ZETASIZER HARDWARE
Zetasizer 1000/2000/3000
Manual Number MAN 0151Issue 3.0
November 2001
© Malvern Instruments Ltd 2001.Grovewood Road, Enigma Business Park,
Malvern, Worcs. WR14 1XZ. United KingdomTelephone: +44 (0) 1684 892456 Fax: +44 (0) 1684 892789
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 1 Zetasizer 1000/2000/3000
CHAPTER 1 Introduction
1.1 Welcome 1-11.2 Systems covered by this manual 1-11.3 Assumed information 1-11.4 Where to find information 1-11.5 Other reading 1-2
CHAPTER 2 Health & Safety
2.1 Introduction 2-12.2 Access to the instrument 2-12.3 Site requirements 2-22.4 Laser safety precautions 2-22.4.1 Zetasizer laser safety 2-22.5 Electrical Safety Warnings 2-32.6 Sample Handling Warnings 2-32.7 Moving the instrument 2-42.8 Disposing of the Instrument 2-5
CHAPTER 3 Unpacking & Installation
3.1 Introduction 3-13.2 Environmental Conditions 3-13.3 Unpacking the Zetasizer optics unit 3-23.4 Check list of items delivered 3-23.5 Connecting the Zetasizer 3-33.6 Fitting the cells 3-43.6.1 Fitting the electrophoresis capillary cell 3-43.6.2 Fitting the size cell 3-63.6.3 Fitting the size flow cell 3-73.6.4 Fitting the non aqueous dip cell 3-93.6.5 Fitting the aqueous dip cell 3-103.7 Fitting the pH probe 3-113.7.1 Assembly 3-12
CHAPTER 4 System checkout
4.1 Powering up the system 4-14.2 Checking out the size option 4-14.2.1 Starting a size measurement 4-24.3 Checking out the zeta potential option 4-24.3.1 Injecting a sample into the capillary cell 4-24.3.2 Starting a Zeta potential measurement 4-4
CHAPTER 5 Identification of features of the Instrument
5.1 Introduction 5-15.2 A typical system 5-15.3 The optical unit 5-25.3.1 Front panel 5-25.3.2 Sample area 5-3
Table of contents MAN 0151
Page 1
5.3.3 Rear panel 5-4
CHAPTER 6 Maintenance procedures
6.1 Introduction 6-16.2 Replacing the Cell “O” rings 6-16.3 Cleaning the cells 6-16.3.1 Aqueous Dip Cell Cleaning Procedure 6-26.3.1.1 Further cleaning procedure 6-36.4 Checking the electrodes of the aqueous dip cell 6-36.5 Replacing fuses 6-46.6 Cleaning the covers 6-46.7 Maintenance instructions for liquid-filled pH probes 6-56.7.1 Preparation before first use 6-56.7.2 Calibration 6-56.7.2.1 For a Zetasizer with an MPT1 Titrator 6-56.7.2.2 Zetasizer without an MPT1 Titrator 6-66.7.3 Storage 6-66.7.4 Maintenance 6-66.7.5 Common Problems 6-66.8 Replacing the fan filters 6-7
CHAPTER A Technical specification
A.1 General A-1
CHAPTER B Chemical compatibility
B.1 Chemical compatibility B-1
CHAPTER C Statement of EMC performance
C.1 EMC performance C-1C.2 Statement of LVD compliance C-1
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CHAPTER 1
Introduction
1.1 Welcome
Welcome to the Malvern Zetasizer hardware manual. This manual is designed to enable theuser to set up the system and do initial operational checks. In addition, routine maintenanceprocedures are described and all the physical features of the instrument are identified andexplained.
Warning. This instrument or the samples to be measured may behazardous if misused. You must read the Health and Safety chapter
of this manual before operating the system.
1.2 Systems covered by this manual
This manual covers the following systems:
Instrument Reference NumberZetasizer 1000HS DTS5101
Zetasizer 2000/2000HS DTS5201
Zetasizer 3000HS DTS5301
1.3 Assumed information
For clarity this manual will assume that you are installing and using a Zetasizer 3000. If thereare any operational procedures that differ for any of the other instruments in the range thenalternative information will be given.
This manual will refer to the above instruments as either the “Zetasizer” or the “Instrument”.
1.4 Where to find information
The following is a list of the contents and objectives of the chapters within this manual.
Chapter 2 - Health and safetyThis chapter gives essential information that should be read to ensure the safe operation ofthe instrument.
Chapter 3 - Unpacking & InstallationThis chapter details the method of unpacking and installation. It should be noted thatcommissioning of the instrument MUST be done by Malvern personnel. Damage could becaused to the instrument if initial commissioning is undertaken by the user. The chapter isaimed at guiding the user through the installation in the event that the instruments location isto change.
Chapter 4 - System checkoutOnce commissioned, this chapter is useful for the user to ensure that the instrument isfunctioning at it’s optimum performance.
Chapter 5 - Identification of features of the optical unitThis chapter will assist the user in coming familiar with the features of the hardware.
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Chapter 6 - Maintenance procedureThe instrument will function at it’s optimum performance when maintained on a regular basis.
This section outlines the maintenance procedures that the operator and supervisor of theinstrument are expected to do.
1.5 Other reading
More details on the operation of the instrument can be found in the following manuals:
Title Reference numberMaking size measurements MAN0149
Making zeta potential measurements MAN0150
Software reference manual MAN0160
Theory of size and zeta potential measurements using the Zetasizer MAN0152
Zetasizer Basic manual MAN0179
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CHAPTER 2
Health & Safety
Health and safety MAN 0151
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2.1 Introduction
These safety guide-lines apply to Zetasizer 1000/2000/3000 systems. The guide-lines arepart statutory and part advisory. They should not be used as a replacement for commonsense by the operator.
Information within this chapter is given on:
Access to the instrument.Site requirements.Laser safety.Electrical safety.Sample handling.Moving the instrument.Disposing of the instrument.
This instrument contains no user serviceable parts except the cell and plumbing accessible inthe cell compartment under the hinged cover. Repairs should be left to a qualified Malvernrepresentative. The optical components are precisely positioned during manufacture, underno circumstances should these settings be changed. A chapter later in this manual onmaintenance describes all the operations that are required for correct routine operation.
Warning: If this equipment is used in a manner not specified withinthis manual, the protection provided by the equipment may be
impaired.
2.2 Access to the instrument
Within this manual reference is made to the various people that will have access to theinstrument. Below is a list of these people and their responsibility:
Malvern personnelMalvern personnel (service engineers, representatives etc.) have full access to the instrument and are authorised to perform all service procedures that may be required.
SupervisorThe supervisor is the person responsible for the management/safety of the instrument and ofits operation. The supervisor is responsible for the training of the operators. The supervisorcan perform all user maintenance routines identified at the end of this manual, includingchanging the fuses.
OperatorAn operator is a person trained in the use of the instrument. The operator can perform all user maintenance routines identified at the end of this manual, except changing the fuses.
Warning: Only Malvern representatives should remove the covers orexpose the laser beam in any way.
Warning: Failure to follow these guidelines could result in theemission of laser radiation. Laser radiation can be harmful to the
body and can cause permanent eye damage.
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2.3 Site requirements
The Zetasizer has some specific site requirements that must be met to ensure the safeoperation of the instrument. Information on the site requirements can be found in the nextchapter.
Warning. If the instrument is used in an environment not conformingto the site requirements, safety and/or performance may be
compromised.
2.4 Laser safety precautions
Warning - Laser radiation can be harmful to the body and can causepermanent eye damage. Read this section of the manual carefully
before operating the equipment.
Warning - Performance of procedures other than those specifiedherein may result in hazardous laser radiation exposure.
2.4.1 Zetasizer laser safety
The notes below are specific to the Zetasizer 1000/2000/3000 series. They are related to therequirements of the C.D.R.H. safety standards in the U.S. and to B.S.EN60825 in the UK andother EC countries.
The Zetasizer optics unit has an automatic cut-out fitted under the lid. When the lid is raisedthe laser beam is interrupted by a shutter and the power to the Zeta cell is stopped. There isno provision for the user to override the shutter and during routine use and maintenance theuser has no access to the laser radiation.
During normal use and routine maintenance the Zetasizer is a class 1 laser product. Higherlevels of hazard should only arise during service operations, such operations should only becarried out by representatives of Malvern Instruments Ltd.
The laser used within the Zetasizer is a nominal 5mW Helium Neon continuous power modelhaving a wavelength output of the laser of 633 nm. It is rated for safety purposes as 10mWmaximum continuous power output and is marked by the supplier as complying with C.D.R.H. Class IIIb.
The positions of the laser safety warning labels are shown below.
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CDRH Laser warning labels
EC Laser warning labels
2.5 Electrical Safety Warnings
The Zetasizer is mains powered and its input power cables should be treated accordingly.
The metal parts of the instrument are earthed via a protective earth connection. Never run the equipment without a protective earth connection.
Do not obscure any electrical sockets - ensure that all electrical plugs can be disconnected inan emergency.
Route electrical cables away from areas where liquids may be spilt.
Be careful when measuring samples to avoid liquid or powder spillages over the equipment.Conducting materials or liquids can break down the insulation and cause hazardousconditions within the instrument. Should such spillages occur, disconnect the power andscrupulously clean up.
2.6 Sample Handling Warnings
Always handle all substances in accordance with the COSHH regulations (UK) or any localregulations concerning sample handling safety. The Material Safety Data Sheets (MSDS)must be obtained for all substances used in the system and safety precautions and controlmeasures used accordingly.
Use the instrument in a well ventilated room if noxious samples or dispersants are to beanalysed.
Health and safety MAN 0151
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Malvern Instruments LimitedSpring Lane South, Malvern,Worcestershire WR14 1AT. U.K.
MANUFACTURED:MODEL:
Month YearSerial No.
CAUTION
Laser Radiationwhen open
CLASS 1LASER PRODUCT
Malvern Instruments LimitedSpring Lane South, Malvern,Worcestershire WR14 1AT. U.K.
Complies with 21CFR 1040.10 and 1040.11
MANUFACTURED:MODEL:
Month YearSerial No.
AVOID DIRECTEYE EXPOSURE
DANGERLASER RADIATION
WHEN OPEN
Wear a protective respiratory mask if noxious samples or dispersants are being handled,particularly in their dry state during sample preparation.
Do not smoke during measurement procedures, particularly where inflammable or toxicsamples or dispersants are used or stored.
Do not eat during measurement procedures, particularly where poisonous samples ordispersants are used or stored.
Wear protective gloves when handling hazardous materials, or those that cause skininfections or irritations.
Take care when handling glass. Hazardous materials may enter a wound caused by brokenglass.
Always test a sample for chemical compatibility before using in the instrument. An appendix at the end of the manual lists all materials in contact with the sample.
After measuring a hazardous sample scrupulously clean the instrument to remove anycontaminants before making another measurement.
Always label samples for analysis using industry standard labeling, particularly if they arehandled by a number of staff or stored for long periods. Clearly mark any operator hazard and associated safety precautions that are required for the handling of dangerous materials.
Note: It is important to keep a record of all hazardous substancesused in the instrument for the protection of Service and Maintenance
personnel.
Always adopt responsible procedures for the disposal of waste samples. Many chemicals areforbidden by law to be disposed of in such a manner as to allow their entry into the watersystem. The user is advised to seek local advice as to the means available for disposal ofchemical wastes in the area of use. Recommendations can be found in the Materials SafetyData Sheets.
The surfaces of the instrument may be permanently damaged if samples are spilt onto them.If spillage’s should occur then the instrument should be disconnected from the power supplybefore scrupulously cleaning up the spillage.
2.7 Moving the instrument
If it is necessary to move the instrument the following guidelines should be followed:
l Always disconnect the computer, accessories and power supply before attempting to movethe instrument.
l It is recommended that at least two people are used to carry the instrument. Always adoptproper lifting techniques to avoid back injury.
If the instrument is to be moved large distances then it is recommended that it is repackagedin its original packaging. This also applies to all accessories. Repackaging is the reverse ofthe unpacking procedure described in chapter 3.
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Note: If the instrument is to be returned for whatever reason, healthand safety information should be enclosed for all samples measured
on the instrument. Further information regarding the appropriateinformation can be obtained from your local Malvern representative.
2.8 Disposing of the Instrument
When the need eventually arises to dispose of the instrument, it should be done in aresponsible manner. The following are guidelines that should be followed:
l Before disposal of the instrument, it should be disabled in such a manner as to make itimpossible for it to be powered up. Seek advice from your local Malvern representative fordetails.
l The instrument should be decontaminated if hazardous materials have been used in it.
l Refer to any local regulations on disposal of equipment.
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CHAPTER 3
Unpacking & Installation
3.1 Introduction
The instrument is only to be installed by Malvern Instruments personnel or its representative.However, the following information is aimed at giving some guidance in unpacking theinstrument, selecting the appropriate site and connecting the instrument. This should provevaluable if the instrument has to be moved once it has initially been commissioned by aMalvern representative.
3.2 Environmental Conditions
The selection and preparation of a suitable site prior to unpacking will help to ensure troublefree operation and will be reflected in the quality of the results. The equipment is designedand intended for use within a normal laboratory environment with the following conditionsrecommended;
l Humidity <40%.
l Temperature, between 10 and 35 degrees Celsius.
l Power requirements, 110/240V AC; 50/60 Hz; 750VA.
l The Zetasizer needs to be mounted on a horizontal, vibration-free workbench for optimumoperation.
l The workbench must be able to support a minimum of 30kg for the optical unit in addition tothe weight of the computer and accessories.
l The workbench should be clear of sheets of paper or other objects which could block the flow of air to the two fans underneath the instrument.
l Power sockets should not be obscured so that they can be disconnected in an emergency.
l Route all electrical cables away from areas where liquids can be spilt.
l Power sockets will be required for; the Zetasizer, computer, printer and other accessories.
l The room must be well ventilated if noxious samples or dispersants are used.
l Do not place the Instrument in direct sunlight or other strong light source.
l Space requirements are illustrated in the diagram below:
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150mm
200mm
500mm
3.3 Unpacking the Zetasizer optics unit
The method of unpacking should be apparent. The outer ties should be removed from thecardboard container and the lid removed. The instrument and accessories are housed in apurpose built transit package. The cardboard sleeve should be removed followed by the topfoam insert. The accessory case and documentation can be set to one side before the mainoptical unit is removed and positioned where it is to be used.
Warning: The optical unit weights approximately 28kg. Assistance inlifting and positioning the instrument is strongly recommended.
Caution: The optical unit contains transit securing parts. These parts MUST be removed by a Malvern representative prior to powering upthe unit. Damage will be caused if the transit securing parts are not
removed.
The packaging should be kept in the event that the instrument needs to be transported to adifferent location. Care should be taken when relocating the instrument as the transit securing parts will not be fitted. Relocation by commercial operators or international haulage is notrecommended.
Your Zetasizer unit has been carefully packed to avoid damage in transit, however, shouldany damage have occurred you should contact your local Malvern representative immediately to inform them of any damage or shortages.
3.4 Check list of items delivered
On completion of unpacking and prior to connecting up, a complete check of all itemsdelivered against the packing list should be made. Notify Malvern of any discrepancies, inwriting, immediately. All items are listed below.
Main components. Optical unit.
Installation kit (supplied with Zetasizer 1000, 2000 and 3000 series). Comprising of: RS232 communications cable. Mains power cable. PCS software CD-ROM. Set of manuals. Performance verification certificate.
Consumable kit (supplied with Zetasizer 1000, 2000 and 3000 series). Comprising of:All instruments. Pack of 5 disposable fan filters (see maintenance chapter). Disposable dropper (5 off).
Zetasizer 1000 and 3000 series only. Bottle of latex standard. Cell and stopper kit.
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Zetasizer 2000 and 3000 series only. pH electrode. Pipe cleaners. 10ml syringe (2 off). Exhaust tube assembly. Pack of 10 Zeta potential transfer syringes. Pack of lens tissues (2 off).
Accessory Kit (included in the Consumable kit).Comprising of:All instruments. Two 800mA auxiliary fuses. (see maintenance chapter for details). Two 3A system fuses. (see maintenance chapter for details).
Zetasizer 1000 and 3000 series only. 10mm square quartz sizing cell plus cap. Size Cell cover.
Zetasizer 2000 and 3000 series only. M3 Quartz capillary cell. Pair of Palladium electrodes.
3.5 Connecting the Zetasizer
After checking that all the parts of the Zetasizer have been correctly delivered, the differentunits can be connected together. Again, a Malvern representative will commission theinstrument. However, if the system is to be relocated it is recommended that a note is madeof the interconnections of the system. The figures below show a schematic view of aZetasizer, with all the connecting cables fitted. Consult the manual provided with your PC fordetails on connecting the computer.
Connecting the Zetasizer
The serial cable is a round cable with a 9 pin “D” type connector at each end. It is connectedbetween the socket on the back of the optics unit marked COM1 and the serial socket at theback of the computer which is marked either “RS232” or “I0I0”, or “Serial” or “COM1”.
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COMM
3.6 Fitting the cells
The Zetasizer has several size and electrophoresis cells that can be used, dependent on thesystem you have purchased. The following section will outline the procedure for fitting each of these cells.
The cells are:-
The electrophoresis capillary cell.
The size cell.
The size flow cell.
The non aqueous dip zeta cell.
The aqueous dip zeta cell.
3.6.1 Fitting the electrophoresis capillary cell
The fitting and verifying the operation of the electrophoresis cell will be part of thecommissioning process. However, given below is a guide to fitting the cell.
Electrophoresis cell
Ensure that all system connections are correctly made before fitting the cell to the cell table.The electrophoresis cell  is shipped in the accessory case along with the electrode blocks.The electrode blocks should be inserted into the cell table with the ‘O’ rings 2 against the
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quartz capillary cell and the white PTFE washers 3 facing the plumbing pipes. The sequenceof insertion is as follows:
Put in the electrode block À that is furthest away from the operator of the instrument. Use theelectrode block with the yellow connection marker.
Fully tighten up the plumbing connection Á nearest the block À then back off a few turns until the block is about 1mm from the plumbing mount when the block is pushed against theplumbing.
Insert the quartz capillary cell  with side with “TOP” engraved on it facing up.
Unscrew the second plumbing connection à nearest to the front of the instrument until theplumbing pipe end does not sit proud of the plumbing mount. This will allow the secondelectrode block (with the red connection marker) to simply drop in position.
Drop in the second electrode block Ä.
Tighten down the thermal cover 0 using the knurled screws 4.
Now tighten up the plumbing connection nearest to the front of the instrument Ã. This shouldbe finger tight, enough to ensure no sample leakage.
It is important to make sure that both electrode blocks and the capillary cell are fully seated on the cell table.
Correct assembly is checked using the Malvern zeta potentialstandard DTS0050. This is described in Chapter 8 of the zeta
potential measurements manual (MAN150).
Finally connect the two electrode leads 1 by firmly pushing the clips vertically onto theconnectors on the electrode blocks.
Note: To remove these connectors, do not pull the clips, push themsideways. This makes removal easier and avoids possible damage to
the connecting wires.
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3.6.2 Fitting the size cell
The size cell
One hundred plastic disposable cuvettes are supplied in the accessory case for size samples. Glass cuvettes of the same dimensions are also supplied for the same purpose. To fit thesestandard cuvettes À simply transfer 1 to 2 ml of sample into a cuvette and fit a stopper to thetop. Lift the lid of the Zetasizer and place the cuvette in the sizing cell holder Á. This is theholder furthest from the front of the instrument. Fit the cell cover.
If the measurement is to be made at a temperature other than ambient then time must beallowed in order to let the sample reach the desire temperature. The time will obviouslydepend on the temperature required. As a general rule the time required should be 1 minuteper degree of temperature change plus five minutes.
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3.6.3 Fitting the size flow cell
For the Zetasizer with a capillary cell:
Place the size flow cell À into the cell holder Á with the plain blank side facing to the left.
Connect the first pipe  into the cuvette, then connect the other end of the plumbing byscrewing the connector to the capillary cell à so that it is finger tight.
Connect the second pipe into the cell holder Ä so that it is finger tight, and then connect theother end to the second sample valve Å.
If fitting the flowcell to the sample valve proves difficult with it in situ, then remove and replace it following the instructions below.
l Undo the slotted screw at the front of the cell holder Á and lift the cell holder cover off.
l Undo the two 2.5mm caphead screws that hold the sample valve to the baseplate, then liftthe valve up.
l Connect the flowcell as described above.
l Refit the sample valve and then the cell holder cover - ensure all screws are tightened.
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For the Zetasizer without a capillary cell:
Place the size flow cell À into the cell holder Á with the plain black side facing to the left.
Connect the first pipe  into the cuvette, then connect the other end of the plumbing byscrewing the connector to the first sample valve . so that it is finger tight.
Connect the second pipe into the cell holder Ä so that it is finger tight, and then connect theother end to the second sample valve Å.
If fitting the flowcell to the sample valve proves difficult with it in situ, then remove and replace it following the instructions below.
l Undo the slotted screw at the front of the cell holder Á and lift the cell holder cover off.
l Undo the two 2.5mm caphead screws that hold the sample valve to the baseplate, then liftthe valve up.
l Connect the flowcell as described above.
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l Refit the sample valve and then the cell holder cover - ensure all screws are tightened.
Note: For the Zetasizer 1000 the sample valves must be fitted byMalvern Service personnel before the size flow cell can be used.
3.6.4 Fitting the non-aqueous dip cell
The non aqueous dip cell
The non aqueous dip zeta cell is an accessory option and is delivered as a kit in its ownaccessory case.
This cell is fitted in the optical position usually occupied by the capillary cell. The capillary cellshould be removed prior to the installation of the non aqueous cell. The removal procedure ofthe capillary cell is the reverse of the fitting sequence given in 3.6.1.
With the capillary cell removed the fitting of the non aqueous dip cell can begin: Place thealuminium block À centrally in the cell table Á. The aluminium block has a dowel  foralignment and location. This aluminium block helps locate the sample cuvette à and assistsin heat transfer when measurements are made at non ambient temperatures. The thermaljacket with the two attached electrodes Ä is now positioned onto the cell table. Dowels arefitted into the thermal jacket in order that the jacket and table are aligned. The jacket shouldbe pressed firmly down on to the table pushing the dowels into the table holes. The twosecuring screws Å can now be fitted in order to hold the jacket firmly in position.
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All the electrical connections can now be made: The electrode connectors Æ are the same asthe capillary cell (i.e. a grey cable with contacts coloured red and yellow). The contacts are apush fit onto the electrodes on top of the thermal cover. The voltage across the cell is read via the cable Ç that is permanently fixed to the thermal jacket. This cable should be connected to the bulk head connector. This is the silver connector È positioned on the bulkhead on theright in the cell compartment. This connector is used for recognising the cell. If it is notplugged in correctly the system will think it is a capillary cell. The measurement will thereforebe corrupted. The cell is detected when running the PCS program, opening the “Document“,swapping from size to zeta mode, and starting the measurement sequence. The connector isa simple push fit similar to an audio connector, care should be taken to ensure that theconnector is seated correctly.
Note: To remove this connector the spring loaded collar on the frontof the connector has to be pulled out first, the connector can then be
removed.
To conduct a measurement a cuvette should be selected that is compatible with the nonaqueous sample to be tested. 1 ml of sample should be transferred into the cuvette. Thecuvette should be placed in the sample holder. The non aqueous dip cell electrode assemblyÉ can now be lowered into the sample. Plug the cell in and out 2 or 3 times to remove any airbubbles that may be trapped between the electrodes. The assembly should be pressed firmlyinto the spring contacts in order to secure the assembly and make electrical contact.
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3.6.5 Fitting the aqueous dip cell
The aqueous dip cell
The aqueous dip zeta cell is an accessory option and is delivered as a kit in its own accessory case.
This cell is fitted in the optical position usually held by the capillary cell. The capillary cellshould be removed prior to the installation of the aqueous cell. The removal procedure of thecapillary cell is the reverse of the fitting sequence given in 3.6.1.
With the capillary cell removed the fitting of the aqueous dip cell can begin: Place thealuminium block À centrally in the cell table Á. The aluminium block has a dowel  foralignment and location. This aluminium block helps locate the sample cuvette à and assistsin heat transfer when measurements are made at non ambient temperatures. The thermaljacket with four attached electrodes Ä is now positioned onto the cell table. Dowels are fittedinto the thermal jacket in order that the jacket and table are aligned. The jacket should bepressed firmly down on to the table pushing the dowels into the table holes. The two securingscrews Å can now be fitted in order to hold the jacket firmly in position.
All the electrical connections can now be made: The electrode connectors Æ are the same asthe capillary cell (i.e. a grey cable with contacts coloured red and yellow). The contacts are apush fit onto the electrodes on top of the thermal cover. The voltage across the cell is read via the cable Ç that is permanently fixed to the thermal jacket. This cable should be connected to
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the bulk head connector. This is the silver connector È on the bulk head on the right in thecell compartment. The connector is a simple push fit similar to an audio connector, careshould be taken to ensure that the connector is seated correctly.
Note: To remove this connector the spring loaded collar on the frontof the connector has to be pulled out first, the connector can then be
removed.
Caution: The electrodes on the parallel plate electrode assembly arevery delicate and can easily be damaged. When not in use, make
sure that the protective tubing provided is placed over theelectrodes.
To conduct a measurement a cuvette should be selected that is compatible with the aqueoussample to be tested. 1 ml of sample should be transferred into the cuvette. The cuvetteshould be placed in the sample holder. Remove the protective cover 5 from the electrodeassembly. The aqueous dip cell electrode assembly É can now be lowered into the sample.Plug the cell in and out 2 or 3 times to remove any air bubbles that may be trapped betweenthe electrodes. The assembly should be pressed firmly into the spring contacts in order tosecure the assembly and make electrical contact.
Note: The spacing between the electrodes is very important, aresetting tool is supplied to check and correct the spacing. See the
maintenance section for instructions.
3.7 Fitting the pH probe
The pH probe is a normal laboratory glass combination electrode. Before use, remove theplastic sheath from the end, and store the probe in a buffer solution. Refer to the instructionssupplied with the pH probe for further details.
Note: It is important that the pH electrode is never allowed to dryout.
3.7.1 Assembly
Insert the probe into the sample as required. Connect the pH electrode lead to the BNCconnector + on the front of the instrument as in the diagram below
:
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CHAPTER 4
System checkout
4.1 Powering up the system
Follow the procedure below to power up the instrument.
l Check that the instrument is plugged in and all leads are connected.
l Switch on the instrument. The switch is located at the rear of the optics unit.
l Turn on the computer. Start Windows if the computer is not set up to do this automatically.
The Zetasizer software uses all the standard conventions of other Windows applications. This system checkout can be done using the keyboard or a pointing device. All button presses inthis section refer to the left ‘mouse’ button.
The right button, is used for convenient access to advanced features.
l For the following checking procedure, select the icon labelled “Easy”.
l Check that the software says that the instrument is connected on the status line which is atthe bottom of the screen. If any other message is displayed there may be a connectionproblem. Check the leads and restart the software. If there is still no connection, see the“What to do when things go wrong” section of the “Making a measurement” manual.
l Allow 15 minutes for the instrument to warm up.
4.2 Checking out the size option
To make an initial check of the Zetasizer size function, a suitable, easily obtainable samplesuch as a latex dispersion of 100-300nm dispersion in a dilute salt solution water is required.The sample should have a slight bluish tint when held up to a light but should not look cloudy.A suitable sample would be 1 drop of the 220nm latex supplied dispersed in 50ml of 0.2micron filtered 10 millimolar NaCl. Transfer 1 to 2ml of this into a sample cuvette, seal with acap and then open the lid of the measurement unit, and place the cuvette in the samplechamber, as illustrated in the diagram below.
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Caution - On no account should the lid be closed without a pinholefitted to the sizing receiver optics as this would lead to overloading
the photomultiplier/APD.
l Close the lid.
l Select File - Size Window to open a new window (if the title bar doesn’t already indicate“Size mode”), or click on the “Size” button on the toolbar.
l For an initial system checkout all parameters should be left at their default settings, exceptpossibly the sample title. The default temperature is 25 degrees Celsius.
4.2.1 Starting a size measurement
It is important that before a measurement is started the sample temperature reachesequilibrium. As an example, if the sample temperature is 20°C before putting it in theinstrument, then it will take 10 minutes for the sample to stabilise at the instrument defaulttemperature of 25°C (i.e. 1 minute per degree, plus 5 minutes).
Larger changes in temperature will take longer.
There are a variety of ways to run a measurement, these are all described in the softwaremanual.
For this initial test click on the icon pictured below:
A measurement sequence will proceed automatically. After between two and five minutes fora sample prepared as described above, a result will be displayed.
The result in the key at the top left of the screen includes a size mean, polydispersity and aresult quality factor.
If the result is out of the range of sizes specified as the hydrodynamic size on the samplecertificate (±2%), then consult the “What to do when things go wrong” section of the “MakingSize measurements” manual.
4.3 Checking out the zeta potential option
In this section procedures are described for carrying out electrophoresis measurements using a capillary cell. Further details and an explanation of the results are contained in the “How tomake a Zeta Potential measurement” manual.
To make an initial check of the Zetasizer zeta potential function, a suitable sample would bethe DTS1050 Malvern electrophoresis standard supplied with the system.
4.3.1 Injecting a sample into the capillary cell
The sample “IN & OUT” ports are situated at the front centre of the instrument and below thehinged lid. These ports are only for introducing sample into the electrophoresis capillary cell.
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A waste container and the waste tube provided should be placed under the outlet portwhenever a measurement using the electrophoresis capillary is made.
To introduce a sample into the capillary cell via the ‘IN’ port a standard 10ml syringe shouldbe filled with a minimum of 2ml (but ideally 10ml) of sample. 2ml can only be used if thesystem is already filled with the dispersant used by the sample.
The syringe should be inserted into the “IN” port.
Pushing the body of the syringe will open two valves that keep the sample in the cell, anaudible click should be heard as the valves open.
At the same time the syringe plunger should be pressed to inject the sample into the capillarycell.
The sample injection should be slow to avoid small bubbles being generated in the capillarycell.
The whole sample should be injected, the excess being ejected from the “OUT” port.
Pressure on the syringe can then be released and the syringe removed.
Note: To avoid cross contamination of sample (and consequentlyquestionable results) the plumbing system should be rigorously
flushed through between measurements. The surfaces of the sampleplumbing coming into contact with the sample are made almost
exclusively of PTFE, Polyvinildifluoride (PVDF) or otherPerfluoroelastomer.
The schematic diagram below illustrates the sample plumbing.
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SolenoidValve
Cell
INMicro switch(press "in" connector to operate)
OUT
SolenoidValve
l Select File - Zeta Window to open a new window, or click on the “Zeta” button on the toolbar.
l For an initial system checkout all parameters should be left at their default settings, exceptpossibly the sample title. The default temperature is 25 degrees Celsius.
4.3.2 Starting a Zeta potential measurement
It is important that before a measurement is started the sample temperature reachesequilibrium. As an example, if the sample temperature is 20°C before putting it in theinstrument, then it will take 10 minutes for the sample to stabilise at the instrument defaulttemperature of 25°C (i.e. 1 minute per degree, plus 5 minutes).
Larger changes in temperature will take longer.
There are a variety of ways to run a measurement, these are all described in the softwaremanual.
For this initial test click on the icon pictured below:
A measurement sequence will proceed automatically. After between two and five minutes fora sample prepared as described above, a result will be displayed.
The result in the key at the top left of the screen includes a Zeta potential mean and standarddeviation.
If the result is out of specification then consult the “What to do when things go wrong” sectionof the “Making Zeta potential measurements” manual.
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CHAPTER 5
Identification of features of the Instrument
5.1 Introduction
By now the system should have been connected up following the instructions in the previouschapters.
Spend some time to familiarise yourself with all the physical features of the system by reading the following sections. It is probable that you will not use all of the features described as some are used for specific options. This chapter is only intended to give you a guide to identify thefeatures of the system. A description of the theory of operation of the system is given in thetheory manual. A description of the software will be found in the software manual.
5.2 A typical system
The diagram below shows a typical system with the optical unit and computer system. If anaccessory is fitted, a separate description is given in the accessory manual.
The optical unit À is used to collect the raw data that is then analysed to obtain the size orzeta potential of the sample.
The computer system Á is used to run the Malvern software. It is the Malvern software thatanalyses the raw data from the optical unit to give the result.
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5.3 The optical unit
The Zetasizer optics unit can be divided into three areas for the purposes of this description.These are; the front panel À, the sample area Á and the rear panel Â. Each of these arediscussed below.
5.3.1 Front panel
Two LED’s are situated on the front panel À. The far left LED glows orange to indicate thatpower is on. The right hand LED will glow green shortly after the instrument is switched on toindicate that the instrument is ready to make a measurement, it will flash red when ameasurement is being made.
Note: After initial power up the instrument should not be used for 15minutes. This is a warm up period for the opto-electronic
components. Extra time must be allowed if the measurements are tobe made at non ambient temperatures to allow equilibration of the
cell compartment.
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3
1
5.3.2 Sample area
The illustration below identifies the features of the sample area.
+ Hinged sample compartment coverTo access the sample compartment the cover must be raised. There is a mechanical laserinterlock connected to the cover and an electrical interlock to cut off the power supply to thecell. Consequently, laser radiation is inaccessible as soon as the cover is opened. When thecover is lowered completely the laser will illuminate the sample.
, PinholeDependent on the system ordered, systems incorporating size measurement (i.e. Zetasizer1000 and 3000 series) are supplied with a 200 micron pinhole fitted. This should not bechanged in normal operation.
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Caution - for instruments that are supplied with a pinhole: on noaccount should the lid be closed without it being fitted to the sizing
receiver optics as this would lead to overloading of thephotomultiplier/APD
- Sample valvesThe sample valves control the flow of sample through the cell.
Note: These valves are only functional when using the capillary cellor sizing flow cell.
. Size cellThe sizing cell is used to make size measurements. This is only applicable to the Zetasizer1000 and 3000 series systems. The cell is fitted with a thermal cover.
Plastic or quartz cuvettes can be used. The type chosen will be dictated by chemicalcompatibility with the sample and dispersant. It is strongly recommended that tops are fitted to the sample cuvette prior to insertion into the cell holder. This is to prevent spillage into thesample holder and better thermal stability. In the event of a large spillage a service visit by aMalvern representative is recommended.
For measurements done above ambient temperature it is recommended that the insulatingthermal cover is fitted.
/ Zeta potential capillary cell The capillary cell is used to make zeta potential measurements.
0 Electrode connectorsThese electrodes are connected to the electrode blocks once the capillary is fitted. The greyelectrode wires are colour coded. The yellow connector is clipped to the yellow electrode atthe rear of the cell and obviously the red connector on the red coded electrode. Connectorsare a simple push fit, however to remove them, the clip should be pushed sideways ratherthat pulled.
1 Sample in/out connectorsThe sample in/out connectors are used to inject the sample into the capillary and sizingflowcell.
2 Aqueous / non Aqueous dip cell readback connectorThe readback lead from the Aqueous / non Aqueous Cells is connected to this connector.
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5.3.3 Rear panel
Use the diagram below to identify the features on the rear panel and their function.
+ On/off switchThis is the main power switch for the instrument.
, Main fuse holderThe main instrument fuse (only to be replaced by the supervisor or a Malvern representative).
- Mains power socketThe mains power supply is connected to here.
. Detector output test connector (Service personnel only)This connector is only used by Malvern Service personnel for testing the detector output. Theuser should never use this connector.
/ Computer COM1 connectorThis connector is connected to the computer “RS232”, “COM1”, “I0I0” or “Serial” port(depending on computer).
0 External link (Service personnel only)This connector is only used by Malvern Service personnel. The user should never use thisconnector.
1 Aux. outputThis port is used to connect the MPT1 Autotitrator Accessory to the instrument. Details of theconnections will be found in the relevant Accessory manual.
2 Auxiliary fusesFuses for Accessory options. Details of these fuses will be found in the relevant Accessorymanual.
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CHAPTER 6
Maintenance procedures
6.1 Introduction
The Zetasizer has been designed so that user maintenance is kept to a minimum. It should be fully understood that no one, except a qualified Malvern representative, should remove thecovers of the instrument.
Warning. Failure to follow these guidelines correctly could result inthe emission of laser radiation. Laser radiation can be harmful to the
body and can cause permanent eye damage.
This section explains the routine maintenance procedures that the supervisor can perform.These procedures are:
l Replacing the cell “O” rings (Zeta potential Capillary cell only).
l Cleaning the cells.
l Cleaning the covers.
l Replacing the fuse.
l pH probe maintenance and calibration.
l Checking and adjusting the electrodes of the aqueous dip cell.
l Changing the fan filters.
The operator can perform all the above procedures except replacing the fuse.
6.2 Replacing the Cell “O” rings
These “O” rings are used to provide a leak proof seal between the electrode blocks and thequartz capillary cell. If a leak occurs it may not be due to the “O” rings. However, if the leak iscoming from this seal with the “O” rings pressing against the quartz then it is advisable tochange the “O” rings. In addition, the “O” rings should be inspected for visible cuts orperishing whenever the electrode blocks are removed.
The removal of the electrode blocks is the reverse of the method for fitting the capillary cell.Follow the method to remove the capillary cell and electrode blocks. To remove the old “O”ring it is advisable to use a knife edge and put slight pressure on the ring to remove it. Do notlever the “O” ring from the acetyl block as this may damage the block. The “O” ring sits in agroove so very little pressure is required to remove it.
Before fitting a new “O” ring check that the groove in the acetyl block is free of any debris.Take a new “O” and sit it in the groove of the acetyl block. The capillary cell can now be fittedas previously described.
6.3 Cleaning the cells
It is very important to clean the cell electrodes thoroughly between measurements, andespecially between different types of samples. In any case, do not immerse the whole dip cellassembly. Cuvettes should be flushed out with several syringes full of the dispersant beingused for the sample or de-ionised or distilled water (ideally 18.2MOhm).
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A dirty/contaminated system will quite often have bubbles on the inside of the cell. Themovement of bubbles can be confused with the movement of particles and will change theresult.
It is a good idea to clean the electrodes on a regular basis.
The capillary cell is best cleaned after removal from the instrument using a doubled over pipecleaner that has been dipped in IPA. Pipe cleaners are supplied in the accessory case.
The Aqueous and non Aqueous cells DTS5001 and DTS5002 can also be cleaned using themethod above. In addition the white PTFE part of these electrodes can be immersed in asuitable cleaning agent and ultrasonicated in a low power bath (30watts).
NB: Place the dip cell in a beaker of pure de-ionised water for theultrasound bath. DO NOT immerse the whole assembly. Only the
electrodes must dip in water as shown below.
Non aqueous, aqueous and capillary cells electrodes are now made of palladium.
All surfaces in contact with the sample can be cleaned physically and chemically, with theexception of the black platinised surface of the optional platinum electrodes (only used for thecapillary cell). Physical cleaning of these surfaces will remove the delicate coating, requiringreplacement of the electrodes. Clearly other appropriate solvents should be used as a rinsingagent if unusual contaminants are present.
6.3.1 Aqueous Dip Cell Cleaning Procedure
Caution: The spacing between electrodes is critical to performance,it is important to take special care when handling them. Do not bendthe electrodes, and replace the protective cover on the cell when it is
not being used.
Regular cleaning procedure:
l It is advisable to Immerse the electrodes in a gentle ultrasound bath (30Watts) for 5 to 10minutes before use and then rinse it with pure de-ionised water (ideally 18.2MOhm).
l Before measurement, rinse the electrodes and the cuvette with the sample you aremeasuring.
l Each time you change the sample, the electrode needs to be thoroughly rinsed with purede-ionised water to ensure good performance.
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l Alternatively, a cotton bud may be used for cleaning the electrode, but be very GENTLE.
l NB: In some particular applications, the sample (e.g. emulsion, surfactant) sticks to theelectrode surface. Another dispersants such as alcohol should then be used for cleaning theelectrodes. The electrodes will be placed in a gentle ultrasound bath for 10 minutes andrinsed with pure de-ionised water.
The electrode holder is made from PTFE, and glass which are resistant to a wide range ofchemical products, however, it is advisable to seek advice from Malvern and the samplemanufacturer before using strong acid or strong base.
6.3.1.1 Further cleaning procedure
The electrodes are normally a dull, mid grey colour. When a discoloration of the electrodesurface occurs, this is an indication of contamination. The dip cell must be cleaned chemically with Nitric acid (HNO3) 0.32mol/l (2%) concentration.
There is a program that sets the parameters to clean the cell.
Click on the clean dip cell icon:
Follow the on screen instructions.
Once the sequence is finished, rinse electrodes of the dip cell thoroughly with de-ionisedwater.
Immerse the electrodes in a gentle Ultrasound bath for 10 minutes, changing the soakingde-ionised water 2 or 3 times during the process.
Rinse the electrode thoroughly with de-ionised water.
The dip cell is now ready for measurement.
If the electrodes are still discoloured, repeat the cleaning procedure.
6.4 Checking the electrodes of the aqueous dip cell
The electrodes of the aqueous dip cell are carefully adjusted to be 5mm apart. If this changesthen the results will change and the signal may become poor and the results erratic.
A tool is supplied to check the gap and adjust it if incorrect.
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The electrodes should be carefully pushed into the slots as shown. It is important that the tooland electrode are lined up correctly. When correctly set the electrodes should slide easily inand out of the tool.
6.5 Replacing fuses
There are three fuses that the supervisor can replace. These are the mains power supplyfuse, the AUX1 fuse and the AUX 2 fuse.
Replacement of the AUX1 and AUX2 fuses will be covered in the Accessory manuals.
The mains fuse holder is situated between the switch and the socket. It can be opened byplacing the flat blade of a screwdriver below the holder and lifting upward. The fuse holdercan then be retracted from the unit to expose two fuses. The fuses must be replaced with thefollowing:
110/240V T 3A 20mm.
6.6 Cleaning the covers
Caution. The surfaces of the system may be permanently damaged if samples are spilt onto them. If a spillage should occur then thesystem should be disconnected from the power supply before
scrupulously cleaning up.
Periodically the covers should be thoroughly cleaned using a mild soap solution. Alwaysensure the instrument is disconnected from the power supply and computer.
l Never use excess liquid to clean the instrument and always avoid electrical components(connectors etc.).
l Always ensure the instrument is completely dry before applying power.
l Never use a solvent based solution to clean the instrument as damage to the painted surface may result.
6.7 Maintenance instructions for liquid-filled pH probes
Liquid filled electrodes in general exhibit fast response times and stable outputs in difficultenvironments. However a small amount of maintenance is necessary mainly to ensure thatthere is always sufficient electrolyte to cover the wire of the reference electrode.
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For optimum performance these instructions should be followed.
6.7.1 Preparation before first use
l Remove the screw end-cap and connect to the cable supplied.
l Remove the membrane protection teat. This teat contains a small amount of saturated KClsolution (3.8M).
l To allow air pressure equalization in the reference junction part of the probe, remove the blue rubber cover.
l Check that the reference electrolyte is about 1cm below the level of the opening. Top up withthe electrolyte supplied if necessary.
l Check that there are no air bubbles within the inner glass membrane. Bubbles may beremoved by shaking the electrode using a similar action used with a clinical thermometer
6.7.2 Calibration
The accuracy and speed of the titration is very dependent on correct pH electrode calibration.Weekly calibration is recommended, and should be carried out in accordance with theinstructions below:
6.7.2.1 For a Zetasizer with an MPT1 Titratorl Rinse the electrode in de-ionised/distilled water, and dab dry with a good quality tissue. (one
that does not shed fibres).
l From the sample tab within the Titrator software, select ‘pH calibration’.
l Enter the two buffer values before starting the calibration. Buffers of pH 4 and pH9.2 aresupplied with the electrode. NB. If possible ensure that the calibration buffer solutiontemperature is the same as the sample under test.
l Start the calibration procedure and follow the instructions given.
l At the end of the calibration, one of three messages will appear:
1. ‘Calibration complete’, select ‘OK’ and continue with the measurement.2. ‘The pH probe response was slow. Please clean your pH probe and
recalibrate’, check the advice given later.3. ‘The sensitivity of the pH probe is low. The pH probe may need
replacing’, check the advice given later or replace the electrode.
6.7.2.2 Zetasizer without an MPT1 Titrator
Refer to section 8.10 of the Software manual (Setup - Instrument)
Note: The calibration cannot be done if the software is in “Easy”mode. Standard or Advanced must be selected.
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6.7.3 Storage
For optimum performance the electrode should be stored upright and with the glassmembrane immersed in (an acidic) KCl solution. If the electrode does dry out, then it may bepossible to reactivate the membrane by soaking overnight in KCl solution. However if this isnot successful then it will be necessary to try the techniques described later. Should these fail then the electrode will need to be replaced.
If the electrode is not being used for a period of, say, more than a week, then it is advisable to protect the glass membrane by replacing the protective rubber teat containing a small quantity of the electrolyte solution. It is best to squeeze the end of the teat first to make it easier toslide on and also to prevent electrolyte being forced back into the probe.
6.7.4 Maintenance
This electrode operates over the range of pH 0 – 14, and 0 – 70 deg. C. It may be used athigher temperatures, but the operating life will be greatly reduced.
Care must always be taken to ensure that the sample and its dispersant do not react with theelectrode’s electrolyte, (KCl saturated with AgCl). Problems may be caused by solutions thatcontain heavy metals and proteins.
The glass membrane may be dried between measurements by ‘dabbing’ (never by rubbing)with a tissue.
Care must always be taken to ensure that the cable connections are kept clean and dry, andnot exposed to corrosive elements.
6.7.5 Common Problems
l pH electrodes are versatile but their performance is dependent on the sample being tested.For example, pH measurement of high purity water or liquids containing sulphur ions willrequire special electrodes.
l Slow response can often be caused by the build-up of deposits on the glass membrane orfrit. Try initially to clean by dipping into concentrated Nitric Acid for 10 seconds. If this isunsuccessful, repeat for one minute. If still unsuccessful then regeneration may be possibleby dipping the membrane for one minute into a solution of 2% HF and 5% HCl whilst stirring.Should the frit be blocked by proteins then try soaking the electrode in an appropriate organic solvent, or a solution of 10% pepsin in 1Ml HCl. As such actions usually dehydrate the glassmembrane it will be necessary to soak overnight in 3M KCl solution. If these actions areunsuccessful then the electrode will need to be replaced.
l Always ensure that the level of the electrode’s electrolyte is above that of the liquid undertest. This will prevent electrolyte contamination, and ensure a good electrical contact. Theelectrode uses about 1ml per day when the blue rubber cover is removed. When incontinuous use, weekly top-ups are recommended.
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6.8 Replacing the fan filters
There are two fan filters located under the optical unit that should be replaced on a regularbasis. It is recommended that these filters are replaced every three months.
l Tilt the instrument backwards by lifting the front of the instrument with one hand.
Caution: Do not tilt the instrument so far back that the connectors on the rear panel are resting on work bench.
l Reach under the instrument with your free hand and pull the fan filter cover off.
l The filter should come off with the filter cover.
l Take out the filter a replace with a new one (The instrument is supplied with a pack of 10replacement filters).
l Reverse the above procedure to replace the filter and filter cover.
Repeat the above procedure for the second filter.
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APPENDIX A
Technical specification
A.1 GeneralModel Zetasizer Particle Size and Zeta Potential Analyser.
Laser 10mW max. output He-Ne; 633nm.
Computer, minimumspecification
IBM PC-AT compatible, Pentium 166MHz processor, 32MByte RAM, 30 Mbytes free disk space, one free RS232C communications port,3.5" disk drive, CD-ROM drive.Windows 2000 or NT sp6b installed. 800*600 resolution 256 colourmonitor (2 Mbytes video card).Notes: 1. A laptop computer is suitable, 2. Use with a Titrator or autosampler requires two free RS232C communication ports.
Data display Graphical and tabular formats for particle size, electrophoreticmobility and zeta potential distributions; graphical plots of any twoparameters e.g. mobility vs. pH, particle size vs. zeta potential.
Communications Full bi-directional RS232C standard.Printer Any Windows compatible printer.
Power requirements 100 -260 V; 50/60 Hz.Maximum 720VA power consumption.
Size range Zetasizer1000/3000
2nm - 3 microns approx. (Sample and source dependent).
Scattering angle forsize analysis
Zetasizer 1000 90 degree fixed angle.Zetasizer 3000 12 and 90 degrees.
Electrophoresis Applicable size range, 5nm - 30 microns (Sample dependent).Mobility range ±10 m2s-1V-1x10-8, typical, no maximum exists.
Operating mode Heterodyne zetapotential, Homodyne or self beat size mode.pH range 2 - 12.
Applied voltage 400V max.Field strength (Max.) 80 V/cm.
Duty cycle operation limits heating in high conductivity media.
Cells Zetasizer 1000 series Supplied with disposable polystyrene andglass cuvettes.
Zetasizer 2000 Standard capillary electrophoresis cell. Optionalparallel plate cells.
Zetasizer 3000 series Standard capillary electrophoresis cell.Optional parallel plate cells. Supplied with disposable polystyreneand glass cuvettes for size measurement.
Automatic settings Automatic setting and sensing of applied voltage, temperature andcell type.
Modulator 125, 250, 500 or 1000Hz frequency. Fixed heterodyne opticalsystem.
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APPENDIX B
Chemical compatibility
B.1 Chemical compatibility
The surfaces coming into contact with the sample are made almost exclusively of PTFE,Polyvinyldifluoride (PVDF), Perfluoroelastomer, silver or quartz. The cell electrodes are eitherPalladium or Platinum. This allows a wide range of samples to be used in the system andallows aggressive cleaning agents to be used in order to clean the cell without the necessityof removing the cell from the instrument. The electrode holders are of Acetal and compatibility should be checked before using strong acids or bases.
The two solenoid valves used to control sample flow are of PVDF construction withPerfluoroelastomer seals. All tubing or tubing connectors within the instrument are of PTFE or KELF, (A mouldable polymer very similar to PTFE).
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APPENDIX C
Statement of EMC performance
C.1 EMC performance
A system comprising of a PC and Zetasizer 3000 series instrument was tested against andfound to be compliant with, the EMC standard:
BS EN 61326:1998, IEC 61326:1997 - “Electrical equipment for measurement, control andlaboratory use - EMC requirements”.
C.2 Statement of LVD compliance
The CE-badge on these products signifies conformance to European Commission Directive73/23/EEC the Low Voltage Directive as amended by Directive 93/68/EEC, the CE MarkingDirective. This directive has been satisfied for Malvern equipments by applying:
BS EN 61010-1 :1993. - “Safety requirements for electrical equipment for measurement,control, and laboratory use Part 1 - General requirements.” with the incorporation ofamendment A2:1995.
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INDEX
AAccess to the instrument 2-1
Malvern personnel 2-1Operator 2-1Supervisor 2-1
Aqueous dip cell 3-11Assumed information 1-1Aux. Output 5-5
CCells 3-4
The aqueous dip cell 3-11The electrophoresis cell 3-4The non-aqueous zeta cell 3-9The size cell 3-6The size flow cell 3-7
Chemical compatibility B-1Cleaning the cells 6-1Cleaning the covers 6-4Connecting the Zetasizer 3-3
DDisposing of the Instrument 2-5
EElectrical Safety Warnings 2-3Electrode connectors 5-4Environmental Conditions 3-1
FFeatures of the Instrument 5-1Fitting the cells 3-4
The aqueous zeta cell 3-11The electrophoresis cell 3-4The non-aqueous zeta cell 3-9The size cell 3-6The size flow cell 3-7
Fitting the pH probe 3-12Front panel 5-2Fuse holder 5-5Fuses 5-5
Auxiliary fuses 5-5Main fuse holder 5-5Replacing fuses 6-4
HHealth & Safety 2-1
Disposing of the Instrument 2-5Electrical Safety Warnings 2-3Laser safety precautions 2-2Moving the instrument 2-4Sample Handling Warnings 2-3
IInjecting a sample 4-2
LLaser safety precautions 2-2
MMaintenance 6-1
Cleaning the cells 6-1Cleaning the covers 6-4Replacing fuses 6-4
Malvern personnel 2-1Moving the instrument 2-4
NNon-aqueous dip cell 3-9
OO rings 6-1On/off switch 5-5Operator 2-1Options 4-2
Size option 4-1Zeta potential 4-2
Other reading 1-2
PpH probe 3-12
Calibration 6-5Common problems 6-6Fitting the pH probe 3-12Maintenance 6-6Preparation before use 6-5Storage 6-6
Pinhole 5-3Power socket 5-5Powering up the system 4-1
RRear panel 5-5Replacing fuses 6-4
SSample area 5-3Sample Handling Warnings 2-3Sample valves 5-4Site requirements 2-2Size cell holder 5-4Size option 4-1Supervisor 2-1
TTechnical Specification A-1
UUnpacking & Installation 3-1Unpacking the Zetasizer 3-2
ZZeta potential option 4-2
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