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Thi~Manual i~issuedby commandof the Army Cot2neilfor the guidanceof all conccrned.

\VAR OFFICE,

3rd August, 1914.

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CONTENTS.

OJIAPTEII I.

OIIJEOT AND GENERAL ORGANIZATION OP TILE Auuu SIGNALSnCVIOE IN WAlL.

SEC. PAGE1. Objectand compositionof the Army Signal Ser-vic S2. 0eneral organization of the Airny SignaP Service iii the

fleld 63. Regimentalintercoint tunicstion 94. Relationshipof the Amity Signal Servicewith tile telegraph

aod telephoneadiniaistrationsin the theatreof operations 10

CIIA1”I’ER II.

bUTtES OP TIlE DnntejTolt on’ AitatY SIGNALS AND hisREPRESENTATIVES.

5 Responsibilitiesof the Director of Army Signals 116. Dnties of the Deputy Director of Army Signals, lilies of

cotnmunieatioti 147. Duties of the officer in chargeof armysigiialswith the head-

quartersof an army, and of olhicerscommandingsignalulots with divisions and brigades 16

CHAPTER III.

EMPLOYMENT 01’ SIGNAL UNITS.

8. General instructions 189. Employment of signal squadronand of signal troopswith

cavalrybrigades 2010. Employiuentof a divisional signalcompany 2211. Employmentof anny’ troopssignalunits 2412. Employment of signalcompalues(linesof communication),.. 2613. Empleyment of regimentalintercommunicationpersonnelin

conjunction with the Army Signal Service 28

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OHAPTEI1 IV.

ORGANIZATION OF SIGNAL TRAFFIC. PAGE

14. Methods of transmissionof correspondencein thefield ... 2915. Organiaationof signaloffices 3016 Instrnctions in regardto signal traffic 14

CIIAPTEII V.

MAINTENANCE OF SIGNAL UNITS IN TIlE FIELD,

17. Supplies 3618. Personnel 3619. Equipment,transportand reinounts 37

OIIAPTEI1 VI.

INSTRUCTIONS FOR FoetEeoN TELEonAMs,

(Will be issuedlater.)

OIIAPTEII VII.

Tus CLEARING HOUSE AND FINANCIAL INSTRUCTIONS.

20. Organization of clearinghouse 3921. Principles ol clearingtelegraphwork 3922. Accountingfor cash 4423. Financial statement 4524. Miscellaneousduties 46

APPENDIX A,

Signs usedfor showing types of instruments, lines of signalcommneication, &‘c 48

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MANUAL OF ARMY SIGNALSERVICE—WAR.

CHAPTER 1.—OBJECT AND GENERAL ORGANIZA-TEON OF THE ARMY SIGNAL SERVICE INWAR.

1. OIIJECT AND COMPOSITION011’ TEll Ai~11WSIGNAL SsltyIdE,

1. The Army Signal Servico suppliesthe organizationbywhich the means of intercommunication,other than thepostal services, providedwith aforce in thefield, or existingin the theatre of operations, can bo used to the bestadvantagefor co-ordinating the movomentsof that forcefor distributing intelligence, and for general militaryadministrative purposes.

2. Tho Army SignalServicoformsoneof the administrativer,ervices of the army, being controlled by the Director ofArmy Signals,who receiveshis instructionsfrom the GeneralStaff. It is composedof signal squadrons,troopsandcomrnpanics,oach unit beingfurnishedwith materialsuitedto itsspecialfunctions.

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2, GIINERA6 ORGANIZATION OP TILE Anisry SIGNAL SERvIcEIN

TilE FInLD.*

1. The serviceis organizedgenerallyon the principle thatconimnaindersshould arrangefor communicationwith, andbetween, their subordinates (Field Service Regulations,Part I. Section 8, 2). Signal units are therefore allottedto the componentparts of a force for employment by thecommandersin providing the intercommunicationrequiredwithin their commands.

Tine usual allotment of signal units and their specialunetionsaro as follows

S ‘J’lte Army Signal Servicesof fortressesand defendedports havecertaimispecialdutiesto fulfil, but are organiZed on thesamogeneralprinciplesas the signalserviceof an army in the field.

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2. The detailsof the organizationof theunits andof theequipment with which they are providedwill be found inWar Establishments(Parts I and II) and in the FieldServicemanualsof the units. Generally,signal units withcavalry employ wireless stations, telegraph and telephonecable,visualsignalling,and despatchriding by motor-cycle,horse and bicycle. A divisional signal company employstelegraphandtelephonecable,visual signalling,anddespatchriding. Army troops signal companiesare composedof aheadquartersandsuch air-line, cable and wireless sectionsas may be allotted, together with motor-cyclist despatchriders. A signal company, lines of communication, isprovided with permanentline material, air-line, telegraphcable, &e., as may be required,and motor-cyclistdespatchriders.

3. Shouldit be necessaryto supplement the personnelatthedisposalof tho Directorof Army Signalsby theprovisionof specialmessengers,or relaysto carrymessagesin the field,theGeneralStall is responsiblethat the requisitenumbersofofficers or men are furnished. In divisions, the divisionalmountedtroopsmay be usedfor this service.

3. REOLMIINTAL INTERc0MItIJNICATION.

1. Intercommunicationwithin cavalry regiments,artillerybrigades,battalions,engineerandother unitsis not providedby the ArmySignalService, but by personneltrainedfor thepurposewithin the unit.

Thereshould,however, alwaysbe the closestco-operationbetween regimental commandersand the Army SignalServicewhomust be prepared to render each other mutualassistanooin establishingintercommunication.

2. The detailsof signalpersonnolandoquipmontprovided(n 11353) A 3

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with units other than signal units will bo found in WarEstablishmontsandthe field servicemanuals of units.

4. R~a~’riowsnipor’ rim Anrrv SIGNAL SERVICE WITh rrncThLEGIIAPJL AND T2I~rI1oNE ADMINISTRATIONS IN TIlETHEATRE OF OPERATIONS.

1. In order to economiso the transportof military tele-graphand other equipment,and in time time and personnelrequiredto erectthe lines, it is important that the employ-ment of the telegraphandtelephonesystemsexisting in thetheatreof operationsshould be studied. In the easeof thelines of connmnunication,thesewill generally form the majorpart o the military signal system.

2. In the UnitedKingdom,the generalprinciple governingthe relationshipof the Army Signal Serviceto tho GeneralPostOffice is that tine latterwill continueiii war to maintainand work the system for which it is rosponsiblein peaceThe Postmaster-Generalis, therefore,responsiblefor meetingmilitary requirementson the GeneralPost Office telegraphand telephonesystems,except where. military exigencieswithin tho immediatefield of operationsnecessitatea partof the systembeingtakenover andworkedandmaintainedby tine Army Signal Sorvico.

3. In a friendly country theArmy Signal Service, thoughdistinct from, and independentof, the civil telegraphandtelephone administrations,will make use of, and work inco-operationwith the latter in so far as tho commander-in.chief may direct.

4. In a hostile country in occupation by a British ex-peditionary force, andin districts whore martial law is inforce,thecivil telegraphandtelephonesystemsarecontrolledby theDirectorof Army Signals.

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CIIAPTER 11.—DUTIES OF THE DJRE~TOR OFARMY SIGNALS AND HIS REPRESENTATIVES.

5. Rxsro rmr~ITnrsOF THE DIREcTOR or Army SIGNALS.1. Tino Director of Army Signals is responsiblefor the

organization and maintenanceof all meansof intercom-munication otiner tinan postal throughoutthe theatreofoperations, including communication with aircraft* (videSection 8 (4t, and is also time adviser of tine commander-in-chief on all technical mattersconnectedwith time signalservice.

2. Subject to theordersissuedby the commander-in-chief,the Directorof Army Signalsis responsiblefor arrangingwiththe naval authoritiesas to time wireless communicationstobe establishedwith tIne Navy, for tine ndnnninistration anddistribution of the units of time Arnny Signal Service, andfor theemploymentof thoseunits netallotted to subordinatecommands.

He has representativesat subordinateheadquartersasfollows :—

llessiquartersof Jimspmeter—flcii oral of Gunmimummucations—A deputydirectorof army signals.

of an anmmy—Amm officer i/c trimly signals.of a cavalrymlivisioe—’l’lme 0.0. signal sqmiadromm.of a division—T me 0.0. divisional signalcemnpammy.ofa cavalm’y or mountedbrigade—The0.0.signaltroop

3. The Director of Army Signals is authorizedto com-municate direct witin his representativeson all matters ofadministration and technical detail connectedwith theArmy Signal Service, and his representativesare similarly

* lIe is not respommsiblefor time prevision of operatorstier for theprevisiommand maintenancoof wirelessequipmentfor aircraft.

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authorized to communicate with one another on suchmatters.

4. In regard to railways administered by the Directorof Railway Transport,time Directorof Army Signalsis respon-sible for providing the personneland equipmentfor theerection and maintenanceof all telegraph, tcleplnone andblock signalling lines required by tine former; also for thesupply of all storesand instruments that are necessaryforthem. He providestine operatorsto work time circuits otinerthan tine operators for the telepimorme and block signallingcircinits.

For theerectionand maintenanceof the lines there is arepresentativeof tine Director of Army Signals at thehead-quarters of the Director of Railway Transport, whoserequirementsin men and material are met by the DeputyDirector of Army Signals, Lines of Communication. (SeeSection 6, 2).

5. The Director of Army Signals usually accompaniesgeneral headquarters. He has an Assistant-DirectorofArmy Signals with hIs headquartersto assisthim in thedetailsof administrationof the service.

6. The senior officer of the army troops signal unitsat general headquartersperforms the executive duties ofofficer in charge of Army Signals at that headquarters.receiving his instructionsfrom theDirector.

Tine latter daily notifies the general stall officer of theoperationssection of tho General Stuff responsiblefor stallduties iii concoction with inter-communication, for theinformation of tho commander-in-chief,as to the arrange-mnontsmade,and as to any signal units held in reservetomeetspecialrequirements.

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Ho informs this stall officer in regardto amny changoin timeallotment of signal units to suborditnatoconiminandors,andasto anyspecialarrangemnentsto bennadoby thosecommnrmnandcrs,which he mayconsidernecessaryto eneinrotime efficiency oftho signalsystemfor operationsconteimaplatcdor iii ~mregrcss.The orders to the connmnammdcrsaro issued by time (iommoralStaff.

7 The administrationof time mserviceincludes lime followingduties

(i) Arrangementswith time General Staff for thecollection of information as to the telegraphand telephonesystemsexisting in time countriesembracedby the theatreof operations.

(ii) The co-operationwith friendly telegraph,telephonemmd cable- admimmistratjomms Ia the theatre ofoperations and on the lines of conunmunicationfor the useof their systenns.

(iii) Under the authority of time commmundcr-irm-chmief,the issue of such technicalinstructionsas tinnybe necessaryfor theadministrationof time ArmySignal Service.

(iv) To ensure that thno personnelof tlmo service isacquaintedwitin the regulationsin regard tocensorshipin so far astheyapply, andthat tbmeseregulationsaro strictly adheredto.

(v) To bring to time noticeof time General Staff thenecessity for protection of any part of theArnny Signal Service system.

(vi) Arrangementswitim tine Inspector-Generalof Com-munications and Adjutant-General’soffice at

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the Base for tine suitable distribution of re-inforcemnentsto signal units in accordancowiththe qualificationsof tine personnel.

(vii) Any specialarrangementswith the administrativeservicesanddepartmentsof time armyconcernedfor time provision of time stores, supplies andtransportrequired by the Army Signal Service.

(viii) Within the theatreof operations,arrangementsforengaging civilian personnel and labour, andpurchaseof materials.

(ix) Tine establishmentof the Signal Clearing Housefor messages, and the necessary financialarrangementsin conaoction therewith. (SeeChap.VI.)

6. DUTIEs or rn~ DEPUTY DIREcToR OF Aan~SIGNALS,LINES OF COMaIUNI0ATI0N.

1. The Deputy Director of Army Signals is tine technicaladviser of the Inspector-Generalof Communicationson allmattersappertainingto theArmySignalService,andunderhisorders,andwithin thelimits of his command,he is responsibleto him for time organizationand efficient working of thewhnolo of the Army SignalServiceon time lines of communica-tion, exceptsuchportion of it asis placedunderthe Directorof Railway Transportfor tho working of tine railways.

2. The Deputy Director of Army Signals is responsibleto the Inspector-Generalof Communicationsfor tine arrange-ments made to meet the requirementsof tine Director ofRailway Transport in personnel, stores and equipment forereotion and maintenanceof the railway telegraph, telephoneand block signalling circuits, and for operating telegraphcircuits.

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Tinerepresentativeof theDirector of Army Signalsattachedto time headquartersof tine Director of Railway Transportnotifies the Deputy Director of Army Signals, Lines ofCommunication, as to time intercommunicationpersonneland equipnmcntnecessaryto provide the intercommunicationservicerequiredby time Director of Railway Transport.

3. Subject to tine orders of the Inspector-Generalof Com-munications, time Deputy Director of Army Signals isresponsible to time Director of Army Signal.s for time tecimnicaladministrationof thnat portion of the Army Signal Serviceplaced under his control. Hiq duties under this head willusually include

(i) The enforcement of the regulations in regard totechnical working amid finance, and, in so faras they apply to signal traffic, tine censorshipregulations.

(ii) Arrangements witim friendly telegraph, telophmonoand cablendministrationson the lines of coon-nnunieationin regardto technicalworking.

(iii) Organizationamid supervisionof such store depotsand repair shops for sigmnal equipmentas nmaynot be under the control of time Am-my OrdnamicoDcprmrtnnemit.

(iv) Early notification to tine Director of Arnny Signalsasto additionalpersonneland special technicalstoresand eqmnipmnentrequired by himself ~rby the Director of Railway Transport

1(v) \VQrlmin~of theSi

5nal Ci~mmrimnghouse,

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7. DUTIES OF TIlE Orrxcrni IN CTmAII0E or Animry SIGNALSwrnn THE HEADQUARTERS OF AN Aiiiuy, AND orOFFICERs COMMANDING SIGNAL UNI’rs wmi DIVISIONSAND BRIGADES.

1. The dutiesof an officer in chargeof army signalswiththe headquartersof an army, or of an officer commandinga signal squadron,signal troop or divisional signal companyare

(i) To act as the technical adviserof time commanderconcernedin mattersappertainingto theArmySignalService,receivinghis instructionsthroughthe GeneralStaff.

(ii) Under time orders, and within the limits of thecommand,responsibilityfor thegeneralorgamliza-lion, maintenanceand efficiency of the SignalService.

(iii) To keepin close touch with tine GeneralStaff as totine arrangementsto be made by him forintercommunication. Where theso arrange-mentsnecessitateorders beingissuedto sub-ordinatecommandersas to tine employmentofthe signal units, or other intercommunicationpersonnel under their command, sucim orderswill be issued through the General Stall.

2. An officer in chargeof army signals,or an offleor eom-mandinga signalsquadron,troop,or company,is responsibleto theDirectorof Army Signalsfor thefollowing :—

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(i) Ii’or enforcing such technical instructions as maybe issued in connection with signal trafficamnd ccmmsorslmipregulations.

(ii) For maintaining in an efficient condition the signalunits or detachmentsdirectly undorhim.

He will keep theDirector of Army Signalsinformedas to the demandsmade by himni on depotsonthe lines of communication for personnel,transportand equipmentto replace casualtiesor losses.

(iii) For the collection of iMormation in regardto tineconditionandresourcesof tine existingtolograpimand telephonesystemsin time areas traversedby the formationto whichho belongs.

3. Theofficer commandingasignalcomnpanywith adivisionforming part of an army will communicatewith the Directorof Army Signals,throughtheofficer in chargeof armysignalswith the army headquarters.

4. The commanderof a signal troop with a cavalry ormountedbrigade, or of a section of a signal companywitharm infantry brigade, acts under the orders of the brigadecommander,and hasdutiesin regardto tine signal serviceof time brigadeanalogousto thoseof an officer commandingthe signal squadronor a signal company with a division.Unlessthe brigadeto which his troopor sectionis allottedisactingindependently,on technicalmatten4inc communicateswith, and takes orders from, the commanderof tho signalsquadronor signal companyof imis division.

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CHAPTER 111.—EMPLOYMENT OF SIGNAL UNITS.

8. GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS.I. Thefunctionsof the units comprisedin theArmy Signal

Servicehavebeenoutlined in ChapterI. It must,however,be understoodthat in anemergencyit may benecessaryforthewholeor part of asignal unit to be witimdrawn for employ.ment elsewhere, in timis event it is the dtnty of the corn-nianderfrom wimoso commandthe unit or detachmenthasbeenwithdrawn to makethe bestarrangementspossibleforintercommunicationwithin his command with the personnelremainingat his disposal.

2. A good system of intercommunicationrequirescarefulco-ordination and economical employment of the severalmeansof intercommunicatiomaavailable,andeffectivearrange-mentsto this endcan be madeonly wherethe signal officerin charge of signal communicationsat a headquartersisgiven the earliest possible information as to projectedoperationsor movements.

While keepingin close touch with the GeneralStaff, anofficer in chargeof signal communicationsat a headquartersmust be preparedat all times to acton his own initiative inorganizing the necessarysignal communications.

The General Staff will keep subordinate commandsinformedasto the arrangementsto bemadefor communica-tion with andbetweenthem. It is thedutyof thesubordinatecommandersto render assistancein giving effect to thearrangements.

Theestablishmentandmaintenanceof intercommunicationin thefield will frequentlyrequireassistancefrom thefightingtroops, and it is the businessof the General Staff, afterconferringwith the Director of Army Signals or his repre-sentative.to arrangefor the necessaryprotection.

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3. It is a principle that someportion of tine meansofcommunicationshould bekept in reserveas long as possibleto meet umnexpectedrequirenments. WTlmen this reserve isusedupstepssimould ho takento collectafreshreserve. Thuswhere cable telegraph or telephone lines are employedsuitableopportunitiesshould ho taken to replacecablelinesby othersfollowing shorter routesandto recovertime old linesfor furtheruse. Winenvisual signalling or dcspatclmriding isemployed,subordinatecommanderswill usually provide thesignallingstationsor despatchriders at their emmd of time line,intermediate(transmitting)stationsor relaypostsbeingfoundas orderedby the superiorcommander;timis also applies tooperatorsfor field telephonolines, if operatorsarenot avail-ablewith the detachmentslaying the lines,

4. Whenevermilitary wireless stations from more thanoneunit areworking in time samearea,tine Director of ArmySignalsor SeniorSignal Officer will issue instructions as tothowavelengtinsandtimesof workingto beused.*

5. The mire of wireless by aircraft will be regulatedby the Director of Army Signalsin consultationwitim theGeneralStaff andthecommander,RoyalFlying Corps.

Subject to such instructions as may be issued by theGeneral Staff, the Director of Army Signals, or his repre-sentativein subordinatecommands,will be responsibleforthe maintenanceof intcrconnrnunicationbetweentine head-quartersconcernedand aircraft landing places,if theCom-mander,RoyalFlying Corps,is unablewith the meansat hisdisposalto makethenecessaryarrangementshimself.

Specialinstructicasare issued for wirelessce~nmunicatiouwithII.M. Navy.

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9. EMPLOY~NT OF’ A SIGNAL SQUADRON AND OF SIGNALTnoors WITh CAVALRY BRIGADES.

1. An important functionof the signal squadronand signaltroops allotted to tine cavalry division and cavalry brigadesis time provision of a systemof intercommunication,by meansof which information collected by reconnoitringtroops maybe transmitted rapidly to cavalry divisional headquartersandthenceto generalheadquarters,and, if necessary,to theheadquartersof otherbodiesof troopswith which the cavalrydivision maybe in touch. At~the sametime administrativerequirementsmustnot beneglected. The responsiblesignalofficer shouldascertainfrom the GeneralStall tinemovementsof ammunitionparks and supply columns,and the locationof rendezvousand refilling points, as may be necessary,inorder to communicatewith them. In action it may benecessaryto provide communicationwith dressingstationsofthe cavalryfield aminbulances.

2. The methods of communicationemployedwill dependupon such factorsas thenatureof time operationsand topo-graphy of the theatre of operations; but dcspatcbridingwill be most generallyemployed,amid, whereothermeansareused,will probablybe requiredin conjunctionwith them, oras an alternativein caseof breakdown

Thefirst carein organizingthesignal serviceof tine cavalrydivision should be, therefore,to establishan efficient systemof intercommunicationby despatchriding.

3. For the successfuluse of wireless telegraphyin thefield a high degreeof technicalorganizationand control inthe working of the wireless stations is required. In theemnploymcntof thestationsprovidedwith thesignalsquadronthese technical requirements must therefore be can’efullyconsidered.

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The maintenamiceof wireless conimnunicationwith generalheadquartersis of the first importance,and tine openingofother wireless communication must generally be sub-ordinatedto it. Two wagonwirelessstationsmayberequiredfor this purpose in order that continuous communicationmay be maintainedwimen on time move, the working stationbeing connectedwith cavalry divisional headquartersbydespatchriders or by the cable telegrapin dctaclmments.

4. TIme permanenttelegraphlines existing in the timeatroof operationsmay frequently be employed in conjunctionwith tine cable telegraph detachmentsfor communicationwith generalheadquartersor With headquartersof troopsco-operatingwith tine cavalry division.

The officer in chargeof the signal service at the distantheadquartersmust, Imowevor, be given clear information bythe officer commandingeigsmalsquadronas to time permanentline it is proposedto employ, and tine inour at which it isdesiredto opencommunication.

5. Visual signalling must at all times be used with dis-crimination by cavalry on accountof the dangerof disclosingtheir positionsto tine enemy. Thoughnot sufficiently rapidto be well adaptedfor intercommunicationbetweenbodiesof cavalry on tine move, in suitable country it will be ofvalue—

(i) When cavalry is at restor employedon operationsinvolving little movement.

(ii) For communication to reconnoitring troops, tinelatter connectingby dcspmntch riders with thevisual signalling station.

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(iii) For communicationacrossobstacles,such as riversnot easyof passage.

10. EMPLOYMENT OT A DIVISIONAL SIGNAL COMPANY.

1. A divisionalsignal companyis organizedprimarily withaview to providing a systemof intercommunicationthrough-out thedivision for battleon the following principles.

No. 1 sectiomi of the companywill usually be employedforthe establishmentof communicationbetweendivisional head-quartersand infantry brigadesand otimer units, or groupsofunits, within the division asmay berequired.

Exceptwinen on themove, cablewill be employedfor themostpart, visual signalling and despatchriders being usedwhen cable communicationcannotbe arranger!or whemmthecablelines breakdown. -

The officer commandinga signal companyshould consultdivisional artillery headquartersas to tine arrangementsforcommunicating with subordinate artillery commanders,inorder that the meansof communication provided by tinesignal companyand thoseavailablewith artillery units maybe combined in time most economicaland efficient manner.

Direct eonmnnunieationmbetween the officer commandingaparticular attack and the artillery supportingthat attackshould generally be arranged. This maybe done by No. 1section,the infantry brigadesection,or the artillery brigadeintercommunicationpersonnel,accordingto circumnstances.

Nos. 2, 3 and 4 sectionsof the companyare pi-innarilyorganized for emnploymentwith infantry brigades in pro-viding suchcommunicationbetweenthe brigadecommanderandunitsundermis commandas maybe necessary,but, if cir-cumatancesrequire, timoy may be employedon otherduties.

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Commandersof adjacentinfantry brigades should, whenpossible,always open up direct communicationwith eachotherby visualsignalling or despatchriders.

2. When a division is on the marchfew opportmnnitieswilloccur for employmentof cable telegraplnor telephonelines,and resort must usually be imad to visual signalling anddespatchriders. In some cases, however, cable telegraphcomnmnmmnmeatiotmmmsay be practicablebetween time main bodyandadvancedor rearguards.

~. When cable communicationwith outpost troops isrequiredat nigint, in orderthat time omploymnentof the cabledetachmentsmmext day may riot bo prejudiced, the lengthof cablelaid out should ho a minimum.

4. For nigimt operations cable communnicatiomi conibinodwith a carefully organ~zcdsystemof bicyclo despatein ridersand foot orderliesmay bo practicable.

5. While special provision for continuous communicationbetweendivisional Imeadquartersand theadministrativeunitsservingthedivision will rarelyberequired,time commanderoftine signal companyis to ensuretimat mmnessagesearn be trans-mitted, with as little delay as possible,botwcemm divisionalheadquartersandtho headquartersof time train amid tine fieldambulancesrespectively.

The commanderof tine signal company should also beinformedasto thelocation of tine rendezvousfor the supplycolumn andammunition park amid of time refilling poimits sothat he may be in a position to communicatewitln thecomnsandorsof thoseunits winen timey mayo left time sphereof commandof timo InspectorGeneralof Comnmunications.

In thecaseof themedicalservice,in theeventof anaction,

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he will inform time AssistantDirector of Medical Servicesofthedispositionsof thesignal service to enablethe latter toinform the commandersof field ambulancesof the nearestsignal stationsto their headquartersthroughwhich theycancomnmunicate. It may also be necessaryto make specialprovision for eonnnmunicationbetween the A.D.M.S. mindfield anmbulances.

11. EMPLOYMENT OF Aaiiv Tnoops SmGI~ALUNITS.

1. The army troops signal units provide the system ofintercommunication between general headquarters, nrmuyheadquartersnod cavalry or other subordinateheadquartersasmay be required. They arealso employedto link up thissystemwith thesignal serviceon the lines of communicationThe communicationsprovided by these units, thereforearetine principalmeansby whicim themovementsof thewholeforce are co-ordinatod, intelligence distributed, and supplyarrangementsmade. For these purposescontinuous tele-graphcommunicationshouldasfar aspossiblebemaintained;and to tlnis end time Director of Army Signals,under instruc-tions from the General Staff, makes the most suitableallotment to generalandnrmy headquartersof theair-linecableand wirelesssignal sectionalsections.

2. No definite instructions can be laid down as to theorganizationof the communicationsprovided by the armytroops signal units in the various phasesof operations—advanceand retirement,attack and defence—asthis mustdependon tine grouplingand relativepositionsof the forma-tions of which the army is composed,the topographyof thetheatreof operations,and theextentto which the telegraphandtelephonesystemsin the theatreof war can be utilized.

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Time following general principles, however, govern theemploymentof tine army troops signalunits.

3. The communicationsbetweengeneralheadquartersandtIme cavalry division and cavalry brigades acting directlyunder generalheadquarterswill be maintainedby wirelessstatiomis, by the existing tolegrapim system of time countryif possiblecombined with cable telegraph lines, or, in con-jmmnctian with thesemeans,by despatcimriders.

4. TIme communicationsbetweengeneral amid army head-quartersand divisions will be principally by cabletelegraph,smnpplexmmentod,wlmen ~uitmiblo,by air-line and any existingpermanentlines. It ‘will, however, not usually be possibleto maintain telegraph communicationwithout a breakbetweenheadquarterswhile they areon the move, and at~uehtimesthemotor-cyclistsprovidedwitim the army troopssignal units can be usefully employed for linking up theheadquarterswith time last report centrewhicim must remainopenuntil thetelegraphsystemhasbeencompletedto thenewheadquarters. Wireless telegraph stations when availablemay also be employedfor tinis purpose.

45. During battle it is generally necessaryto establish areportcentrefor generalandeaclmarmy headquarters. Timesocentresmust be carefully selectedwitim referencoto thearealikely to be covered by the operationsand tho probablemovementsof thegeneralor arunyheadquarters,in theclosevicinity of which they should, when possible, be located.The~ocentresare connectedby cable telegraphlines to theseveralsubordinateheadquarterswith which intercommuni-cationis required, while communicationbetweena centreandtheheadquartersit is servingis arranged,when necessary,

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by nneansof ono or more cablelines accordingto the amountof signal traffic to bedealt with.

6. In retreatit is generally necessaryto pushn cabletele.graph detachmentsrapidly back to organize a fresh cablesystemto nneet the new situation somewayin rear,thecablelines beingreeledupby otherdetachmentsasthetroopsretire.

7. Connectionwith the signal system of the lines of oem-mnnication will usually be made by air-line or by thepermanenttelegraphsystem of time country, the points ofjunction with this system being determinedfrom time totime by theDirectorof Army Signals,underinstructionsfromthe GeneralStall.

S. If required, telephonesfor internal communicationatgeneral and army headquarterswill be provided by theair-line signalsectionswith thoseheadquarters.

0. In the United Kingdom in war, therepairof permanentlines within the areaof military operationsis one of thefunctionsof theair-linesignal sections,assisted,whencircuni-stancespermit, by General Post Office civil constructionparties.

12. EMPLOYMENT OF SIGNAL Cosn’ANIES (LINES OFComnroNIcAvIoN)

1. The signal companies(lines of communication)providethe signal communicationswithnin the limits of commandofthe Inspector-Generalof Communications. These com-municationsincltmde

(a) Main limes of telegraph, consistingof one or nnorethrough lines betweenthe base and generalheadquarters,amid one or more local lines forcommunicationbetweenposts on the lines ofcommunication,including the base, advancedbase,regulatingstation andrailheads.

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(b) Such telephoniccommunications as may be requiredfor defenceor administrativepurposesat postson the lines of communication. Trunk tele-phone lines between posts will be employedwhen available.

(c) Comamunicationwitin supply cohmnnmms wlncn on timemove within tine sphere of command of tineInspector-Generalof Communications.

2. Telegraph and telephone communications for railway

purposesaro under tho control of time Director of RailwayTransport. (See Sections45, 4; and6, 2.)

Thesecommunicationsaro not to be employedfor otherthan railway purposes,except as mnay be orderedby timeInspector-Generalof Communications.

3. The signal companies,as far as possiblemake useofthepermanenttelegraph and telephonesystemsexisting inthe theatreof operations,supplementingtlmemni as may benecessaryby field air-lines or semi-permanentlines.

4. In time United Kimmgdomn tine facilities provided by tineGeneralPost Office tolegrapinand telepimonosystems shouldrenderunnecessarythe employmentof anybut small detach-mentsof signal unitson tim lines of comniunicationof forcesin time fold (vfde Sectioin 4, 2).

5. Where the telegraphand telephonesystemsarc underthe control of a friendly administration,arrangementsforusing timem will be made by tine Director of Army Signals,under the orders of the commander-in-ehnicf. These willinclude “Handing-over offices” for transfer of messagesbetweentime two systemsto be locatedat points of junctionbetweenthe army signalsystem and that under the directcontrolof thefriendly administrationandsoloctionof certainlines to be wholly takenoverfor army use.

28

6. In a hostile country, and in districts wheremartial lawis in force, the Directorof Army Signalsemploys the existingsystemsfor armypurposesasrequired,thetechnicalpersonnelbeing drawn from military sources,

7. In addition to providing the signal system on the linesof communication, the signal companies,also provide thepersonnelrequiredfor suchdep~tsof signal storesandrepairshopsas may beunderthe control of time Director of ArmySignals andfor the clearinghouse.

13. EMPLOYMENT OF REOIMXNTAL INTERCOMMONIcATIONPEEEONN~LIN CONJtJNCrION wrrn run Arusy SIGNAL

SERvIcE.

1. In addition to arranging for intercommunicationwithin their own units, commandingofficers will endeavour,to open communication between themselves and theirsuperiorcommanders,or neighbouringunits, when this hasnet already beenprovidedfor by the Army Signal Service(Field ServiceRegulations,Part I, Section8, paragraph2;also Section3, 1, above).

2. The employmentof the intercommunicationpersonnelof cavalry regiments, artillery brigades and infantrybattalions is controlledby the signalling officer or adjutantof those units, under the orders of their commandingofficers. These officers should, whenever possible, keepareserveof signalersor despatehriders undertheir ordersto meetanyunexpecteddemandfor intercommunication.

3. Artillery brigade signallers are trained to the samestandardof efficiency as signallersof the signal service amidform an integralpart of the divisional artillery ineadquarters

29

and headquartersof artillery brigades. They are requiredto maintain commummicationbetween the divisional artillerycommanderamid the artillery brigadeheadquarters; betweentheartillery brigadeheadqmmartorsmind the headquartersofbatteries and ammummition columns; mind to assist iii themaintenanceof communicationbetweensubordinateartihlorycommandersandthe infantry.

The moansof communication at time disposal of artillerybrigadecommandersaremountedorderlies,artillery brigadetelephonesand visual signalling. Timo tolepimono equipmentwith which each artillery brigade is inrovided is primarilyintendedto link up tino brigadeco;nrnamiderwith his batteriesbimt in favourableeircummistmmmeosandsubjoctto anyassistancewhichit may be possiblefor the divisional signalservice tororider, it may also ho tmsecl to maintain communicationbetweentine artillery bri~adocommanderandthe divisionalartillery commanderan~?betweentimo comnniandorsof theartillery andinfantry carryingout an operationiii coumbina-tion. (See Section10 (1).)

4. The bicycles provided for intercommunication areprimarily intended for the use of the trained intercom-municationpersonnelof aunit.

CHAPTER IV.—ORGANIZATION OF SIGNALTRAFFIC.

14. METII0D5 os’ TRANsiSI55I0N OF ~OImflESPONDENOEIN ThEFIELD.

1. Thefollowing meansfor transmissionof correspondenceareavailablein thefield :—

30

(a) Army Postal Service.

(b) Army Signal Serviceand intercommunicationper-sonnelof units generally.

(c) Special means, such as air-craft, stafi and orderlyofficers.

Of thesethe first will be usedfor transmissionof all corre-spondencenot of an urgent character. Special meanswillbe used only in exceptionalcases.

2. The postal and signal services, though separatelyorganized,must always act in close co-operation,renderingeach othersuchmutual assistanceas maybe possible.

3. The Director of Army Signalsor his representativeatgeneralor otherheadquartersis responsiblefor theexpeditiousdcspatcband delivery of all messages,&c., handedto theArmy SignalServicefor transmission.

15. ORGANIZATION OF SIGNAL OFFIcEs.

1. At general, army, divisional, andbrigadeheadquartersseveral means of transmission are available—namely,telegraph or telephone lines, wireless or visual signallingstations,or despatehriders: If, therefore, messagesaretobe rapidly dealt with, and the severalmeansof communica-tion co-ordinated,the terminalsof the messageroutesmustbe carefully organizedunderthedirect controlof the officem~in chargeof the signal serviceat the headquarters. For thispurposesignal officeswill beestablishedat GeneralandArmyHeadquartersto deal with all messagestransmitted orreceivedby the signalservice.

31

At divisional and brigade ineadquarterstimo registers ofmessageskept by the staff will usually suffice for theneedsof both the stall andtime signalservice,and tine signal officemay thereforeho includedin time staff office.

The personnel required at a headquarterssignal officedependsupon the size of time office. At generalheadquartersit will be necessaryto havean officer constantly on duty atthe office, with one or more registering clerics amid tineirreliefs.

At army,divisional andbrigadeheadquarters,aseniornorm-commissionedofficer (with reliefs, if necessary)can performthe duties under the generalsupervision of time officer inchargeof signal communications.

2. Messagesfor despatchby sigmial aresent to the signaloffice with a note as to the degreeof urgenoy,and, if trans-mission is to be by more than one route,with the necessarynumberof copies. (Staff ManualSection 16.)

The officer in chargeof signals, subjectto tine instructionsof time GeneralStaff,will decidethe methodof transmission.

3. Therapid despatcimof urgent messagesis providedforby the “priority” powersconferredon certainofficers. Alist of such officers will be preparedby the GeneralStaff atgeneral headquartersin consultation with the Adjutant-General’s and Quartermaster-General’sbranches,and pub-lished in standingorders.

4. Priority messagesreceivedfrom different branchesofthe staff, or from offices of servicesor departments,will hodespatchedin the order in winich tiney arereceived,but theChiefof theGeneralStaff will, whenho considersit necessary,order that an urgent operationorderor messageshall takepriority of all others.

32

At times of heavy pressure, tho nmost careful supervisionis necessaryin orderto ensurethatmessagesaresentin theorder of their relative urgency, and this is a duty of timeGeneral Staff.

Sinould there be no General Staff officer present, theDirector of Army Signals or hmi~ representativowill assumrd-responsibility in this matter.

5. Private messagesshould be sent only when the linesare clear of official rumessagos. In consultation with theGeneral Staff, time Director of Army Signals is responsiblefor tho issueof instructionsregardingthe sendingof private

messagesthrough tine signal service. These instructionswill be submittedto the Chief of the GeneralStaff for thoapproval of the Commander-in-Chief.

6. Outgoing messagesare recorded at a headquarterssignal office in a regmster which should contain only suchinformation as is necessaryto trace the disposal of amessage.

Incoming messageswill not be registered, but will bedeliveredfrom tine signaloffice to the addressees.

Messages-received at general and army headquarterswill bedeliveredby theSignalServiceto thostall in triplicate.This doesnot apply to messagesreceivedby despatchrider.

7. At general headquartersmessagesaddressedto theCommander-in-Chief,to General Headquarters,or to timeGeneralStaff, will be deliveredby theSignal Serviceto theCentral Office of the General Staff.

Messagesaddressedto theAdjutant-General’sandQuarter-master-General’sbrancheswill be delivered to the Centraloffices of thosebranches. The procedurewill be similar atarmy andother hcadquarter~.

33

8. Special careis to be observedin safeguardingthe signalservice copiesof messages.

9. Eachof the terminals of signal routescontrolled byasignal office is in time cimargoof time seniornon-commissionedofficer or operatorat the terminal, who is responsible—

(i) For tine despatclm,in their properorder, of messageshandedever to the terminal for transmnission.

(ii) For sending to time imeafiqmmartors signal office allmessagesreceivedat imis terminal for delivery.

(iii) For reporting to time officer or non-commnmnissionedofficer in clmarge of the headquarterssignaloffice any breakdown in communication, orblock in signal traffic, duoto pressureof work,or other cause.

Telegraph,telephoneandwireless terminals sinould,asfaras possible,be grouped to work underaN.C.O. as superin-tendent. When circumstancesadmnit, timo terminalsshouldbe incorporatedwith thee signal office ; close proximitygreatlyfacilitatessupervisiommand rapidity of despatcln

Despatchriderswill usuallywork directly undertime iinstruc.tions of the officer or mmomm-comnnissiomnedofficer in chargeofthe signaloffice.

10. Thework of passingmessagesbetweenthe signalofficeand the terminals controlled by it, as well as tine deliveryof messagesto the addressees,is undertakenby the per-sonnel of time signal service in so far as maybe consistentwith their other duties; but an operatorat a signal officeor station will not, unless in exceptional circumstances,leave it to deliver a message. If assistanceis required inthe work of delivery, the officer in chargeof signals should

34

apply to the GeneralStall or brigade-majoras time casemay be.

11. TIme headquarterssignaloffice, whichshouldbesituatedwhereit can be readily found by despatchriders and otimershaving messagesto deliver, will alone fly the “ Flag, dis-tinguislming, field telegrapim“ (when tlmis flag is used), andmessagessimould, as a rule, be handed in only at this office,When, however, time will be savedby so doing, messagesmay be acceptedat any terminal.

16. INSTRUC’rlONS IN RIIGARD To SIGNAL TRAFFIC.

1. Every officer or norm-commissionedofficer in cimargo ofa signal office or station is responsiblefor reporting to timecommander (or his represomntativo)of time formation to winicimtime signal office or station is attached, aimy breakdownin the communicationsandany seriousdolayin time despatchof messagesdue to blocks in signal traffic, or otimor causes.

2. The officer in chargeof signal communicationsat aheadquarterswill leop a diagranm showing time romntes avail-abiefor intercomnmumiicatiommat time headquarters,keepingtimeresponsible staff officer itnforniod mms to timo worhing of timesignalservice, andreportingwhen new routosareopened.

He will also keep the signal officers at other headquarterssuppliedwith suchinformation in regardto arrangementsforintercommunicationas may be necessaryfor thedisposalofsignal traffic.

The conventional signs to be employed in drawing outcircuit diagramsfor tine Army Signal Servicemire given inAppendixA.

3. Every signal office or station simould be provided witha list of officers entitled to send “priority” psessages.

35

Officers in cimargeof signal communicationsshould bringto time notice of time GeneralStall any abuseof time miutimoritytcmmding to caemsocongestionitt signal traffic.

4. A signal office is not requiredto report time delivery ofmessages. ‘Where sucim infornmation is required, time sendershould ask time addresseeto ackmmowleclgo receipt of timemessage. When, imowever, a signal office or station Imas boomunableto deliverammmessageto anaddressee,it sendsa “ S.C.”messageto time office of origin, reportingnon-delivery. Thelatteroffice will thenat once irmform timu semmclcr.

In orderto avoid congestionof signal traffic the senderofamessagesimould only askfor an acknowledgmentin time caseof important messages,and wimen it is necessaryto knowquickly that a messageimmes beenreceived.

5. All signal messagesarestrictly confidentialandmessagesor their meaningsarenot to be disclosedwitimout autinority.

It is the duty of all ranks of time Army Signal Servico toprevent unauthorized persons loitering witlmin sight orhearingof a signal office or station.

6. Time responsibility for deciding wlmether a nnessagofordespatcinshall be in cipher or in clear restswitlm tIme officerwimo draftsit anti not with tine Sigmnal Service.

7. All messageforms and papers on which anywork of deciphering has been done will 1i~lnnrntimmediately the work is finished.

36

CHAPTER V.—MAINTENANCE OF SIGNAL UNITSIN THE FIELD.*

17. Surrujms.1. The commandersof all detachmentsfrom signal units

will arrangefor suppliesfor their detaclmmentsto be includedin the supply sections of time trains of the units to whichthey may be temporarily attached, whenever difficulty islikely to beexperiencedin delivering suppliesfrom the trainallotted to their signal units.

2. A signal troop with a cavalry brigadeis attachedtothe brigadeheadquartersfor supplypurposes.

Similarly, Nos. 2, 3 or 4 sectionsof a divisional signalcompany will obtain their supplies through the brigadeheadquartersto which they are attached.

3. The wagonsof army troops trains carrying the suppliesof army troops signal units will be distributed to the bestadvantagefor the supply of thedetachmentsof theseunitsallotted to generaland army headquartersrespectively, theofficers in chargeof sigimals at the ineadquartersnotifyingtime supply officers concernedas to any changesits theahlotm~nt.

4. Suppliesof petrol for wirelesssignalstationsandmotorcycles, andoil andwick for signal lamps carriedin 1st-linetransport, are replenished as required through tine supplyservice. Commandersof units and detachmentswill informthe supply officer coincerned,in advance asto their probablerequirements.

18. PJmasoNtnnL.1. When the distribution of reinforcementsfor signal

units is in question,the Anjustant-Goneral’soffice at the

See FieldSeivice Regulatiomms,Part 11.

base will consult tine Doputy Director of Army Signalsas to the units to which the men Bhould be sent, havingregardto their tecimnical qualifications.

2. Casualtiesin signal units, or (if not in toueh with theheadquarters of their unit) detachments, are replaced inaccordance with time procedurelaid down in Field ServiceRegulations,Part II, Section29.

19. EQUIPImmENT, TRANSPOBT AND RxM0TJNTS,

1. The normal routine for replacementof casualtiesanddeficienciesof all kinds will beas laid down in Field ServiceRegulations,Part II.

2. For specialrequirementsof signal units, suchas—(i) Erectionof lines of greaterlemmgtim than tineir normal

equipmentpermits(ii) Replacementof the equipmentin lines laid down

by them whiein havehad to be left down foruseby otherunits;

(iii) Repair at existing permanentlines to an oxtommtbeyond the capability of their normal equip-ment;

the Deputy Director of Army Signals, under instructionsIromnstheInspector-Generalof Comnnmunicatiomms,will organizeatconvenientpointsexpensedepotsof suoh tecinnicalequipmentandstoresasarelikely to be required,aswell as repairshopsfor the overhaulof line stores,andfor the repairandtestingof instrumentsrecoveredfrom lines no longer required.

Demandsto moot normal routine requirementsin equip-ment andstoresof field signal unitswill ho made upon tineordnancedepotstimrougln timo usualchannels,andwill only inexceptional circumstancesbe supplied from time oxpensedepotsof tho Deputy Directorof Army Signals.

38

CHAPTER VL—INSTRUOTIONS FOR FOREIGNTELEGRAMS.

(Will be issuedlater.)

30

CHAPTER V1I.—TJIE CLEARING HOUSE ANDFINANCIAL INSTRUCTIONS.

20.—ORGANIZATION 01’ CLEARING HousE.1. The objects for whicin the clearing Imouse is ostab-

hisisçnd are(i) To control time financialworking of time signalservice.

(ii) To collect, check,andguardoffice copiesof messagesfor referenceandfor statistics.

2. The officerin cimarge of’ time - clearing houseis termedtho suporintondent. He is appointedby, tend is directlyresponsibleto the Director of Army Signals. The clearinghouseis locatedat the administrativeheadquartersof timesignal servico.-~An assistantsuperimmtendemmt,mvimo should beawarrantofficer, or N.C.O. not below therank of serjeant,and throo or more clerks are required. Timeso N.O.Os. mmdmen shmouldbe telegraphoperators.

3. A suitable building is roqmnired, provided with a safeamid presses,witim spacefor severallargetables. The pressesand therooms should be underlock andkey.

4. To thesuperintendent,clearingimomnso, are sent daily,weekly, or monthly, asordered,all office copiesof messages,andsignal masters’ casin accounts. It is time duty of timesuperintendentto compilefrom thesea eommsolidatedaccountof signal services.

2L—PiuNcIrucsor CLEARING TELEa ItAm’n Wong.1. Thegeneralprinciplesof “clearing” tolegrapinmessage

work areasfollows :—

40

Although any one telegraphadministrationmay. have aspecial thrill for its internal traffic, yet time tariffs fortelegramspassingbetweenany two contiguousadministra-tions,or from any oneadministrationto any otherexternaladministration,aregovernedby InternationalOonventioxn.

2. Thesetarifis are of two kinds.(a) Ratescimargedby the original and final admini~tra-

tions,termedTerminal rates.(b) Rates charged by intermediate administrations,

termedTransit rates.

Theseratesare fixed per word pure and simple. Thefranc is the monetaryunit emmmployed in the preparationof international accounts.

3. If atelegramoriginatingin oneadministrationis passedto another, time former retains.its own terminal rate, andcreditstinewhole remainingtariff to time otiner. If amessageis receivedby one administrationfrom armotiner, the formerdebits the latter with time former’s terminal (or transit)rate. Certaincaseswhen messagesarc “chargedforward”are exceptions.

4. The exchange of accounts between contiguousadmnirmistratiosms takes place monthly, tend within the 3months subsequentto the mommth to whichthe accountsrelate. Revisioms of such accountsis only admissiblewithin6 monthsfrom dateof rendering. Errors not exceeding1per cent. arenot questioned.

5. Theinformationrequiredfor thepreparationof thesoaccountscanmostlybeascertainedfromtime forwardedforms;undercertainconditions, however, time receivedand trans-mitted formsmust also bereferredto.

6. Message forms are received from signal masters,

41

docketedand made up into daily packets. On arrival theyshould be cimecked againsttlmo dockets to acethat noneismissing. The messageswill be abstractedat time clearingmouse, exceptin the case of particmnlaroffices tinat maybeorderedby the Directorof Army Signals to renderabstracts.

The thrills duo on time messagesmust also be checkedagainsttime signal masters’casim accounts.

The tetmel number of messagesamid of words should hocarriedto a summarizingsheet,with a view to obtainingstatistics of tine amountof traffic dealt witim,

7. It is generally quite impossible to assemble all tinecopiesof ameissage;it will besufficientthereforeto sort outthetransmmttodmind received copies into bundlesaccordingto their offices of origin, ovemmtuahly attaching thosebundlesto the bundlesof forwardedmessagesfor tlmat offico. Acertain number of offices, however, should have theirmessagesassembledandcheckedas aprecautionagainstthefraudulentsuppressionof the forwarded forms. When anoffice takesover messagesfrom a contiguousadnmimsistrationon “ transmitted“ forms, tlneso forms must ho treated as“forwarded “ forms, as describedin para. 8 bolow.

8. Tine forwardedforms from each office for mommtimlypemiodsshould be sortedinto classesas follows :—

(1) Privateamid pressmessages,paid.*(2) Private andpressmessages,supportedby warrants

on Londonbanks.(3) Privateand pressmessages,supportedby warrants

en local banks.

Soncitimnesin semi—civil portions of the ailmni iii stealion the imse ofstampsmay becomnonecessiry. This, howovir, mmuay Ims m’egam’dcml ins aspecialcase,andspeciallocal megimlatiomiswill be reqimimedto mn~etit.

42

(4) Frankedmessageson accountof thearmy.(4A) Frankedmessageson accountof the government

of time country.

(4n) Frankedmessageson accoumntof anyother govermn-mont.

(5) Service messages(“ D.S.” and “ S.C.”).Other classes ninny be required (sucin as messagesat

specialrates,“indulgence“ telegrams).9. TIme forwarded messagesof each office are tinen

abstractedundereachof theabove-mentionedclasses.A.F.B.118 is suitablefor this purpose,unlessthereis meretinan oneother administrationcontiguousto thearmysignal adminis-tration, in which caseformsmust bespeciallyobtainedwitha largernumberof moneycolumns. ThecolumnsonA.F.B.118 mere labelled“Army Signals,”“P.0.,” and“Total.” Inthe first column will beenteredthe proportionof the chargedue to the army signal administration; the whole of theremainderof the charge,including anychargescollectedforapaidreply,wiil beenteredin tine columnmarked“P.O.” Ifthere is more than one contiguous administration this“remaining charge” mnimat be entered in the column oftime specialform wlmieh is setapartfor the administrationto which the messagowill be handedover.

10. Receivedforms on which charges for porterago orredirectionfees have been collected should be speciallyenteredon the forwardedabstractsheetof time appropriateclass,anote beingmadeagainstthe numberof the messagein the receivedabstract, or a slip placedin the bundleifa received abstract is not rendered.

11. If theconditionsare fairly simple it will often bepossible to arrangefor this abstractinginto classesto be

43

doneby thesignal masters,in whichcasetheabstractsheetswill only requirecheckingat the clearingmouse.

12. Incoming transmitted forms at offices taken overfrom contiguous administrationsmust also be abstractedin a similar way. We shall then mayo furtimer classes

(0) Messageshandedoverfrom AdministrationX.(GA) Messageshandedover fronm AdmninistratiommY, etc.

13. When all the abstractsheetsof all time offices havebeen chockedfor a monthly period, the totals from all theoffices are collected into a generalabstractsimcet for eachclass. Thosearo againcollectedinl~otwo sunmmnaries

(1) Mossagosoriginating in the arnmny signal adminis-tration.

(2) Messagestakenover from other administrations.14. Fromthesewihi be ascertained:—

(a) Cashdueto the public.(b) Credits recoverablefrom other administrations.(c) Debits dueto otheradministrations.

The superintendent,clearing house,will preparevoucinersas necessaryto enablethe paymasterto bring to accountthe sums receivedby signal mastersand to effect recoveryof amounts duo from outside administrations or othersources.

15. Certaincomplicationsarise,sucim as reply paidchargeson incoming messagesfrom other admninistratioims, whichmay or may not be claimed by them oventually, anderrors and refunds of various sorts. It will timereforegenerally be convenient to keeprecords of liabilities andpaymentsfor eachadministration.

44

16. Paymentof claims from other admninistrationswillbe made by the Paymasteri/c Command Serviccs, encortificato from theDirector of Army Sigmmalsor his repre-sentativeas to theircorrectness.

17. The signal accountwill ho examined montimly bythe Paymasteri/c Command Services. Signal masters’cash accounts, whim time supporting voucimers, will ho for-warded,as soonas time superintendent.,clearing lmousc, hasdone with them, to time Paymaster i/c Pay Office ClearingHouse,who will securethat creditshave beendimly broughtto accountby iniprestmolders.

22.—A000u’xTINa rome CAsII.1. Cash may be receivedby the signal service in the

following ways(1) Cashpaidto signalmastersfor chargeson telegrams

handedin at theiroffices.(2) Cashpaidto Director of Army Signals or his repre-

sentative for hire of telepinone circuits, or othersimilar service.

(3) Cash issuedby paymasteron imprest.2. Signal masters will keep cash accounts (or stamp

accounts)in which will be recordedall moneyreceivedforthe despatehmof messages,&c., and the mannerof it~dis-~iosa1(seepara.4 below).

3. Inaprestaccountswill be openedby the superintendent.,clearing house,andsuchofficersof the signalserviceas maybe necessaryfor the paymentof troops, &e. They will beforwardedmonthly to time Adjutant-General’soffice at thebase for transmissionto time paymaster.

4. Moneyreceived by signal masterswill behandedoverto

45

anofficer of tineArmySignalSorvice,wino is animprestImolder,or to afield paymaster;or, if neither course is practicable,to anyofficer wino is an imprest molder. The receiptof timerecipientwill be a sufficientvouchnerfor tine signal master’saccount.

5. Money imandecieverby signalmastersto officersmaybeutilised by them in tine same way as sums received oniniprast. Any cashsurplus to reqmnireuments,or in tine formof ohmcques,orders,&e., should be handedover to field pay-mastersas convenient.

6. Pay of soldiersmaybe isiucd by amy officer wbmo is animprost molder. All paymentswill bo enteredand attestedin theman’s pay book (A.B. 64), andhis receipt obtainedonan acquittancoroll (A.F. N. 1513). Time aequittance rollshould ho forwardedon time day of paymentto theAdjmmtant.General at the base,a carbon copy (with a reproductionof tine man’sreceipt)beingretainedfor reference.

7. Wagesof civilians, &c., will, as a nile, be paidby fieldpaymastersor imprestholders only on the authority of thePaymasteri/c CommandServices. In specialcircumstances,however, they may be issued by iml)rost holders on theauthorityof an officer of thesignalservice.

23.—FINANCIAL STATEMENT.

1. A financialstatementwill be preparedby time Directorof Army Signals at the close of the campaign,which willvary with circumstances,but maycontain:—

(a) Cashstatement.(b) Financialstatement.

2. The cashstatementshould show clearly that all cashreceivedhasbeenproperly accountedfor.

46

It may containon the oneside(a) Cashreceiptson accounteftelegraphsandtelephones.

And on theether(d) Vouchersfor casim handedover to paydepartment.(a) Vouchersfor cashpaiden accountof payof soldiers.(f) Vouchers for cash paid on accountof civilians,

purchaseof stores,etc.,throughtime imprest.3. Time financialstatementmaycontainon the one side

(a) Cashtaken.(b) Paymentsfrom other administrations.(a) Value of unpaid work for other governments,at

ratesagreedupon.(d) Valueof storessurplusto equipment.

And on the other(e) Paymentsto other administrations.(f) Pay of officers andsoldiers.(g) Payments for civilians, andstores(imprest).(Ii) Cost of railwaycarriage.(1) Value of ordnancestoresexpended.

Thepaymaster’saccountsmaybeof assistancein compiling

tlnis statement.

24.—MIScELLANEouSDUTIES.

1. All messages,diaries, and accountswill be guardedat tine clearing mouse until the close of thecampaign,asthey may be requiredfor reference,or for historical pur-poses-

2. Statistics will be prepared as regards lines and officesworking, and the amount of work done by each. Diagrams

47

of communicationswill also be madeat varioustimes asarecord.

3. As far as possiblea cheekwill be kept on tine distri-bution of individuals of tine personnel, to facilitate tinepreparationof medalrolls if required.

4. It will be the dmnty of the superintendent,clearingmouse, to make the necessarydistribmntion by meansofDirector of Army Signals’ circularsof information requiredby the signalservice,suchas

(a) Tariffs androutes.(b) Officersentitledto frank “ Priority “ messages.(a) Persons other thman offipers entitled to frank

“free” messages,and the serviceto whnicln theyareto be charged.

(d) Censoringregulations.(a) Abbreviatedaddresses,andother similar regulations.

If the campaignis of long durationit will be advisabletoissuoat intervalsprinted copiesof previouscirculars.

5. The superintendent,clearing mouse,will be responsi-ble for notifying to otimer administratiommstime namesof tInemoroimportant telegraphofficesopenedandclosed.

48 APPENDIX A.

Signs used for showing Types of Instruments,Linee of Signal Communication, &c.

INST hUM GETS,

—

lmuplex.

Similcx.

Viirector.

Telephone. I.— — -

‘Wireless wagonslat cii (large). AWirelesspackstatmon (small).

Wirelessstationerecterismirl working. ,~ 1~lVisualsignallingstation.

LINES OF SIGNAL COMMUNICATION.Permanentline. ~ —

Air-line. ~erible(I).i.).

Calls(Dl. or D.3.). I

Wireless. A-~-A °~- ~—-—~~-~ 11Visual. ~

DespatcisIlkIer. ~ fla wA. cableonce whenworking is ussniesImsiern, thus :—1’SJA. lineman is shownby his number and his detaclsinerit, thus n—SJ/8.Theunrulier ci miles ci cableavailablewith a detaehimuemmtis ,jmowim jim

acircle, thus

do (in etunipIe: e.

S3/SQSJxSJ

wouhi ~liow that of SJdelaclinnent(seeInstruct Ion In ArmyTsiegraplivarid Telephony. Vol. II, Chap. I, para. 17.4.), all three offices werepresent,, tire wagon care was working, anon S nuiles of cable wereavailable alsoNo. 8 of thedetachmentwas the Ihseniauin chsrge.