MANUALLY OPERATED ONION HARVESTING MACHINE Akshay Ghule 1 , Shubham Gupta 2 , Prof. Pruthviraj D Patil 3 1 Final year student, J.S.P.M’S. R.S.C.O.E., Mechanical Engg. Department, Pune. 2 Final year student, J.S.P.M’S. R.S.C.O.E., Mechanical Engg. Department, Pune. 3 Assistant Professor J.S.P.M’S. R.S.C.O.E., Mechanical Engg. Department, Pune. ABSTRACT:- Onion harvesting machine is based on reduction in effort required for harvesting of onion as well as for saving cost required in harvesting, specially for small scale farming. There purpose of designing and fabrication of such small equipment is that it fulfill requirements of harvesting and reduce the cost of it. Onion harvesting machine contains simple mechanisms with effective manually handling system that need only human efforts for operations. The purpose behind this is to just reduce production cost of onion manufacturing . By that farmer can get more output & income specially considering small scale farming. Keywords : Kharif, Rabbi, Stem I. INTRODUCTION Onion is an important vegetable crop in India and is an integral component of Indian culinary. Being an essential food item, it is also a highly politically sensitive commodity. This report analyzes the production, consumption, trade and price behavior of onion in India. India ranks second in global onion production after China and with an annual production of 16 to 17 million tonnes accounts for around 20% of global production. However, Indian onion yield is one of the lowest. The inherent lower productivity in sub-tropical countries vis-à-vis European counties, shortage and high prices of quality seeds, high incidence of pests and diseases typical under tropical conditions, moisture stress or excess rains during critical growth stages are factors constraining yield. Wide price fluctuations make it a risky crop discouraging large scale adoption of input intensive production techniques and good management practices by farmer In India onion is grown in three crop seasons, namely kharif (harvested in October-November), late kharif (January February) and rabi (April – May). Rabi season crop is the largest accounting for about 60 percent of annual production with kharif and late kharif accounting for about 20 percent each. Major producing states are Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Haryana, which together account for 85 percent of total production. It shows us that there is continuous growth in onion production in India. But there is using traditional onion harvesting method which is more time consuming and more labour require. And now a days there is big labour shortage issue in this field. In India specially Maharashtra, Gujrat there is small size of farm where used to production of onion in which available large size onion harvesting machine are not useful also not economical. So overcome this problem we try to design and manufacture manual operating and useful to small field machine. International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering Volume 8, Issue IX, SEPTEMBER/2018 ISSN NO : 2249-7455 Page No:225
Transcript
MANUALLY OPERATED ONION HARVESTING
MACHINE Akshay Ghule 1, Shubham Gupta2, Prof. Pruthviraj D Patil 3
1Final year student, J.S.P.M’S. R.S.C.O.E., Mechanical Engg. Department, Pune.
2Final year student, J.S.P.M’S. R.S.C.O.E., Mechanical Engg. Department, Pune.
3Assistant Professor J.S.P.M’S. R.S.C.O.E., Mechanical Engg. Department, Pune.
ABSTRACT:- Onion harvesting machine is based on reduction in effort required for harvesting of onion as well as for saving cost
required in harvesting, specially for small scale farming. There purpose of designing and fabrication of such small
equipment is that it fulfill requirements of harvesting and reduce the cost of it.
Onion harvesting machine contains simple mechanisms with effective manually handling system that need only
human efforts for operations. The purpose behind this is to just reduce production cost of onion manufacturing . By
that farmer can get more output & income specially considering small scale farming.
Keywords : Kharif, Rabbi, Stem
I. INTRODUCTION
Onion is an important vegetable crop in India and is an integral component of Indian culinary. Being an
essential food item, it is also a highly politically sensitive commodity. This report analyzes the production,
consumption, trade and price behavior of onion in India.
India ranks second in global onion production after China and with an annual production of 16 to 17
million tonnes accounts for around 20% of global production. However, Indian onion yield is one of the lowest.
The inherent lower productivity in sub-tropical countries vis-à-vis European counties, shortage and high prices of
quality seeds, high incidence of pests and diseases typical under tropical conditions, moisture stress or excess rains
during critical growth stages are factors constraining yield. Wide price fluctuations make it a risky crop
discouraging large scale adoption of input intensive production techniques and good management practices by
farmer
In India onion is grown in three crop seasons, namely kharif (harvested in October-November), late kharif
(January February) and rabi (April – May). Rabi season crop is the largest accounting for about 60 percent of
annual production with kharif and late kharif accounting for about 20 percent each. Major producing states are
Maharashtra, Karnataka, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Bihar, Gujarat, Rajasthan and Haryana, which together
account for 85 percent of total production.
It shows us that there is continuous growth in onion production in India. But there is using traditional
onion harvesting method which is more time consuming and more labour require. And now a days there is big
labour shortage issue in this field. In India specially Maharashtra, Gujrat there is small size of farm where used to
production of onion in which available large size onion harvesting machine are not useful also not economical. So
overcome this problem we try to design and manufacture manual operating and useful to small field machine.
International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering
Volume 8, Issue IX, SEPTEMBER/2018
ISSN NO : 2249-7455
Page No:225
Table 1: Area (1000 Ha), Yield (Kg/Ha) and Production (1000 Mt) of Onion by State
STATES 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 2011-12 2012-13
A Y P A Y P A Y P A Y P A Y P A Y P
Maharash
tra
254.5
15.7
4,003.1
250
.0
15.7
3,93
2.5
200
.0
15.7
3,14
6.0
415
.0
11.8
4,90
5.0
382.0
14.8
5,638.0
260.0
17.9
4,660.0
Karnataka
157
.3
18.4
2,88
7.4
165
.1
18.4
3,03
1.8
141
.3
18.8
2,66
2.2
190
.5
13.6
2,59
2.2
177.2
13.8
2,451.2
159.6
15.0
2,395.9
Madhya
Pradesh
39.
0
16.6
648.
6
53.
0
16.6
881.
8
57.
3
16.6
952.
3
58.
3
17.5
1,02
1.5
88.1
22.2
1,957.0
96.9
22.2
2,150.7
Andhra
Pradesh
35.
6
17.0
606.
0
39.
0
17.0
662.
6
39.
0
17.0
662.
6
47.
8
17.0
812.
6
48.5
17.0
824.8
85.8
17.0
1,458.8
Bihar
51.
3
19.9
1,01
9.6
51.
6
18.3
946.
6
53.
0
18.3
972.
0
53.
3
20.3
1,08
2.0
53.8
23.0
1,236.7
54.3
24.1
1,308.6
Gujarat
84.
3
26.6
2,23
8.3
57.
6
24.5
1,40
9.6
43.
3
24.9
1,07
8.6
62.
0
24.4
1,51
4.1
61.3
25.5
1,562.2
28.9
24.4
704.4
Rajasthan
42.
7 9.2 391.
6
41.0
9.0
369.
1
45.
0
16.5
742.
5
49.
0
10.1
494.
2
73.5
9.0
664.2
73.5
9.1
670.8
Haryana
17.
7
19.6
346.
6
18.
8
18.5
347.
9
18.
4
17.9
330.
3
22.
2
20.4
453.
9
27.5
21.5
589.8
27.8
18.6
518.5
Uttar
Pradesh
21.
6
13.7
295.
8
22.
3
13.8
308.
0
24.
3
13.2
320.
3
23.
2
15.9
368.
6
23.7
16.2
383.5
26.1
17.5
455.8
Odisha
28.
8 9.1 262.
4
31.
5
9.2
289.
6
32.
1
9.3
298.
8
34.
8
11.1
385.
9
35.2
11.9
419.0
34.9
12.0
419.1
Jharkhand
12.
1
20.0
242.
2
15.
1
20.0
301.
8
12.
0
20.0
240.
0
14.
6
20.9
305.
0
15.7
20.3
318.2
17.2
18.7
322.2
West
Bengal
18.
7
13.3
248.
8
20.
0
13.7
273.
8
21.
0
13.8
290.
0
21.
3
14.0
298.
0
21.7
14.1
304.6
22.0
14.1
309.1
Tamil
Nadu
32.
1 8.7 280.
3
35.
0
8.7
305.
5
35.
3
9.6
339.
7
33.
8
10.0
338.
9
37.1
15.0
556.5
25.3
11.0
277.9
Chhatishg
arh 8.8
15.5
136.
7 8.8
15.5
136.
7 9.1
17.7
160.
3
11.
2
15.6
174.
2
13.9
15.9
222.2
18.0
15.0
269.3
Punjab 8.0
21.5
171.
7 8.1
21.4
173.
6 8.1
21.5
175.
1 8.2
22.2
182.
3 8.2 22.2
182.7 8.2
22.2
182.9
Jammu &
Kashmir 1.8
19.7 35.5 3.0
21.1 63.2 2.6
24.6 64.8 2.8
22.7 63.5 2.8
22.9 65.3 2.8
22.9 65.3
Uttarakha
nd 3.4
10.4 35.2 3.6
11.3 40.5 3.6
11.3 40.5 3.8
10.0 38.0 3.8
10.3 39.3 3.8
10.3 39.4
Himachal
Pradesh 1.6
16.2 25.9 1.9
16.9 32.1 2.0
17.3 33.9 2.2
16.3 35.9 2.2
16.5 36.3 2.2
16.5 36.3
Other 1.7
14.3 24.3 8.6
6.8 58.3 8.5
-4
1.1
-
350.
9
10.
0
5.2 52.2
11.
1
5.4 59.7
11.
4
5.6 64.1
Total
821
.0
16.9
13,9
00.0
834
.0
16.3
13,5
65.0
756
.0
16.1
12,1
59.0
1,0
64.
0
14.2
15,1
18.0
1,087.
2 16.1
17,511.1
958.7
17.0
16,309.0
International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering
Volume 8, Issue IX, SEPTEMBER/2018
ISSN NO : 2249-7455
Page No:226
II. EARLIER WORK ON ONION HARVESTING MACHINE
The percentage composition of typical onion is: the portion of the plant most often consumed is an
underground storage structure called a Bulb or Head. The part of onion which is above the ground and visible is
called steam. the onion harvesting get started when steam get fallen . Now there is many automatic onion harvesting
machine used in developed country or large farm area which are operated by using tractor or by diesel engine. They
are big in size n require external power supply to operate they are useful for mass production they are not
economically useful for small farm.
Fig. 1 Earlier Work on Onion harvesting Machine
III. CONCEPT
The full onion harvesting machine works on the principle of conversion of human applied force into the
mechanical energy . 2 bevel gear are attached to the shaft on wheel and pulleys also attached on perpendicular shaft.
when operator push the machine wheel shaft start rotate and bevel also start rotate the relative motion of bevel start
pulley rotate because of that belt also start rotate.
The developed onion harvesting consisted of a feed wheel shaft, bevel gear , pulley, belt, cutter and
container. The performance of the onion harvester was evaluated at different level of combinations of the study
variables namely, wheel speed, force on structure ,depth of the onion ,soil state ,tension in belt, Blade sharpness.
Based on the results, optimal values of study variables were recommended for the prototype onion harvester on the
basis of harvesting efficiency, harvested and remaining onion, damage, energy requirement. The performance of the
prototype onion harvester with the recommended specifications was evaluated.
Problem Identification
1. Traditional onion harvesting process is time consuming.
2. In this process first onion pulled up by hand manually gather them latter cut its steam by using blades.
3. In this process more time and more man power require but now a days there is shortage of man power.
4. by another method there is use huge machine use for onion harvesting but it is not economical for small
fields.
International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering
Volume 8, Issue IX, SEPTEMBER/2018
ISSN NO : 2249-7455
Page No:227
Fig. 2 Onion plant
Problem Formulation
Considering the above problems, it is necessity to design, develop and fabricate such a machine that will
eliminate most of the problems. To reduce the human fatigue, cost and time the design and fabrication of machine is
important.
Objective
a. To reduce human effort.
b. To increase the capacity of onion harvesting
c. To increase the efficiency of onion harvesting.
d. To reduce the cost and time of onion harvesting.
e. To design a onion harvesting machine for setting up small scale, low cost rural industry.
After identification of small scale, low cost onion harvesting machines, the performance of the machines
will be tested for commercial applications. If performance is found satisfactory, the machines would be used for
commercial applications.
Methodology
The methodology for the project work is as follows:
PHASE 1: DATA COLLECTION Data collection phase involves the collection of reference material for the project
concept and the collection of research paper regarding the project topic.
PHASE 2: SYSTEM DESIGN The system design comprises of development of the mechanism so that the project
can perform the desired operation.
PHASE 3: MECHANICAL DESIGN The parts mentioned in the part list will be designed under the given system of
forces and appropriate dimensions will be derived. The standard part will be selected from design handbook.
PHASE 4: PRODUCTION DRAWING PREPARATION Production drawings of the parts are prepared using CAD
software, CATIA with appropriate dimensions.
PHASE 5: MATERIAL PROCUREMENT AND PROCESS PLANNING Materials are selected as per the required
dimensions and properties. Part process planning is done to decide the process of manufacturing and appropriate
machine for the same.
PHASE 6: MANUFACTURING Parts are produced as per the parts drawing.
PHASE 7: ASSEMBLY OF PARTS AND TRIAL Assembly of machine is done as per assembly drawing and trial
is conducted on project device for evaluating performance.
PHASE 8: REPORT PREPARATION Report preparation activity is carried out during the above phases.
International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering
Volume 8, Issue IX, SEPTEMBER/2018
ISSN NO : 2249-7455
Page No:228
IV. DESIGN OF COMPONENTS
V Belt Pulley
The pulleys are used to transmit power from one shaft to another by means of flat belts, V-belts or ropes.
Since the velocity ratio is the inverse ratio of the diameters of driving and driven pulleys, therefore the pulley
diameters should be carefully selected in order to have a desired velocity ratio. The pulleys must be in perfect
alignment in order to allow the belt to travel in a line normal to the pulley faces. The pulleys may be made of cast
iron, cast steel or pressed steel, wood and paper. The cast materials should have good friction and wear
characteristics. The pulleys made of pressed steel are lighter than cast pulleys, but in many cases they have lower
friction and may produce excessive wear. In this, I have used a Cast Iron Pulleys.
Fig. 3 Pulley
V Belt
Generally, we know that a V-belt is mostly used in factories and workshops where a great amount of power
is to be transmitted from one pulley to another when the two pulleys are very near to each other. The V-belts are
made of fabric and cords moulded in rubber and covered with fabric and rubber as shown in Fig. below. These belts
are moulded to a trapezoidal shape and are made endless. These are particularly suitable for short drives. The
included angle for the V-belt is usually from 30° to 40°. The power is transmitted by the wedging action between the
belt and the V-groove in the pulley or sheave. The wedging action of the V-belt in the groove of the pulley results in
higher forces of friction. A little consideration will show that the wedging action and the transmitted torque will be
more if the groove angle of the pulley is small. But a small groove angle will require more force to pull the belt out
of the groove which will result in loss of power and excessive belt wear due to friction and heat. Hence the selected
groove angle is a compromise between the two. Usually the groove angles of 32° to 38° are used. A clearance must
be provided at the bottom of the groove as shown in Fig. below, in order to prevent touching of the bottom as it
becomes narrower from wear. The V-belt drive may be inclined at any angle with tight side either at top or bottom.
In order to increase the power output, several V-belts may be operated side by side.
International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering
Volume 8, Issue IX, SEPTEMBER/2018
ISSN NO : 2249-7455
Page No:229
Fig. 4 v- belt
Bevel Gear
Two important concepts in gearing are pitch surface and pitch angle. The pitch surface of a gear is the
imaginary toothless surface that you would have by averaging out the peaks and valleys of the individual teeth. The
pitch surface of an ordinary gear is the shape of a cylinder. The pitch angle of a gear is the angle between the face of
the pitch surface and the axis.
The most familiar kinds of bevel gears have pitch angles of less than 90 degrees and therefore are cone-
shaped. This type of bevel gear is called external because the gear teeth point outward. The pitch surfaces of
meshed external bevel gears are coaxial with the gear shafts; the apexes of the two surfaces are at the point of
intersection of the shaft axes. Bevel gears that have pitch angles of greater than ninety degrees have teeth that point
inward and are called internal bevel gears.
Bevel gears that have pitch angles of exactly 90 degrees have teeth that point outward parallel with the axis
and resemble the points on a crown. That's why this type of bevel gear is called a crown gear
Fig. 5 Bevel gear
Bearings
Roller Bearings are a type of rolling-element bearing that uses cylinders (rollers) to maintain the separation
between the moving parts of the bearing (as opposed to using balls as the rolling element). The purpose of a roller
bearing is to reduce rotational friction and support radial and axial loads. Compared to ball bearings, roller bearings
can support heavy radial loads and limited axial loads (parallel to the shaft). They can operate at moderate to high
speeds (although maximum speeds are typically below the highest speeds of ball bearings). The lubrication method
must carefully considered during the design phase when using roller bearings.
International Journal of Management, Technology And Engineering
