.01 26,861 93,359 23

9.2 0.965 48.9 12.28 30,247 105,203 09.3 0.961 54.5 13.53 33,701 117,282 21

9.4 0.957 60.2 14.79 37,334 129,597 19

9.5 0.953 65.8 16.00 40,809 141,577 17

9.6 0.948 71.5 17.20 44,233 153,895 16

9.7 0.944 77.2 18.38 47,837 166,090 14

9.8 0.940 83.0 19.56 51,387 178,620 129.9 0.935 88.7 20.69 54,881 190,896 11

10.0 0.931 94.5 21.83 58,555 203,384 9

10.1 0.926 100.3 22.94 62,171 215,840 7

10.2 0.922 106.1 24.02 65,724 228,258 5

10.3 0.917 111.9 25.09 69,334 240,754 4

10.4 0.912 117.8 26.16 73,002 253,449 2

10.5 0.907 123.6 27.19 76,602 265,965 0

10.6 0.903 129.5 28.22 80,257 278,673 –2

10.7 0.898 135.3 29.20 83,838 291,188 –4

10.8 0.893 141.2 30.19 87,473 303,888 –6

10.9 0.888 147.1 31.17 91,160 316,511 –7

11.0 0.884 153.0 32.12 94,768 329,182 –9

11.1 0.879 158.9 33.06 98,427 341,897 –11

11.2 0.874 164.7 33.96 102,001 354,384 –13

11.3 0.869 174.6 35.69 108,200 375,718 –14

11.4 0.864 176.5 35.76 109,294 379,863 –16

11.5 0.859 182.4 36.63 113,013 392,441 –18

11.6 0.855 188.3 37.49 116,640 405,179 –19

Sodium Bromide NaBr (U.S.)Mixing dry NaBr (97%) and water



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MONOVALENT BRINES

Density NaBrlb/gal Water 97% dry NaBr Na Br TCT@70° F bbl/bbl lb/bbl wt % mg/L mg/L ° F

11.7 0.850 194.2 38.33 120,313 417,937 –19

11.8 0.845 200.1 39.16 123,890 430,571 –16

11.9 0.840 206.0 39.98 127,653 443,216 –11

12.0 0.835 211.9 40.78 131,174 456,012 –5

12.1 0.830 217.8 41.57 134,880 468,668 2

12.2 0.826 223.6 42.33 138,483 481,178 10

12.3 0.821 229.5 43.09 142,127 493,830 19

12.4 0.816 235.4 43.84 145,812 506,475 28

12.5 0.811 241.2 44.56 149,388 518,958 37

12.6 0.807 247.2 45.31 153,153 531,879 46

12.7 0.804 252.5 45.92 156,350 543,415 54


Sodium Bromide NaBr (U.S.)

Mixing dry NaBr (97%) and waterComposition for one barrel of fluid



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MONOVALENT BRINES

Density NaBrlb/gal 12.5 lb/gal Water TCT@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F

9.0 0.157 0.845 24

9.1 0.180 0.822 23

9.2 0.203 0.800 09.3 0.226 0.777 21

9.4 0.250 0.754 19

9.5 0.273 0.731 17

9.6 0.296 0.708 16

9.7 0.320 0.684 14

9.8 0.344 0.660 129.9 0.368 0.637 11

10.0 0.392 0.613 9

10.1 0.416 0.588 7

10.2 0.440 0.564 5

10.3 0.464 0.540 4

10.4 0.488 0.516 2

10.5 0.512 0.492 0

10.6 0.537 0.467 –2

10.7 0.561 0.443 –4

10.8 0.585 0.418 –6

10.9 0.610 0.393 –7

Sodium Bromide NaBr (U.S.)Blending 12.5 lb/gal NaBr (liquid) and water




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MONOVALENT BRINES

Density NaBrlb/gal 12.5 lb/gal Water TCT@70° F bbl/bbl bbl/bbl ° F

11.0 0.634 0.369 –9

11.1 0.659 0.344 –11

11.2 0.683 0.320 –13

11.3 0.707 0.295 –14

11.4 0.732 0.270 –16

11.5 0.756 0.246 –18

11.6 0.781 0.221 –19

11.7 0.805 0.196 –19

11.8 0.830 0.172 –16

11.9 0.854 0.147 –11

12.0 0.879 0.122 –5

12.1 0.903 0.098 2

12.2 0.927 0.073 10

12.3 0.951 0.049 1912.4 0.976 0.024 28

12.5 1.000 0.000 37

Sodium Bromide NaBr (U.S.)

Blending 12.5 lb/gal NaBr (liquid) and waterComposition for one barrel of fluid



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MONOVALENT BRINES

D e n s i t y

N a C l

N a B r

l b / g a l

W a t e r

( 9

9 % ) d r y

( 9 7 % ) d r y

N a C l

N a B r

B r

C l –

T C T

@ 7 0 ° F

b b l / b b l

l b / b b l

l b / b b l

w t %

w t %

m g / L

m g / L

° F

1 0 . 0

0 . 8

8 0

1 0 9 . 0

0 . 0

2 5 . 6

9

0 . 0

0

0

1 8 7 , 0

8 0

2 3

1 0 . 1

0 . 8

7 7

1 0 4 . 6

9 . 6

2 4 . 4

2

2 . 2

1

2 0 , 7

2 5

1 7 9 , 6

1 8

2 4

1 0 . 2

0 . 8

7 4

1 0 0 . 3

1 9 . 3

2 3 . 1

7

4 . 3

7

4 1 , 4

9 4

1 7 2 , 0

9 4

2 5

1 0 . 3

0 . 8

7 2

9 5 . 9

2 8 . 9

2 1 . 9

5

6 . 4

9

6 2 , 2

9 4

1 6 4 , 6

3 5

2 6

1 0 . 4

0 . 8

6 9

9 1 . 6

3 8 . 6

2 0 . 7

5

8 . 5

7

8 2 , 9

9 2

1 5 7 , 1

2 3

2 7

1 0 . 5

0 . 8

6 6

8 7 . 2

4 8 . 2

1 9 . 5

8

1 0 . 6

1

1

0 3 , 9

0 6

1 4 9 , 8

0 7

2 7

1 0 . 6

0 . 8

6 3

8 2 . 8

5 7 . 9

1 8 . 4

2

1 2 . 6

1

1

2 4 , 6

2 7

1 4 2 , 3

2 1

2 7

1 0 . 7

0 . 8

6 1

7 8 . 5

6 7 . 5

1 7 . 2

9

1 4 . 5

8

1

4 5 , 4

6 2

1 3 4 , 7

9 7

2 6

1 0 . 8

0 . 8

5 8

7 4 . 1

7 7 . 2

1 6 . 1

8

1 6 . 5

1

1

6 6 , 2

7 5

1 2 7 , 3

6 5

2 6

S

o d i u m C h l o r i d e / S o d i u m B r o m i d e ( N a C l / N a B r ) U . S .

M

i x i n g d r y N a C l ( 9 9 % ) , d r y N a B r ( 9 7 % ) a n d w a t e r

C

o m p o s i t i o n f o r o n e

b a r r e l o f f l u i d

C o n t i n u e s o n n e x t p a g e


68/343

MONOVALENT BRINES

D e n s i t y

N a C l

N a B r

l b / g a l

W a t e r

( 9

9 % ) d r y

( 9 7 % ) d r y

N a C l

N a B r

B r

C l –

T C T

@ 7 0 ° F

b b l / b b l

l b / b b l

l b / b b l

w t %

w t %

m g / L

m g / L

° F

1 0 . 9

0 . 8

5 5

6 9 . 8

8 6 . 8

1 5 . 0

9

1 8 . 4

0

1

8 7 , 0

5 6

1 1 9 , 7

7 4

2 6

1 1 . 0

0 . 8

5 2

6 5 . 4

9 6 . 5

1 4 . 0

1

2 0 . 2

6

2

0 7 , 7

9 3

1 1 2 , 2

8 5

2 5

1 1 . 1

0 . 8

5 0

6 1 . 0

1 0 6 . 1

1 2 . 9

6

2 2 . 0

8

2

2 8 , 6

1 0

1 0 4 , 9

0 7

2 4

1 1 . 2

0 . 8

4 7

5 6 . 7

1 1 5 . 8

1 1 . 9

3

2 3 . 8

7

2

4 9 , 3

6 3

9 7 , 3

7 8

2 4

1 1 . 3

0 . 8

4 4

5 2 . 3

1 2 5 . 4

1 0 . 9

1

2 5 . 6

3

2

7 0 , 1

7 9

8 9 , 8

3 3

2 5

1 1 . 4

0 . 8

4 1

4 8 . 0

1 3 5 . 1

9 . 9

2

2 7 . 3

6

2

9 0 , 9

1 3

8 2 , 4

1 4

2 6

1 1 . 5

0 . 8

3 9

4 3 . 6

1 4 4 . 7

8 . 9

4

2 9 . 0

6

3

1 1 , 6

9 2

7 4 , 8

5 0

2 8

1 1 . 6

0 . 8

3 6

3 9 . 2

1 5 4 . 4

7 . 9

7

3 0 . 7

3

3

3 2 , 5

0 9

6 7 , 4

2 1

2 9

S

o d i u m C h l o r i d e / S o d i u m B r o m i d e ( N a C l / N a B r ) U . S .

M

i x i n g d r y N a C l ( 9 9 % ) , d r y N a B r ( 9 7 % ) a n d w a t e r

C

o m p o s i t i o n f o r o n e

b a r r e l o f f l u i d

C o n t i n u e s o n n e x t p a g e

C o n t i n u e d f r o m p

r e v i o u s p a g e


69/343

MONOVALENT BRINES

D e n s i t y

N a C l

N a B r

l b / g a l

W a t e r

( 9

9 % ) d r y

( 9 7 % ) d r y

N a C l

N a B r

B r

C l –

T C T

@ 7 0 ° F

b b l / b b l

l b / b b l

l b / b b l

w t %

w t %

m g / L

m g / L

° F

1 1 . 7

0 . 8

3 3

3 4 . 9

1 6 4 . 0

7 . 0

3

3 2 . 3

8

3

5 3 , 2

1 7

5 9 , 8

5 3

2 9

1 1 . 8

0 . 8

3 0

3 0 . 5

1 7 3 . 7

6 . 1

0

3 3 . 9

9

3

7 3 , 9

4 6

5 2 , 4

2 9

2 9

1 1 . 9

0 . 8

2 8

2 6 . 2

1 8 3 . 3

5 . 1

8

3 5 . 5

8

3

9 4 , 8

3 3

4 4 , 8

7 1

2 9

1 2 . 0

0 . 8

2 5

2 1 . 8

1 9 3 . 0

4 . 2

8

3 7 . 1

4

4

1 5 , 5

8 4

3 7 , 4

6 6

2 9

1 2 . 1

0 . 8

2 2

1 7 . 4

2 0 2 . 6

3 . 4

0

3 8 . 6

7

4

3 6 , 3

3 6

2 9 , 9

3 2

3 0

1 2 . 2

0 . 8

1 9

1 3 . 1

2 1 2 . 3

2 . 5

3

4 0 . 1

8

4

5 7 , 0

8 0

2 2 , 4

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