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YOL. TIL

A MANUAL

OF

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

BY

0, CODRINGTON, M.D, F.S.A.

LONDON :

PUBLISHED EY THE EOYAL ASIATIC SOCIETY,

22, ALBEMAELE STREET, W.

1904.

I'UtXTKU 1JY STKl'tlKN Al'STIN" AND SONS.

PREFACE.

fTIHIS book is intended for the help of those who, not

being Arabic or Persian scholars, would like to know

something about the Oriental coins which may come in

their way, as well as of others who with a knowledge of

these languages find difficulties in the lettering, arrange-

ments, and reading of the legends, which are often so

different in these respects from the plain writing of a MS.

or the print of a book, and in the meanings of marks and

symbols which are to be found on coins.

It originated in notes, made during several years, in

a copy of that valuable but now scarce book,"Elements

de la Numismatique Musulinane," by R Soret, Brussels,

1864, a reprint from Revue de la Numismafique Beige,

ser. iv, tome ii. Considerable correspondence from India

and at home, personal references made to me, and the

remembrance of my own troubles when beginning to work

at Oriental coins some years ago in India without much

aid frgin.books, have guided me as to what might be most

usefully included in such a Manual as this.

The book will, I'hope,' b'e found useful, as one of ready

reference, to Oriental numismatists generally, in the same

way as Soret's has been to those who had a copy of it.

My thanks are due to Mr. Guy Le Strange and Mr. H. RAinedroz for information regarding the location of some-

mint towns, and to the latter also for help in Arabic legends.

0. C.

INDEX.

EEEATA.

Page 12, line 21, for on Coins read of Coins.

17, line 6, for Hafsidi read Hafsid.

31, line 9, for UUji read U^UjI .

,, 31, last line, for 15 Jb read Ujb .

,, 39, line 1, for ci-

,, 41, line 17, for'

,, 48, line 25, for Ghaznawi read Grhaznawid.

51, line 19, for Julayhid read Sulayhid.

54, line 2, for Yaku read Yakub.

,, 57, lines 5 and 15, for,

82, line 24, for^ J^l .

91, line 18, for Jjs*\ readjl

127, line 22, for 44 35' read 42 27'.

127, line 23, for 67 20' read 68 10'.

129, line 10, far ^UsrUjjlread

^Irsru^jl.

129, last line but 4, for Rodgers read Rogers.

133, after line 27 insert :

Allahabad. In Jtf.'W. Provinces, India. ^2526 /

K; 8155 ;

E. Dehli Emperors.

134, line 6, for Siras read Sivas.

,, 134, last line but 1, for Rodgers read Rogers.

,, 149, after line 22 insert :

Junaghar. In Kathiawar, India. 2131/

K;

70 36' E. Dehli Emperors. Local

Rajah.

157, line 27, for Bieyal read Diwal.

,, 160, line 13, for Morocco read Mecca.

ALPHABET.

PLATE S.

PLATE II.

SEPARATED. FINAL MEDIAL

^ r, <

, O .

<t v y v y / f^1 Jfff Y y

CIPHERS.

/ .f|y

U M.^ V M

VVv/x/v

< P

-Jg O t

MUSALMAN

THE ALPHABET,

Osr Plates 1 and II are shown the letters of the Arabic alphabet

In the various forms in which they appear on coins. In each

column, on the left is the letter as written in Kufic on the coins

'of the Umayyad Khalifs, in isolate, initial, medial, or final form;

and following it to the right are other shapes in which it appears,

more or less in order of time and progress of change.

\ was at first a straight, even, perpendicular line of a height

about double that of the ordinary letters. It has not much

changed, except in showing a slight curve at the bottom and

a broadening at the top. It may be joined to its preceding

letter, but not to the one following, and is therefore in only

isolate and final form. In ornamental writing the top of the

letter is often curved over and lengthened into a curl or loop,

and when the legend is arranged in.arabesque or fancy pattern

it is often misplaced from its proper position in the word, or

slanting, or even omitted, an \ in another place doing duty

for it also.

L.J O%<i? . The diacritical dots are often omitted (always so in

the Kufic) ;there is then nothing to distinguish these letters

from one another, or from ^ aad ^j in the initial aad medial

. state. In Persian there is also the letter LJ,and in Hindu-

stani theO, or, as it is more often written on coins, ^ ;

it is

so found on some of the coinage of Indian native states

bearing the name of ftueen Yietoria,

<?, ~ > ; 'and im Persian . Itese letters are also to be known(L C C: (.',''

one another by their dots; they are subject, as will be

1

2 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

seen, to many variations of form, and may sometimes be mis-

taken for c or c .

J in KiiHc are very like^j* ^o ]s ]o and uJ, but as a rule the

upright limb is shorter than in the uJ and the body is open

on the left side instead of closed as in the ^ . On coins of

later date the j is sometimes so thin as to be almost a j ,and

at other times approaches in fatness to ^.

, i final are sometimes very like ^ final. In Hindustani there

is a letter ? or . .

> j

j* i do not present much difficulty when in this form, but

when the upright limbs or'

teeth'

are replaced by the

sweeping curve of Persian talilc writing, in the middle of

a word it may be read as L-J L-J ^^ ^ or ^ ,

tjs tjek - are troublesome in Kufie, as mentioned above under J .

They are subject to a good deal of variation in form.

c v as initial or final niav be mistaken for . + .Cc "e. c.

uJ j must not be mistaken for * medial or^ , nor as initial for

c c . The loop in medial is above the line (A) instead of

below, as in * .

t^ has many varieties, and in Kufic is very like J and ^ ,as

mentioned above. In Persian and Turkish there is also the

letter ^f or u/.

J can almost always be known from \ by the curve to the left at

the bottom, or in Kufic a short rectangular turn.

* has many forms. Sometimes it may be confused with uJ j or

c medial, or L^J and - initial, or in one form for & or ^ .

U final has many variations; may easily be mistaken for finalj ,

x has many forms, but is usually easily made out.

^is sometimes like < $

jj ,at other times like ^

,and more rarely

like 4 .

ij final or isolate is usually distinct, but medial or initial without

dots is not so.

THE ALPHABET. 3

lf

is represented in such a variety of forms that an assortment of

them is given on the Plate.

c ny and wJ> p are used in Malay-Arabic writing only.

For reading Kufie coins, which have no diacritical dots, the

following hints may be useful. The mint name and the date are

tlie only parts as a rule which require attention. The mint names

all begin with the preposition <_? ,in

'

or at.' If the second

and third letters are both equally about double as tall as the

initial < >, they are probably J \ 'the

J

there are but two or

three mint towns beginning with J! . In that case the next letter

will be the initial of the name, which, having been made out,

simplifies matters much, as one can then get the help of the List

of Hint Towns.' If the second and third letters be not J\ ,then

the second is of course the initial of the mint name. Two short

upright strokes will probably be u~? C-2 or ^ with a following ^ ;

often the stroke for ^ is a little taller than for the other three

letters. Three short upright strokes in succession are most likely

\j* ,

; four, u* jjiand (~~J cj ^ or ^ before or after it the

three strokes of the^ are usually just a little shorter than the

one before or after it. Doubts as to Kufic J ^ t uJ may often

be cleared away by looking at those letters where they occur in

known words in the legends on the same coin, such as L ^o ,1 JJ& ,

s^aJ , uJo .-),and in the same way comparison may be made if

needed with the * and * . A final ^ can very often be found in

one of the words of the date to clear up a doubt between it andj .

In reading the dates care is needed not to mistake^-.xil (one long,

three short strokes), Li-Jj (one short, one long, one short), and

L^-V-J (four short). .*} and.j*****

should have the fourth stroke

rather taller, ^*J andjj.***uJ

the first stroke taller than the

others;but there is sometimes so little difference that it is hard

to tell which is meant.^^AMAJ>.

and <J^AJ are sometimes much

alike, but if the strokes after the A can be counted, that will decide

as to which numeral it is, for in the former there are five and. in

the latter but three.

AID

The dates of striking are almost always given on Husalmai.

coins, in words or in ciphers. Until the seventh century of the

Hijra we find the former only, but after that ciphers came

gradually into use, so that by the beginning of the ninth century

they were generally adopted. The earliest dates in cipher are on

TJrtukid coinSj e.g. II r on a coin struck at Amid. Sometimes we

find the date given both in words and ciphers, or partly in words

and partly in ciphers ; e.g. on a coin of the Golden Horde, c/^y^

for A.H. 770. The number is usually expressed in the feminine

form, but sometimes in the masculine. The conjunction ^is

almost always used, e.g. &x/ ^^-^ * *-*wJ ?but occasionally

omitted. Reference has already been made to difficulties in

reading some of the numbers in the Kufic writing. The same

will be found often on coins of a later time, especially with regard

to seven and nine, as sometimes there is no difference between the

height of the L^ or O and the teeth of the (jw ,but then the

spacing usually indicates, thus ^^^ , ^x*^ . The following

is a list of the numbers.

one

two

three

four

five

six

seven

eight

nine

ARABIC.

Jo- 1 masc. ^tX^-l fern.

PEESIAX.

i masc.

fern.

fern.

ern.

fern.

masc.

Lj\*3masc.

iuJ masc.

t-

two hundred

three hundred

four hundred

five hundred'

sis hundred

seven hundred

eight hundred|

nine hundred

one thousand\

one-quarter .

one-half . .

three-quarters

one-third . .

one-and-a-half

two-and-a-half

3IUSAIOIAN NUMISMATICS.

AEABIC.

*n

ft

or ,.M*X)W

PEBSIA.N,

) or Ju

Jue

jjj , jb (Hindustani).

5*jLi3 , >J (Pers.) ;U

^b (Hindustani).

(Hindustani).

. ,

a?JjJ (Hindustani).

<J\j\ (Hindustani).

On some coins of Malay States and Netherlands and English

Settlements in the Straits numerals are given in Malay.

i

2

3

4

5

7

8

9

10

and

(J

^

tf*

\ju

Tu

-A-

NUMBERS AND CIPHERS. 7

The Arabic ciphers, in varying forms in which they appear on

Muhanimadan coins, are given on Plate II. They are often ill-

formed, and require a practised eye to read them. The I may be

out of place, slanting one way or the other, or mixed tip with

neighbouring lettering. T may have its horizontal arm shaky,

and so look like T. T sometimes has its arm so irregularly formed

as to be taken for i~. P has more variety of shape than any other

cipher, and in one of its forms is the same as one variety of .

The form % is used on Turkish and African coins. has many

forms too, but usually it is either 6 or o . The is some-

times too small, and therefore like a figure used for 0. 1 may

have its arm at an acute angle ancl so be taken for V, or be

reversed to T, or have its arm rounded and nearly closed at the

top and so be likeQ

i .v ancl A are usually pretty distinct, but

sometimes they slant a good deal, even to the extent of lying on

their sides;

in that case they may be taken to have fallen over to

the right, so that < is V and > is A. ^ may be like a 1 if not

closed at the top, and is not rarely reversed, i.e. with its ring to

the right. "When ten is indicated by it is not always visible,

and when is used there is a doubt sometimes from its size

whether 5 or is intended.

Bates expressed in ciphers are read from left to right, except

those on the coins of Maisur (Mysore), which, as in Arabic writing,

are written from right to left. But sometimes the whole date is-

by mistake reversed, e.g.^AV for VAp On a coin of the Golden

Horde, and sometimes with the further error of the ciphers being

reversed, e.g. 1 AV for VAf. Sometimes, too, the ciphers are not

placed in order in a Ike, but distributed in the area of the coin,IIP t

e.g. |r

^ P on coins of Shahs of Persia. Generally, however, in

any of these cases there is not much difficulty in discovering the

error or in seeing the proper order of the ciphers, as one can tell

from other signs what is within a century or so the age of a coin.

NUMISMATICS,

DIACRITICAL

These are?

as has been mentioned, almost always omitted on

Knfic coins;on later ones they are found irregularly generally

there were none or only a few until comparatively modern times.

When given they often do not help much in the reading of the

legend, from being placed not immediately above or below the

consonant of which they form part ;and on coins which are

ornamented, as many are, by dots and groups of dots, it is not

easy to tell which are for use and which are for decoration;

a difference in size or shape, will, however, often indicate this,

The vowel marks are almost always omitted as in ordinary writing.

The two dots indicating the o or <j are sometimes placed like

a colon(:),

and the gronps of three in u* *. ,p may be arranged

in a line(...).

On the Kufic coins there are'

points' above or

below certain letters in the legends which seem to be marks of

genuineness or engravers' marks, although they are often the

correct diacritical ones for the letter near which they are placed,

ISOLATED LETTERS AND WORDS.

ISOLATED LETTERS AID WORDS,

In the areas of Arabic coins, sometimes above, sometimes below

the legend and not forming a part of it, are often found letters or

words, the signification of some of which has been a good deal

discussed. If it be a name, it is in all probability that of

a governor, vizier, or moneyer, but more often it is one of the

words or initials given in the following list, being marks of

genuineness or mint marks, indicating goodness of weight or

fineness of metal. The list is compiled from one made by E. Meir,

with a few additions of other writers. It will be seen that

a single letter is in some cases given to denote a word, e.g. ^ for

*L and *La,& for Jd ,

Jb forc-^b ,

CJ for ^ . These are

very common on the coins of the Abbaside period.

10 MUSAIHAS XOISIA1IC8,

heavy

richly

t*!

complete .

pure . . . . , ^.i)

purity . . , . .

cjj!

lawful is - u^

right weight . . . L . j

extremely good weight & li J

beautiful . . . cus -JL

Pst

^- J*

very just weight

excellent good weight j.z

beautiful, just

increased, just

excellent . .

prover (assayer)

superior , .

incomparable ,

fixed . . .

just weight , .

j

mass . . . .

just mass . , .

;

mass of weight .

1

regular mass . .

'

excellent . . .

, rich weight . .

.

precious . . .

:

excellent weight .

jfo>

pure *

sufficient

*a

profitable. . ,

refined . . . .

refined in the fire

good weight

increased

just weight .

old weight , .

full weight j- J

of good augury

stout , . .

|

rich weight

A -

Ml weight . . . .

pure , a . Jb . Ljjvjb

X OP TYPES OF COINAGE. 11

OBIGIK OF OF C0XIAGE AND

VARIETIES.

At the time of the rise of the power of the early Ehalifs, the

coinages of the regions -which were brought under their rule were,

speaking generally, the Byzantine in the "West and the Persian

Sassanian in the East. At first, following the usual practice of

Oriental conquerors, the new rulers made use of that which was

the currency of the country, altering the coins by degrees

to be indicative of the new ruling power and religion, but

making the changes so gradually as not to give an unfamiliar

appearance to the coins in the eyes of the people, but to preserve

the continuity of the accustomed coinage with only such changes

as were necessary. Thus we see in the earliest gold of the Khalifs

an imitation of the coin of the Byzantine emperor adapted by the

figure of the Ehalif with a sword in his hand being substituted for

that of the emperor holding a staff with a cross on it, on the

obverse;

and on the reverse the cross, standing on four steps,

altered into a column with a ball on its top. The legends OR

both sides are changed to Arabic ones in Kufic character :

CU-v-J <U*d ,X>A!| iJJb L-jJe <UJl *AiuJ

Similarly the silver coins of the last Sassanian king were altered

by the additions of crescents and stars and <d! \ +HJJ on the margins,

and later by the name of the governor of the province being added

in Kufic in the area. So, too, the Byzantine copper of the

M variety of Heraclius had small additions of Arabic Ifusalman

words on them. Others in copper of the same type as the gold

above mentioned were also struck.

N NUMISMATICS.

Then when the Khalli Abd-al-Malik In A.H. 76, In compliance

with the rale of the Prophet "which prohibits the making of

representations of living things and declares that every painter is

in hell-fire, established the first purely Musalnian coins, he still

preserved in them a semblance to the gold Byzantine and silver

Sassanian, in size, form, and general appearance. Mr. G. E. Eeary ?

in an article in the Numismatic Chronicle for 1885 and 1886 on

The Morphology of Coins," shows that the reverse of a coin of

Khusru II, turned a quarter round, at a little distance seems

almost identical with one of Abd-al-Malik, struck at Basra A.H. 79;

but, looking closer, one sees that the two figures with a fire altar

between them on the former are replaced by three lines of Rufic

Arabic on the latter, and the marginal Pehlvi legend altered to

a EMe one also. But the marginal circles are preserved almost

intact, and the crescents and stars on the one have changed to

corresponding annulets in the other.

There was little variation from this type in the coinage of the

Umayyads of Spain, the Abbasid, Buwayhid, Samanld, Hamdanid,

Ukaylid, and other dynasties in Irak and Yaman up to the times

of the Mongols, but in Africa the Aghlabis, according to Mr. Keary,

whose Morphology on Coins" supplies the substance of these

paragraphs, founded their currency in both gold and silver on the

pattern of the gold coins of the Abbasis. The Fatimis followed

the Aghlabis with the development of a new variety, i.e. coins

which have their inscriptions arranged in a series of concentric

circles. Their successors, the Ayyubis, adopted at first the same

pattern, but later changed it to a plainer form in straight lines,

and this form was continued without much change by theMamluks.

In about the beginning of the sixth century A.H. the enclosing of

the area legend in a compartment came into use squares, star-

shapes, circles, ovals; 4, 6, and 8 foils, etc. This is noticeable in

the Ayyubid, Saljuk, and especially in the Mongol series.

There was a remarkable departure from the Musalman type in

some of the coinages of Asia Minor and Syria Ayyubid, Saljuk,

Urtukid, and Zangid in reverting to imitations of Greek, Seleucid,

ORIGIN OP TYPES OF COINAGE. 13

and Eoman coin obverses ;heads and busts, and full and half figures

of men ; horsemen, eagle, lion and sun, centaur, etc. This, no

doubt, arose from a desire to adapt the coinage to that current in

the neighbourhood and in use in the trading transactions with

the West.

The coinage of the Mongols of Persia followed much the same

pattern as that of the dynasties which they supplanted, and the

same character was continued up to and throughout the reigns of

Tinmr and his house.

But in the farther East there was an altogether different initial

type the Bactrian, from which sprang the coins of more solidity

and thickness developing into the rupee. The two great coinages

of the Muhamniadan world of modern times show a marked

difference suggestive of varying original types, more so perhaps

a century ago than now. Compare, for instance, a gold or silver

coin of jSTadir Shah of Persia with one of Sultan llahmud I, his

contemporary in Turkey.

liaMe is the language generally used on ITusalman coins, but

Persian is that which is usual on the coinage of the Shahs of

Persia, the kings and emperors of Dehli, native Indian states,

and the East India Company, mixed in the cases of the two last-

named with some Sanskrit or vernacular words, and llalay on

coins of that region.

In this book all legends in the Arabic character are taken into

consideration, for although some coins bearing them were not

issued by llusalinan rulers, and so should, strictly speaking,

perhaps be excluded, yet all with Arabic lettering upon them

were issued for the use of, or to be read by, Huhammadans, by

whom alone that character is used, or were imitations of Uusalman

coins, It is convenient to thus arrange Oriental numismatics

into Husalman, Chinese, and Hindu.

But there are many bilingual and some trilingual coins which

are specially interesting in an historical way, and should be con-

sidered. As has been said above, the earliest Husalman coins

were copied from Greek-Eoman and Sassanian ones, with Arabic

additions; they are therefore bilingual, having in the former

series Greek and Latin, and in the latter Pehlvi legends, the

Arabic additions being either pious phrases of translations of the

mint names or some words indicating genuineness. There are

also some early African imitations of the Byzantine coinage with

Latin legends, which have been read as Non est Deus nisi Deus et

Alius non est"and In nomine tuo, Deus Omnipotens" ; these

were followed by others having on them the Kalima in Arabic, at

first in part, afterwards entire.

The coins of Tabaristan, a detached province of the Persian

Empire, were of a slightly different module to those of the

.Sassanian proper 3 although of the same type, being smaller and

LANGUAGES.

finer with Tabaristan upon them in Pehlvi. After the conquest

of the province "by the Arab Musalmans, governors were appointed

whose names are to be found upon the coins at the side of the

Sassanian king's head, written in fine Kufic : .A

Of Northern India at the end of the third century (Hijra), there

are coins of the horseman and bull variety, with Sanskrit on one

side over the bull and the name of the Khalif juJuS\ on the other

above the horseman. The same type was used by some of the

Ghazni kings, and also later by the early Pathan kings of Dehli.

As early as A.H. 660 a coin of Khubilay Khan was struck at

Bukhara with Chinese on one side and Arabic on the other, and

there are coins of the time of the Muhammadan rebellion in China

in the last century which are also in both these languages.

The jSTorman kings of Salerno and Sicily, who drove out the

Saracen chiefs from those regions in the seventh century (Hijra),

issued Arabic coins in imitation of some of the Ayyubid, but with

a Christian formula of faith in imperfect lettering which might

easily deceive their Muhammadan subjects. In the same way

Alphonse VIII of Spain struck coins on which were in Arabic the

ascription to the Holy Trinity and the declaration that he was the

Amir of the Catholics, and the Pope the Imam of the Church of

Messiah.

Georgia, from it's position, was overrun by invaders from the

north and south at all times, and its coinage shows a strange

variety, of bilingual character, in consequence : at one time

imitation of Sassanian, at another Byzantine with Greek and

Georgian, at others Georgian and Arabic, and in the time of the

Mongol power, Georgian, Arabic, and Mongolian.

Mongolian writing is also seen intermixed with Arabic on manyof the coins of the Mongols of Persia.

Armenia was in much the same position as Georgia with

regard to exposure to invasions. Its coinage, with the Christian

king on one side and a lion on the other, with Armenian marginal

legends^ was, during the time of subjection to the Saljuks of Asia

16 MUSAL11AN NUMISMATICS.

Minor in the seventh century (Hijra), changed into one having

on one side the figure of the king and Armenian legend, and on

the other side Arabic legends similar to those on the contemporary

Saljuk coins. Also when a little later the Maniluk Sultan Xasir

al-Din Muhammad raided Armenia, he overstruck the Armenian

!dng?

s coins with his own coin dies : an unusual proceeding for

an Oriental king.

In India, some of the later Dehli kings, as well as the earliest

before referred to, used the Devanagari characters on their coins

as well as Arabic, and the last kings of the dynasty had their

names on coins in the same characters as did also kings of Bengal.

M. Drouin quite lately discovered a Sanskrit legend upon a gold

coin of Akhar.

Many native states of India have bilingual coins, partly in

Persian, partly in the vernacular of the state, and sometimes partly

in English. The East India Company issued bilingual, trilingual,

and even multilingual coins using English, Persian, Hindustani,

Bengali, Tamil, and Telugu. In the Straits there are Company

coins with. English, Persian, and Malay legends, and one with

Chinese in addition to these three.

The Netherlands Government issued coinage for their states

with Malay reverses to the obverses of the European pattern.

The Portuguese, although in other ways very ready to imitate

the coinage of their neighbours in India, never used the Arabic

character. The French, on the other hand, imitated the Behli

coinage as closely as did the English.

ORXAMBXTATION. 17

ORNAMENTATION.

The ornamentation of Musalman coins lies chiefly in the

lettering, the arrangement and grouping of the inscriptions, and

the shapes and arabesque outlines of the spaces in which parts pf

the legends are enclosed. This is seen at its best probably on the

Hafsidi and other Moorish, the Persian Mongols (TJljaitu and Abu

Said), and the Safavi of Persia (Ismail I and Tahmasp I) coinages.

On the later Persian and Dehli coins, too, it is fine. The Persian

style of writing lends itself well to this in curves, graceful sweeps

of the pen, and prolongation and grouping of the letters. One

very common practice is to prolong the tail <-_ the full breadth of

the coin, and to stretch a <-~? or ^J right across so as to make

them as dividing strokes between the lines of the legend. The

word ^Ls ,so important in the Shiah formula, is a favourite one

for using in this way : for instance, on coins of Tahmasp I of

Persia, in the way which Mr. Poole called the mill-sail pattern,

where it forms the four arms of the sail-wheel with the names of

the eight other Imams two by two between them, the junction

of the four initial letters forming a rosette in the centre. On

Behli coins, too, the names and attributes of the four orthodox

Khalifs are used in somewhat the same way to form the sides of

2

18 3OJS1L3IAN XUMISlfAIICS.

quadrangular areas. The EMc character also Is used to form the

square geometrical pattern in which, the Kalimah Is arranged on

the pretty "bilingual coins of Abu Said, the Persian Mongol.

Interspersed commonly on the coin areas are dots in groups and

singly, annulets, rosettes, sprigs of flowers, knots, and so on.

There are, however, certain figures called tamghas which seem

meant to be the signs of particular dynasties or persons or

countries. It is hard to describe in words many of them, or to

say what they are intended to represent, or in what they originated.

Some, as on the gold coins of Great Saljuks, are at the top of the

area; others, as on the large Urtukicl copper coins, are at the side

or bottom. Some suggest an imitation of a monogram on a Greek

or Parthian coin; others, as the fleur de lys on the Mamluks and

the thunderbolt on the Great Kaans coins, are recognizable, as is

also the double-ended trident of the Golden Horde. The curious

figure in the centre of the area of the Chagatai coins, somewhat

like the Greek letter >, has been thought to be the Tibetan letter

cJia inverted, the initial of Chagatai.

The representations of animals are numerous, and made in all

times. They are sometimes indicative of a place, or peculiar to

a person or dynasty, as the double-headed eagle on Urtukicl and

Zangid, the lion on the Mamluk, the lion and sun on Saljuk and

Persian Shahs, the fish, birds, and human figures on the Basulid

coins, and the many varieties on the autonomous copper coinage of

Persia.

The coins of the later Moghul Emperors of Dehli and of the

native States, struck in the same pattern, have almost always

a symbol within the loop of a final letter on one or both sides.

These are sometimes sufficiently peculiar to be indicative of

a particular State or mint; such, for example, as the sun-face of

Indore, and the curiously shaped dagger, like a pair of scissors, of

Kutch;but more often the symbol is not peculiar to one State or

mint. Prinsep, in his"Indian Antiquities," gives a plate with

some 126 of these symbols on it, and attributes them to some

extent;but there are many more than he describes, and some of

ORNAMENTATION, 19

those wtdeli lie attributes to one are also OIL coins of other States.

These symbols on modern Indian coins being, in many cases, the

only mark by which the currency of one State may be distinguished

from that of another, it has been the endeavour of several Indian

numismatists to reduce them to order and locate their use ; but

it is a very difficult matter, for many of them have been used by

several States, and many States have used several symbols at

different times, and local knowledge and tradition give but little

help. The symbols, moreover, are not always mint-marks, but

seem, sometimes to have been used to indicate the issue or the

year ;for example, more than thirty different symbols are to be

found on the coins of the Dehli Emperor Aurangzib, struck at Surat.

Perhaps, of all these Indian symbols, the one which is most

remarked is the J.H.S. on coins of Kashmir. Two or three ex-

planations or reasons for the use of this Christian monogram have

been given, but no doubt it was expected to be a lucky symbol.*

The Tughra is peculiar to the Othmanli coinage. It is a mono-

gram consisting of the Sultan's name and that of his father,

of which the composing letters intercross and have their upright

portions prolonged upwards, curled and twisted in such a way as

to make an interlacement difficult to decipher.

* General G. G. Pearse, C.B., E.A., writes as follows :

" Whilst Lord

"William Bsatmck was Governor- General of India, 1828-35, two very remarkable

conversions to Christianity took place ;one was of a celebrated Muhamniadau

Moulvie, the other of an equally celebrated Brahmin, by name Ammd. These

men were great controversialists, and their change of religion caused much stir

and excitement. Annncl died, leaving a son, Anund Messiah, a sharp, intelligent

man, good-looking and full of energy, a very stormy petrel of a Christian, never

so happy as when launching his Christian controversial arguments at the heads

of Hindoos. In 1850 Anund Messiah was at the court of Maharaja Goolab Sing,

of Cashmere, In the Spring of 1851, when I was Assistant-Commissioner of

Hazara on the Cashmere frontier, Anund Messiah, who was passing through

Hazara, came to pay his respects to me. I saw a good deal of him for a few

days. "With much delight he showed me the new Cashmere rupees of G-oolab

Sing, with the Eoman letters J.H.S. conspicuously in the centre of the coins

amidst the Persian. He said he had induced the wily, clever Dogra king to place

these letters on his coins, assuring him that thereby he would please the British

Indian Government, and would himself be favoured by fortune. Never was anyMuhammadan who had somehow managed to make an unbeliever say the Kalima

more delighted than was Anund with this little bit of work of his."

MUSAL3IA3S" XUXISMATICS.

EELIGIGIJS LEGffilBS.

Some pious expression or religious plirase or formula is very

general upon all Musalrsian coins. On the early Khalif ones there

was nothing else, except the date and, on the silver, the mint;

a little later the name o the king or ruler was given ;then titles

and other particulars about the king were added, displacing a good

deal of the religious forms ;so that when we come to modern times

there is little of them left. On a modern Turkish coin, for instance,

there is nothing in this way buts^sj

\z , and on a coin of the late

Shah of Persia nothing but the names and titles, with mint-place

and date.

These religious legends may be divided into (1) formulce, or

symbols as they are sometimes called; (2) verses or phrases taken

from the Horan; and (3) pious expressions or ejaculations.

(1) Formulae.

The formula'

Bismillah'

is found very commonly on coins of

earlier times, usually as the beginning of the legend referring to

the striking of the piece: ^l^!l 1X& <--^ <d!\*Mj . But it is

often, too, in other parts of the ield or marginal legends, sometimes

detached, but more usually prefixed to the Kalimah or other

professions of faith such as are to be seen in the following list,

and in that case the formula*p~Jh tf^j^ *&\*** is used as it

Is at the beginning of all Musalman books and writings. On coins

of one of the Mongol kings of Persia, Arghun, and on some of

Syria and Palestine, struck under Christian influences, there is

substituted for it this formula :(jwjjJiM ^-^}\ 5 crf^ J ^'^ (^

J^li <dS "in the name of the Father and the Son and the Holy

Ghost, one God." The same formula is lengthened on coins of

Alphonse Till of Spain into :(jwiJJi!! ~$)\ j ^)\ . c^S! ~uj

(or U!L ^.<j j*w) USL ^J*^ ^\ ^ J^H M "In the

name of the Eather and the Son and the Holy Ghost, the one God;

whoso believeth and is baptized shall be saved."

11ELIGIOUS LEGENDS. 21

TJie Jialhnah.

The Kalimah (Z*&\ literally 'the Word/ called also the*

Muslim Creed,' and In numismatic books generally the Muham-

madan symbol or formula, is found on most of the coins of rulers

holding the orthodox faith (Sunni). The first, or negative part

of it, <d)l 111 ailN

J, is taken from, the 47th surah of the Koran,

verse 21;the second part, affirmative, *U1 Oj^j AA.S-'*, is in the

29th. verse of the 48th surah :

"There is no god but God,

Muhammad is the Apostle of God "(Palmer's translation). The

Kalimah is often followed by one or more of the'

Pious Phrases'

given in the list below, such as the following :

Jusj<ule <xU\

^u*d\ J^ j

Uis <dSl Jus _ <dl <d^J! - (UU &\ Ju*. The first

part of the Kalimah is followed by other endings than the above :

e.g., &t*^jj$ $3&.j "who has no associate," the formula used

on the early Khalif coins;

<d! AS^\ . ilSb SI Jy D ail A$jA\^SJl ^ 31^ Lujl dllb SI

^y3 *lT^^3l\ - *tf 1^1 J^ "who

gives complete deliverance." The second part is varied as follows:

, <d!l j*

U. id!!^.^ .

On a coin of a Sultan of Dehli the Kalimah is in this form :

<^* *jj\ A,*^ ^ d^l jj<dl\ 3\ *J1 S ^\ j^l

"I testify that

there is no god but God, and I testify that Muhammad is His

servant and apostle." On coins of rulers of the Shiah sect the

Kalimah has added to it 4-U! ^* tc^"^ ^s ^e ^en^ (or

favourite) of God." This constitutes what is referred to in

numismatic books as the Shiite formula.

Other Continuations of the Bismillah and the Kalimah.

sJt ft 31 <11 S

Ood bless our lord Muhammad, and your God is one;there is

no God but He who is the compassionate, the merciful.

XTTMISMATIO.

There Is no god but God, Muhammad is the prophet of God,

the Mahdi is the Imam of the nation.

God bless Huliaminad and his family, etc.

L,^\jU1 -J^!i ill! J.

Praise to God alone, etc.

.

,

> *

-.-/

XI

All

l^-.-J'. dAs^ Ij: <d!\

God bless Muhammad, the seal of the prophets.

God bless Muhammad and his family, the good, the pure.

God bless Muhammad and his family, and peace be with them.

God is our Lord, Muhammad is our prophet and the Imam.

KELXGIOUS LEG-ENDS. 23

The following Koranic sentences are also included amongst the

symbols or formulary sentences of numismatic writers.

Kor. cxii, . J*J\^i<

<

^-^\ oj

God is alone, God is eternal, He begets not and is not begotten,

nor is there like unto Him anyone.

This is called the Urnayyad symbol.

^jjjl^ *^kJ J^cSt ^Jj L/^lb *L,1 id!!

Kor. ix, 33. u^uSI */ Jj<*L

Muhammad is the prophet of God sent with guidance and the

religion of truth, to make it prevail over every other

religion, averse although idolaters may be.

This is sometimes called the second symbol.

Kor. xxx, 3, 4.

To God belongs the order before and after ; and in that day

the believers shall rejoice in the help of God.

The translation of the sentences taken from the Koran are those

of E. H. Palmer, vols. vi and ix of"Sacred Books of the East."

(2) Sentences from the Koran.

Kor.xxxv, 31.

Praise belongs to God, who has removed from us our grief ;

verily our lord is forgiving, grateful.

Kor. i, 1. ^W! L^J <d!

Praise belongs to God, the Lord of the "Worlds.

Kor. xxii, 40.

Permission is given to those who fight because they have been

wronged, and verily God to help them has the might.

24 JIUSALHAN

Kor. iv, 62.--

Obey God, and obey tlie Apostle, and those in authority

amongst you.

Kor. x, 36.^

Is then lie who guides unto the truth more worthy to he

followed, or he that guides not except he be himself

guided ? What ails you then, how ye judge ?

J U A

U Juu.

5b Uj 31 .uLi^^ ^.k^ ^ j^U U*^ ^Kor. ii, 256.

God, there is no God but He, the living, the self-subsistent.

Slumber takes Him not, nor sleep. His is what is in

the heavens and what is in the earth. Who is it that

intercedes with him save by permission ? He knows

what is before them and what is behind them, and they

comprehend not aught of His knowledge but what He

pleases.

Kor.ii, 258.

God is the patron of those who believe.

Kor. ii, 208, and iii, 32. t

God provides for whom He pleases without count.

Kor. iii, 17.^SLJl

<d!l

Yerily (the true) religion in God's sight is Islam.

Kor. ix, 112. <dll J.*^: JYerily 7

God hath bought of the believers their persons and

their wealth, for the paradise they are to have; they

shall fight in the way of God.

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS. 25

Kor. Ixi, 4.

Yerily, God loves those who fight in His cause in ranks as

though they were a compact building.

LJ<J j U u cdll uXliJ L l-srii i_O Lsft

.*S->

Ivor, xlviii, 1-3. \'j ;^ 1.^ <d!1 o-^J*7

^/-y v ^o >

Yerily we have given thee an obvious victory ! that God may

pardon thee thy former and later sin, and may fulfil His

favour upon thee, and guide thee in a right way, and

that God may help thee with a mighty help.

<dl\ jju>>j

vj^-< (j^>-

Kor. xxxiii, 33.

God only wishes to take away from you the horrors as people

of His house, and to purify you throughly.

Kor. kvii, 1. jte ^ j (J^ fy ujCUl ^A-j ^jJl u

Blessed be He in whose hand is the kingdom, for He is mighty

over all.

Kor. ix, 113.

Those who repent, those who worship, those who praise,

those who fast, those who bow clown, those who adore,

those who bid what is right and forbid what is wrong,

and those who keep the bounds of God, glad tidings to

those that believe.

Kor. xvii, 83.l5yy

Truth has come, and falsehood has vanished ! verily falsehood

is transient.

Kor. ix, 130. dH ^*u^.

God is enough for me.

MUSAL31AK NUMISMATICS.

Kor. iii, 167. J/J1^ *SJ1 LaGod Is enough for us, a good guardian is He.

Kor. vlij 123. ..^L*** UsJ . \*** L*ifi c J! LJ *W" V > > " " C_> -/

Oil) our Lord ! pour out upon us patience and cause us to die

-Moslems.

Kor. Is, 4. ^\ LjlX LJ\ uXJlj L1<J uXi^ b,Oh, our Lord ! on Thee do we rely, unto Thee we turn, and

unto Thee the journey is.

Kor. si, 51.^Jlx*l!

-LsUH

The issue is for those who fear.

Kor. xii, 64. ^^^Ul *^J\ JN lliiU-^.-^

^HU

But God is the best of keepers, and He is the most merciful

of the merciful.

Kor. xx, 113. jExalted then be God, the lung, the Truth.

j 1^1, iisb ^.o \.j^j. ,u.cnt.^ J^^ s

j>-/> W

(>

Kor. is, 124. ^JL^I fc^ /d!\

Fight those who are near to you of the misbelievers, and let

them find in you sternness;and know that God is with

those who fear.

Kor. ii, 131. ^ix!\ ^^\

" c_"

God will suffice thee against them, for He both hears and knows.

Kor. iii, 66. <d!l ^JJb ^J^J! ul J5-

Say, verily the true guidance is the guidance of God.

Kor. xlii, 22.

Say, I do not ask for it a hire, onlythe love of mykinsfolk. And

he who gains a good action we will increase good for him.

J*yJj <dH J* j Wy. p U AlH^ U S! U_ t J Ji-

Kor. ix, 51. ^^HSay, naught shall befall us save what God has written down

for us;He is our Lord and upon God believers do rely.

EELIGIOUS LEGEXDS. 27

lij^ L_<L!1 JfJ L_<U!I iJJl. JM J-

Kor. iii, 25.

Say, God, Lord of the kingdom I Thou givest the kingdom

to whomsoever Thou pleasest, and strippest the kingdom

from, whomsoever Thou pleasest, Thou honourest whom.

Thou pleasest and abasest whom Thou pleasest ;in Thy

hand is good.

!l o,^.! <tU! y J-

Zor. exiij .

Say, He is God alone, God is eternal, He begets not and is

not begotten, nor is there like unto Him anyone.

Kor. scix, 7. ^j Lp~ ^,J JUi^ Ju*j(

He who does the weight of an atom of good shall see it.

Kor. xviii, 37. ^dllj SI

There is no power save in God.

Kor. sxx, 3, 4.

To God belongs the order before and after;and in that day

the believers shall rejoice in the help of God.

Kor. xl, 16.^WJLII

J^Ul *il[^Jl]

Whose is the kingdom ? God's, the On'e, the Dominant.

Kor. Ixi, 13.

Help from God and victory nigh, so do Thou give glacl tidings

unto the believers.

"

L*ij^tu Ji tly A.J cd!! 11 <ui ^yt^y Lu. l

Kor. ii, 281.

Fear the clay wherein ye shall return to God;then shall each

soul be paid what it has earned, and they shall not be

wronged.

28 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

Ivor, si, 47, <dH J\ ^I entrust ray affair to God.

Kor. xvii, 106.Jj3 JLsSl^ *^r^

In truth have we sent it down, and in truth has it conie clown

Kor. vi, 114, 115.

The perfect words we know are sent down from thy Lord

with truth. Ee not thou, then, of those who doubt.

Jut

Kor. xlviii, 29.

And those who are with him are vehement against the mis-

believers, compassionate amongst themselves ;thou

mayest see them bowing down, adoring, craving grace

from God, and His good-will ;their marks are on their

faces from the effects of adoration.

_ ^j* ill

Kor. ix, 34, 35. ^j^So v-^ U

Those who store up gold and silver and expend it not in

God's way ; taste, then, what yc stored up.

Kor. sxiv, 54. L*l ^^^ ^ p$A\~*)

God promises those of you who believe and do right that He

will give them the succession in the earth as He gave

the succession to those before them, and He will establish

for them their religion which He has chosen for them,

and give them after their fear safety in exchange.

Kor. xlvii, 40.*\jL&\^ (j*)\

<

Tor God is the rich and you the poor.

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS. 29'

Kor. xvi, 55. &J\ <4 -; w

{

$-

And whatever favours ye have, they are from God.

Kor. si, 90. t^l <u!U c^^ **^ ^'!Nor comes my grace through anyone but God

;on Him do

I rely and unto Him I turn.

Kor. vii, 41. <d!l U\jJb J\ L! ^Jofi ^ Uj>

For we should not have been guided had not God guided us.

EOT. iii, 122.rfj\^\ dd!l ^^ 21^1 U

3

For victory is but from God, the mighty, the wise.

Kor. iii, 96. ^L^u^, ]s\^ ]\ ^jSte jJii ^Ub *&& ** &

But Tvhoso takes tight hold on God, he is guided into the

right way.

^ J^ NJ1 J^ dix, J_Jb ^i LJ J

^SL

Kor. iii, 79. ^.^UWhosoever craves other than Islam for a religion, it shall

surely not be accepted for him, and he shall be in the

next world of those who lose.

Kor. kv, 2.

And whosoever fears God, He will make for him a [ happy]

issue, and will provide for him from whence he

reckoneth not.

<d!l J*>- jJyl jJbdill ^t <u*j>-^ <d!l ^

Kor. Ixv, 3. ^jj^ JJLl

And whosoever relies on God}He is sufficient for him

; verily

God will attain His purpose ;God has set for everything

a period.

Kor. xvii, 99. A^J!^ id!! J^j

And whom God guides he is guided indeed.

30 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Kor. xvii, 84. ^And we -will send down of the Koran that which is healing

and a mercy to believers.

Kor. ii, 114. o^V ^God's guidance is the guidance.

Kor. ii, 158. r^)\ ,^^)\ p 31 & 3^ <"

Your God is one God; there is no God but He, the merciful,

the compassionate.

Kor.lvii,3. jj^ ^ft^AM,^, J

He is the first and the last, and the outer and the inner;

and He all things doth know.

Kor. k, 33.

He it is who is sent with guidance and the religion of truth,

to make it prevail over every other religion, averse

although idolaters may be.

UU L>3J^ Ll^ U*U u/UW Ijl ^1 i

Kor. sxxiii, 44.

Oh, thou prophet! verily we have sent thee as a witness

and a herald of glad tidings, and a warner and to call.

\ \JLS\ \\ \.J^ \\ \

Kor. iii, 200. ^

ye who believe ! be patient and vie in being patient, and be

on the alert, and fear God, that haply ye may prosper.

(3) Pious Expressions or Ejaculations.

May God prolong his kingdom. SjJ<*U1

God preserve him. <d

Long life to him.

KELIGIOTJS LEGENDS. 31

y^i-Jt JlJ ilN Ulwt

The Host High God preserve the Ifusalmans.

God protect. <dS! U?U\

God order him aright. <d!l

Hay God prolong Ms government. i\^ <dll

Ha his might endure under God's favour. < +

God aid and assist him. ^'^ dUl djlc

God make him glorious. djJl #;^ - diSl u

God make him glorious in victory. IfcLzJlcdSij^

God make his victory glorious, i-^ <dSlJ^

Hay his reward be great. J^f ^

God make him illustrious. <d!l

God is most great; glorified be -His glory. $L>-

God is enough for us;a good guardian is He. J-^&Sl ^3 ^

lu*u>-

God is enough for me. _-

God aruard him. ^L

'The true God, protector of the manifest truth.

The eternal God and everlasting Lord. >^U!1 c~?JU JijJ!i

" "

-/ yI

God is our Lord, Huhammad our Apostle, the Hahdi our Imam.

God is our Lord, Muhammad our Apostle, the Abbas our Imam.

God is sufficient. dl <

God is my Lord, ^j a

OGod.

God ordered faith and justice.

32 MUSA.L3IAN XUMISILATICS.

a ^ fy ^1, J! J* UJI. jJ'o^God ordered faith and justice on piety and reverence. Blessing

from Clod.

All power is of God. <dJ <d .VJ !

I trusted in God. <d!lj e^!God make clear his proof. AJb^j

<d!l Ajl

God illuminate Ms proof. ^Ifc j <d!tjlil

God strengthen his authority and make him glorious in victory.

etc. LjX* jjl . ^Jll^L Jjl .ilS^J

Jj\

God strengthen him and make him happy. sd*~\ iU\ i

The Most High God strengthen him.^JUi'

cdl! ^

God strengthen him and his victory, x+sj * JJI ^

God strengthen and help him. <Ulc! il!l ^

According to God's ordinances. <d!l

He seeks guidance in God. j^j

He jSrmly trusts in God. JJL^*J

Blessings.

etc. l - jl -

Blessing on Musi?the successor under the Muslim covenant.

Blessings from God. <d!l ^* ^>In the name of God. <d!l ***>

In the name of God the All Bountiful. >^^ <*iSI >^In the name of God the Supreme. *^*!i ^\ +**}

May the enemies of God be scattered. il!\ IkXc! i}'

Hallowed "be the might of God. aiil

Trusting in God.

I have put my trust in God. <dSI

RELIGIOUS LEGEXDS. 3-

Trust in God; glory be to God. <d!$j*\\

<d!t J^ J<^

Glory be to God's protection arid majesty. d!L>-a dlilb dJl J,s>

His glory is protecting and very great. jSbf JSi J-^>

Glory, God. <dH L:

God protect it. <d!t

God is the preserver of all things. <d!l

May God protect him. <dl*

& <U* .^

God guard it. <d!l U^.^

God guard it by His favour. <UA; *!J\ ^,>-

The Most High Gocl guard it.^!Uj

diil l^^The Most High God guard and make it safe. l^<\ LC'

The Lord is sufficient for me.

God is sufficient for me.

God is sufficient for us. <dl\ l

By royal order.^y.U,

By order of the Just One. J JoJb

Praise to God alone. ifArx. <d!

Praise to God. <d!

(or ^USl) ^^Ul ^ cdi

Praise to God, Lord of all created beings.

Strength and power are God's. <d! ^S^ J^^ _ diSijSl^

May God perpetuate. dJJ!

May He perpetuate.

- 4jlk

May the Most High God perpetuate, etc.

\*t\ *S1U adJ\ dU> - <ul

May God perpetuate his kingdom for ever.

34 MrSAJQIAN SOIS1UTIC3.

May God perpetuate his kingdom, and regard him abundantly.

ITay his kingdom endure.

Hay Ms khalifat endure.

May Ms reign endure for ever. <uL* ,J J

Jjd\j\ Jl AillaL^*O.

fb

Hay Ms kingdom and rule endure to the end of time's revolutions.

Hay his khalifat, etc., endure. <fc^!aLs cu^l

The Imam summons (all men) to the profession of the Unity

of the Eternal God.

God guiding them. ^ <dSl

Earthly things are transitory, so keep them in subjection to God.

y Lord is God. <d!l ^Mercy be upon, j jU

L^%^=>-J

God reward them. ^A^ <d!l

\

^

God reward him. <Ue diH

Peace upon him.

Peace upon Mm and his ancestors. <u

Praise to God alone, a ^ <A!

Thanks be to God.

God bless Mm and his family. d\j<uL <dll

God bless him. ^ulc <dl\

Bless him.

God bless our lord Muhammad. *x*s=* U Juo 1-c- <d!l

God bless Muhammad an'd his family 3all of them pure.

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS.

God bless Muhammad and Ms family, and save them.

Blessings of God on him and his ancestors, the pure, and his

descendants, the illustrious.

God increase his majesty. ^liU-l <d!l L^

God increase Ms majesty and further good fortune, and make

it victorious.

God illuminate them. <d!i \

It is God who gains the victory. <dll

Safety lies in scrupulous piety,

May his future life he prosperous.

May Ms future life be praiseworthy.

The Abbasi is our Imam.

May his victory be glorious.

Perpetual glory to the eternal Lord. JUi\ ^Jl

Glory is from God.

God glorify his victory, ^aj <d!l l.

The glory is a proof of God. <dll <JLsf^J!l

Glory and apostleship are of God.d'-L^ij

<d!5jx!l

Glory be to God. <dlJj*H

Majesty is God's. <d! <uk*ll

In the name of God. <d!1 ^1 A*

In God is my trust,

My reliance is on Him. <^J J <u

Peace be with him. ,*LJ 1

God prolong his life. jJJl b

Peace and piety are of God. ^jJl ^ *LJUin

36 31CSAL3IAX NUMISMATICS.

Vt'ith God. <d!l ja~

Help, God. <d! I cjCu:r

I am seeking protection, God. <d! I?jjyi

He lias conquered. w^xi.

. ^^2*. <UJ1 dJJI . jl L^r^ e>Vnw"' \a^ -*

I have committed my cause to God, with whom is my

reckoning.

*,x=*. <d!l . ^^^ (

JU; <d!^( jl ^c.

-/ W^1" I-- V^ -"'

I have committed my cause to God the Most High, with Him

alone is my reckoning.

In the way of God. *SJl J-^ d

God is power. <dl'ij^&\

The Koran is the word of God. ttt] +& ^^!|

Power is with God. <dJU ijJiH

Strength is wholly God's.

May he be happy.

God guard him. ^d! !

All is from God. <dl

All power is of God. No strength but from God.

All government is God's. *U 3\

There is no power or strength but from God. <d!!o 1\ iySj

]NTo service but of Islam. ^SLUb 31

!No crown but by justice. J JjtSl; 11

There is no victor but God. <OJ\ S! L.JU J

]STo strength but from God. <d!b S\ Jy 3

To God. <d!

To God be the power. ^\ *ii

UELIGIOUS LEGrENDS. 37

J^x) **. J-o * -^ <dlli/ v u. ^7 >

To God be the power, as in old time so henceforth.

Praised be God. ^^s\ <di

Praised be God, and to Him be the power. i_L*J! il j Ju^el <di

To God be the glory. Sjdl<d!

^-Jl Jhtfl^U J^ dlt

It is God's justice that prevails the manifest justice.

To God be the power. $j&\ <dS

Praise be to God. L*A\ aii

To God and by Him. <Lu <d!

Glory to God for ever and ever. Amen, Amen, Amen.

(Christian.)

As God pleases. <dJ\

How near is the consolation of God. <xlll^i S

The blessing of the Most High be upon him. <uL:

May God strengthen him with victory. *A&\ <d!l ^O

The Faith be to God. <dS <LUi

Maledictions on the enemies. <XjjU!l ^Cursed be those who darken counsel.

The kingdom be to the one God, the Compeller.

The kingdom be to God. <d!

The kingdom be to God the Bountiful, whose aid is begged.

The sovereignty and justice are twins. ^Uly Jd*!!^

The dominion and glory be to God. <dl >J\ ^

The dominion and grandeur be to God. A!

38 MUSAL3IAX ISTMISMATICS.

The praise be to God. <dl

The 3Iacllii is the Ehalif of God. <d)l ^U

By the victory and the triumph and the felicity and the

prosperity.

Victory "but by the goodness o! God. <d!b ^^P-

Help of God is near, *^j* <d!i

Victory from God, and no power "but by God.

most excellent Lord God. <d!l c>Ji\

**

most excellent the able God. illj\sl\ **

most excellent victory from God. <d!l

.^ UJ , L

"We glory in the Cross of our Lord Jesus the Messiah, by

whom we have our safety and our life and our resur-

rection, and by whom we are delivered and pardoned.

He is generous.

He is the defender. j*

Oh! protecting God. <dH

Oh! Imam Ja^far the true. *

b ^Is-5 b ^b J b (jL* b ^kr^ b

Oh! compassionate one, oh! ever yearning one, oh! ever

bestowing one, oh I recruiter of good and evil, oh !

Shahan, oh 1 Sultan.

Oh ! Lord of the age. J^j>\ L^^U b

U;\ ^y* ^ Jjs b

Oh ! Ali, son of Musa, with whom God is well pleased.

RELIGIOUS LEGENDS, 39

L^OtAu^/* oc u) p-v^. -** * vo

Ok ! judge of necessities, oli ! sufficient in difficulties.

Oh! Lord.

Oh 1 aider.i^**** V.

etc. J^ . J^5^r;/

- *U\ Jj J^ . J^ .j^r U

He trusts in God. <d!b jij , <dH j^j

He glories in great qualities. UJsic J Jj

He seeks help of God. <dJb ^j

Pate works for him.

Holding the rope of God.

OF GOD,

Instead of iSJI, or in addition to it, God is sometimes mentioned

on coins by one or more of His other names or attributes. These

names are called^j^.s'1

*UJ1 in the words of the Koran (xx, 7) :

^0*^1 *UJI *! 4^S

J1 A\ i1

<dl! "God, there is no god but He! His

are the excellent names"(Palmer). By tradition there are ninety

and nine excellent names'

or comely names/ but there seems to

be no certainty as to what those 99 are, as different writers give

different lists. Hr. Redhouse, in an article in the Royal Asiatic

Society's Journal, 1880, on "The most Comely Sames," gives as

many as 552, which he had obtained from various sources;from

these have been gathered, in the following list, those which are

the most often used, according to authors (Hottinger, Herklot,

Meninski, Rogers Bey, Yratislas, T. P. Hughes), and usually found

on talismans and amulets, for they are much used in that way.

One

The God

The "Worshipped One .

The Last

The Erst

The Maker . . . .

The Outstretcher , .

The Interior (hidden) One

The Sender Porth , v.

The Enduring One . .

The Contriver . .

i

The Good

The All Seeing . .

JoJ

UJ!

The Repenter (of wrath) <_>ljj

TheTJniter . . . ^Ls!

The All Compeller . .^The Awe Inspiring One J-Ls)

The Guardian

The Judge. . .

The Reckoner .

The All Preserving One liui

The Truth ....The Arbitrator . . .

The All Wise* . . .

The Ever Slow to Anger

TheAll PraiseworthyOne Ju

NAMES OF GOD. 41

Jl

The Ever Yearning One

The Living One .

The Abaser . . .

t

The Creator . .

The All Cognizant One . ^The Ever Creating One jlsn

fi/% jUijjPossessor of Majesty and Honour

Longsuffering

Possessor of Strength Jj

The Upraiser . . . .<

Lord

The Compassionate One ^The Most Merciful One

i

The Ever Providing One

The Eight Guider .

The "Watcher .- . .

The Most Indulgent One

'The Swift One . .

The All Hearing One

The Safety . . .

The Thankful One . ,

The Yery Strenuous One jj

The Grateful One .

The Witness . . .

The True One . .

The Longsuffering One

The Eternal One . .

The Hurtful One .

\\ i

The Externally Evident One

The Just One . . . Jj*Jl

The Most Mighty One .

The Most Supreme One f

The Ever Pardoning One

The Most High , . .

The All Knowing

I The Pardoner....i

|

The Ever Forgiving One

j

The Most Forgiving One

The Independent One .

The Ever Opener . .

The Grasper ,<

The Acceptor . . . .(

The Able One ...The Compellor . . .

The Existent One . .

The Most Holy One . ^The Almighty . . .

The All Previous One . ,

i

The Yery Near One .

The Yery Strong One . C$$\

The All Compelling One^llail

TheEver Self-E xistentOno^^a!

\

The Sufficient One . .

The Yery Great One .

The All Bountiful One .

The Most Pleasant One L

3IUSALMA.N ^O

The Glorious One .

Owner of the Kingdom

The Hinderer . ,

The Originator .

The Manifest One .

|

The Putter Forward .

^iL*l:

;

The Just Distributor kwJUll

|TheGiverofDailyBreadc^JUl!

: The Iving .... t_U!l

;

The Death Causing One C^/MJ\

The Ever Bestowing One ^\L^\

:

The Taker of Vengeance *u/

The High Exalted One

The Proud One . .

The Tory Firm One .

The Favourably Answering One

The Host Glorious One

The Teller orNumbcrer

The Comprehending One k

TheYivifier .

The Abaser .

The Eemover .

-

The One whose Aid is invoked

The Shaper ....The Eaiser to Honour .

The Giver. . . .

^

The Returner....The Aider w -

The Maker Independent ^**MThe Able One . .

The Meter Out . .

;

"Who hath not been begotten

The Postponer . .

The Believer . . .

The Confiding One .

The Advantageous Onej-JUl

iThe Good Patron .

^Jd\ >*5

The Good Aider . .

}^\ **J

The Light jJl

The Perceiver . . .

te*-\^\

The Sole One .... te~\}\

I The Inheritor . . CJ^Ul

|

The Ample One ...-j-J^V

The Adjoining One . .

^J\f\

The Most Affectionate One tyfi

The Comprehensive One*-*-*^l

The Guardian . . . J^V

The Yery Next Adjoining One

The All Bestower .

c-;lS^l

The Eoad Guide . . -jUi

THE FOUR KHALIFS. ^

THE FOUR KHALIFS.

The four orthodox Ivhalifs, Imams, or Immediate successors of

the Prophet, are ^Lc- (jUls ~

j^z. -^ ^\ . Their names appear

very commonly on coins, often arranged around the central legend

or obverse area. Sometimes their L-^! or title is also added. "What

these titles are will be seen from the following coin legends.

Abu Bakr the faithful witness, Umar the timid, Uthman the

father of two lights, Ali the chosen.

The same, with the definitive Jl prefixed to the titles. On

the Dehli coins the Ji is prefixed to the titles very

irregularly, one or two having it, the others not.

Abu Bakr the faithful witness, Umar the eloquent, Uthman

the defender, Ali the chosen.

Abu Bakr the faithful witness, God reward him, Umar the

timid, G-od reward him, Uthman the lord of two lights,

Grod reward him, Ali the chosen, ^od^xawa*44irm.

Abu Bakr, Umar, Uthman, Haidar (i.e. Ali).

By the truth of Abu Bakr, by the justice of Umar, by the

modesty of Uthman, by the wisdom of Ali.

By the truth of Abu Bakr, the justice of Umar, the modesty

of Uthman, and wisdom of Ali.

^b ^Lc ^Uifr (J^^fr J j^^j ^!

By the truth of Abu Bakr, justice of Umar, meekness of

Uthman, wisdom of Ali.

COALMAN NUMISMATICS.

THE TWELVE IMAMS,

The Shiahs claim as the only legitimate Khalifs or successors

of the Prophet, his son-in-law All, husband of Fatima, and their

descendants to the number of twelve, the last of whom is to

reappear as the Hahdi or Director before the end of the world.

cU-ii or i---i! or

SON OF PATRONYMIC. TITLE.

AbuTalib i Chosen.

Lion of God.

2. ^^ Ali

3. <*

4.

All

s- Husain

5.

6. Jbt^-s

7 -

Js-.

Aba Abdallnh

Abu ^Muhammad

.. tw

Pleasing.

\ The Martyr.

Prince by birth.

c Lord of the

servants of God.

\ Ornament of the

servants of God.

The"Worshipper.

Ali Zain Abu Ja'far yLJI The Great.

al-Abidin.

^luhammad Abu Abdallah j oLall The Just.

al-Bakir

\~**Y* Ja'far Abul Hasan JiliSl The Silent.

Abu Ibrahim

Abu Abdallah

8. U Musa Abul Hasan *UJ1 The Pleasing.

9. Aliar-Eaza Eakir

Abu Ja'far Sani

The Chosen.

The Pious.

The Liberal.

THE TWELVE 13IA3IS.

10,

^^ or

SON OF PATRONYMIC.

^s. Muhammad Abul Hasan

al-Taki

11.

TITLE.

^\ The Pure.*

jUl The Director.

\ The Soldier.

J! The Tirtuotis.

The Soldier.

The Pure.

Coming.

Alial-ffaki Abu

Muhammad

12. ^s'* Hasan al- Abul Ivasim

Askari

tlsf*- Hajjat JL? Good.

,_c^f Mahdi

Their names and attributes are on coins of Shiah kings, notably

on some of Uljaitu, Mongol of Persia, and other more recent

Persian kings.

*

The blessing of God be on Muhammad and Ali, and Hasan

and Husain, etc.

The same legend with the addition of Hs^-\ the'

proof,' after

the name of the last Imam.

God bless Muhammad the Chosen, and Ali the Friend, and

Hasan [the Pleasing], and Husain the Martyr, and Ali

the Ornament of the Servants of God, and Muhammad

the Great, and Ja'far the True, and Musa the Silent, and

Ali the Pleasing, and Muhammad the Liberal, and Ali

the Director, and Hasan the Soldier, and Muhammad the

Coming Proof.

46 JIUSADIAN SCHISirATICS,

! ,,

<

J,1 , JI,

Ly (Jy y jj-^ (J

God Mess the Prophet, and the Friend, and the Virgin, and

the two Gentle Ones, and the "Worshipper,and the Great

One, and the Just, and the Silent, and the Pleasing, and

the Pious, and the Chaste, and the Pure, and the llahdi.

Patimi, the daughter of Muhammad and wife of Ali, is here

referred to under the title of the Virgin ;the two Gentle Ones are

Hasan and Husak

a a

y O -/

Ali is the favourite of God. iSJ!J^

1^

Ali is the most excellent of the Commissioners [of God], and

the Vazir of the best of the Messengers (S.Lane Poole).

Ali is the test of God's elect, iUlIP

CLASSIFICAIIOf OF COIIAGES,

In the introduction, to the first volume of the British Museum

Oriental Coins Catalogue it is said," These plohammadan dynasties]

will be arranged in the order proposed and adopted by Fraehn,"

and in other books on Oriental numismatics reference is made to

such and such a class. But Fraehn's arrangement is not to be

easily found, although so spoken of as if it were generally known.

It is here given in the original form as published in the Nova

Supplementa" of that author, ed. B. Born, 1855;and alongside

each class is added the name of it as used in this book and in

modern books generally, and the volume of the Catalogue of

Oriental Coins of the British Museum in which the class is

described.

It will be seen that many coinages are not included in Fraehn's

list, notably the Kings of Dehli and the ITuhamniadan States of

India. He himseli made some appendices, and Dorn, Soret, and

others did the same. Mr. Stanley Lane Poole, however, in his

"Mohammadan Dynasties/' a book of the highest value to the

student of Oriental numismatics, adopts an arrangement of the

dynasties, after the Khalifs of Baghdad, in geographical order from

west to east, i.e. from Spain to India, with certain modifications

arising from historical sequence ;and that arrangement is one

which, probably, will now be generally followed.

This table of classification will also, it is hoped, remove some

difficulties as to names or synonyms used by writers;for instance,

Chulaguidse and Hulaguidi for the Ilkhans or Mongols of Persia,

DschutschidsDj Dsehudschidse, and Jujidse for the Ehans of the

Golden Horde, Ileki and Eelik for the Khans of Turkistan, Patani

for Pathan Kings of Dehli, Sebaktiginiclse for the Ghaznawi or

Kings of Ghazni, and Babaridse for the Moghul Emperors of Dehli,

Ml'SAKMAX ^rMIS3

'S CONSPECTUS CLASSIOL CLASSES AS GIVES or THIS BOOK,

Claris.

L Chalifcc Uniaijada?.

II. Chalifce Abbasidss.

III. Chalifoe Umaijadio in

Hispania.

Ecguli 3Inrciie et

Talenciiu.

Eeguli Hispanire :

Dhirl Xun.

Imanii Edrisidoe in

Mauritania.

Emiri Aghlebida?.

IT. Emiri Tahiridsc.

Y. Sofiaridic.

TI. Emiri Samanidse.

Eeges Bulgharorum

Wolganoruin.

Emiriis Scheddadides.

VII. Chani Turkistaniso s.

Held.

VIII, Sultani Ghasnewidac

s. Sibuktiginida).

Vnia. Glmridee.

IX. Choresmiscliahi.

X. Emiri BuweihidsB.

Hamdanid^.

Principes Sijaridaa.

XI. Einiri Okeilidse.

Einiri Merwanidae.

TV. r.f

Z.3L Cat,

Umayyad. i

Abbasid. ,,

Spanish Umayyad. ii

Hamniudid, Abbadid,

Zayrid, Jahwarid,

Amirid, HudicL

Kings of Denia and Murcia. ,,

l^unid, Xasrid. ,,

Idiisid., ;

Aghlabid, Tulunid,

Ikhshidid., ,

Tahirid.

Saffarid.

Samanid, Sajid, Dulafid. ,,

Khan of Wolffa-Bulghan. ,,

Khans of Turkistan.

Ghaznawi.

Ghurid.

Shahs of Khwarizni.

Buwayhid.

Hamdanid.

Ziyarid.

Governors of Sijistan.

Kakwayhid.

Ukaylid.

Marwanid, Mirdasid.

CLASSIFICATION OF COINAGES. 49

EEAEEN'S CONSPECTUS CLASSIUM. CLASSES AS GIVEN IN THIS BOOK.

Vol. ofJ5.il/. CatCtassis.

XII. Sultani Seldschukidce

A. In Persia.

B. In Asia 3iinore.

XIII. OrtokidBB.

A. RegesMaredini.

B. Eeges Keifse.

XIV. Atabeki.

A. llosulensis.

B. Helebensis.

C. Sindscharensis.

D. In Dschesiret

ibn Oman.

DD. Aserbeidscha-

E, Buktiginidse.

XIV. Chalifae Patimida).

XlVfla. Murabitse.

XIVJ. Muwahliidaj.

XV. Sultani Aijubidse.

A. In JGgypto et

Syria.

B. In Haleb.

BB. In Hama.

C. InMeyafarekin.

Great Saljuks.

Saljuks of Elarman, of

Toknaristan, of Irak.

Of al-Eum, of Arzarum.

Burid, Saldukid, BaEisn-

mandid.

Urfcukid of Maridin.

TJrtukid of Kayfa.

Zangid.

of MosiL

of Halak

j,of Sinjar.

of Jazirah.

Atabegs of Azarbaijan.

Salgharid of Earis, Kings

of Ahar.

Buktiginid,

Eatimid.

Murabit.

Huwahhid.

Hafsid, Ziyanid, Hudid;

Marinid.

Ayyubid.

Of Egypt, Damascus,

Aleppo, Mesopotamia,

Hainan, Hinis, and

Arabia.

B. Dsclianidas,

Bocliarenses.

C. Chokandenses.

D. Chrwenses.

Janid of Astrakhan,

Mangit of Bukhara.

Khans of Khokand.

Khans of Khiva, Amir

of Kashghar.

Amirs of Budlis.

XXIY. ImperatoresBaberidse Eehli Emperors (Emperors

Tipu Sultan Meisur- Mysore Sultan.

ensis.

Cananore, Atschin. South India, Achin.

Xepal, Assam, Ceylon

(not Musalman).

Xone.

*T.X. Xepalenses,

Assamenses,

Ceylonenses.

XXY. A. Kara-Kojunli.

B. Ak-Kojunli.

C. Schirwanschahi.

Kara-Kuyunlid.

Ak-Kuyunlid.

Shirwan Shahs.

Till

Vll

CLASSIFICATION OP COINAGES. 51

PRAEHX'S CONSPECTUS CLASSIUH. CLASSES AS GIVEX ix THIS BOOK.

Vol. of

Claris. B.M. Cat.

XXV. Sefidcc, Oweisidse. Safavid, Afghan, \^

Efscharidoc, Sendidoj. Afsharid} Zand, /

Ivatscharidie. Kajar.

A. Chani Caucasici.

a. Chanatus Derben-

densis.

I. Chanatus

Schirwanensis.

c. Chanatus

Schekiensis.

d. Chanatus

Karabaahensis.

Amirs of Asia Minor. viii

XXVI. Sultani Osmanidas. Othmanli.

XXVII, Scherifi Mauritania}. Sharifs of Morocco, Hasani.

and Filili. v

A. Abd-ul-Kadir. Abd al-Kadir.

B. Imami Arabia) Jukyhid, Zurayid, Easulid,

Felicis. Eassid, Imams of Sana. J?

XXVIII. Afghani.

KN. Asisc

Centralis.

Durrani, Barakzai.

Central Asian.

Xone.

Appendix I. a. A. Eeges Kings of Spain.

Hispania}.

A. Xorraanni Xorman Kings of Sicily. ,,

Eeges Sicilia3.

a.B. Eeges Georgia -

Antiqidores.

B. Eeges

Pagratida?.

XX. Georg. a Eussis

Kings of Georgia.

MUSALUAX NUMISMATICS.

Vs COXSPECTUS CLASSIFM. CLASSES AS GIVES* ix THIS BOOK.,

VoL of3.3T. Oaf.Class! s.

C. Europseorum in

India Orientali

Collegia llercatoria.

'Num. I/usit.

Appendix II. X.X. lluhamina-

dani Incerti.

E.L Company

and

Malay

Settlements.

Pathan Kings of Dehli.'

Governors and Kings of

Bengal.

Governors of Sind.

Kings of Kashmir.

Kings of Jaunpur.

Kings of Malwah. and

Gujarat.

Bahmani Kin^s.

Emperors,

None.

v 11

CLASSIFICATION OP COINAGES. 51

PRAEHX'S CONSPECTUS CLASSIUH. CLASSES AS GIVEX ix THIS BOOK.

Vol. of

Claris. B.M. Cat.

XXV. Sefidcc, Oweisidse. Safavid, Afghan, \^

Efscharidoc, Sendidoj. Afsharid} Zand, /

Ivatscharidie. Kajar.

A. Chani Caucasici.

a. Chanatus Derben-

densis.

I. Chanatus

Schirwanensis.

c. Chanatus

Schekiensis.

d. Chanatus

Karabaahensis.

Amirs of Asia Minor. viii

XXVI. Sultani Osmanidas. Othmanli.

XXVII, Scherifi Mauritania}. Sharifs of Morocco, Hasani.

and Filili. v

A. Abd-ul-Kadir. Abd al-Kadir.

B. Imami Arabia) Jukyhid, Zurayid, Easulid,

Felicis. Eassid, Imams of Sana. J?

XXVIII. Afghani.

KN. Asisc

Centralis.

Durrani, Barakzai.

Central Asian.

Xone.

Appendix I. a. A. Eeges Kings of Spain.

Hispania}.

A. Xorraanni Xorman Kings of Sicily. ,,

Eeges Sicilia3.

a.B. Eeges Georgia -

Antiqidores.

B. Eeges

Pagratida?.

XX. Georg. a Eussis

Kings of Georgia.

0* MTSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

^\jiL: J Jt2Jyt*u* (a governor) - V I ^j

Baysunkur Ak-Kuyunlid.A l1 ;t-J J-X- ^ILL: <_**! Yaku

Ak-Kuymil-id . On Alimad Sliali's.

^L'i *^ ^lliL; Ptiistam (a governor) - J^ <U V ' JU& ^ <k

On Abu Said's.

. J J

. vr ^u>^u ^

,!ijb (jllsLc J Ai On coins of Husain Baikara (governor).

^. The meaning of ~*** Is still doubtful.

The following counter-marks are on Shaybanid coins :

c-: J Ai

Most of the places mentioned here will be found in the list of

mint towns, but others are uncertain; they are given chiefly on

the authority of Tiesenhausen.

A coin of Pir Buclak and Yusuf Fuyan, Kara-Kuyunlid, is

counter-marked AT T ^^U^ ;the date is probably an error for

Al 1 . Eustanij Ak-Kuyunlid?counter-marked coins of his pre-

decessor, Yakub ^U- *z~aj ^llsLs J dj: .

On a coin of Ala al-Din, Karaman Amir, is a counter-strike <d!;

and one of Muhammad Artin, Amir of Mantasha, is counter-struck

with a Solomon's seal, a mark used by the Othmanlis.

^U^Lc is counter-struck on a coin of G-hazan Mahrnud, Mongol

of Persia, and ^ on Jalair coins. One of Shaykh Hasan Buzurg

and many of Shaykh Oways bear counter-marks, -*

COUXTER-2IAHKS. 55

* ; 1 U \ \ t , ;- "f { *"' - v^Hy -crr!^- - ^.p*

' some Caving on tliem both one of the niint-nanies and also

-^p- d!\ .

These counter-marks are of various shapes^ round, oral, multi-

foil, etc., having usually within double lines the words in small

letters arranged in a pattern, and are often hard to decipher.

The coins of the Native States of India often bear marks of

stamping with punches of various shapes, known in that country

as shrof-marks; they are made by money-changers, uJU*s, sarraf,

commonly called shrof, in the bazaars as private marks for

currency purposes, and also to see whether the coin is really all

silver or gold or a baser metal coated over, and they correspond

pretty much to the chop-marks made on dollars in China. Counter-

marks are not common on them, but occasionally ^sft or some other

JNagari letter or two may be seen.

56 MUSAL31AX XOI

The names of iiusalmans are not easy to understand, and are

often a difficulty to the student. The following, taken mainly

from an article on*'

The Proper Xames of the Ifohammadans,"

by Sir T, E. Colebrooke (Royal Asiatic Society's Journal, 1879),

will explain the system.

The different classes of proper names are seven :

1. The ^L? , Alam, is the proper name of the individual. Among

the Musalmans there are no family names as in Europe,

and the Alam corresponds nearly with the Christian name,

as it is given soon after birth or at circumcision, and is

that by which he is familiarly known.

2. The <L^ , Ejinyat, is the name of relationship, as when a person

is described as the father, son, mother, or daughter of some

other person or object.

3. The u-^JL!, Lakab, includes titles of honour, religious and

political, and terms of reproach, descending even to personal

defects.

4. i.AwJ^, al-Ansab, or L^-W*J *J , Ism-i-nisbat, name of

relations as to origin, kindred, land of birth or adoption,

religion, trade or business, personal or other peculiarities,

etc.

5. <uLJI, al-Alamat, certain titles borne by princes which are not

reckoned among the personal appellations, but appear in

diplomas or in the heading of State documents.

6. The (j\^y Anwan, titles of honour applied to others than

princes.

7. The u^s*, Makhalas, or uAsC, Takhallas, the name of

fancy assumed by poets.

The Alam are arranged under three heads, viz. : (1) Names

borne by Muhammad's own. family or his companions, including

the name of the Prophet himself in its threefold form

PROPER NAMES. 07

the praised, ^z~\ the most praised, and **** the praised),

JUJsU - (juz ,the first four Khalifs and the twelve Imams.

(2) Sanies of patriarchs and prophets mentioned in the Koran, such

as >jl Adam, iJU.^ Seth, (^.^ Enoch, - J ^oah, >U Shem,

^Jb^jl Abraham, J-ow-sl Ishmael, fj^s^\ Isaac, <>* Jacob,

_L^rl Joseph, L-^-jt-i Jethro, J^y Hoses, ^,b> Aaron, c^yj

Job, L^J^-J Jonah, !?jJ Lot, CJ*Jli Saul, Jjlj David, ^l^Ls

Solomon, ^-^ Zechariah, y.~?j-s Ezra, u-Ul Elias, ^c"^ Jesus,

.^sT John, jyb Hud, &\y*\Imran. (3) <d!l Af ,

servant of G-od,

and its synonyms, i.e. servant of God under any other of His

names, e.g.

Some of these are also included under Lakab.

The Kunyat might be translated as the surname or cognomen ;

it is made up generally of *>\ father, or ^\ son, with the name of

the father or son, asJ^-s*^

*J\ - s*~^ [^j\ ,or with some other

word making a sort of character name, sobriquet, or nickname,

such as ija&>-*}\ father of a young lion, ^j **\ father of victory.

Under this class come such surnames as Babar, Arghun, Aghlib,

Arslan, Timur, and others.

The Lakab, or honorary title, is applied either in the form of

a compound, of which those expressive of zeal for the faith or of

political importance are the most common, or by a single word or

epithet, like the Augustus, Pius, or Felix of the Romans. The

Lakab is largely used upon coins, and ruling princes are more

known by it than by their Alain or Ivanyat. A list of those found

oa llusalman coins is given below, and as a help in attributing

coins the class or dynasty in which the particular title was used

is added.

The al-Ansab and the Takhallas need not be considered with

regard to coin-legends, but the al-Alamat and the Anwan are of

much interest in numismatics, as the kingly titles are in many

cases characteristic or peculiar to the dynasty ;a list of them is

therefore given of a similar kind to that of the Lakab.

(Lakab).

Gujarat, Brother. +\

Choosing the Country and Pteligion. ,.;J! t Lo oJ!

^U->--

Bengal.

Lion of the State, IS.jJi jJ

Shaybanid. Alexander Bahadur. ,jl# ,

Dehli Kings. Of the Age. ^UjJ!

Good Fortune of the State. <LL\il JU-I

Kings of Denia and Majorca.

Abbasid. The Trusty. ^Dehli King. Amir of the Faithful, ^f^y

Ghaznawid. Of the Faith.

Atabegs. Zangid, Marnluk. ^jSljU^I Full Moon,

Zangid. Ghaznavid. Paleinbang Eaja. ^^

Georgia, Of the Messiah.

Slave. ^JuJ-

Of the Shah of the illayat, i.e. Ali. c-AUUShah of Persia.

Dehli King (Muhammad b. Taghlak). Dependent. ,lJu*l

Hudid. Ghurid. ^jjJL UjJl Splendour. \$

Buwayhid. Marwanid. Hudid, Ceuta Kings. iljdSl

Ukaylid. Chief of Batika. Turkistan.

Samanid, Ghurid,

HONORARY TITLES. 5

Dehli Kings. Bahmani. ^OuK Ljol Crown. _

Hudicl. Ghaznawid. King of Saragossa. <LLjJl

Governor of Sijistan. &1.^

Sultan of Aehin. Of the World. JUll

Buwayhid.

Sitting on the Throne. ^j^J

Eajgarh State (of Queen Victoria).

Ayyubid. Pious in the Faith. ^Muwahhid. The Constant. ^^UH Seeker.

3Iarinicl. ]\Iuwahhid. In the way of God. <d!\ J^f*5

1^ ->>

^jJljLj^ Glory. JL>-

Golden Horde. Dehli Kings. Bengal. Georgia.

Shah of Msabur. Saljuk. Ghaznawid. Mirdasicl. il jJ\ .

Golden Horde. Jalair. Bengal. ^i^\

Dehli Emperor. Kashmir. Khwarizm.

Dehli Queen Eizia. ^JJi ^Lj

Shah Inchu Ahu Ishak. &^\ j ^^ Beauty.

Bnrid. Mamluk.

Ghaznawid. il^ll

Aehin. JUS!

Ghaznawid. <ILJI

Ukaylid. <L!jd!\Hand,

^.l

Dehli Emperor. Conqueror of the World.

Fatimid. aJJl ^d! Guardian.

Ghaznawid. Of the mark of God. <d!l ^Lt

60 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Ayrubid. Maniluk. Dehli King.

Fatimid.

Judge.

Dehli Kings and Emperors. E.I. Co. ^JJDefender.

Indian States.

Bahmani.

Mamluk.

Saraanid, Ukaylid. King of Toledo.

Urtukid. ITamluk.

Georgia.

jSasricL Idrisid. Zairid.

Moorish.

Mongols of Persia.

Dehli Emperor.

Imam of Sana.

Tabaristan.

Abbasid.

HndicL

Abbasid.

Spanish King of Teifa.

Abbasid. Dulafid.

Abbasid. Tahirid.

Behli Emperor.

Sword. *Li

Beautr.

Slave of God.

Just Ruler. J?jiJ

One who invokes (God). ^J<U;i

, }

To the truth.jLsJi Jl

Holder of two offices. M ^o-l> J! JU/" "J ^

Of two dominions. .J'jLJl &j

Of two swords.

Of two glories. t.;j

Of two vizicratcs.(,*-J ,1 ;S\ j

Of two right hands.

Asylum of the Faith.

Dehli King. Hoper for tie mercy of God the bountiful.

HONORARY TITLES, 61

Saljuk (Abbasid Khalif). <d!b Orthodox.

Abbasicl. Samanid. Buwayhid. Easid. <dib Content.\

Abbasid. Marinid. MuwahMd. <d!b The Guider. J

Spanish Abbasid.

Mirdasid. Zl*d\

Abbasid (All). The Pleasing.

Dehli Queen Bizia. ^AlLuJwvH Accepted.

Of eminent degree. ^j^}\ c^W,\!!

Dehli Emperor. Indian State Saronj (of Queen Victoria) .

Behli Emperor. Ll^l\

Saljuk. ^L4!

l Pillar.

Saljuk. Maoiluk. ^oJl^LjjJTurldstan. Dehli Kings. Bengal.

Saljuk. Ziyarid. Buwayhid. LLjJ

Urtukid. Zangid. Amul Prince.

Saljuk. Urtukid. Khwarizm. Achin. ^^\

TJkaylid. Leader of the State.JjjJl

Achin Queen. Pure in the Eaith.

Of the servants of God. ^UH Ornament.

Kashmir. Filili Sharifs.

Mamluk. ^jJ

Buktiginid. Mamluk.

Ghaznawid.

Shadow of Divine Favour, ill J^Dehli Emperor (Shah Alam) .

Ghaznawid. Abbadid. ty<d\ Lamp. J\^-

Dehli Emperor (Bahadur Shah). ^i^'

62 MUSALHAN NUMISMATICS.

Eamdanid. <LhjJJ Felicity.

liarlnicL llamluk. The Fortunate.

DehiiKing. The Second. .jW Alexander.

Dehli Emperor 3Iurad Bakhsh. Bengal. Afalwah.

Bengal. Jondhpur.

d. KakwayMd, ^jj\ Eminence. *U

Bahmani. "Worthy to "be called the ^^J ^ J*^5- "V*

friend of the Compassionate.

Kakwayhid. ILjJI Light.

Kakwayhid. Ghaznawid.

IS^!I Spear.

Samanid. lUl1

! Prop.

Ayyubid. Burid. Easnlid.^iL!l!i

Sword.

G-haznawid. ^JJI

King of Sana. Yaman. ,*U^

Danishmandid. Dehli King.

Mamluk. Behli Kings. Jaimpur.

Bengal. Sind.

Samanid. Ghaznawid. Hamdanid. Zangid. L!

Zairid. Hudid. Turkistan.

TJrtukid. Fatirnid. AyynMd. Zangid. ^li King.

King of Tortosa.

Mirdasid -

Whelp.

HONORARY TITLES. 63

Ghaznawid. Ail I Glory. <_J

Spanish Iloiayyad. Buwayhid. Zairicl. Toledo. &$*^\

1'kaylid. Turlastan.

Aubid. i-^

Danishmandid. Atabeg. DeliliKing. ^.jJJKLjj^ Sun.

Bengal. Gujarat. Bahmani. Jaunpnr.

BuwayMcl. Atabeg. Turldstan. Budlis. .\*^\

Urtukid. Atabeg. Budlis. Kasulid. Hashmir,^Jdll

DeHi Kings and Emperors.

Buwayhid. Saljnk. 1UH

Ziyarid. Eminence. JLwJl

Burid. ol*3\v*

Behli Kings. Bengal. ^jJ^ LjjJ\ Bright Star.

Dehli Emperor (Jahangir).

Ghaznawid. Turkistan. dJ5j!|

Behli Emperor (Shah Jahan). Kashmir. ^^Burid. Maniluk.

Tunis. Just.

Ayyubid. ITamluk. Hadramaut. Good.

ISTasrid. Little.

Queen of Achin. ^ Brightness,

Zangid. Ayyubid. Maniluk. Rectitude. -L>

Ayyubid. Mamluk. Buktiginid. Easulid. ^jJl^ LjjJ\

Ayyubid. amluk. Easulid. Achin. ^Jl

Buwayhid. Mirdasid. I^t Keen Sword. *

Easulid. ^\ Lion.

64 3IUSAL3IAN

Budlis.

Buwayhid. llarwanid. Ukaylid. Batiha.

Barakzai 'Abel al-Rahman)

Abbasid. Buwayhid.

Sataanid. Ziyarid. Sijistan.

Abbasid. Idrisid. Uncertain Moorish,

Abbasid. Ayyubid. Fa timid,

Idrisid.

Abbasid. Saljuk. cd

Ayyubid. MainInk. Dehli Xing.

Fatimic'L

Dehli King,

Saljuk. Malay. A chin.

Saljuk.

Shah of Persia (Abbas III). Lucknow.

Ghaznawid. Ziyarid. Kakwayhid.

Kashmir. Dehli Emperor.

Georgia.

Ghaznawid.

Danishmandid.

Ayyubid.

Ayyubid.

Idrisid.

Very commonly used.

Eatimid.

Shaybanid.

Light. Lc=

Obedient.

Conqueror. Jit

[i Manifest.

Shadow. Ji

Supporter. -^

The Just.

<d!b Excellent.

<d!l Slave. tX-

Of God and his "Waliyat. iJj j <dll

HONORARY TITLES.

Abbasid. Fatimid. Othmanii.

Dehli King (Muhammad b. Taghiak). The Aster.

Spanish Umayyad. Ziyanid, Filili Sharif.

Afghanistan. Sintl.

Fatimid.

Ghaznawid.

Dehli Eing. Abbas.

Umayyad. Hafsid. Marinid. King of Mercia.

Othmanli. Kashghar.

Sharif of Morocco.

Abbasid.

Shaybanid.

Fatimid. Othmanli.'

Bahmani. The Adored One.

Umayyad. Abbasid. Spanish Umayyad.

Samanid. Yalencia. Sharifs of Morocco.

Marinid. Muwahhid. Shaybanid. ^^lluwahhid. d^

Abbasid. Shaybanid. <dil Little Slave.

Abbasid. Buktiginid. e^^J ^^ Bisposition.

Zangid. Urtnkid. Ayyubid.

Ghaznawid. Hamdanid. ^^\Saljuk. ^\Saljuk. Zangid. Dehli Kings. ^^11^ LjjJl Glory.

Bengal.

Shirwan Shah. ^^\ ^

Buwayhid. Ghaznawid.

Ghaznawid. Zangid. Saldutid. Danishmandid.

Mamluk.

Buwayhid.

5

66 MTJSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

Fatimid. Avrubid. Uanxhik, Golden Horde. Excellent, j *.^>*>

Fatiinid. <d!'j

Dchli Emperor (Ahmad Shall). E.I. Co. ^j jjl

Bengal Kings. <.d!! 4jLL>- Arm. j*is

Buwayhid. Spanish Abbasid. Spanish Kings. <L!.jJ\

Ghaznawid. Saljuk. Zangld. Siyarid.

Msabur. ^ jjKi!j

Jvl I

Ghaznawid. Kakwayhid. Saljuk. Sijistan. &:.^

KakwayMd. TJrtukid. ^^ *\J^.\ Glory. Is.

Saljuk. Ehwarizm. Kisabin. Mamluk.

llongols of Persia. Karainan. Dehli Kings.

llalwah. Bengal. Bahmani.

Kakvayhid. Ghaznawid. Malwah.*JjjJ\ ,,

Ghaznawid. Khwarizm. Xaraman. Kashmir., ^j^i(*s

Bahmani. Malwah. Achin.

Bengal. ^l] * jJ\

Ukaylid. &i^\ Knowing. *k~

Buwayhid. Urtukid. ^oil^ UjjH Pillar. jUt

Zangid. Ayynbid. Mamlnk.

Hudid. Saragossa. Denia. Buwayhid. <LLjJl??

Ghaznawid. Saljuk.

Buwayhid. Urtukid. Zangid. &}.^Danishmandid. Mamluk. Saljuk.

^.^\ Pillar or Support.Saljuk.

Abbasid.

llarwanid.

Banishmandid.

Khokand.

i!^jj\ Chief or Safety.

Of the Amirs.\j*$\

Bridle.

Hu^\ Eye.

<dSl Champion.

HONORARY TITLES. 67

Xasrid. Marwankl. Ghaznawid. d!b Overcoming. e^'U

Luckno\v.^*rl~

x''??

Xasricl. &J'o Rich, ^^i

Bengal. ^Lu^i *!L/J! Defender. eL?*~

Buwayhid. ^U^ Assister. cL?^

Siiliuk. Mongols of Persia.'

,. s'j,;^ LjjllJ ^- LL" v '

Shahs of Persia. Zangid. Ghnrid. Othmanli.

Dehli Kings. Bengal. South India. Gujarat.

Bahmani.

Golden Horde. L A! 1 ^\Saljuk. Urtukicl. Ghnrid. Golden Horde. &:\^ ?

Khwarizm. Ayyubid. Malwah. Gujarat.

Fatimid. t&\ j&j Overcoiner.j5U

Durrani. War. L*\i5f Victory, ^vi

Bengal. ^.jiU LjjJ\ J}

Shah of Persia. Az ,,

Ghaznawid. in-l Glory. *sr

Bengal. ^ji\j UjjJ!

Buwayhid. Saljuk. l!.jj\

Ghaznawid. Urtukicl. Danishmandid. Mamluk. ,.tJ^H{^. }}

Saljuk. ^1^!!

Dehli King (Shir Shah). ^oM . LJ jJI Pearl. JuJ

Abbasid. Excellence. J*sHamdanid, ^111

Xasricl. Preceptor. iJii

Buwayhid. i^Sl Orbit or Ship.

Ziyarid. High Matters. JUJ1

05 31USALMA3? XOII83IATICS.

Abbasid. Buwayhid. Ghaznawid. <dl'o Powerful. ,jj

Kakwayhitl. 3Iarwanid. Turkistan. Toledo.

Ximitl Amirid. Teifa, Valencia.

Spanish Umayyad. Hammudid. Idrisid. Distributor. *J3

Fatimid.

Abbasicl. Saljuk. AJJl? Conqueror. JbU

Bengal. Of the Enemies of God. A!!! 1J^3

Ghaznawid.

Abbasicl. Ghaznawid. Buwayhid. Saljuk. Stedfast. J

Turkistan. Patimid. Lliaylici

Fatimid. Ayyubicl ajjb

Abbasid. Muwaahid. Ghaznawid. Saljuk. <d!| ^sb , ?

Eakwayliid. Turkistan. Eatimid. Mamluk.

Hafsid. Hasani Sharifs. MurabiticL

Ghaznawid. By the Decree of God. <dll (c^s^

/ Mamluk. Bengal. ^x^43\ .^ Companion.

Ghaznawid. ^^^a^Sl .^/tl L

Zangid. Dehli lung. ^\j LJjil Pole Star.

Guj arat. South India.

Turkistan.^JjjJl

Buktiginid. TJrtukid. Zangid.' Saljuk. ^jJlEhwarizm. Dehli Kings. Gujarat. Kashmir.

Ghaznawid. Marwanid.

Bengal. i'JjdiiMoon.

Buwayhid. iljjJl Support.

Buwayhid. ^jJI

Urtukicl. Zangid, Buktiginid. Ayyubicl. Perfect.

Mamluk.

HONORARY TITLES. 69

Zangid. ^jM Perfection. JUS

Ghaznavid.

Bmrayhid. Kurdish Chief. /-!! Asylum.

Haindankl. U1 Bounty.

Spanish. Abbasid. King of Keifa. Preserved.

Xunid. Muwahhid.

BehliKing. ^jjJIjLjjJt Warrior,

Hamudid. ^l!b Strengthened.

Abbasid. Samanid. Ikhshidid. <d! Pious.

Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Sijistan.

Xasrid. ^UU Holding fast,

Abbasid. Tahirid. ^SJ! ^ Trusting in God.

Inchu. Sana. Marinid. Hafsid. Sp. Umayyad.

Cordova. Hudid. Badajoz. Ziyadid. Bahmani.

Rasulid. Benia. Ayyubid. Warrior.

Gujarat. iJjA!\

Hudid. ^Ji\

In the Path of God. ^\ JU-M JDehli King. Bengal.

Buwayhid. TJkaylid. Badajoz, .1^1 Grandeur.

Kakwayhid. Cordova. Kurdish Chief.

Urtukid. ^oJ

Burid. ^^ Protector.

Urtukid. Ghaznawid. Ayyubid. <L!^*xHEeviver.

Mamluk. ^

Saljuk. Behli Emperor (Aurangzib). ^Urtukid.

70 3IUSALMAX NUMIS3IATIC&.

Bengal. Distinguished by the ^^J,\ c^oUj

Grace of the Compassionate One.

iluwahhid. Xasrid. Eejcctecl c

lluwahhid. Sp. Umayyad. Majorca. Cliosen.

BiiwayMd. Guardian of Frontier.

Timurid. ,.JjJ\ Guide.ti/

Dehli Emperor (Iturad Bakhsh). ^J^ "Wedded to.

Abbasid. <d!L One who seeks directipn.

Ghaznawid. Saljuk, Atabeg.

Abbasid. Msabur.dlSl^b Seeker of Light.

TJrtukid. 2angid. Atabeg. Ayynbid.

Abbasid. Ghaznawid. id!b "Who implores help.

Sp. Umayyad. Saljnk. Burid.

Abbasid. Saljuk. d)b Who takes fast hold,

Urtukid. Zangid. Atabeg. Ayyubid. Mamluk.

Dehli Kings. Easulid. Gujarat. Bahmani.

Belonging to al-llust asim; belonging to al-Salih.

Mamluk Queen Shajar al-Durr.

Eatimid. Hamudid. IdrisicL ^sJJlj Most High.

Abbasid. a.Ub Who seeks assistance,

Sp. Umayyad. Hudid. ISTasrid. Mebla.

Mamluk.

Abbasid, <d!U "Who puts his whole trust.

Sp, Umayyad. Samanid. Volga Bulghar. Tuzun.

Yaman. Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Sijistan.

Dehli Kings. Bengal.

HONORARY TITLES, 71

Abbasid. Urtnkid. ^Ul? "Who implores help,

Zangid.

<d!b "Who seeks aid.

On many varieties of coins of between A.H. 623 and 640.

Also 3Iuwahhid. Fatiaiid. Hafsid. Hammudid.

llarinid. Sp. TJmayyad. Dehli Kings. Sind.

l

Established by God the Shield, the

Bahmani. Ever Bestowing, the Overcoming.

Buwayhid. 4-LiM Exalted. J

Abbasid. Ikshidid. Sarnanid. <0i Obedient. -fc-jk*

Buwayhid. Hamdanid. Ziyarid. Sijistan. Yaman

Governors. Amul Prince.

Abbasid. Ayyubid. Badajoz. Conqueror.

Easulid. Tuzun. Amiricl. 3Iainluk.

Zayrid. Turkistan. Talencia. Gujarat.

Buktiginid. ^jtJJl^LjjJ

Buktiginid. \*jL^\ 3 Jj**S

Buktiginid. Mangit. Salgharid. Yaman. ^JJ

Abbasid. ^uJb "Who is made illustrious.

King of Saragossa and of Sicily.

Abbasid. Euclid. Valencia. <d!b "Who relies on. >,

lluwahhid. Easulid. BahmanL

Gujarat.

Abbasid. lluwahhid. Saraanid. <d!b Petitioner.

Dulafid. Tulunid. Muzaffarid. Abbadid.

Dehli Kings. Of God the Gracious.

Bahmani.

Dehli Kings. 0! God the Protector.

NUMISMATICS.

Hammudid. ^b Lion.

Abbasid. Tulunid. ^\^^L:

"Who relies upon.

Saffarid. Dawudid. Abbadid. Bulafid.

Ukaylid. j.ji\

Sp. TJmayyad. <d!b Arranged.

Fatimid. ITamlnk. Zayrid. "Who honours,

Saljuk. Atabeg, Hazandaran. ^ojj^ U3^\

DeMi King.

Kings of Denia, Tortosa, and Saragossa. <L!jjJl

BuwayMd, (xhaznawid. Saljuk. Mirdasid.

Saljuk. Fatimid. Zangid. Dehli Emperors. &i^Maldive.

Fatimid. Ayyubid. <d!l ^l

Urtukid.(^^^\ ^i\ Fixed.

Urtukid.^Ul!\

Urtukid. il^jJl

Saljuk. Timurid. Dehli Emperors. &}^

Buwayhid. <v^ Giving aid to.

Saljuk. Atabeg. Bengal. ^jJl ^LoJl

Othmanli. ,.^A!! Conqueror.o i

Abbasid. Committed to the care of God. <d!\ JlTulunid.

Saffarid. Samanid. Sijistan. <d!U Powerful.

Hudid. Sajid. Yaman Governor.

Abbasid. <dl^lj

Abbasid. Follower of the order of God. t!&\ ~\i

Ghazna-wid. Saljuk.

HONORARY TITLES,

The order of God. <d!ly.VJ Who follows. ^

Abbasid. Ghaznawid. Saljuk. ITazandaran. Murcia.

Abbasid. Tulunid. Saffarid. *Ub Content.

Samanid.

3Iarwanid. cJajJ! Who lays the foundation. J^l

Easulid. &:.^

Abbasid. Hafsid. <dlb Conqueror. +*>

Of the Eace of the Divine Prophet. *d!l J^, J'J

Samanid.

The Expected for the Command of God. di!\^*3^!iu*

Fatimid interregnum.

Avenger of God's Enemies for the sake of God's Religion.

Abbasid (Kahir).

Abbasid. Ayynbid. Fatimid. Protected

Easicl. Samanid. Ghaznawid. 3Iamluk. ^ajahid.

Sp. Umayyad. Muwahhid. Kings of Valencia,

Ceuta, Eadajoz, and Cordova. Hasani Sharifs.

Kings of Sicily. Fatimid. Ayyubid. ^U

Hafsid.

Eahmani.

Kashmir. ij^ Illuminating,

Undid. Curator.

Abbasid. Samanid. Hammuclid. <xi!lj Favoured.

Idrisid. Dulafid. Denia. Majorca. Badajoz.

uwahhid. ^i!b Faithful,

Samanid. Basulid. Strengthener or Strengthened. Jo **

Ayyubid. Mamluk.

Sp. Umayyad. Undid, Tortosa. <dllj,

Valencia. Ceuta.

Bengal By the help of the ITereiful. ^^)\ Jj*b

Gujarat. Jaunpur. Bahmani.

Bu\rayhid. Bawandid.<LSjdl!

Samanid. <d!l ^^ ??

Turkistan. Jj\J\ 7J

Bahmani. i**^

Abbadid. ITarinid. Bahrnani. ^111 .^s^j> "

Directing by the order of God. $\ ^b ^jlf^

King of Sicily.

Abbasid. <d!b Guided aright.

Sp. Umayyad. Hammudid. d!U Presented.

iFatimid. Easid. Idrisid. Abbadid. Sana.

Buwayhid. Marwanid. iJtjJi Sincere.

Lovecl of the Amir of the Faithful.

Dehli Queen Eizia.

Zangid. Yalencia. Sana. Hammudid. Defender.

Ayyubid. Marnluk. Basulid. Spanish.

Bengal.

Urtukid. Dehli King. Bengal.

Turkistan.

Urtukid. Zangid. Ayyubid,

llamluk. Dehli Kings. Sind. Bengal. Gujarat.

Hamclanid. Samanid. Majorca. Bawandid.ii^jJ

Yery commonly used. *1!1 ^^\ and(

HONORARY TITLES.,

Mamluk.

01 tlie Nazarenes (Christians).

Norman Kings of Sicily.

Ayyubid.

Urtukid. Ayyubid. 3Iamluk.

llarwanid.

Kashmir.

Buwayhid.

Dehli Queen Eizia.

King of Aliar.

Urtukid, Danishmandid.

Urtukid.

Ghaznawid.

Ghaznawid. Kashmir. Lucknow.

Ghaznawid.

Afghanistan. Of the World,

Zangid. Easulid. Bengal.

Turkistan.

Urtukid. Ghaznawid. Mamlnk.

Dehli Emperor Jahangir. Durrani.

Achin Queen.

Inchu. Marinid. Jalair.

Ahbasid. Hudid. MuwahMd. Hafsid.

Hasani Sharifs. Dehli Kings, Gujarat.

Gujarat.

Dehli Kings. Bengal. Bahmani.

BahmanL

<LL! I

**! 1 Lj A! \ Star.

Helping.

Defence,

Defender.

r Light.

JU!\

Confiding.

ilSb.

76 MUSALHAX NUMISMATICS.

In the help of the Almighty. ^ADehli King Firuz II.

Khwarizm,

JIalwah. The Eternal, the Firm. ,^j*

Inchu. Doubtful. Ji> or

llalwah. The King the Protector. .^Ui

Jalair. The King, the Country. ,l;jJ'

Dehli Kings.

llamluk. Queen llothcr.

Ghaznawid. *d*!l Veigher. ^u

Son of the Prince of the Apostles. ct*L^Jl ^ d*

Bengal (Husain).

Umayyad. Hasani Sharif, Son. JuL

Abbasid. Guide. ijjU

Rasid. ijsA Jl ?J

Sana. <dii ,jjJ

Rasulid. lt ,>^\ Lion, j^

Bengal. o^y!^S Eight Hand.

Dehli King, ilalwah.

Bengal, <J

Ghaznawid.

BEGAL TITLES. /<'

EEGAL TITLES (Alamat and Aawan).

Imam. Keligious Chief.

Chagatai. Of Amirs. UVJ1

Muwahhid. Hudid. Of the People. l^l\

Hasani Sharifs. Of the Imams. <rUj-i

Chagatai. Dehli lungs. The Great. +*zl\

Bengal Kings.

Of the Church of the Messiah. *srUA/*!\ <U.J1

King of Cordova. (Of the Pope of Eome.)

Abbasid. Zand of Persia. Of the Truth. ^J-sT or

Of the Age and the Khalifat. dUrL

Shaybanid.

Ayyubid. The Manifest.

^U!I ^ alll Lp- JJ^b JUl! oThe directed Imam, the Overseer by the Command

of God, the Evidence of God against the

Creation. (S. Lane Poole.)

Eatiniid (interregnum).

Saljuk. ^W tJoljl Zangid. Lord Father.

Golden Horde. King of the Horde, ujl^ *A

Amir. Prince. ^\ -j*

Samanid. Ghaznawid. Most Illustrious.

Hafsid. Saljuk. Turkistan.

Buwayhid. Timurid. The Greatest.

78 MUSAL31AN NI

Buwayhid. Gliaznairid. Kakwayhid. Of Amirs. .VJ'

Of the Amirs, the Directors.^J Ju-i J! LVJ1

lluwahhid. Hafsid. Marinid. Ziyanid.

Samanid. Turkistan. Illustrious. JJ^i ,,

Dehli King. Protector of the Paith. ,.,rjJ

,

Buwayhid. Ghaznawid. Mirdasid. Lord.

Dehli Kings. Of the East and the West. <_>.i!l . j;^

Turkistan. Buwayhicl. Just. J^ltl!

King of Mebla. Of the West *-^Alphonso VIII of Spain. Of the Catholics. ^iLii!! J?

3Iurabit. Manranid. Of the Moslems.

Huclid. ^"asrid. Cordova.

Yaman King. Conqueror, .i

Timurid. Eminent.

King of Mercia. Our Lord.

Very commonly used.'

Of the Faithful.(1^^>

Hamdanid. Strengthened. Jo

Mongols of Persia. Illvhan.

Mongols of Persia. Salgharid. ^k^ll

Mongols of Persia.

King Alphonso VIII. King of Cordova. Pope, bb

Mongols of Persia. Of Islam. >Lsl

King of Cordova. Of Eome. <U

Mangit. Padshah. i'Lijb

Mongols of Persia, Ji^S

Excellent King of the Surface of the Earth.

Ataheg. Zangid.

REGAL TITLES.

Dehli Emperor

(Earukh Siyar).

Dehli Emperor. Bhopal.

Dehli Emperor (Jahandar).

Dehli Emperor. Lucknow.

Golden Horde.

Mongols of Persia. Salgharid.

Of Sea and Land. 1 & .2> xV

Begum. Queen,

Of the World.

Of the Age.

Of the World. JL

79

altjb

Othmanli. Dehli Emperors. Kashmir.

Durrani. Native States of India. E.I. Co.

Dehli Emperor (Azam Shah).

Othmanli.

Saljuk.

Achin King.

Bengal King,

Mongols of Persia.

Very commonly used.

Samanid. Kings of Saragossa,

Cordova, and Denia.

Dehli Emperors.

Of Ptcalms.

Pashah.

Princes.

Eegent.

Prince.

Prince. L-X.^

Chamberlain. L

His Majesty. 2>Us <

Mongols of Persia. Shahs of Persia. Emperor.

Dehli Emperors. Astrakan. Turkistan.

Tnrkistan. Timuricl. Shaybanid. Jar!1

Chagatai. Krim. Mongols of Persia.

Shahs of Persia. Greatest,

Shaybanid. Krim. Most 3sToble.

OthmanlL Of the Two Seas.

80 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Shahs of Persia. Son of the Emperor. ^Uls^ j

Tlmiiriii. Shaybanid. Chagatai. Jjlx>

Shaybanid. Dehli Emperor. Xoble. ,*t\,4.!<

Khokand. Golden Horde. Krim. Khan.

Shaybanid. Othmanli. Kara and Ak-Kuyunlid.

Turkistan. J^-S

Great Khans. ^^:

Afghanistan. Afghan. ^Uj

Indian Native States. jU

Golden Horde. Shaybanid.

Great Khans.

Khiva.

Turkistan.

Atabeg of !Mosil. Zangid. Lord of the World. *!U jj\Jo-

in very common use. Khalif.

Abbasid. lluwahhid.^U*

!

Abbasid. Ghaznawid. Behli Kings. <dl

Dehli Kings. Jaunpur. Mahvah.(^^^\

Shaybanid. Malay.

Dehli King.

3S"asrid. Hudid. Abbaside. -5-^^

King of Sicily. Duke.

Indian Native States. Eaja.

,, EajaofEajas. T j^Jfcj

Lord.

Muwahhid. Marinid. Of the Worlds.

Hafsid. Hudid. Zayad. Kings of Mercia.

Dehli Kings. Ziyanid. ITorocco Sharifs.

REGAL TITLES. 81

Sliahs of Persia. Of the Easts.

Lucknow. Possessed of Many Claims.

Sultan.

Ukaylid. \j"

Shahs of Persia. Othmanli. Dehli Kings. ^Bengal, Uaiwah.

Bahmani. Excellent. _

Atabegs of Mosil. Ghaznawid. *Lsl1

Mamluk. AyyubicL ^j-^Lu^ll ^^!Lo-\

Very commonly used. Jas5H

Othmanli. .^\

Bengal. Munificent.

Othmanli. Of the Two Continents.

Among the Sultans of the World. ^Shah of Persia (Hadir).

Othmanli. Maldive King.

Afghanistan. e)^"*

Malwah. The Gracious. **bz\

1 *JJ!

The Gracious, the Generous, Kind to the Servants

of God, the Eich, the Protector.

Bahmani.

Buwayhid, Ghaznawid, UBahmani.

Afghanistan.

Dehli King. Happy.

Bengal. Malwah.

6

S2 MUSALHAN NUMISMATICS.

Othmanii.

Bahmani. Besembling the Friend of the Merciful One.

Ghaznawid. Dehli King. Of the East, v ^Jlw>

Mamluk. Dehli King. The Witness. Ju^j\

Very commonly used. J JciSl _ Jj^Sl . JjW\

Mongols of Persia. Othmanli. Bengal ^Uli

Ayyubicl. ;j :J(vvBahmani. Of the Epoch and Age. ^UJ!^^!!Saljuk. Shahs of Persia. Shaybanid. ^-;U!1

Eara Kuynnlid. Othmanli. Dehli Kings.

Atabeg. Saljuk.

Sengal. Conqueror. *

Bahmani. i*

Bahmani. Powerful k Islam.

Mongol of Persia (Abu Said).

Malwah.

Muzafiarid Obedient and Obeyed, clk^l

(Shah Shuja).

Yery commonly used.

Mamluk. Timurid. Othmanli.

Golden Horde (Aziz Shaykh), Deceased. *p- UM

Mysore (Tipu). ^\Mongols of Persia (Abu Said). j J |

Mongols of Persia The Directing. O~A^(Abu Said).

Mongol of Persia (Sati Beg).

KEGAL TITLES. 83

'Samanid. Buwayhid. Mangit. Khokand. Prince. Juj

Khiva. Astrakhan.

Samanid. L*l'1 ,,

King of Benia. !jJl

Bengal. L~JJ>\

The Chief. ^U!The Princes, Chiefs. *L^ ijLJI

Sayyid Chiefs of Karmati.

Ghaznawid. Dehli Emperor (Humayun). ^.^JsLJl

Fatimid. Bengal. Of the Apostles. ^L^M

llongols of Persia. Shahs of Persia. Shah. 5Li

Dehli. Bengal. Kashmir. Indian States.

Ayynbid. Of Armenia. ^J\ n

Behli Emperors. kJ^rT

Kings of Benia and Tortosa. UjjJl J?

Urtukicl. OfDiarbakr. J^J^ J?

Behli Emperor. Asylum of the Faith, asl^j jj,,

Lucknow.

Behli Emperor. E.I. Co. Indian States. Jlc

Achin.

Partabgarh State, Eajpntana. Of London. ^JcJ

Buwayhid. Eong of Kings.

Saljnk. Kakwayhid.

llarwanid. Shahs of Persia. Behli Emperors.

Saljnk.

llongols of Persia.

Bengal. Generous. JjL

Behli Emperor (Eafi al-Barjat). Jj

84: MUSALM1X KU1EISMATICS.

Dehli Emperor (Jahangir).

Shall of Persia QMIr). Of Kings.

Shall of Persia (Muhammad). Of the Prophets. LJ.1

Sharifs of Morocco. o*?^ an(i ^M^\ Sharif. L^i' -*

Mongols of Persia. Mamluk. Shaikh,

Hasani Sharif.

Lord. L^^

Afghanistan. ^UJl Shahs of Persia, ^Uj ,,

Othmanli. JjUS\

Othmanli. Of ITight and Victory by land and sea.

Of the Happy Conjunction. ^LShah of Persia (jS'adir). Dehli Emperors.

Second Lord of the Happy Conjunction. ^Jll;

^\

Behli Emperors. Indian States.

ATbbasid. ^\ Officer. U

Abbasid. Kings of Majorca. Ayyubid. t&\ Slave

Patimicl. Of God and his Wall. <U^ ^^

Dehli King (Muhammad b. Taghlak). Hoper.

Spanish Umayyad.

Bahmani.

Abbasid. IljjJl Officer.

Shah of Persia (Tahmasp I). Slaye of Ali.

Indian State.

Mongols of Persia. Salgharid. Atabegs. Kan .J13 _ ..er

REGAL TITLES, 85

Zangid. llongols of Persia.

Golden Horde. Mongols of Persia. JJ*

Ctesar Augustus. u^uJ^l - s^*ui - L^%^

King of Sicily.

Kutch and other Indian States, Kaiser i Hind. A

applie'd to Queen Yictoria.

Dog.

Of the threshold of the Pleasing One.\&j ^li

Shah of Persia (Shah Eukh).

Of the threshold of Ali. ^ ^kShah of Persia (Husain).

Of the Amir of the Faithful. ^^\^Shah of Persia (Husain).

Of the Sultan of Khurasan. ^U .^

Shah of Persia (Shah Bukb).

Shah of Persia (Abbas II). Of Ali.

Kings of Sicily. Count.

Yictoria. V.jt^? Queen.

England or Inglistan. ^Jo,j&

^ ^\j\ < ^1Queen Yictoria adorning the throne of

Inglistan and Hind.

Indian States. -

King. LJ3U .

'Saljuk. Ghaznawid.

Saljuk. Zangid. Ayyubid. Mamluk.

Atabeg. Ghaznawid.

Urtukid. Excellent.

Urtukid. Atabeg. Danishmandid. Zangid. Ahar.\j*i\

Bu^-ayhid.

bt> MU8ALMAX NUMISMATICS.

L^SL J^JI

Zangid. Of Amirs of the East and the West.

Urtukid. Of Honoured Amirs.(^s^ \

AyynMd. J^Saljuk. ysdLj^ Jc

Of the two Continents and two Seas.

Sadite Sharif,

Of the two Continents and two Seas and

Syria and the fovo Iraks.

Othmanli (llurad III),

Urtukid. Diarbakr. &Bengal Kings. ^^Zangid.

Of the necks of the Nations. **i

Mongol of Persia (Uljaitu).

Of the necks of Christians. \^J

King of Sicily.

Urtukid. Mamlak. Ghuricl.

Ghnrid. Banishmandid.

Zangid. Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk,

Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk.

Urtukid. Danishmandid. Atabeg. JUl!

Buvayhid. Urtukid. Zangid.

Eatimid. Ayyubid. Maniluk.

Dehli Kings.

Of the Arabs and foreigners. ^slU c-yJ! n

King of Aden.

Zangid. Ayyubid.

KEGAL TITLES. 87

Fatrmid. Ayyubid.

Saljuk.

Urfrukid. Ayyubid Mainluk. Shaybaiiid.

Danishmandid. Powerful.

Urtukicl. Prosperous. J

Saraanid (Mansur b. jSTuh). Strengthened.

Commonly used.

Ghaznawid. King of Sicily.

Delili Emperor (Jaliangir).

Buwayhid. Kakwayhid. Georgia.

Georgia. Of Eings and Queens. ^-?liiU^

Samanid. Ghaznawid. Zangid. Urtukid.

Saljuk. Ayyubid. llamluk. Easulid.

Samanid. Favoured.

Samanid. Mainluk. Hasani Sharifs. Easulid,

Urtukid. Ayyubid. Mamluk. .^

Kings of Sicily. Christians,

Eaja of Cannanore (according to Soret)

The Unique of the lungs of the Age,

Zurayid. Elng of the Arabs and of the Yamin.

Zurayid.

Dehli Queen (Eizia). Queen.

Mamluk.

Georgia. Indian States.

Georgia. Of Queens.

Georgia. tuliUH

Dehli Eing (Taj al-Din Tildiz). Slave.

88 MUSALMA3T NUMISMATICS.

.

Of Mamun.

Mongols of Persia. Prince.

Abbasid. TaMricl. Samanid. ~i*+i*.\ ^to- j >Amir al-Umara.

Ghaznawid.

Abbasid.

Indian States. ITaharaja, As*-UU* - l

Indian States. ITaliarao.'

The Malidi.

Our Imam.

Yiceroy.

Muwahhid.

MnwaliMd.

Imam of Sana.

Hafsid.

SulayMd.

Kasbnir. Banmani. Dehli Kings.

Jaunpur. Eing of Sana.

And Great Khalii.

timid Wazir (Abu AH Ahmad).

Shahs of Persia.

Abbasid,

Haidarabad in Decean. Mzam.

Tnrkistan.iljjJ

Ghaznawid. Danishmandid. Marwanid. ^.^

Taman King.(jy^t^

Prophet.

Chief of Makalla. Chief.

REGAL TITLES, 89

Indian States.

Shahs of Persia.

Samanid.

Fatimid.

Xawab.

Governor.

Yizir.

^-H^ Lt Heir.

Belili Emperor. Hurnayun. BatLmani. "Wali.

TJmayyad. ALbasid.

Samanid.

Ghaznawid. Dehli Kings.

Atabeg. Hamndid.

Abbasid. Hudid. Patimid.

Ghaznawid. Buwayhid. Hamndid. Zangid.

Saljuk. Murabitid. Ayyubid. EatimicL

King of Mercia. Bengal.

'Timurid.

31USA.L31AN XOllSMATICS*

LIST OF THE OF AID

The names and dates of the kings of the many dynasties

who issued Musalman coins will be found in Lane Poolers

ilohammaclan Dynasties" and in the volumes o! the British

Museum Catalogue. A list of them would be too long to "be

given here, but as the names of the Khalifs of Baghdad and

of the Egyptian Ehalifs are upon the coins of many dynasties

who acknowledged the authority of the Khali?more or less, and

the name often helps to fix a doubtful date, the following may

"be useful.

SHOBT

1. Mtuiwiya I.

2. Tazidl.

3. Htuiwiyall.

4. Harwfin I.

5. 'Abdal-MaHk.

6. al-Widl.

7. Sulayman.

8. 'TJmar.

9. YazidIL

10. Hisham.

11. al-WalidIL

IJmayyad Zhalifs.

FULL J^AME.

uXUll

^U-L

Juj; ^ JLO

DATE A.E.

41

60

64

64

65

86

96

99

101

105

125

EHALTFS OF BAGHDAD AXD EGYPT. 91

XOEISilATICS.

22. d-Mustakil.

24. al-Ta'l.

25. al-Qadir.

26. al-Qa*im.

28. cil-lliistazhir.

29. al-3Instarshid.

30. al-Eashid.

31. al-3Iuqtafi.

32. al-llustanjid.

33. al-Mnstadl. <d!i **U

35. al-Zahir.

36. al-Mustansir. AXJU^S,

37. al~Miista'sim. <d3bi

- v

An interval occurred between the death of al-Musta'sim in

the month Salar?656

,and the succession of the first Egyptian

Khali! in 659 A.H.

Ahhasld Khalifs of Egypt.

1. al-Zahir. ^A^\ *J(&\ y\ <dJl^b^l!:i!l659

2. al-Hakim I. Xw?-l ^l^l^l cdll^b ^iJl661

3. al-llustakfi I. ^U-jLa j-^.^ ^^ ^b ^ix^^uAS^701

4. al-Wathiq ^1^1^b JJUi 740

5. al-Hakim II. d^s-l <d!l yb ^U 1 740

6. al-Hu tadid. S** *>\ ^^\ *Ji <wJb JkAdjjt^Ji 753

KHALIFS OF BAGHDAD AXD EGYPT. 93-

7. al-Mutawakkil I.

8. al-Mu'tasim.

9. al-Mutawakkil I, again.

10. al-"Wathiq, again.

11. al-Mu^tasim, again.

12. al-Mutawakkil I, again.

13. al-Musta'in.

14. al-Mu'tadid II.

15. al-Mustakfi II.

16. al-Qa'im.

17. al-Mustanjid.

18. al-Mutawakkil II.jjj*S!

Ju

19. al-Mustamsik.

20. al-Mutawakkil III.

Passed to Othmanli Sultan Selim I.

POETICAL IEGEIDS,

The legends on coins in the Persian language are often in verse,

called o-j, couplet, distich. Sometimes they are in a double

couplet. Owing to the way in which the words are arranged to

bring the verse within the compass of the area, they are difficult

to make out, so a fairly full list of them is given below, with

translations, the latter being those in E. S. Poole's"Shahs of

Persia," S. Lane Poole's "lloghul Emperors/' L. "White King's

'"Baiakzai," il. Longworth Dames' "Durrani Dynasties," and

C. J. Ptodgers' various writings.

The verse begins most often, as is the case too when the legend

is not in verse, at the bottom, and is to be read upwards, as in

(<T.)Persian Shah Nadir Shah 'So. 2

;sometimes at the top, as

(5) Persian Shah ITahniud No. 2;

sometimes at the second line

from the top, as(c)

Persian Shah Ashraf No. 2, or lower still, as

(rf)Ashraf No. 3 : in these two, (c)

and(d), it will be seen the

reading is first upwards for the first verse and then downwards

for the second. In all these examples, too, the words or parts of

words are not consecutive in the way given in the couplets as

written out and as the metre and rhyme require, but are placed

or divided in a fanciful way. Often one verse of the couplet is

on the obverse and the other on the reverse of the coin, as

(e) Jahangir No. 22, which begins at the top of the obverse

and bottom of the reverse. (/) The double distich on the five

muhr piece of Jahangir No, 7 gives an example of several of these

difficulties on one coin.

POETICAL LEGENDS.

{c\ ls>- j j; (d) ,Ui , ;^-\v; . >. v N / j C' .

(^ Obv. t'H Eev. iLiX ^^L>a

Ifj-r^^

^l^.^ ,^Li^U^j

(/) Obv. ^Ur Key.

L.,U; ,o J' >

Shahs of Persia.

ISMAIL I. i -JLs.*! ^^ LLc

Call upon Ali, the manifesto! of miracles;

Thou shalt find Mm a help unto thee in adversities.

All care and grief shall vanish

By thy holiness, AH, Ali, Ali.

ISMAIL II. \z~J\ >Ult-?JLj \3 ^--*

L^w:' *\AJ\jLs* j

\ J \

If an Imam there be between the East and West,

Ali alone with Ali's house for us is the best.

96 MrSALDIAX NUMISMATICS,

ABBAS II. m ,J !

. JL*^L,

Throughout the world Imperial money came,

Struck by God's grace in Abbas Sani's name.

(2)

Lo ! at this time throughout the world imperial money came,

Struck by God's grace in Ali's watchdog Abbas Sani's name.

II, STJLAI3E1N. (1) . ,-jlJ ^wL^ ^.mJb

Since Abbas Sani from the -world is passed away ?

Safi (the second's) money has imperial sway.

(2)

For the sake of winning grace of him who men and genii leads ,

The age's Solomon struck golden money for the people's needs.

(3) ^U. JJL^-J jJjU

1;

,w> Av^j

Since on my soul I struck the stamp of Ali's love,

The world obeyed my rule by grace of God (above).

HTJBAIBT. L-^- j

..

Money he struck by the grace of the Lord of East and

"West, the twain

Everywhere, dog of the Prince of the Faithful's shrine,,

Sultan Husain.

POETICAL LEGENDS. 97

TAHSIASP II. (I) Similar to the first of Abbas II,

"being substituted for (jwU^ in the second line.

(2) j

,UL&J! *J \}\ LJ-^ 3 . JUT 5! .^ XJ -s L5 w

Tahmasp the Second struck in purest gold assayed

K"o man but All, and no sword but Ali's blade (the Zu al-fakar).

ABBAS III. u r^"J^ L^ (J^*P> *"*) jjj""*******

Throughout the universe by grace divine a golden money came,

Struck by God's Shadow, a new Emperor, Abbas the Third by

name.

STTLAIMAN II. (1)

By grace divine he struck a coin of happy fame,

The Sovereign just, who second Solomon became.

(2) 2^^

Shines as the rising sun and moon upon the earth,

Heir of Sulaiman's right, the Shah of saintly birth.

MAHMTJD. (1) <_>bil ^J

Prom the east of Iran he struck coin like the solar face,

Shah Mahmud, world-conqueror, of the saintly race.

(2)

Below the earth sank down the moon and shining sun,

Envying the coin of Shah Mahmud, world-conquering one.

7

98

(3)

Like SUE and inoon the imperial coin is world-renowned,

For its pure metal by God's grace is free of alloy.

(4)

For the trne faith te prepared coin by God's direction.

May Mahmiid flourisli, the faith-protecting king.

ASHEIF. (1)

Upon the Ashrafi vas wrought the magic of his grace's name;

jSTobility from Ashraf's name upon the sun there came.

(2)

> " J

Ashraf laid hold on majesty with might ;

Let his coin's legend reade

Requited be unright."

(3)

By grace of Ashraf Shah, who keeps the right,

The gold of the four friends now sees the light.

(4) ^j)j> ** ^*j^ uJ^l (tij

^j^ 5j^LJ :\Sj*aj L^l^i^ it

In the exalted name (Ashraf) of sun and moon coin was made

from gold.

Gold and the sun of victory "by His grace were made bright.

(This is an unsatisfactory couplet, read conjecturally

by Dr. Eieu from a single coin, on which there is

POETICAL LEGENDS. 99

apparently another uJl-il or tJ^j which he has not

Included init.)

(1)

By gold in all the earth Ms kingship shall be famed,

Phoenix (Nadir) of Persia's land, world -conqueror,

sovereign named.

(2)

Over Sultans of earth is Sultan,

Sadir, Shah of Shahs, Sahibkaran.

(3)

[or ^l^b] jjl^Jj A3 ^ ^ JbLi :^

The order issued from the Shah of Shahs, Nadir, Sahibkaran,

Let coin obtain in Herat from Shah Eukh's name and mark

(or glory).

ADIL SHAH. (1) ^J

JLI: AUJ

Decreed of him who ceases not, a currency there came,

The coinage of the sovereignty sent forth in Ali?

s name.

(2)

After the fortune of Nadir, Adil had coin on gold ;

In the name of the king of the faith, the exalted Lord,

the world was illumined.

100 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

(1) <

I

" -/ vvy

By grace divine he struck a coinage of imperial worth,

Shah Ibrahim, his gold sun-like illumining the earth.

(-> )"

l*~***'j~s j uJy . j* (J^j

U, ^Lxtl <L_X~J ,;_j u^-Jl j ^.U,j r^-^ CL^

By the Creator's bounty, and by fate's decree,

Gold of saintly Eiza has its currency.

SHAH BUSH. (1) \j ^jLiL

"Whenas Shah Eukh imperial money coined, 't was then

A second time Iran renewed herself again.

(2)

Throughout the world he struck his coin by grace divine,

Shah Eukh, the watchful dog of Ali Eiza's shrine.

(3)

Another emperor has coined, thanks to Nadir's efforts7

worth,

Dog of the king of the East (Khurasan), Shah Eukh, the king

of the earth.

LTJTF ALI.

Its stamp has golden money won

From. Lutf Ali; la far's son.

POETICAL LEGE2TOS. 101

TAHMASP II and Ijo- J^^ JJ*tj

J

ABBAS III. U,

Erom out of Khurasan a golden coin by grace divine was sent,

And aid of Ali Musa's son the kingly saint benevolent.

MUHAMMAD HASAN and

AKA MUHAMMAD.

A golden coin by happy fate has run

In name of peaceful Ali, Musa's son.

EJJIDE KHAN and

KA MUHAMMAD.

"While gold and silver through the world shall flow,

Coin of the Age's Lord (the true Imam) shall go.

KAEIM KHAIST?ABU

SADIK, An MFRAD, and

AKA MUHAMMAD.

Silver and gold through all the world have now become the

moon and sun,

Thanks to the true Imam's imprint, the Age's Lord (the

rightful one).

AZAD KHAN.

As long as Azad on the earth shall stand,

The Age's Master shall the coin command,

AKA MUHAMMAD. (1) <xib ^

"While stamped shall be the gold and silver ore,

The coinage of the Age's Master shall endure.

102 MU3ALMAN NUMISMATICS.

(2)

"While stamp shall be on gold and silver ore,

The coinage of the Age's Master shall endure.

Durrani,

(1)

The order proceeded from the Incomparable Creator to

Ahmad the king : Strike coins in silver and gold from

the ascension of Pisces up to the moon."

(2) <

ali Ju^-1 ilx JU 2s'Uij'

r

The xrorld-protecting king Ahmad Shah struck coins in gold

by God's grace.

as Mzam.

The coin of Taimnr Shah got current in the world by the

order of Grod and the Prophet of the people.

TAIHUB, as king.

The revolution (of the heavens) brings gold and silver from

the sun and moon, that it may make on its face the

impression of the coinage of Tainmr Shah.

POETICAL LEGEIS'DS. 103

SHAH.

,tj ...MJ ,%._ Cl^-i-Je^ <WvJ-r-^J

The currency of the coin of the realm in the name of Shah

Zaman obtained permanency hy the order of the Lord

of both Worlds.

MAHMTJD SHAH. (1)*J1 J^Jiyj jjj

X\J* Ja/kS.^ .ols^> *""'

The world-conquering Khusrau Mahmud Shah struck coins

in gold through God's support.

(2)

Sultan Mahmud, the second Khusrau, increased the coinage

of the realm in gold and silver.

SHIJJA Ai-MuLE. $

The religious king, Shuja al-Hulk Shah, struck coins in silver

and gold like the sun and moon.

QAISAE SHAH. ajj

The coinage in gold and silver in the name of Qaisar Shah

is current in the world by Grod's grace.

-DlJT.

The coinage became bright from King Kur al-Bin (Light of

the Faith), current from the saint Kutb al-Arifin (Pole

Star of the Wise).

104: MUSALHAX

ATTUB SHAH.

In the world the sun and moon were illuminated by the

darting forth of the rays of the coinage of Ayyub Shah.

(2) +~>*j\ j)

il

*J^ jl&Lj JLsT Ju~

The coinage of Ayynb Shah in gold and silver came into

existence by the order of the exalted Creator.

(1)

sooner did Dost Muhammad reach dominion and dignity

than the period of the circulation of Payindah Khan's

coinage arrived.

(2) <xy <x&ju^ !L *-**-;

<XwJi , . ,L^. % JCO Lj ^X0 J a t k^L^J aJ C/ v (l.^ -^

The sun and moon give good tidings to silver and gold, for

the period of the circulation of the coins of Payindah

Khan has arrived,

By the grace of the great Creator, the Amir, Dost Muhammad,

struck coins a second time in metal.

SUITA.N MUHAMMAD.

The money of the kingdom of the Sovereign of the Age has

engraved on its face the likeness of the sun and heavens.

POETICAL LEGENDS. 105

SHIE ALL (I) (j^}-i *-^j*j- Zt^-j* ^jClj2 .**> ..A/) *. j ^.'sj

AXJ L^^JUJ

By the favour of the Eternal Creator the money of Amir Shir

All has found circulation.

(2)

-X u*.*a .*/ I

By the abundant kindness of the Beneficent King of Heaven,

Amir Shir Ali coined money like the bright full moon.

(3) Jjj> jjuJliJL cjljLfi

jlJul

Through the graces and favours of the Eternal One, money

began to be circulated in the name of Shir Ali,

(4) i<W" J^.^ (^Tf-^^ f~<A-J*'

BIMniA /^ 1 &:~-J aO 1 \ J

Amir Shir Ali, a second time, struck coins in the world, like

the bright full moon.

MUHAMMAD AFZAL.

Two armies from the East and "West joined in battle, and

separated, and so Muhammad Afzal became the Amir of

the kingdom of Khurasan.

MUHAMMAD AZAM. jJb *jL J^ L_JlU! L^

Jwj Jifil Ju/l..^9

^

As soon as, by the grace of Heaven's favours, his rights

became established, money began to circulate in Mu-

hammad Azam's name.

106 ilUSALMAN" XUMISMAXICS.

SHIS AIT.^jj

J ^J^- J*=3j

By tlie grace o! the eternal God Shir Ail has become the

GoTernor of Kandahar.

rebel. j^i Id

I make madness till on my head a tumult falls. Coin I strike

on metal, till its master is found.

Moghul Emperors.

AEBAE. (1) c^Jj\ ^ c$ ->1 -^ *l i -^ -^xt

The sun of the seal of Shah Akbar is the glory of this gold,

"Whilst earth and sky are illumined by the shining sun.

(2)

By the seal of Akbar Padishah gold becomes bright.

On this gold the Shah's name is"light upon light."

(3)

Like the golden orb of sun and moon, may ever pass

In the -world's "West and East the stamp of Allahabad.

JAHAJSTOIB. (1)

The lord of the realm struck money of gold,

Shah Sultan Salim, Akbar Shah's (son).

POETICAL LEGENDS. 107

(2) *U_ 7r

Made tlie face of gold to sMne like tlie sun and moon?

Shall Nur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.

(3)

Money struck in the city of Agra, the Caesar, refuge of

the world,

Shah Nur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.

(4) The same with Jjlf substituted for&j*\

in the

first line.

The Shah, refuge of the faith, put this stamp on gold at Ajmir,

Shah "Nui al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.

(6) u^i L-^C

ob ^^ ^-ib ^^ I;

In East and West may the stamp of Ahmadabad,

G-od, while the world lasts, be current.

(7) (iA-*j }}* Ja

(jlAi^ _^;i^^s.\

^LJj ^.S 1 jj

-*o ,-u uUJ o*u.]b U

To Shah Jahangir belongs the whirligig of time;

In Agra by his name gold shines brightly :

So long as the pomp of the Eive Ghiards lasts in the world,

May the stamp of his Eiye Muhrs be current.

108 MrSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

(8) <&$ 1C u5y-^ o

On the money of Lahore may there ever be

Light, by the name of Shah Jahangir, Shah Akbars (son).

(9)

On the face of the golden coin, ornament and grace gave

The picture of Shah 2s ur al-JDin Jahangir, son of Akhar Shah.

The Shah, refuge of the faith, struck this coin of gold at Ajmir,

Shah !S"ur al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.

(10) ^j;j ^^/S^^ib^Uli teJj^^rf

The face of gold was decorated at Agra by Jahangir Shah,

Shah Akbar's (son).

(11) j\ us^jj ^yjJ\ ^^UbiU^^jl

The money of Agra gave ornament to gold, etc.

(12) &\\ L^LjL:^ jl_jlju^ljJ J: ^L-j

Honey struck at Ahmadabad, God's Paradise,

Shah ISfar al-Din Jahangir, son of Akbar Padishah.

(13) The same, with the first line ending 4! I cubUsj\

instead of A!! c^l)

POETICAL LEGENDS. 109

(14) j\ jlj\jjLjltXA^l

j\

j^\ ilAx^ aLi^-^J

To the gold of Ahmadabad gave adornment

Jahangir Shah, Shahanshah, Akbar's (son).

(15) j*j J*j t_ij b ^^ ^b

^.i>S ^Lc^LjL^ *L i *

So long as the heavens revolve, current be

In the name of Shah Jahangir the money of Lahore.

(16)

In Isfandarmiz at Agra this stamp struck on gold,

The Shah of Shahs of the world, Shah Jahangir, son of

Shah Akhar.

(17) The same, with jUb^jA instead of xj\jJ \jin

the first line, and +*\ ,

'

of the people/ for

{^;t*jin the second.

(1 8) jjji \jJ5JL)

i*r-t\^

; jj b il jJ r-H *W

In the month of Tir, the King, the defender of the faith,

Shah Jahangir, son of Akbar Shah, stamped this coin in

gold at Lahore.

C19

) JJJ tyj^jA^^ O^H^ <*S*J\^

Second line as ]S"o. 16.

[10 MUSA.L1LO" NUMISMATICS.

(20) j^\<

The gold of Lahore in the month Bahman became like

the shiniBg moon,

In the reign of Shah 2s"ur al-Din Jahangir, son of Shah

Akbar.

(21)

The light of the world at Ajmir became the money of gold,

By the light of the name of Jahangir Shah, Shah Akbar's (son).

(22)

The money of Kandahar became beauteous

Ey Jahangir Shah, Akbar Shah's (son).

(23) j.\ Uf>.^&

In the month of Earwardin the gold of Agra became luminous

like a star, by the light of the stamp of Shah Jahangir,

son of Shah Akbar.

(24) jj\<

Second line as Ko. 23.

In the month of Earwardin the gold of Lahore became an

object of jealousy to the bright moon, through the light

of the stamp, etc.

POETICAL LEGENDS. Ill

,*: J^ w^-vit> ~j\sj>- *L$ A^S^^>jj * > ^

i

*

^j*x-j *L.ijb (jU^rjy ^l-Jj

By order of Shall Jahangir a hundred "beauties gained

Gold by the name of 2frir Jahan Padishah Begam.

SHAH JAHAK.

By the money of Shahjahanabad current through the world

For ever by the name of the second Sahib Kiran.

MTJEAD EAKHSH.

Took the heritage of Sahib Kiran Shah Jahan,

Murad Bakhsh iTuham'mad Shah, second Alexander.

AdBAXGZIB. (1) j++st jjf* j&~ U^rTj^ ^j^^

~^*.JL.c i ^;u-&jO ^ ^-x " r. > ^y

Struck money through the world like the shining sun,

Shah Aurangzib Alamgir.

(2) The same, with the substitution ofjJJ, moon, for

jjf* } sun, in the rst line.

AZAM SHAH. a\f>- . L^iSaJo t

Struck money through the world with might and majesty,

Padishah of the realms, Azam Shah.

BAKHSH. *Uj Ju-ij^^L^j JjiLC

<3 ifLi

Struck money on sun and moon, the Shah of the Deccan

Kam Bakhsh Padishah.

112 MUSALMIN NUMISMATICS.

B. (1) J3 L^U

Struck money of gold like the sun, the Sahib Elian

Jahandar Shah, Padishah oi the world.

(2)

,\Jut^- c^jl

In the horizons struck money like sun and moon,

Abu al-Path, victorious Jahandar Shah.

SIYAE. ,; a *-w: j / 'is>- /Lis ;1 J; ^xs^ > p. _y. C/ "^Jl y

j-wa ^ 2 __j ^s^ iL-^jL-j> (^y > * v

Struck money of gold and silver by grace of the Truth,

The Padishah of sea and land, Earrukh Siyar.

EAFJ AL-DAKAJAT.

Struck money in India, with a thousand blessings,

Shah of Shahs by sea and land, Eafi al-Darajat.

Struck money through the world by grace of Grod,

Muhammad Shah, Padishah of the age.

IBEAHIM. (1)

Money of silver struck through the world,

By favour of Muhammad, Ibrahim Shah of Shahs.

POETICAL LEG-ENDS. US

(2) Another reading of the same :

Strack money through the world, by favour of the Bountiful

One, Shah of Shahs, Muhammad Ibrahim.

ALAMGIS II. (1) *U ^,^ ^blj jjg+^jJuZ e^i&^j j:

Struck money in the seven climates shining like the sun

and moon,

Shah Aziz al-Din Alamgir, victorious Padishah.

(2) J\j3 L^

Bahadur Shah Alamgir Said struck coin like that of the

Sahib Kiran on gold.

BIDAR BAKHT.

U^csTjljuJifl-i u

The master of crown and throne, Muhammad Jahan Shah,

Bidar Bakht put Ms stamp on gold (or silver).

SHAH AIAM. (1) *JI ^-ob* :

The defender of the religion of Muhammad, Shah Alam,

Padishah through the aid of Grod, struck coins like those

of the Sahib Kiran.

(2) <d! J^Li Jj\~ij

2fl-ijb Jlc i'La

The defender of the religion of Muhammad, Shah Alam Padishah,

Shadow of the divine favour, put his stamp on the seven climes.

114 MUSALMAIST NUMISMATICS.

G-njarat Sultan.

MUHAMMAD II. jl> $li j^^s^* ,.^J^\ C^Lc. ,.,lkL-^/*

jb *U

May tlie coin of Mulianiinad Shall Sultan, the Aid of the

Faith, remain so long as in the sphere of the seat of

the mint the orb of the sun and moon remains.

Kashmir.

EAKJIT DEO. j^ jLi 1, J J ^j (j*~r-

Eanjit Deo peopled this part,

Lachmi ^arain made glad its heart.

Sikh.

GoTINE SINGH. LjC^JuJ ci

^xxi AxuS^ jaS ux-3 1-3 :

Abundance, the sword, victory and help without delay,

Guru Gobind Singh obtained from JSTanak.

CERONOGHRAm 115

CH10IOGEAMS,

The Abjad,

The f^k>, chronogram, composed by means of the Abjad system,

is but seldom found on coins, although it is commonly used to

record dates in MSS. and inscriptions. The Abjad, so called from

the first four letters J ^ c-> \ in its table, is an arrangement by

which each letter of the Arabic alphabet represents a number in

the following scale :

\ = I u/or uJ = 20jf

oij= 200

c-J or t-j = 2 J = 30 ^ = 300

^ or T = 3p= 40 cL> or cu = 400

4 ^ = 50 L*J = 500

5 (jw= 60

^= 600

va = 6

cj=70 j = 700

j orj= 7 uJ = 80 yo = 800

- = 8 yo= 90 fe = 900

\y = 9 j = 100 c = 1000

o = 10

The date is found by adding together the value of the letters

composing the word or words indicated, as will be seen in the

following examples.

On a coin of Fakhr al-Din Kara Arslan, Urtukid of Kayfa,

there is alongside the head on obv. yJ !L~i : 4^ = 500, u =: 50,

^=

6, i.e. 500 + 50 + 6 = 556;or C 1 L^ of Eijra,

A coin of Nadir Shah of Persia has on its obv. a couplet and

date HfAj and on rev. arranged in Tughra form j-^J ^^jJ^

UJ By the Tarikh,"Whatever happens is best."'

70 4- 100 + 6 + 1 + 40 + 10 + 80 -f 200 + 10-f 600 -f 30 + 1 = 1148.

OF COIIS.

Until comparatively modern times no otter denominations were

put upon Musalman coins than jLjJ, dinar, on gold; *J>jJ,

dirham, on silver;and ^Jj ,

fals, on copper. Exceptions to this

are the fractional pieces of the dinar noticed below.

The ,L> J, or, as it was spelt in the oldest times and very rarely

afterwards, jj J,was of good gold, weighing at the time of the

first Khalifs about 66 grains, and being about -75 inch in diameter.

later on the same denomination was used for gold coins of greater

or less weight and size. The quality of the metal was almost

always fine gold, exceptions being Turkish and Morocco coins,

some of which were far from being so. Divisions of the dinar

were but rarely noted in words, the legend being A^J Ijjb,

this dinar, whether the coin was a whole, half, or quarter one;

but sometimes they were in these terms: LjLaJ !jj&, this half,

oJJ U~a>, this third, j-J^JlIjJb, this fourth, without the

wordjbj

J following. So they are called a nasf, a thilth, a ruba,

in much the same way as we speak of a tiers or a cent. The

value of a dinar is now so small in Persia that a copper piece of

Nasir al-Din, A,H. 1290, of the size of a penny is marked .IjJ*

and a smaller piece .UjJ f & .

The J&,J is the general name for a silver coin, as the <L)J is

of gold. It corresponds to the drachma, and when used as

a weight should equal 48 grains. But silver coins having the

name dirham on them vary much in weight and size, and although

half and double dirhams are not uncommon, they are not so

denoted in the legends they bear. The character of the metal

varies very much;

some of almost all periods is of very poor

quality. A plural form of the word is seen on a Morocco coin,

,ten dirhams. On some coins of the Dehli king

118 MUSALHAN XUMSMATICS.

Muhammad b. Taghlak is the phrase ^j o ^j^\ >&jAJl ,The

dirham legal in the age.

(joAior

(jwji-iis the ordinary name for the copper or, in a few

cases, bronze coinage. The plural form .j-Jj is often used ia

a general way as a falus.'

Besides the above denominations several special ones must be

mentioned.

The nomenclature of the Turkish coinage is difficult to com-

prehend ;the changes have been so many and various. The

denominations are not, however, denoted upon the coins, so an

account of them need not be given here;

but some have their

value given ; thus, c^> and ,Jj with ciphers above them represent

so many piastras or ghurush, and c > stands in the same way

for paras.

The coinage of Persia has much changed in nomenclature during

the last 200 years, but none of the names are upon the coins

except (Jy^ ? Ashrafi, and ^UJ on gold, and the jta^ already

referred to on copper and on silver. The autonomous copper

coins of Persia, too, are nearly all markedjj*>Jj

The curious

wire coins called Larin, from Lar, a Persian district at the head

of the Persian Gulf, where they were produced, were between 200

and 300 years ago the chief currency of the traffic between the

Western India coast and that Gulf, so much so that they became

a standard of value in the Konkan and Dekkan, and were made

there also, the Adil Shah dynasty of Bijapur adopting the pattern.

The coin is a piece of silver wire of the size of a crow-quill, and

from five to six inches long, doubled on its middle, and struck at

the folded part with a stamp on which was some Persian legend,

but only three or four letters of the stamp are upon any Larin, and

the legend has not been made out beyond -jjlkLa

- J jlc - <y*and Ai. The source of issue of the Larin is not known, nor

its origin. Probably it was found to be a convenient form of

money for carrying about, as they could be so easily stuck into

the folds of the turban or waist-cloth, and in that way too be

DENOMINATIONS OF COINS, 119

concealed in case of trouble in those piratical times and regions.

About Ceylon they are often found bent up in the form of a hook,

and are known in those parts as the fish-hook money/

Gold pieces of Khwarizm and of Afghanistan are called tilla;

the name, however, is not put upon the coins except in a part of

the legend, as Ik ^ <U,in silver and gold.

The words *L(~: and ^li , meaning coinage or currency, are

very common upon the coins of India and the neighbouring

countries, the former word especially so, and often in the phrase

LjjU^ <^~;, auspicious coinage.

In India the Husalman coinage began with adaptation of the

Hindu currency it was to replace, as will be seen by the early

coins of the Dehli kings who introduced the tankah, 4&J,as the

standard in both silver and gold, of the weight of about 1 74 grains

in each metal, and the kani ,<J^> "Ar of a tankah, and equal to

four fals. These words are found, but rarely, on coins of this

class. In the reign of Sher Shah, A.H. 946-952, came into use

the silver rupee, *-Jjj,of 178 grains weight, which with little

variety in weight has been the standard coin of India to this day,

the gold piece being the^,^ , muhr, and the copper the ^J, dam.

The Emperor Akbar, with his other reforms, instituted an elaborate

coinage with great varieties of value and of shape, each variety

having a special name, but as none of these names, except those

of some of the copper, are found on the coins, they need not be

mentioned here. The muhr and the rupee, however, remained

the standard. On the copper coins of Akbar we find several

denominations given, ifjti ,,jj ^'

,and &j lJ

, with their divisions,

*.J half, d*2*- *i^->- fourth part, &^z>- ^lojuJb eighth part, and

<Us>.*JbJJjU)

sixteenth part, and their multiples * and j>- (in

Hindustani) ;the

(j^-*^ damri, the >\J **j half-dam, and ,Jai

also meaning a half-dam. On the copper coins of Akbar' s son

Jahangir we find^J^j rawani and

*z\j raij, both words meaning

current coin, and their half *.J,the former corresponding in weight

with the tankah, the latter with one-eighth of a tankah.

120 MrSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

The gold coin called ,bj nisar, was made for the purpose of

distribution on tlie occasions of great festivals, such as State pro-

cessions or at marriages, when they were scattered amongst the

crowd. They are usually somewhat thinner than the coins of

currency, and are marked with the word J^J . The custom of

scattering coin on great occasions is still kept up in the East, but

the pieces for the nisar are usually now only of very thin gold,

little more than gold-leaf. Also there are the large handsome gold

pieces of 200, 100, 50, and 10 muhrs of Akbar and his three

successors, which were, no doubt, not for currency use exactly,

but for presentation in the way of honour from the emperor or

offered to the emperor or king, for tribute or acknowledgment of

fealty, <jlj3u , nazarana as it is called.

Under the East India Company the rupee remained the standard,

and its fineness and weight were fixed. So it has been since.

Gold muhrs of the value of at one time 16 and at others 15 rupees

have been struck, with half, third, quarter, eighth, and sixteenth

of muhr gold pieces, at Various dates, but the issue of a gold

currency was only temporary. Some were made in imitation of

the Dehli emperor's coinage, others have the arms of the Company

and the legend .jl$ Jj>Jol i**^ L_J~"^ Ashrafi, or gold coin of

the Honourable English Company. In 1835 and 1854 the lion and

palm-tree muhr and double muhr, marked ,y-^ t ^i - lAr^^jwere issued, and in 1870 a 10 rupee gold piece of Queen Yictoria.

In silver, besides the rupee, there are its divisions i, i, and i,

marked respectively &5l L^A& - &j]j\j^ . <Ul^J.

The copper

money is the <ui ana, 16 to a rupee, the Uu-o paisa, 4 to an ana,

and the ^b pai, 3 to the paisa. The ana is but a money of

account, the copper coins being the <Gl *.J half-ana, the Uu-j or

quarter ana, and the ^l> with its multiples \Jj\$>-and ^l> j<3.

But in Southern India the Hindu system of currency, which had

remained unchanged during the time of the Musalman power, con-

tinued to be in use for a considerable period under the East India

Company. In gold the ^yb hun, or pagoda, and double pagoda

DENOMINATIONS OF COINS. 121

a J5 *j, one being marked asJ*-^ ^^ flowery pagoda. In

silver the ,jJ* *J and &** * t

half and quarter pagoda, the *L$

fanam, JJ jJ and JJ ^o ;and in copper the ^w!J falus, and the

J& kas. The monev table being 20 kas = 1 falus. 4 falus =w v

1 fanam, 42 fanam = 1 pagoda or him. But owing to attempts

made by orders to equalize the currencies of the Presidencies, the

relative value of the coins became altered, and we have copper

coins of Ifadras with a variety of legends stating their value, such

as u^d ^*l J~r~ ^j this is forty kas; others of twenty,

ten, five, two and a half, and two kas of a like character;and

others bearing their relative value, such as c^-.-\ ^/wAi * (jj s,

c" ^L/"A* Lm^'" U*^ ^i '

an(^ ^*-"~*\ (j*>*^ ^tr" L^^ L^-^-J ,

when 5 kas were equal to 1 falus. The coins bearing the following

inscriptions were proofs not made current.

Coin of the Ehinpani (Company),

1793, Christian era.

Two falus of the Honourable Company, 1801, Christian era.

^Jyj**ZlA'V

Jj^S.Jj (_

This coin, three falus, of the Honourable Company, is one little

fanam, 1807, Christian era,

The Native States of India which owed allegiance to theltoghul

emperor, usually coined silver in the name of the emperor, and

copper of their own style, often of irregular shape and bearing

a stamp of some figure or device without a legend. The common

name for them was'

dub.'

The coinage of the Native States of India is a difiicult but

interesting subject. The legend on the silver is usually a part,

sometimes but a small part, of the coin-legend of one of the later

emperors, without date or mint place ; moreover, the die was

generally a good deal longer than the coin to be struck, and con-

sequently there is but a portion of this imperfect legend on any

l^xS JULUSA-LALAJN

one piece. There are almost always marks or symbols which, were

intended to be indicative of the mint-place or State, and sometimes

they are so, but too often the same symbols -were used at different

times by more than one State, and a great number of the coins

remain still unassigned. The money-changers and dealers in India

know them generally by some nickname, but care and know little

as to what State they are the coinage of, During the last twenty

years or so the chiefs of many States hare adopted coinage of

a modern pattern struck from dies made in England, usually

bearing some figure as a characteristic mark; thus, there is the

horse's hoof and fetlock for Baroda and the sun-face for Indore.

Tipu Sultan of ITaisur had a coinage of muhrs, rupees, and

paisa or kas, but gave new names to them in the 5th year of his

reign. These names appear on some of his coins, and are as

follows :

Gold. $&*JP-\ for muhr, ^^ for half muhr, and tJ^for pagoda.

Silver. o t^t-^- ^or double rupee, .^^ for rupee, ^Jolc for

half rupee, tjyV ^or quarter rupee, i*jjS&>-for one-eighth rupee,

^^ for one-sixteenth of a rupee, and ^jjJ^ for one thirty-

second of a rupee.

Copper. JUdi and ^j:^^* for double paisa, #Jbjor

L&jfor

one paisa, J ^j for half paisa, ^>. \ for quarter paisa, and c-^ks

for one-eighth of a paisa.

The names were no doubt derived for the most part from

the names of the Prophet and the Imams. **>] one of the

names of the Prophet himself, (J-i*** X? *-*\ the 1st Khalif,

jjjU j*& the 2nd Khalif, ^Lc- j^>- the 1st Imam, ^U\Imams, ^JoU! ^\ -yb A^jsS* _yi*^ - Ji^ {*y* ^e ^5th, 6th, and 7th Imam, ^ssL a Prophet who is supposed to

have discovered the Water of Life, ^Uls the 3rd Khalif,

the planet Jupiter, yuj Yenus, J^ Mars,^xc^la star.

DENOMINATIONS OP COINS. 123

Travancore is a Hindu State, and has still a Hindu coinage, Imt

there are Hindustani words in Persian characters on a few of the

coins, viz.. <Lu M ^j H^* xnuhr, five rupees, <LJ &,**J <LJ &

,*L .

"v-V vJ \' A " v^/

\

" "v-^y > v

The money table, according to Mateer, is: Copper: 16 kas =1 chuckram. $e7^r : 4 chuckram = 1 fanam

;7 fanam =

I rupee. 0^? : Panam of various sorts= from 4J to 7 chuckram;

rasi= 10 chuckram; varahan= 52i- fanam.

Xutch and Kathiawar have a special currency, the standard for

which is a small silver coin called a kori. The denominations

are: Copper: *U*J!y tranbiya ; <d^J dokda = 2 tranbiya.

Silver :$j

kori= 24 dokda. The word is dokta on the coins,

but is really dokda.

On coinage of the Malay Peninsula and Archipelago we find

some other denominations. Native States have the \j** mas,

in gold, the 4JL kapang, the ^J kas, and the (jwAi falus, in

copper. A ducat of the Dutch East India Company, written in

Malay <j^Ju! 15^^ an<^U"*:.^J ,AJu, and of the Netherlands

Government, is called f^o dirham, a duit o:^, and a rupee

<U^ , with divisions of the rupee of J, -Ar, T-OO, and TO-Q in Malay

(see p. 6).

A Java rupee of the English East India Company is marked

jj^Lxxfc j^Jui ^Li,

coin of the Henglish Company, a Port

Marlborough rupee is called *** LJ (J^* ?V >moiiey f

Company two soko, and there are also 4Jo and multiples of

the same.

A soko corresponds to a quarter dollar. A kapang is a small

copper coin of which 400 equal a Spanish dollar.

The small currency of these parts was, and still is, made of tin,

or of pewter largely composed of that metal, which is the

commonest one there, the tin-mines of the Peninsula and neigh-

bouring islands being the source of supply of it in the East. The

Portuguese made every endeavour, early in their traffic with

Sumatra and the Peninsula, to get the trade and to control the

124 3IUSAL1IAN NUMISMATICS.

mines, and the Dutch. were not slow in doing the same in the

islands where their possessions and influence lay. Following on

this the Portuguese Oovernraent in the sixteenth century made

pewter, or tiitenag coins for currency in "Western India, and as

it became recognized and acceptable for trade, the English

Government made tiitenag coins early in the eighteenth century

for use in the same parts of India, in very close imitation of the

Portuguese coinage. There are also some rare coins in this metal

struck in the name of the Dehli emperor Shah Jahan, made

probably at Surat.

Another denomination is to be found on a coin of Zanzibar,

viz. Jls real.

On some coins of Dehli and Bengal kings, instead of the

denomination the word t^i&\ the silver (coin), is used.

PLACE AND TIME OF MINTAGE.

PLACE AID OF MIffTAGE.

The usual legend about the striking of a Musalman coin is

[^^] jlijjJl1 JkJb

ijjts<LLH >**o In the name of God this dinar

(or dirham) was struck, followed by the name of the mint place

and the date. Instead of the word c^.^ on some ]\Iurabit coins

is (-J+2* *+\?ordered to be struck

;on some Dehli and Gujarat

coins, L-jyaJljlj, place of the striking ;on other Gujarat ones,

ei-vJ^ , struck; and on a Great Kaan coin, (^jt^sl\ J\^s ,at the

place of striking. On some I^asrid pieces ^J? , struck, and on

some of the Norman kings of Sicily J^c , made, are used instead

ofc-jys.

The following phrases are used with reference to the time of the

striking :

In the days of the state or empire, djjJ >M <J> - ^^

fV.V

In the days of the king. uJl^i *W

In the days of the empire of the Lord Sultan.

In the time of.

At the date. ;fej| J _

Under the empire of the Lord Sultan.

In the time of.

In the time of the Imam. ,*Ui3\

By order. ^1 ^c.

nder the governorship. ijL o"

By authority of the Amir.j+*$\

&j*\ U^

The mint name had the preposition L-?, in, attached to it on

the older coins, but not often on the later ones;

for instance,

k-il^in the time of the early Ehalifs and k*jU in that of the

Mongols of Persia. The article Jl , the, is prefixed to some

names and not to others, and a few mint names are sometimes

126 31USAL1IAX NUMISMATICS.

written with and sometimes without it, and that too even at about

the same date.

Before or after the mint name there is often a word or two

meaning place, city, port, etc ,l*

:\*\s~ SjJj ~jjcj, or expressive

of quality, title, or condition, as < >,Lw&Jt the blessed, <jwJJL*i

-^

holy, ifjuJusil the new; or both, such as dJjaJLsr* 4jLJJt~ the

guarded city, <L*--J2 JjJj the good city, u->L^ \^ the blessed

port. These are called the titles of mint towns, and a list of

them follows that of the mints, showing the places to which the

title is given in each case.

The List of Mint Towns has been compiled from the one in

Soret's"Xumismatique ITusalrnane," with the addition of such

other places as have been found in numismatic writings since that

book was published. For the- purpose of greater accuracy as to

the geographical position of the towns such general descriptions

as "in Irak Arabi," in Khurasan," not being satisfactory the

latitude and longitude are given when they have been ascertained.

Some names have not been located, although they are mentioned

in Yakut's'

Mu jam al-Buldan"; in such cases a few words of

description by that author are quoted. A few more yet remain

uncertain : some of them probably have disappeared or sunk into

insignificance ;others may have been new names given to places

on their capture by a Musalman king, but since forgotten ;and

others are most likely misreadings. "When the mint name has

been noticed by only one writer his name is added, in brackets, as

the authority for including it in the list;

all the other mint names

have been given by more than one writer. The class of coin upon

which the mint name is found follows the geographical description,

and then the title or titles of the town, which are given as prefix

or suffix according to whether they precede or follow the name.

The spelling of the names is not, as will be seen, always the same;

Arzerum is an instance of this :

**^ \\j\-

**)jj\- /*/ ijl

- (V/^ '

Misreadings may account for this sometimes, but there are mis-

spellings and variations in spelling some of the names on the coins.

LIST OF MINT TOWS. 127

LIST OF MINT TOW1S.

Abhar. In Azarbaijan. 36S'K; 4920'E.

Sallarid (Markof).

Abrashahi;. Old name for Msabur. Umayyad;

Abbasid. Prefix dwj A/ .

Abarkuh, InFarsistan. 3110'INT.; 53 C I5'E.

Mongols of Persia : Timurid;

Stalls of

Persia.

al-Abadan min al-Ahwaz. ?. Buwayhid.

Abu. In Eajputana, India. 24 35 ;

N.;

72-45' E. Behli Eings (Eoclgers).

Abuan. In Egypt, near Damietta ? Abbasid

(Soret). Prefix <?1? -u .

Abusaidiyab. ?. Mongols of Persia. (Some-

times written without the initial 1.)

Abushahr. Bushire^ in Farsistan. 29 ;

E".; *r

50 52' E. Shahs of Persia. Prefix;j^j .

Abiwarci In Khurasan. 3756'N.;5915'E. uS

Mongols of Persia.

Etawah. In K'W. Provinces of India.Xj\2\

.

26 47' K;79 3

;

E. Dehli Emperors.

Utrar. Farab, in Turkistan. 44 35' IT.; \j\J

67 20' E. Mongols of Persia; Chagatai.

Prefix jJj . jJj .ajj s* .

Attuk. In Panjab, India. 33 53' N.;72 16

r

E.

Dehli Emperors ;Durrani.

Attuk Benares. The same. Dehli Emperors

(Eodgers).

Ajayur. Bakror, in Oudh, India. Dehli Emperor.

128 MUSALSTAX

Ajmir, In Eajputana, India. 26 27' ]NT

.;

74C 43'E. Dehli Emperors. Prefixes^-JsJl^o.

>;\tjt ;,. ,?fjto \jsi I .j*~^Mv*s$ m j JOw$w.A<*i .

Ujjain. In Malwah, India. 23 C10' X.

;75 47'E.

Dehli Kings and Emperors, and local.

Prefix,Jjb\j\J.

Achah. Acheen, in Sumatra 5G10'K; 9535'E.

Local Sultan; English. Prefixes ,a;j . ^j .x .

Ahsanabad. Gulburgah, in the Deecan, India.

17 18' IST

.;

76 54;

E, Dehli Emperors ;

Bahmani. Prefix CLJ-^

Ahmadabad, In Gujarat, India. *23C

1;

K.;

72 387

E. Dehli Emperors ; Gujarat Eings.

Prefixes

Ahmadpur. In Bahawalptir State, India.

29 8' K".; 7118'E. Durrani. Local Eaja.

Ahmadshahi. Kandahar. Durrani; Barakzai.

Prefix dLNwJ;-il.

Ahmadnagar. In Gujarat, India. 2338 /

2\.;

72 54' E. Gujarat Kings. PrefixjJ^^Ahmadnagar. In the Deecan, India. 195 ;

^T.;

74 55' E. Dehli Emperors ;local Bajas.

Ahmadnagar Farukhahad. Earukhabad, in ,.

H.W.ProTinces, India. 27C 23 /

N.; 7936'E,

Dehli Emperors.

Akhtarnagar Oudh. Oudh. Dehli Emperors.

Akhsikat. Capital of Earghana. 41 36 ;

F.;

7l20'E. Abbasid(Tiesenhausen); Samanid;

Turkistan (Markof).

Ikhshin. In Earsistan (Yakut). Mongols of

Persia.

LIST OP JflXT TOWNS, 129

Akhsi. In Turkistan. 40 C 55']NT

.;7l22'E.

Shaybanid (Markof).

Akhlat. Ebelat, in Armenia. 38 52' N. ;

42 10' E. Mongols of Persia.

Akhur? Cliagatai (Oliver).

Adrinali, Adrianople, in Turkey. 4127 ; K;264Q'E. Othnianli.

Udaipnr. In Eajputana, India. 24 37'K;

7349 /

E. Denli Emperors. Prefix jWjucs^.

Azarbaijan. A Province of Persia. Uniayyad;

Abbasid; Tabirid.

Arran. A Province in Armenia. Uniayyad

(Markof) ;Abbasid ; Mongols of Persia.

Prefix <L Jw* .

Arbuk. In Knuzistan. 3 1 1 6'K;49 3' E.

Mongols of Persia.

Arbil. InTurkistan. 36 10'K;44 O'E.

Abbasid; Buktiginid; Buwaybid; Mongols

of Persia;

Jalair.

Arrajan. In Farsistan. 3042 /

N.; 5026'E.

Abbasid;

Saffarid; Buwayhid ;

Tahirid;

Mongols of Persia.

Arjisli. In Armenia. 390'K; 43 13;

E.

Mongols of Persia.

Ardabil. In Azarbaijan. 38 9;

1ST.;48 19' E.

Abbasid; Sajid ; Mongols of Persia

;

Chagatai; Atabeg; Jalair; Shahs of Persia.

PrefixJj^Sljlj.

al-Ardun. The Jordan district of Syria.

Umayyad (Eodgers).

Ardashir Khiirrah. Eirozabad, in Parsistan.

28 42;

N.;52 48' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid.

Urdu. A camp. Shaybanid; Shahs of Persia;

Dehli Emperors.

130 JIUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Urdu dar rah-i-Dakhan. Camp on tlie road to ,. J &\ , ,jr W -^ > /

the Dekhan. Dehli Emperors.

Urdu Zafar Q,arin. Camp linked to victory. ^jJj J&

Dehli Emperor Akbar.

Arzarum. Erziroum. in Armenia. 39 57' X. ;_ * ,

j ,^ . * J' J

! '^' py

41 C20' E. Saljuks ; Mongols of Persia

; *^J - ^ cii

Othmanli.

Arzakan. IE Earsistan, on the sea-coast, as cI think (Yakut), llongols of Persia

(Sauraire).

Arzan. In Armenia. 38" 10' X.;41 18

;

E.

Mongols of Persia.

Arzanjan. In Armenia. 39 38'X.;39 5-i'E. u

Saljnks ; Mongols of Persia;Jalair

;Danish-

mandid;Karaman ; Timurid. Prefix ij J^.

Arsaband. In Turkistan, two farsakhs from

Marv (Yakut). Mongols of Persia.

Ard-al-Hayr or Khayr. Karbala, in Irak ^sj\

Arabi. 3238 ;

IsT.; 4433'E. Abbasid.

Arz-i-Aqdas. Meshhed, in Persia. Shahs of \JM&>\

Persia.

- Arkat. Arcot, in Karnatic India. 1 2 5 5' JT.;

c

79 24' E. Dehli Emperor ;E.I Company ;

local ^awab.

Arakan. On coast of Barman. 20 42' N.;

9324 /E. Bengal Kings.

Urmiah. Urmi, in Persia. 3730 /

X.: 45 19'E. ^,1 -7 L5 ^

Abbasid; Mongols of Persia.

Arminiyah. Province of Armenia. Umayyad ;

Abbasid; Sajid ; Mongols of Persia.

Ariwan. Eriwan, in Armenia. 40 87

JT. ; ^ ,.U"jj\

44 25X

E. Mongols of Persia;Othmanli.

Urush, for i.' . Timurid. (?) ^wj ,1

LIST OP MINT TOWNS. 131

Inimi. In Farsistan. Stalls of Persia; Kara

Eaiyunlid ( Fraelin) ; Mongols of Persia

(Eartholomei).

Arwand. Mount Elvand, near Hamadan.

34 40' ST.; 4S21'E. Mongols of Persia;

Shahs of Persia.

Azaq. Azof, in Eussia. 47 8'K;39 10' E.

G-olden Horde; Othmanli. Prefixes z> .

Azammur. InMorocco. 33 18' K; 8 13' "W.

Marinid.

Azmir. Smyrna, in Anatolia. 3827'^T.;

2712'E. Othmanli.

Asbaijab. Asfijab Sairam, in Tnrkistan. c

4142/

K; 8150'E. Chagatai ; Tnrldstan.

Astara. In Azarbaijan, on the Caspian.

38 30;

N.;48 50' E. Mongols of Persia

(Sawalief) ;Jalair

; Chagatai.

Astarabad. In Mazandaran. 36 50' K; jbl.L-l .

53 457E. Ziyarid; Great Kaans; Mongols

of Persia; Sarbadarid; Timurid; Shahs

of Persia. Prefixes <Lo J^

Usrushana. Uratnbe, in Turkistan.

68 58;

E. Turkistan; local Khan.

Isfarayin. In Biorasan. 37 3' N. ; 57 4' E.

Mongols of Persia; Shaybanid.

Asia. Saffi, in Morocco. 3218'F.; S^O'W. JPilili Sharifs. Prefix^ (Tychs.en), J^u

(Marcel).

Asfir. ?. Dehli Emperor (Tychsen).

al-Iskandariyah. Alexandria,Egypt. 31 12'IT.; ,

2952'E. Fatimid; Zangid; Ayyubid;

Mamlnk; Othmanli,

132 31CSAL3IAN KU3XISMAXXCS.

IJskub or Skub. In Macedonia. 41-0'X.;

2i c 19'E, Othmanli.

Islamabad. Chittagong, India. 22-21'X.;

9 1c52' E. (Mathura, according to Rodgers. }

Delili Emperors.

Istambol. Stamboul, Constantinople. Othmanli.

Ismir, IQTJ*S*J\. Smyrna. Othmanli.

Uswariyah. Near Isfahan (Yakut). Mongols

of Persia (Maikof).

Asir. Asirgarh, in Central Provinces, India.

2128 /

^T.;7620 ;

E. Dehli Emperor.

Ishbiliyah. Seville, in Spain. 37- 22;

X.;

5 59' W. Abbadid;Murabit

;3IuwahMd ;

Hudid.

Istikhan. Bukhara. Turkistan (Fraehn).

Istakhar. Persepolis, in Farsistan. 30 FX.;

52 C 57'E. Umayyad; Abbasid.

Isbahan or Isfahan. In Irak Ajami, Persia.

32 42' IST

.;51 43' E. Abbasid

;Tahiiid ;

Buwayhid ; Kakwayhid ; Saljuks ; Mongols of

Persia;Kara Knyunlid ;

Timurid; Chagatai ;

Shahs of Persia. Prefixes jx* . ^ikLJ^b .

Suffix Jj^\ .

Atarabalus. Tripoli, in Syria. 34 24' N. ;

35 51' E. Umayyad (Larois) ;Fatimicl

(Markof).

Izzabad. ?. Dehli Emperor (Tychsen).

Azimnagar. ?. Dehli Emperor.

Agharnathah?for

lilJ^i. Granada. Murabit.

Aghmat. In Morocco. 31 4' K.;80/n

\Y.

Mnrabit.

Afrikiyah. Tunis. 36 48;

N.;

10 10' E.

Umayyad; Abbasid; Aghlabid.

LIST OF 3IINT TOWNS. 133

Afiyun. Afioum, in AnatoKa. 38 48' 2f.; ^-..M

30 20' E. Saljuk (Pietrazewski).

Aksara, Akshahr. Ak-Sarai, in Karamania. .] ^\38c

23'y.; 33C 49'E. Saljuk (Soret); Mongols .

of Persia (Fraehn) ;Karaman. *-*S* "X**"

Aksa. In Circassia. 43 30' ST.;46 18' E.

"Uncertain Khan (Fraehn).

Aksn. In Turkistan. 41 10' K;80 40' E.

Chinese.

Akbarabad. Agra, IS1

".^1

". Provinces, India.

Dehli Emperors. Prefixes - te\st\J&

Akbarpur. In Ondh, India. 26 25' ]tf. ;

82 34' E. DeHi Emperors.

Akbarnagar. Eajniahal, in Bengal. 25 2' X.;

87 52' E. Behli Emperors.

Akbarnagar Ondh. aJjl^&^^U

al-Akir. ?. Jalair; Mongols of Persia (Soret).

al-Akir, al-Agir. A fortress of Caucasus.

43 4' K;44 10' E. Mongols of Persia

;

Golden Horde.

Aksara. ?. Imam of Sana.

Akuniah. ?. Timurid (Bodgers).

Agrah. In N.TV. Provinces, India. 2710 /

SJ".;

78 5' E. Kings and Emperors of Dehli.

Prefixes . *

Almeria. In Spam. 3650'K; 232'"W".

Spanish Umayyad ;Mnrabit.

Almalakah or al-Malakah. Knlja. 4358']Sr.;

81 15' E. Chagatai.

Almorah. In JST."W. ProTinces, India. 2935']Sr.;

79 41' E. DehH Kings j local Eajah.

134 MUSALMA2? NUMISMATICS.

Alinjali. Province to west of Isfahan, Persia. <

Jalair. Prefix 4*!jl .

Alwar. ID. Rajpntana, India. 27 34' X.;

76" 38' E. Delili Eings ;local Rajah.

Ulns Bnlghar. Bulghar. Khan of Kazan. jUb

Amasiah. In Slras, Asia Minor. 40 :

09' X.;

<

35 ;48' E. Mongols o! Persia

;Ottonanli.

Imtiyazgarh. Adoni, in Deecan, India.aj^j

15 37' B".; 77 s19' E. Dehii Emperor ;

local Kavab.

Amid. Diarbakij in Armenia. 37 56' K.;

40 8' E. Abbasid; Buwayhid ;

Marwanid;

Urtnkid; Ayynbid; Othmanli. Prefix ijj^.

Amdurman. In Sudan. 15 D40'2(.; 32 C 34

;

E. ^Local rulers.

Amritsar. In the Punjab, India. 31 c37' "N.

;

7455'E. Sikh.

Amnl. In Mazandaran. 36 30' N.;52C 25' E.

Samanid; Ziyarid ; Tabaristan ; Chagatai ;

Mongols of Persia ;Timnrid

;Shahs of

Persia. Prefix j*x* .

Amirkot. Umarkot, in Sind. 25C 21'K;

69 46 ;

E. Dehli Emperors.

al-Anbar. Near Baghdad. 33 38' 1ST.;4343'E.

Umayyad (Eraehn) ; Buwayhid (Tychsen).

Anbar. In furkistan. 36 5' K; 64 30' E.

Bnwayhid ; Marwanid.

Anabnlia. Iniboli, in Asia Minor. 4155 /

N.;

33 50' E. Othmanli (Wellenheim) .

Andajan. Andokan, in Transoxiana. 4050 /N.;

7225'E. Shaybanid; Timnrid; Chagatai.

Andarabak Indarab, in Turkistan. 3559 /

K.;

69 39;

E. Abbasid (Bodgers) ;AbuDaudid

;

Samanid; Ghaznawid.

LIST OF MIAT

T TOWNS. 135

Indrapur. Indore, also *Bhartpur, in Central

India. Dehli Emperor ;local Eaj ah.

ai-Andalus. Cordova, in Spain. 37 52' 3T.; j^J Jj'Jl

4 50' "W. Spanish Umayyad ;Hamudid

;

Idrisid ; Abbadid.

Indore. In Central India. 2242'2L;74 54' E. ^ jj I

Local Eajah.

Andijaraa. J^s?l> in. Elhurasan. Samanid

(Markof).

al-Andikaru. Antequera, in Spain. 373 /

E".;

4 C31' "W. Spanish Umayyad (Stickel) .

Antakiyah. Antioch, in Syria. 36 11' K

;L ikj I

36C 7'E. Abbasid; Tulunid; Saljuk.

Anknriyah. Angorah, in Anatolia. 39 56;

]Si".; Xj&j\

. &>&]32C

45' E. Mongols of Persia;Othmanli.

Anandghar. Probably Anandpur, in Panjab. #.^JoJl - y*L&J\

3115'K; 7634 /

E. Sikh.

Annlah. Aoula, in 'N.'W. Provinces, India. dy\28 16' H.; 7912'E. Dehli Emperors;

Durrani (Eodgers).

Ani. Oni, in Armenia. 4248 /

]>T.j 43 1 5'E. J|

Jalair; ITongols of Persia.

Aujan. In Azarbaijan. 3750']SL; 4640 ;

E. J^-^\

Mongols of Persia.

Aujan, also(^s>-\ . In Malwah. Dehli

Emperors.

Aukri. Ochrida, in Eoumelia. 410 /

K;2045 r

E. Othmanli.

Ondh. In India. 26 48' K;82 14' E. Dehli

Emperor ;local Kings. Prefixes . (

Aurcha. In Bandalkhand, India. 25 21 ;1ST.

;

7842 /

E. Local Eajah.

136 MUSALXAX NUMISMATICS.

-^ .

Ousk In Turkistan. 4045']NT .;723o'E.

Timurid; Chagatai.

Oukak. On the Yolga ?between Bulghar and

Serai. Golden Horde (Eraehn) ;Astrakhan

(Markof).

Ounik. In Armeniaj now Javan Kalah.

40 8' K ; 42 25' E. Mongols of Persia

(Soret).

Ahar. In Azarbaijan. 38 28' ]NT

.;47 0' E.

King of Ahar;Kara Kuyunlid (Soret).

al-Ahwaz. InKhuzistan. 319 ;

N.; 4S44'E.

Abbasid ; Buwayhid ; Saljuk. See also

j\^\jL^\ mjj&$\ j*i . \\*&1\ ^j^j .

Ayasulugh. Ephesus. 37 55'K;27 22' E.

Othmanli; Aydin Amir. Prefix ijJ^.

lij. In Earsistan,. afterwards Shabankara.

Timurid (Rodgers).

Urdu. Serai; also probablr Karakorama. ^,7 r *. > _>

47" 15' X.;

102 20' E. Golden Horde;

Turkistan. Prefix Ja**tt .

Urdu Bazar. Serai. Hongols of Persia;

Golden Horde;Astrakhan.

Urdu al-Jadidah. !Xew Urdu, Serai. Golden

Horde.

? Urdu Khanah. Timurid.

Urdu Humayun. Imperial Camp. Othmanii.

Aurangabad. In the Deccan, India. 1954'K;7522;

E. BeHi Emperors. Prefix ^u^s^

jLj .

Aurangnagar. BeHi Emperor ("White Eing). JsJLAj

Uzkand. In Turkistan. 40 328' X.

;73 12

;E. . Jj).M .

Aiij

Turkistan. Prefixes ifjL . jL , Suffix

LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 137

lidaz. Malamir, in Khuzistan. 3Pol' 2?".; r^Cl_

49 45' E. Buwayhid ; Mongols o! Persia.

Eriwan, also J"*^. In Armenia. 40 C

8' ]NT

.; ^.jj

4425'E. Shahs of Persia. Prefix x~*j*s?".

Ailia, with ,.,-laJJ . Jerusalem. 01 46' ]ST

.;

JuW . LL!7 W" " " " "

3516'E. Umayyad; Idrisid; Ayyubid.

Eiichpur. In Berar, India. 21 10' K;

77 30' E. Behli Emperors.

Iran. Persia. Shahs of Persia.

Ilak. In Turkistan. 39 0' K;

64 12' E. jL\ .

Ilaks of Turkistan (llarkof ).

al-Bab. Darbend, on the Caspian Sea. 42 5'$".;

48 1 5' E. Umayyad. Prefix <L> J^ .

Bajara. In Mesopotamia. 36 42'$".; 39i2'E.

ITongols of Persia (Soret).

Bajnis. ^^o^-lj ^J^ . Abbasid.

Bar. ]NTear Nisabur, in Khurasan. 3635'K;

58 4rE. Mongols of Persia (Soret). Prefix

Earan. K"ear Harv (Yakut). Mongols of ^UPersia

; Jalair;Kara Kuyunlid.

Barjin. In Khurasan. 33 8'K;59 49' E.

Golden Horde.

Bari. Barin, in Syria. 32 1 7'K;34 59' E.

Mongols of Persia (Soret).

Bariz. Paris. Filili Sharif Mulay Hasan.

Bazar. Probably ^Ub. Mongols of Persia;

Jalair (Bartholomei).

Baziffc. Near Isfahan (Yakut and Sehindler).

Mongols of Persia (Sehindler).

Baghchih Sarai. In the Crimea. 44 44' K;

. ^\^ tjs*\>

33 53' E. Krim Khans. \

138 MUSAL3IAX

Baku. In the Caucasus. 40 21' X.;49 50' E. . */b . dj^b ./b

Golden Horde; Mongols of Persia

;Jalair

;4ui b

Chagatai ;Kara Kuyunlid (Fraehn).

Balapur. In South India. 20-40'X.; 76 C'49'E. ^-b

Local (Tufnell).

Balkan. ]NTear llerv * Golden Horde (Soret). J&\s

Bamian. In Afghanistan. 34-49'S".; 67S 2S ;

E.

Samanid (Tiesenhausen) ;Abu Daud; Khwarizm.

Banad, Banak. E"ear Eayy (Yakut). Jalair

(llarkof).

Baward. Abiward (Yakut). Mongols of

Persia (ITarkof).

Baibirt, In Armenia. 40 16'X.;40 10'E.

Mongols of Persia.

Batan. Bhutan District, in Northern India.

27 3 X.;90 E. Local (Eodgers).

Bajayah. Bougiah, in Algeria. 86C 45'X.;

54'E. Muwahhicl; Hafsid;

Harinid.

Prefis ^j J^t .

Bahrayn. Island in Persian Gulf. 25 E".;

50 E. Abbasid.

Bukhara. In Tuxkistan. 39 48' K;64 34

r

E.\j\ss?

Abbasid;

Tahirid; Saljuk ; Shaybanid ;

Janid; Hangit. Prefixes . i^UJl ^:dIJ\

<L? d, . jJu . ^:

jJj . Ljb-i .

Budaun. In KW. Provinces, India. 28G 2'j$L; ^Jo79 92' E. Dehli Emperors.

Badakhshan. In Afghanistan. 37 9' K ;

7033'E. Samanid; Chagatai; Timurid;

Idrisid ; Babar (Eodgers). Prefix jJj .

Badaa. In Arabia. 25 16' K;

50 40 X

E.

Abbasid;

Idrisid; Aghlabid ;

Muwahhid;

Jalair.

LIST OF 3SHNT TOWN'S.

Bidlis. BitKs, in Armenia. 3823'K; 426'E.

Amirs of Bidlis; Chagatai ;

Abbasid ?

Badhaghis. In Khurasan. 35 K;

62 E.

Abbasid.

Brij Indarpur. Bhartpur. Dehli Emperors

(Eodgers).

Bardasir. Old name for Earman. Saljuk.

Bardaah. In Armenia. 4220 /K;46 10' E.

ITongols of Persia;Jalair

;Abbasid

; Sajid ;

Saffarid (Tornberg).

Barkan. On east bank of the Jinim, near

Astrabad and Jurjan (Yakut). Uncertain

(Soret).

Barkaid. In Mesopotamia. 36 44' K;

4152 /E. Local Amir.

Barkah. Baraka, in ST. Africa. 15 35'N.;

3730 ;E. Abbasid.

Barujird. In Irak Ajami. 33 50' 3ST.;4855 /

E.

Shahs of Persia.

Baroch. Broach, in Gujarat, India. 2143 /

jST.;

73 2' E. Local.

Baroda. In Gujarat. 22 1 TK; 73 1 6' E.

Local Gaikwar.

Brusa. In Anatolia. 40 10'K;29 0' E.

Othmanli.

Burhanpur. In Kandesh, India. 21 1 8;K

; J7616 ;

E. Dehli Emperors ;local Eajah.

Prefixes j^jJ I jlj . ^^Is ^A!J .

Barili. Bareilly, in N.W. Provinces, India.

28 22' F.;29 26' E. Dehli Emperors ;

Durrani. Prefixes -JaS . jbUW (Eodgers) ;

dbli*! (kelson Wright).

Bazmkobad, Barmisad, Barmkobad. ?.

Umayyad.

140 3TUSAL3IAX XOIISMAXICS,

Bust, In Afghanistan. 31 : 20'X.;64'2'E.

Tahirid; Saffarid. Prefix JA*.

Bistam. In Khurasan. 34- 20' X.;47~ 6' E.

Mongols of Persia (Markof).

al-Basrah. In Irak Arabi. 30-26'X; 47 C 56 /

E.

Umayyad ;Abbasid : Buwayhid ; Saljuk ;

Marwanid; Mongols of Persia

;Jalair

;

Shahs of Persia. Prefix jL!* J .

i

Bnsri. Bozra, in Syria. 32 C

21'X.; 36 C 31'E.

TJmayyad,

Bataliyus. Badajoz, In Spain. 38C53' X.

;

6 56;

AV. King of Badajoz.

Balabekk. Baalbac, in Syria. 34 s3

;

X.;

36C11

;

E. Umayyad; Abbasid.

Baghdad. In Mesopotamia. 33 22' X.;

44C 26' E. Mongols of Persia;

Jalair;

Kara Ejiynnlid ; Chagatai ;Mamlnk : Oth-

inanli;

Slialis of Persia. Prefix JuJU J .

Bekbek. ?. Mongols of Persia. i ^.' So

Bagalkot. In the Deccan, India. 16 I lx X.

;

75 44' E. Local.

Baljan. In Khuzistan, between Basrah and i^W^Abbadan (Yakut). Mongols of Persia

(Schindler).

Baikh. In Khurasan. 36C 47'X.;67C 2S'E. ^

Umayyad; Abbasid; Samanid; Ghaznawid;

Abu Daud; Saljuk ; Shaybanid ;

Janid;

Barakzai. Prefix <ijj Ju .

Balkh al-Baida. In Daghastan (Fraehn). LiJl ^Umayyad (Fraehn).

Balid. In Mesopotamia, near Mosil. 3625'X.;

jJj

42 507

E. Abbasid; Golden Horde; Ukaylid.

Baliim. Palermo, in Sicily. S8C 7;X

;1322 /

E. ^Jj

Aghlabid of Sicily.

LIST OP HI^T TOWNS. 141

Buighar. In Eussia, on the Tolga. 54 59' IN .;

490'E. Great Kaans ;Golden Horde;

Khan of Kazan. Prefix <j**\

Bulghar Garrison. Golden Horde (Markoi).

Bulghrad. Belgrade, in Servia. 44 48' 1$.;

20 28' E. Othmanli

Balansiah. Yalencia, in Spain. 39 28'ST.;

020'W. Amirid; Toledo Kings; Murabit.

Prefix jJu*.

Balukan, or Talukan, for ^USU?. KKwarizm.

Bali. In Java. 6 1'S.;IH^T'E. English

Malay. Prefix

Bamm. In Kirman. 29 10;K

;58 13' E.

Bwayhid; Saljuk (Ejrehl).

Banares. InKW. Provinces, India. 2518'K.;

83 3;E . Dehli Emperors. Prefix jb 1 dA^ .

Binakat. Same as Shahrukhia. 40 46' 1ST.;

69C'E. Turkistan.

Bantan. Bantam, in Java 6 127

S.;106 10'E.

Malay ;local.

BanjarMasin. InBorneo. 332'S.; 11438 ;

E.

Local Sultan (Millies).

Banjar, for^.*saj.

Bandar. Probably Bandar Abbas or Bushira.

Mongols of Persia (Schindler).

Bandarabin. In 2ST. "W. Proyinces, India.

27 23'K;77 44' E. Dehli Emperors.

Bandar Shahi. ?. Dehli Emperors.

Bandar Abbas. In Laristan. 27 10' EL;

5618'E. Shahs of Persia.

Bindah. In Sind: Dehli Emperors.

Bundi. In Eajpntana, India. 2527'K;7540'E. Local Eajah.

142 IfUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

Bink or Bik Bazar. Unknown town in Trans-

oxiana (Markof). Golden Horde (Fraehn) ;

Astrakhan Elan (Hark of).

Bankapur. In Bengal. 22 320'X.; 8825'E.

Dehli Emperor (White King).

Binketh. Chief toTrn of Shash (Yakut), i.e.

Taskand. Samanid; Chagatai. Prefix jJj .

Bangala. Bengal. Dehli Emperor Akbar

(Thomas).

Bangalur. In llysore, India. 12 C57']^".

;

77 336' E. Sultan of Mysore.

Bannnr, In Patiala State, Panjab, India.

30 C48^T.; 7642;

E. Dehli Xings(Eodgers).

al-Buwazij. BuTraibab, in Mesopotamia.

36 25' ^T .;38 12' E. Buktiginid (Heir).

Budhana. In X.W. Provinces, India. 2916 /

]ST.;

77 31' E. Behli Kings (Yost).

Burhandiyah. ?. Bengal Kings (Eodgers).

Buzkan. Buzjan, four days from Msabur

and six from Herat (Yakut). 35 12' K;

60 38' E. Mongols of Persia.

Bnshahr, for Abushahr. Mongols of Persia

(Markof).

Bntah or Buzah. ]^ear Merv ? Abbasid

(MoeHer).

Bulis. ?. (Tiesenhausen.)

Bunt. Alpuenta, in Spain. 39 52' F.;

1 3' "W".

Bini E/azin.

Bahadurpattan. Dehli Emperors.

Bahar. In Hamadan. 35 0'K;48 25' E.

Golden Horde.

Bhanpur. Bhanpnra, in Central Provinces,

India. 2430/ K; 7547'E. Dehli Kings

(Thomas).

LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 143

Bahawalpur. In Panjab, India. 29 24' 1ST.;

71 47' E. Dehli Emperor (Eodgers) ;local

Bajah. Prefix JLH^ta.

Bahbihan. InKhuzistan, 3040'K; 5014'E.

Kings of Persia.

Bhartpur. In Bajputana, India. 2713'N.;

7732'E. BeHi Emperors; local Eajah.

Bihkubadh al-Asfal. In the Saki i Purat, near JU1Baghdad (Yakut). Uniayyad.

Bhakhar. In Sind. 3137'K; 71 5' E.

Shahs of Persia;Dehli Emperors ;

Durrani.

BhopaL In Centrallndia. 2315'jST.; 7725'E.

Local Begam.

Bhuj. In Hutch, Western India. 23 15' K;6948 /

E. Also written ^j T^ . Local Eao.

Bhilsah. In Bhopal State. 23 31'K; 7750 /

E.

Dehli Emperors.

al-Biyar. In Kumis territory, two days from

Bistam (Yakut). 36 13' N.;

55 37 ; E.

^QW Biyarjumand. Samanid;local copper.

al-Biyan. On estuary of Tigris. 30 21'K;

48 12' E. Umayyad (Codrington).

Biyasa. Baeza, in Andalusia. 38 ;K; 335'W.

Spanish Umayyad.

Biana. In Eajputana, India. 2657; K; .<Ulj.!jLj

7720 rE. Dehli King.

BaitJahrin. InPalestine. 3136'K.; 3453 /E.

Abhasid (Tiesenhausen).

Bijapur. In Deccan, India. 16 49' N.; ^

7546'E. Dehli Emperors. Prenx.y^^b.Bairut. In Syria. 33 54; K ; 35 29' E. CJ, -j .

/>

Abbasid.

1-44 3IUS1L3L1X XO1XSMATXCS,

Brnxlh. Xear Basinna, which Is near al-Arnvaz

(Yakut). Buwayhicl ; Mongols of Persia.

Baysha. Bish, in Yemen. 19: 58

;

X.;4o s 30'E.

Abbaslcl;Governor of Yemen (Markof).

Bairat. Probably Vairatu. in Rajputana. India.

27=42'y.;76

:2:3'E. Dehli Emperors.

Bikanir. In Eajpntana, India. 28";

X.;

73"22'E. Local Eajah.

Bilakan. In Armenia, llongois of Persia.

Bilu. In Baluchistan. Local Khan (Eodgers).

? for ^L: .

Biylak In Baluchistan. 26C1 (T X.

;66 23' E.

Local Jam.

Binazir. Hola Honnur, in llysorc. 14C 0'I!\. :

7542'E. Sultan of Msore.

Pali. In Rajputana, India. 25 C48' X.

;Jlj

73 25' E. Jodhpur Rajah.

Panipat In IST.W. Provinces, India. 29 C23'X.; uuo Jb

77 2' E. Dehli Emperors (Badgers). Prefix

^^ (Eodgers), <Ua5 (Taylor).

Pattan. Saringapatam, in Mysore, India. ^12 25' 1". : 76 45' E. Sultan of Mysore.

Pattan Deo. Dwarka, in Kathiawacl, India. ^22 15' K

;69 1

;

E. Dehli Emperors

(Badgers).

Patnah. In Bengal. 25 37' N.; 85 12'"E. teu

Dehli Emperors. Prefixes .

Pashawar. On British frontier of Afghanistan. . u

340/ K; 7138 /

E. Ehwarizm; Sikh;

Shahs of Persia;Durrani

;Dehli Emperors ;

Barakzai. Prefix Ifll .

LIST OF MINT OWNS. 145

Palarm. Palermo. 38' 7' N.;

13 22' E.

Xorman Kings of Sicily.

Panahabad. Shnshi, in Kurdistan. 39 C40' 3T.

;

47 32' E. Khan of Karabagh (Markof) ;

uncertain Persian (Fraehn).

Panjnagar. '?. Dehli Emperors (Bodgers).

Panjhir. In Afghanistan. 35 30' ST.; 6935'E.

Saffarid;Samanid

;Daudid.

Poulo Panang. Prince of Wales Island,

Penang. 518'N.; 100 25' E. English

Malay.

Punah. Poona, in Deccan, India. 1 8 3 1' N.

;

73 53' E. Local Paishwah. Prefix AX .

Tajarjara. ? Tajarra, in East Africa. In

Algeria ? Idrisid (Lavoix).

Tashkand. InTurkistan. 4121'K;684l'E.

Shaybanid ;Tashkand Khans

; Chagatai.

Talddamt. In Algeria. 35 28' K;

1 0' E.

Murabit;Abel al-Kadir.

Tandah. In Oudh, India. 2633'jST.; 8242'E.

Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings.

Tanah Malayu. Malay Country. English

local.

Tabriz. In Azarbaijan. 38 3' ST.;46 20' E.

Mongols of Persia;Jalair

;Golden Horde

;

Timurid; Chagatai ; Kuyunlid ;

Othmanli;

Shahs of Persia, Prefixes -

Tattah. In Sind, India. 24 44' K.;68 O'E.

Dehli Emperors ; Durrani. Prefix jlfsn Jo .

Tadghah. In Morocco. 3244'N.;547/

'W.

Idrisid; Abbasid (Markof).

10

Taghlakpur. Tirhut, district in Bengal. Dehli

Kings. Prefix *Jj\ . Suffix c^-A/ ^ .

Tiflis. In Georgia. 4141'3L; 44 59' E.

Umayyad; Abbasid; Great Kaans; Mongols

of Persia;

Othmanli;

Shahs of Persia.

Prefix LJ J^ -j^-i

Takrit. In Mesopotamia. 3433'X.; 4333'E.

Mongols of Persia (Sauvaire).

Talak Samawi. Teluk Samay, in Achin.

510'K; 9750'E. Achin.

146 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Tarjan. In Armenia. 39- 42 ;

X.;4(P 30' E.

Mongols of Persia.

Tranganu. In Malacca. 5 5' 2f.;102 30' E. Jliy

.jjl

Local. Prefix ^yC?.

Tirmidli. In Bukhara. 38" 17 X.;67

G38' E.

Abbasid;

Samanid; Chagatai ;

Timurid.

Prefix JU--'. ^J Jw* .

Tarumin. Sumatra. O'f ;100~30'E. Local

English. Prefix o-xJ.

Tarira. In Hadramaut. 18--41' X.;49 3 22'E.

Local Chief.

Tustar. Shustar, in Khuzistan. Mongols of

Persia (Markof).

Tustar min al-Ahxvaz. Canton of Alnraz.

Abbasid; Buwayhid.

TasTri. Tesowy, near Lake TJrmi. 38s18' X.

;

45 23' E. Mongols of Persia (Fraehn).

Tatv^an. Tetouan, in Morocco. 35 30' X.;

5 29' TV. Filili Sharifs.

TutilaL Tudelah, in Spain. 42 7' 3f.;

1 39' "W. Spanish Umayyad.

Taizz. In Yemen. 13330'^T.

;4410 r

E. jau

Ayyubid ;Easulicl

;Imam of Sana. Prefix

LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 147

Till Lams. Mongols of Persia ;Jalair.

Tilimsan. Tlemsan, in Algeria. 35 0' N.;

1 1 6' W. Murabit;Muwahhid ;

Marinid;

Ziyanid; Othmanli. Prefix <fcoX/.

Talang. Telanga, district in S.E, India. Dchli

Kings. Prefix i^Ln .

Tukat. In Shras, Asia Minor. 40 20' N.;

363S ;

E. Mongols of Persia; Othmanli.

Tunis. In North Africa. 36 46' N.;10 5'E.

Muwanhid;Hafsid : Othmanli.

Tunk. Tonk, in Eajputana, India. 2610'N.;

7556'E. Local Rajah.

Tunkit Ilak. Province of Ilak - Bukhara. -jlJ

39 0' ]ST.;64 12

7

E. Samanid;Turkistan.

jib

Tui, for ufj^ Shahs of Persia.

Tirah. Tyria, in Anatolia. 38 4' 1ST.;27 42' E.

Mongols of Persia; Othraanli

(LJ^-H ) 5Shahs

of Persia.

al-Taimarah. Near Isfahan. Umayyad.

Thabat. In Yemen. ?. Rasulid.

Jahak. Near Tus, in Khurasan(Yakut). Saljuk.

Jajarm. In Khurasan. 36 51' 38".;56 29

;E.

Mongols of Persia.

1

Jalandar. In the Panjah, India. 31 20'K; ^

jj U-

75 87' E. Dehli Emperors.

Java. EJ. Company; Netherlands. Title t\p-

Jarbath. Jerbah, near Tunis. 33 45f

IS.; ci^ ^

10 30;

E. Umayyad (Lavoix),

148 ML'SALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Jurjaii. In Tabaristan. 37 :12' X. ;

54: 52;

E.

Abbiijid; Mongols of Persia; Samanid

(Marlvof); Buwayhid, (Fraelm); Tahirid

(Xornberg). Prefix j J^ .

Jarzuwan, Jarirwan, or Harir\ran (Ptodgers); -

Gazarwan (Eaverty). In Afghanistan.

35 r40'X.; 6512'E. Ivawarizm Shalis.

al-Jazair. Algiers. 36 C58' X. : 2'

:57' E.

Hafsid; Othmanli.

al-Jazirah. In Mesopotamia. 37 I5;

1ST.;

42-14'E. Umayyad; Abbasid; Marwanid;

Hamdanid; Zangicl ; Mongols of Persia

;

Kara KnynnlicL. Prefix jj(

*x* .

Jazirali Prins ab ^railes. Prince of Wales

Island orPouloPcnang. 5" IS7

]ST

.;100 C 25'E.

Englisb. local.

Jazirali Silulu or Silung'. Ceylon. Netherlands

E.I. Company.

al-Jisr. Probably Jisr Manbij, in Syria.

34 4;

X.;35 38' E. Uniayyad (Rogers).

Jafarabad. Probably Yeramin, near Teheran.

35 1 5' ]ST

.;51 42' E. Shahs of Persia.

Julad. In Daghistan ? GoldenHorde(Fraehn).

Jalalabad. In Afghanistan. 34 24' ]ST

.;

70 24' E. Dehli Emperor, with prefix

*Jjil . Also counter-strike on E.L Com-

pany's coins.

Jalalpur. In. the Panjab. 29 31' 1ST

.;71 22

7

E.

Dehli Emperors (Yost).

Jalaun. In Is ."W. Proyinces, India. 26 9;

jST

.;

7922'E. Local Eajah.

Jalu. Army Mint. Or Jelo District in Kur-

distan. S725']ST.; 440'E. Shahs of

Persia.

Juzjan. District near Balkh, in Khurasan.

36 JNT.;65 E. Ghaznawkl

; Ziyarid.

Jaunpur. InKW. Provinces, India. 2544']Sr.;

82 44' E. Dehli Emperors ; Kings of

Jaunpur. Prefixes eL^d>- L^ _ d'J^ri. _

Jhalawar. In Eajputana, India. 24 20' IS.;

7650'E. Local Eajah.

Jahanabad. In Bengal. 25 13' N.;85 2' E.

Dehli Emperors.

Jahanpanah. Dehli. Dehli Kings.

LIST OF 3II3TT TOWNS. 149

Jalimabad. ?. Dehli Emperors. jLlj J,:>-

Julair. ?. Delili Emperors (Eoclgers).

Jummun. In Kashmir. 32 44'^.; 7449'E.

Dehli Emperors (Eoclgers). Local Governor.

Prefixes ..,U81 ,b ...JiS.\,^ > y>

Jinaba. Genaba, in Farsistan. 29 331'N.;

50 35' E. Saffarid; Buwayhid.

Junabadh. Grmabad, in Khurasan. 3420'N.;

jj\i:>-

5833 /

E. Sarbadarid.

Jannatabad. Lakhnauti, in Bengal. 24 55'jST.;

88 8' E. Bengal Kings.

Juncli Sabur. In Khnzistan. o 7 18' 1ST.; j

4885'E. Urnayyacl; Abbasid.

Janzah. Probably for ^rsa.i . Umayyad ;

Shaddadid (Markof).

Jodhpur. In Eajputana, India. 26 19' 2T.;

73 8' E. Dehli Kings ;Delili Emperors

(Eodgers); local Eajah. Prefixes -jy& \^. Suffix

Chatarkot. InKW. Provinces,India. 2518'^r.;

80 54' E. Dehli Emperors (Burn).

Chitganu. Chittagong. 2221'K; 9152'E.

Bengal Kings. Prefix&*j.

.

Chinapattan. Madras. Dehli Emperors.

1-50 MUSAL3XAN XCTISMATIC,*.

Jhansi. In Central India. 25 :

25'K; 78 C 3S'E.

Dehli Emperors.

Janansirabad. In X. "\V. Provinces, India.<-'

28 s24' X.; 7S :

S' E. Dehli Emperors

(Hoernle).

Jahangxrpur. Jangipur, in Bengal. 24C 24'X.;

88 6'E. Delili Emperor.

Jahangirnagar. Dacca, in Bengal. 23' 43' K. :

90 26' E. Dehli Emperors.

Jhang. In the Panjab, India. 31 16' X.;

72 21' E. SiJdi (Rodgers).

Jhusi. Xear Allahabad, X.W. Provinces. India..-^.

25 26' K;

81 58' E. Dehli Kings.

Jayy. Old Isfahan. Uniayyad ;Abbasid.

Prefix i^j-Vf .

Jiyan. Jaen, in Spain. 37C 50'^.; C 49' TT.

Spanish Uniayyad ;lluwahhicl

;2^asricl.

Jaipur. In Eajputana, India. 26 56' E".;

75 55' E. Dehli Emperors ;local Rajah.

Prefixes ^^ . **4^ - uJ^^ a- .

Jiruft. In Zirman. 28 9' E".;

57 40;

E.

Buwayhid.

Jaisalmir. InRajputana. 2654'K ;7054'E.

Local Rajah.

Chanicha. Cianitza, in Servia. 42 56' jST.;

20 2 y

E. OthmanlL

Chawalsfcan. ?. Dehli King (Hoernle). Prefix

LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 151

Chunar. In ~N~.W. Provinces, India, 2 5C 7' $".;

82 55' E. Dehli Kings; Dehli Emperors.

Chanpanir. In Gujarat, India. 22 31' ST.;

73 36' E. Dehli Emperor ; Gujarat Kings.

Prefixes ^UjJK^ . J* j& - *&

Chhachrauli. In the Panjab, India. 30 1 5' Ef .;

77 25' E. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

Chushi, or Chusha. Shahabad (Yost) ;Dehli

Kings.

Chitur. In Eajputana, India. 24 52' K;

74 41' E. Dehli Emperors.

Haji Turkhan. Astrakhan. 46 25'K;48 5' E.

Golden Horde; Astrakhan Khans. Prefix

Hafizabad. In the Panjab, India. 32 2' 1ST.;

73 46' E. Dehli Emperors.

Habulta. Jabulta, near Baghdad. 34 47 ;

1ST.;

43 377

E. Abbasid (Lavoix).

Hajr. In Yemen. 24 7' K;

51 14' E.

Abbasid.

Harran. Charroe, in Mesopotamia. 36 52' ~N.;

39 r E. Umayyad ;Abbasid

; Ayyubid ;

Buktiginid.

al-Hirmin al-Sharifin. The two Holy Cities

Mecca and Medinah. Othmanli.

Hazan. Salt Country. ?. Mongols of

Persia (Soret).

al-Hasan or al-Khush. Probably Khush, in

Syria. Umayyad- (Eogers).

Hasanabad or Husainabad. Probably Gaur in

Bengal Dehli Emperors; Bengal Kings.

Prefix ^j^. .

152 3IUSAL3IAN NUMISMATICS.

Hissar. In Turkistan. 38 C25'N.; 68 45' E.

Tlmuiid; Shaybanid.

Hissar. In X.TT. Provinces, India. 29 9'X.;

75C50' E. Dehli Kings ;

Dehli Emperors ;

local E.ajah, Suffix $; -J .

Hissar Shadman. Hissar, in Turkistan. Timurid. ^UJU jLa

Hisn. Kaifa. Urtukid; Mongols of Persia.

Hisn EhifEah. Hisr Kaghi. Hisn Kaifa, in

Turkistan. 37 40'X.; 41C 20

/

E. Trtnldd;

Mongols of Persia.

al-Hadhr. Atra, in Mesopotamia. 35 30;

JS".;

42 50' E. Ak-Ivuyunlid (Soret).

Halab. Aleppo, in Syria. 36 11' X.;37 9' E.

Umayyad ;Abbasid

;Hamdanid

; Zangid ;

Ayynbid ;Eatimid

;Mirdasid

;Mamluk

;

Jalair;Othmanli. Prefix ^o IS- .

Hulwan. In Irak Arabi. 34 48' ]ST

.;45 36' E.

Abbasid.

al-Hillah. In Mesopotamia. 32 25 ; K ;^LsSi

44 30' E. Mongols of Persia;Jalair.

Hamat. In Syria. 34 16;

X.; 35 40' E. iU>.

Ayyubicl ;Mamlnk. Suffix LS* sr^l .

Hamad. Perhaps for O^A>- ;or ^A^- ,

a

province in Asia Minor. Jalair (Markof).

Hims. Emesa, in Syria. 34 25' K; 36 46' E.

Umayyad; Hamdanid; Eatimid; Tulunid;

Jalair.

Hauran. In Syria. 36 7' JST

.;

36 40' E.

Othmanli (Soret).

Hautah. In NajdL 22 33' BT.;

45 22' E.

Local (Eodgers).

Huwayza. In Khuzistan. 3117'K; 48 1'E.

Timurid.

LIST OF MIxNT TOWNS. 153

Haiclarabad. In theDeccan, India. 17 22' IT.;

j,*

75 32' E. Dehli Emperors ;local ]\

Tizani.

Prefixes jLj *JLL^J. jUsll .b.

Kharpur. ?. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

Khalakabad. Chandagal, nearMysore. 12C21'2T.;

7645'E. Mysore Sultan.

Khanpur. In Bahawalpur State, India.

2S35'N.;7041'E. Local Eajah.

Khanjah. Elizabethpol. 40 45; N.

;46 1 4' E.

Othmanli.

Khanah Eikab. Army Mint. Shahs of Persia.

Zhabushan. Modern Knchan, in EHmrasan.

37 2-5' N.; 58 22'E. Mongols of Persia

(Markof).

Khutlan, al-Khnttul. In Transoxiana, about

37 46' ]ST

.;68 40' E. Timurid (Fraehn) ;

Samanid.

Khuttan. In Turkistan. 37 7' K. ;7755'E.

Mongols of Persia (Sanlcy) ;local Khan.

suffix Lj-y .

IQuijastuh Baniyad. Aurangabad. Dehli

Emperors.

Zhujindah. In Turkistan. 41 6' 1ST.;68 2' E.

Chagatai ;Turkistan.

Khartbirt. Diarbakr or Amid. 37 56' IT.;

40 8' E. Chagatai ; Mongols of Persia.

Khurfah. In ITajd, Arabia. ?. Local Khan.

Prefix i:

Alj.

Khazanah. The Treasury. Eengal Kings.

Khusrushadh Hurmnz. A district in the culti-

Tated part of Irak (Yakut). Umayyad.

154 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Khilat Akhlat, in Armenia. 38 352'K;

42 :10' E. Marwanid

; Mongols of Persia.

al - Khalifan al-Aliyah. Constantinople.

Otnmanll.

Khulm. In Khurasan. 36 :58' N.

;67 8'E.

Timurid.

Ehalifatabad. Baglmrhat, in Bengal. 22 40' X.;

89 49' E. Bengal Kings (Blochmann).

Khwarizm. EMva. 41 55' X.;

60 5' E.

Golden Horde; Cnagatai ;

Timurid;

local

Khans. Prefixes *

Xhur. A village near Balk3i(Yakut). Timurid.

Klmrshid Suwad. Probably Bliarwar, in the

Deccan, India. 1527/

S".; 75 3' E. Mysore

Sultan.

Khu?h. ?. Mongols of Persia.

Khukand. In Tartary. 4032 /

]ST

,; 7058 /

E.

Local Khans. Prefixes <uiljuu^j\

-

^<U!^1J . Epithet L^JJ .

Khima. In Azarbaijan. 38 21'S".; 4400 ;

E.

Abbasid.

Khui. In Azarbaijan. 38 33;

ft.;45 5' E.

Mongols of Persia;Golden Horde

;Jalair

;

Shahs of Persia;Durrani (Leggett). Prefix

Khairpur. In Sind, India. 2731'jST.; 6S48'E.

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

Khizan. In Armenia. SS ^']^.;42 5' E.

Othmanli.

Khayuk. Khiva. Local Khans; Timurid d/^(Soret).

LIST OF MINT TOWNS.

Dara. In Mesopotamia. 37'" S'K".;41

C1'E.

Abbasid (Stickel).

Bar al-Tassuwir. Joudhpur. Behli Emperors j\

(Eodgers).

Barah. In Mesopotamia. 35 28']^.; 3952'E.

Saljuk (Lane Poole).

Baghastan. Province in Armenia. 42 $".; ^

48 K Shahs of Persia.

Bamighan. In Khurasan. 3612'K; 5438'E.

Mongols of Persia; Chagatai ;

Timuricl;

Shahs of Persia. Prefix <wj JL* .

Bamla, near Saharanpur, K"W. Provinces,

India. Behli Emperor (Eodgers).

Baniat. In Syria, between Aleppo and

Kafartab (Yakut). Mongols of Persia

(Soret).

Baniat. Benia, in Spain, 38 52'K;04' W.

Kings of Benia; Muwahhid. Prefix <LJ J^ .

Bawar. In Afghanistan. 33 15'^.; 65 5' E.

Shahs of Persia (Markof).

Bahar. ? for ^Uj. Behli Kings (Eodgers).

Babusiyah. In Transoxiana. 394S'j$T.;

6550 /

E. Golden Horde; Turkistan.

Babil. Ardabil. 389'N.; 4S19'E. Umayyad;

Abbasid.

Barabjird. Barab, in Earsistan. 28 42'K; t^srlj

J

54 9' E. Umayyad.

Birband. In Baghistan. 42 S'K;4810'E.

Golden Horde;local Khan.

Barwadh. A fort in Azarbaijan (Yakut).

Shahs of Persia.

Bizful. In Khuzistan. 32 8'K;48 22' E.

Shahs of Persia (Eraehn).

Bistawa. In Earsistan (Yakut). Umayyad.

156 3IUSALMAN X

Dakuka. Tank, in Mesopotamia. 35S']NT.;

44" 28' E, Abbasicl ; Buktiginid (Soret).

Dilshadabad. ?. Dehli Emperors.

al-Dalikan,or Dolijan. 2s ear Isfahan (Yakut).

About 33 C20' X.

;51- 10' E. (Le Strange) ;

Abbasid (Fraehn).

Damawind. In Khurasan. 3539 / X.;52 9' E.

Timurid;Shahs of Persia.

Damask. Damascus, 33 34' K;36 20' E.

IJniayyad : Abbasicl; Saljuk ;

Tulunid;

Ikhshidid;

Fatimid ; Zangid ; Ayyubid ;"

3Iamlnk; Othmanli. Suffix &*: .^Au \ .

Bunaysir. In ^Mesopotamia. 3 7 2'$".;

4P18'E. Marwanid; Urtukid.

Dawrak. In Khuzistan. 3051']NT .;4855'E.

Shahs of Persia;Timurid.

Dawkar. ?. Saljuk (B.tt. Cat.).

Dogam, Dogaon. ProbablyDogon, near j^anpara,

In Bahraich, Oudh. Dehli Emperors. Pre-

fixesiils)\j!j

.,*!LS!j\j

.AwJljta.

Daulatabad. Deogir, in the Decean, India.

19 57' IST

.;

7oc18' E. Dehli Kings ;

Dehli

Emperors. Prefix iliL^sf* .

Daha. In Java. Local English.

Dhar. In Central India. 23 36'K;75 24' E.

Dehli Kings. Aj&Jj ,the Pass of Dhar.

Dharwar. In south of Deccan, India. 1527'K;75 3

;

E. Mysore Sultan.

Dahistan. In Hazanclaran. 28 32;

E".;

5524'E. Great Kaans; Shahs of Persia

(Dorn). Prefix jJj .

LIST OP MINT TOWXS. 157

DM. In y."W. Provinces, India. 2839'}sT .;

77 IS'E. Belli Kings : Dehli Emperors ;

Local.

Dholpur. InEajputana. 26C42' 3".

;77 C

54' E.

Local Eana.

Diarbakar. Amid, in ^Mesopotamia. 37 C 56'X.;

40 8' E. Othmanli.

Diyr. la Syria. 35 4' X.;40 s

18' E. Oth-

manli; Kara Kuyunlid.

Dairajat. Hultan, in the Panjab. Durrani.

Dairah. Dereh, in the Panjab. 34 24' ]ST

.;

7259'E. Dehli Emperors ; Sikh; Durrani.

Dairahjat. Deraj at, in the Panjab. 322'jNT .;

70 4' E. Durrani.

Dairah fath Khan. In the Panjab. 31 9'^T .;

70 50' E. Durrani.

al-Dailim. In Azerbaijan. S?^ 7

^.; 4940'E.

Muhanimad b. Bnznngumir ;"Wahsondinide.

Dingarh. In the Panjab. 2856'K; 7449'E.

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

al-Dinawar. In Irak Arabi. 34 36' N.;

47 36' E. Buwayhid (Markof).

Diogir. Daulatabad, intheDeecan. 1957'K ;

7518 /

E. DehliKings; dizain of Haidarabad.

Prefixes &*ks - CJ.-.a^ . ^L^\ ^ .

Dieval. In Sind, India. Dehli Emperors

(White King). Prefix^ .

Darwat. In Hajaz (Yakut) ;Easulid L.

(ISTeitzel).

Dafarin. Uncertain. Timurid (LanePoole).

158

Damar. In Yemen. H~11'X.; 44 G;

E. jUjImam of Sana. Prefix

, r-o .

Eajar. ? Eajan or Arjan. Golden Horde

(Sorct).

Eajaz. '?. Mongols of Persia (Lane Poole).

Eajgarh, In Eajpntana, India. 2618'^r.;

74C42' E. Local Rajah of Alwar State.

Eahin. Eayin, in Eirman. 29 35' ]ST

.;

57 32' E. ITongols of Persia (ScMndler).

lladhanpur. In Eajputana, India. 2850 /

X.; j

7l: 38'E. Local Eajah.

Eas al-Avin. In Mesopotamia. 36^52'X.;

40- 5' E. Abbasid.

Eask. Inllakram. 2618 ; ^T .; 6140'E.

Sanianicl (Frachn).

EasM. In Khurasan, eight farsakhs from

Tarmuz (Yakut). Sanianicl.

al-Eafikah. Eakkali, in Mesopotamia. 36Q'K;S920'E. Abbasid; Tulunid; Buwayhid ;

Hamdanid (Tornberg).

Eamhnimuz. In Khnzistan. 31 10' K;

49 50' E. Umayyad ;Abbasid

; Bnwayhid ;

Tulunid; Shahs of Persia.

Eanajin. ?. Dehli Emperors (Eoernle).

Ribat al-Fath. In Morocco. 34 0' N.;

Jiilt

B^^SO'TT. Elili Sharifs.

Eajan. In Farsistan. ?i^&-j\

- Golden

Horde (Markof).

al-Eahabah. In Mesopotamia. 34 54' JS".;

L4011 ;

E. Abbasid; Hamdanid.

Easht. In Gilan. 37 20']Sr.; 4950 AE. ^

Saljuk; Mongols of Persia; Knyunlid; Shahs

of Persia. Prefix \ \A .

LIST OF MINT TOW^S. 159

Bussid. In Irak Arabi. ?. In Yemen<\^\

.<x^

(Yakut) ;Golden Horde

; Mongols of Persia.

llanash. In Khuzistan. 3225 /

jST.; 4S22'E. J^jShahs of Persia.

al-Eakkah. In Mesopotamia. 360'K; Z$j\

3920'E. Umayyad; Abbasid.

Eimm. District of the Kurds in Earsistan;

'

1 .

Shahs of Persia (Markof).

al-Eama. In Palestine. 31 33' N.;35 8' UJ1

Ayyubid.

al-Eamlah. In Palestine. 31 54' K;34 56' E. IUJ1

Umayyad ;Abbasid.

llanthambhur. In Kajputana, India. 26 2' N.; J5&&J

76 30' E. Dehli Kings.

Eangpur. In Bengal. 2544'K;89 16

;

E. j^j^Local Eajah.

Eevan. Erivan. Othmanli. ^ t .

Eotaspnr. ?, Bengal Kings. J^AJ^

al-Eoudhbar. In Gilan. 36 55'K; 4925'E. jV^Local Prince.

Euha. Edessi, in Mesopotamia. 375 /

N.; UjiL Uj

390'E. Umayyad; .Ayyubid; Othmanli.

al-Rayy. InlrakAjami. 36 0' 1ST.;5130'E. &]\

Umayyad; Abbasid; Saljuk; Ghaznawid;

Mongols of Persia.

Eikanz. Town near Merv (Yakut) ; Governor l^ .

of Sijistan.

Zabid. In Yemen. 14 10 ; K;

43 20' E. j^j :

Easulid; Yiyadid; King of Yemen.

Zirinj. In Sijistan. 31 33' 1ST.;

61 38 ;

E. -AjUmayyad; Abbasid; Saffarid; Tahirid;

Mongols of Persia. Prefix

160 m'SALMAX NUMISMATICS.

ZamindraL. In Scrvia. 44 C 37 X.; 20 :52

f

E.

Othmunli,

al-Zamwar. Azamur. in Morocco. 33 :

17' 2s".;

8:

;}' "W. ITarinicl (Lavoix).

Zamindawar. In Afghanistan. 32 :30' 2s

T.

; J

64 :30' E. Khwarizni.

Zinjan. In Khamsah, Persia. 36 : 45;

X.;

48 C2S'E. Shahs of Persia. Prefix aj\**u!l ,L\>

Zanjihar. In East Africa. 6C0' S.j 39 C

20'E.

Local Sultan.

Zuilat. Zuila, in Tripoli. 27 C20' X.

;1 7

C30' E. HL^J

Fatimid.

Zoha. ?. Sharif of Morocco (Sorct). Ifcj

al-Zahra. Xcar Cordova, in Spain. 36 C52' X.

; L"5;/"^

5C20'TT. Spanish TJmayyad. Prefix jJ^.

Zaydan. In Farsistan. 28 :40' 2s".

;53 10' E. a\

Juj

Mongols of Persia.

Zinat al-Bilad. Ahmadabad. Dehli Emperors jLSl jixj^

(Eodgers).

Sabir Ehonst. In Khuzistan. 32C50' K

;

4740'E. Buwayhid; Kakwayhid.

Sabur. In Farsistan. 29 oQ'ltf.;51 55' E.

Umayyad.

Sardis. Sart, in Anatolia. 38 26' K".;

28C 5' E. Saljuk.

Sarangpur. In Malwah. India. 23 3 11

IS".;

76 30' E. Dehli Emperors.

Sari. In Mazandaran. 36 32' ]ST

.;53 5' E.

Timurid; Ziyarid ;

Sabadarid ; Mongols of

PersiajShahs of Persia; Khan of Dailixn.

Sakiz. Scio, in Grecian Archipelago. 38 20'K ;

26 ;

E. Othmanli.

Sibzawar. In Khurasan: 36 187

K; 5746 /

E.

Or in Afghanistan : 33 10' K; 62 ll'E.

Mongols of Persia; Timurid; BuwayMd;Sabadarid

;Shahs of Persia. Prefix j J^ .

Satgaon. In Bengal. 22 38' N.;88 25

r

E.

Dehli Kings. Prefixes cjyd>- . ^r, .

Sijistan. Seistan, in Persia. 31 0' K;

62 20' E. Umayyad ; Abbasid;

local

Governors; Ghaznawid; Saffarid.

Sijilniasah. In Morocco. 3115'M".;I45 / W.

Spanish Umayyad ; Murabitid; Muwahhid;Marinid

; Moorish ; Hasani Sharifs. Prefixes

LIST OP MINT TOWNS. 161

Samsun. In Trebizond, Asia Minor. 4121'K;36 25 ; E. Mongols of Persia. Prefix j.X* .

Sarniyah. In Palestine. 3158'JSr.; 3523'E.

Umayyad.

Sauj Bulagh. In Azarbaijan. 36 54' K; cSb ~

45 C45' E. Shahs of Persia.

Sawah. In Irak Ajami. 35 0' 2ST.;5026'E.

J^

Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia; Chagatai ;

Jalair; Timurid.

Sibtah. Ceuta. 3555']\T .; 518' W. Hamudid;

Muwahhid;

Marinicl;

Moorish. Prefixes

Sidi-ah Kiysi. Sanjak, in Salonika. 40 38' K; ^J I ^22 56' E. Othmanli.

Sarai. On the Yolga. 51 38' E".;

46 O'E. ^\ ^Golden Horde; White Horde; Othmanli.

Prefixes jjj . ^L .

Sarai al-Jadid. NewSarai, Tzaref,on the Yolga.

48 39' K;43 2' E. Golden Horde.

Sarai Chouk. little Sarai. Sarachik, on the -^ J ^Ural. 46 16' N.

;51 25 ;

E. Golden Horde.

11

162 MUSALMAN XUMIS1IATICS.

Sarai al-Mahmsat. Garrisoned camp. Golden

Horde.

Sribarnijah. Srebernltza or Saiberaik?

in

Bosnia. 44 & X.;19 19

f

E. Othmanli.

Sarakhs. In Khurasan. 3838'X.;61 13'E.

Umayyad; Saljuk; Mongols oi Persia;Stalls

of Persia.

Sariz. Seriz, in Roumelia. 415'2T.; 2335'E.

Othmanli

Surrak. In Irak ArabL 31 8'N.;4736'E.

Umayyad.

Sarkan, for ^^ ? Mongols of Persia.

Sarrakustali, Saragossa, in Spain. 41 46' 2T.;

58; W. Hudid. Prefix ij J^ .

Sirkan. Zergan, in Irak Ajami. 35 20' E".;

49 10' E. Mongols of Persia.

Surra min raa. Samarra, in Irak Arabi.

3411'K; 4349'E. Abbasid; Buwayhid.

Sarmin. In Syria. 35 59' N.;

36 57' E.

Othmanli (Eraenn).

Sirwan. In Afghanistan. 34 25' N.;62 3' E.

Umayyad (lYaehn).

Saraj, In Mesopotamia. 36 46' N.; 3843 /

E.

Umayyad (Layoix).

Sirunj. In Eajputana, India. 24 6' IS.;

7742'E. Dehli Emperors; local Eajah.

Sirhind. In ff/W. Provinces, India. 30 38'K;7629'E. Debli Emperors ; Durrani; local

Kajah.

Srinagar. In Kashmir. 34 5'jST.; 7451'E.;

Dehli Emperors j Eashmir Sultans. Prefix

.-H; .

> "*

Srinagar. InKW. Provinces, India. 3013'E".;

78 49' E Eajahs of Garhwal.

LIST OF 31INT TOWXS. 163

Sughad, also A,^ . Samarkand. Turkistan tX**Jl . Jx-c

(Fraeki).

Sighnak. In Georgia. 4129'j\T

.;

46 0' E.

White Horde. Prefix db .

Sifurkan. Shibarkan, in Turkistan. 36 3*5' IT.; j

65 42' E. Zhwarizm.

"Suk. ?. Mnzaffaricl.

Salamabad. Mysore, S. India. Mysore Sultan.

Salanik. Salonika. 40 38' 1ST.;

22 56' E.

Othmanli.

Sultam, probably for ^LjUaL* . Shah of

Persia (Eodgers).

Sultanpnr. Warangol, in the Deccan, India.

1 7 58' 1ST.;79 40' E. Dehli Kings.

Sultaniyah. In Irak Ajami. 36 28' N.;

4842/E. Mongols of Persia; Jalair;

Chagatai ; Inju ;Timurid

;Shahs of Persia.

Prefix jL;suffix

,****!! .

~sJ

Salmas. In Azaibaijan. SS ^'^".; 4440/E.

Mongols of Persia;

Jalair;

Golden Horde.

Salamiyah. In Syria. 356'.;3659'E.

Abbasid,

SikaliyaL.. Sicily. Aghlabid.

Skub. Uskub, in. Anatolia. 40 54' N.;

31 25' E. Othmanli.

Sikandarabad. In K!V. Provinces, India.

28 27' N. ;77 44' E. DehU Emperors

(Hoernle).

Sala. Salee, in Morocco. 34 40;

N.;6 45' W. L>

Muwahhid; Marinid.

'Salangur. Selangor, in Malay Peninsula. j^cUL8 19'K; 101 13' E. Local English. Prefix

164 ilUSALMlX XOXISMATICS.

Samarkand. In Turkistan. 40- O'X.;67 40' E.

Abbasid;Tahirid

;Samanid

;Great Kaans ;

Turkistan;Khwarizm

; Chagatai ;Timurid

;

Shaybanid ;Janid. Prefixes i jJj - jA^ .

<2~*is-* <L?>Xi . Suffix iJUlLv U>

Samnan. Scmnoon, in Khurasan. 35 C 29'K;

53 D20' E. Buwayhid ;

Timurid : Cliagatai ;

Sliahs of Persia. Prefix j j^.

Samanjan. Fire days from Andarabah, and five

from Khulm (Yakut). Probably Haybak

(Le Strange). Timurid (Markof).

Sumanaf. Snmanap, in Madura, near Java.

7 C2'S.

;11345 /

E. Stamped on some

Spanish coins.

Sunargaon. In Bengal. 39 45' X.;90 3

3S'E.

DeHi Eings ; Bengal Kings. Prefix

uv ^>-- -

Sambhal. In iST

.W. Provinces, India, 28C35' 3S[.

;

78 36;

E. Dehli Kings.

Sinjar. In Diarbakr. 36 19'K;41 50' E.

Zangid ; Ukaylid ; Ayyubid ; Mongols of

Persia.

Sind, or Sindh. Shans of Persia.

Sanlukah. San Lucar, in Spain. 36 47' W.;

6 22' W. Murabit.

Snwar. On Yolga. Yolga Bulghar Khans.

Siwai Jaipur, jyx&r * I)en^- Emperors.

Sujat. In Jodlipur State, India. 25 49 ;

]ST.;

7S37'E. Local Eajah.

Surat. In Gujarat, India. 219'K;7254/

E.

Dehli Emperors ;local Isfawab

;East India

Company. Prefix uxL/* jJcj .

Surin. Half-farsakh from Msabur (Yakut).

Mongols of Persia.

LIST OF 1EIAT OWNS.'

165

Sus. Susa, in Kfauzistan. 31o5'K;4824 /

E. ^JUmayyad; Abbasid.

Susn. In Achin, Sumatra. 3 44' K;

96 50' E. Straits Coinage.

Suk Ibrahim. Near Tlemsan, in Algeria. Sulai- *-j&

manid (Lavoix).

Suk al-Ahwaz. Ahwaz, in ELhuzistan. Umayyad ;; \*

Abbasid; Buwayhid.

Suk Hurrah. In Khnzistan. Umayyad (Soret).

Saharanpur. In N". "W. Provinces, India.

29 58' N.;

77 35 ;

E. Dehli Emperors.

Prefix ^.Jljb.SahlEanak. In Transoxiana. Half-farsakh from

Samarkand (Yakut). Abbasid (Moeller).

Sialkot. In the Panjab, India. 323i /

]tf.;

74 36;

E. Dehli Emperors.

Sitapur. In Oudh, India. 2734'N.; 8042'E.

Behli Emperors.

Sitpur. In the Panjab, India. 29 10' N. ;

70 507

E. Behli Emperors (Eodgers).

Siraf. In TurMstan. 3037'N.; 51 40' E.

Abbasid; Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia.

Sirjan. Saidabad, in Kirman. 29 20' K;

55 35;E. Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia.

Sis. In Adana, Asia Minor. 3721'K;35 55' E. Saljuk.

Sistan. Sijistan. Shahs of Persia (Dorn).

Siruz. Serez, in Eoumelia. 41 5' K;

23 35' E. Umayyad (Eraehn) ;Othmanli.

Sik. Sumatra. 30' K;102 E. Local

'

English. Prefix ^Jl .

Siwas. Sivas, or Eoum, in Asia Minor.

39 40' K;

37 7' E. Saljuk ; Mongols

of Persia; Golden Horde; Kkrarnan.

166 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Shabiran. In Erivan. 39D53'K ;

44 54' E.

Mongols of Persia; Jalair

;Golden Horde.

Shapurabad, Three farsakhs from Marv

(Yakut) ; Chagatai (Eraehn).

Shadiabad. - Mandu, in Halwah, India.

22 18'^T

.;75 24' E. ITahrah and Gujarat

Kings. Prefixes J <U- CL;-^=- -

al-Shash. Tashkend, in Turkistan. 42 4' K; ^llfiJI

68 11' E. Abbasid;Samanid

; Chagatai.

Prefix jJj;

suffixjJ&lt

<bS c .

Shatibah. Jativa, in Spain. 39 24' jST.;

53' W. Hudid.

Shakan. Perhaps for ^liK, or perhaps that

in Turkistan. 4027']ST .;713'E. Mongols

of Persia.

al-Sham. Syria. Golden Horde (Eodgers).

al-Shamiyah, for L^sUull . Umayyad.

Shahabad. In Oudh, India. 27 38 7 N.

79 59' E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix ~^J .

Shahjahanabad. Dehli. Dehli Emperor ;Shah <:

Nadir of Persia;Durrani. Prefix 4iLsM ^b

Shah Eukhiyah. In Turkistan. 40 46' E".; ^^

69 0' E. Timurid (Fraehn).

Shahgarh. In Central Provinces, India. *'4

24 19']ST.; 7940'E. Dehli Kings (Eodgers).

Shabankarah. In Earsistan. 29 10' K".;

51 5' E. Mongols of Persia ; Chagatai ;

Timurid.,

Shibarkhan. In Afghanistan. 36 35' E".;

65 427 E. Buwayhid (Leggett). Possibly

misread for (J&- <*+*

ShibHiyah. Seville, in Spain. 37 26' K;

60/"W. Murabit.

LIST OP MINT TOWNS. 167

SMrki. On the west bank of the Tigris, east

of the round city of Baghdad (Yakut).

Mongols of Persia (Soret).

Shirish. Xeres, in Spain. 36 41' AT .;6 9' W.

Murabit.

Sharifabad. In Bengal. ?. Dehli Kings.

Sharifah. In Irak Arabi, near Easrah (Yakut).

Mongols of Persia (Soret).

Shafurkan. Shibarghan, in Afghanistan.

36 40' N. ;65 32' E. Khwarizm.

Shikar al-Gah. ?. Dehli Emperors (Leggett).

Shikarpur. In Sind. 27 57' tf.;68 40' E.

Local.

Shiki. Shamakhi, in Trans-Caucasia. Shahs

of Persia.

Sholapur. In the Deccan, India. 17 40'K;

75 56' E. Dehli Emperors.

Shamakhi. In Trans-Caucasia. 40 56' "N.;

47 30' E. Jalair;Golden Horde

;Shirwan-

shahi; Kara Kuyunlid; Shahs of Persia;

Othmanli. Prenx a^kLJ \. \ j .

Shamsh. ?. Umayyad (Lavoix).

Shamhar. A mountain in Dailimite country,

a day's journey from Sariah (Yakut).

Barendid (Markof).

Shustar. In Khuzistan. 31 58'K;49 3' E.

Mongols of Persia;Jalair

;Shahs of Persia.

Shahr al-Jadid al-Maharusah. The new city

garrisoned. Golden Horde.

Shahrzur. In Kurdistan. 3515'K;4530'E.

Atabeg (Meier).

Shahr Sabaz. In Turkistan. 39 2 ; K;

66 52^ E. Chagatai.

Shirpur. In Bengal. 24 40;

X.;89 28' E.

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

Shirgarh. In Bengal. 24 49' X.;8346 /

E. -

Also Dehli. Dehli Kings ;Dehli Emperors.

&Prefixes <&JJ . <ulJi : suffixes ^ *

Shirwan. ShaniakMj inTrans -Caucasia, llbngols

of Persia;Jalair

;Shirwanshahi (Markof) ;

Othmanli.

Sadat. In Yemen. 16 42' 2N".; 4242'E.

Eassid Imams.

al-Saghaniyan. In Turkistan. 37 30' IT.;

6740/

E. Samanid; Turkistan.

Saghd. District between Samarkand and

Bukhara. 40 Kj 66 E. Chagatai (Tiesen-

hausen).

Safuriyah. In Syria. 32 46' 1ST.; 3516'E.

Abbasid (Lavoix).

168 3IUSA.LMAS XUMIS1IATICS.

Shahr I Xan. Xew city. Probably Gaur, in

Bengal. Bengal Kings. Prefix &Sj2.

Shahristan. In Farsistan. 29 28' 2ST.;

5;3C15'E. llongols of Persia. Suffix ^j^j .

Shahiin lluazam. ?. Golden Horde (Markof). *!a*'

Shaik abn Ishak. Unknown locality. Mongols

of Persia; Timurid (Markof).

SMraz. In Paiastan. 29 530'2s.; 5230'E.

Abbasid; BuwayMd ; Atabeg ; Salgharid ;

llongols of Persia;

Jalair;Timurid

;Mn-

zaffarid ; Chagatai ; Ak Enyunlid ;Shahs

of Persia. Prefixes

LIST OF 3IIXT lOTOS. 169

Sikiliyah. Sicily, also cLjJLc . Patimid;

Gorman Kings. Prefix <bj,X* .

Sana. In Yemen. 15 10' X.;4432'E.

Abbasid; Easulid; Imams of Sana; Othmanli.

al-Sannabra. ?. Chief of Batiha (Lane Poole).

Sur. Tyre, in Syria. 3316'N.; 3oll'E.

Abbasid (llarkof) ;Eatimid

;Othmanli.

Sofia. In Bulgaria. 42 44' N.;23 15' E.

Othmanli.

al-Suayrah. Mogadur, in Morocco. 31 30' N.;

9 45' "W. Eilili Sharifs.

Dharabkhanah rikab. Army Hint. Shahs of

Persia.

Dhafar. In Yemen. 17 0' K ; 53 56' E.

Imam of Dhafar.

Tarim. District near Kazvin. 36 40' K;

48 45' E. Timnrid (Markof).

'Talakan. In Eadakhshan. 3645'K.;6928'E.

Ehwarizm.

Tans, Tus. In Khurasan. 36 30' N.;59 26' E.

Mongols of Persia; Jalair; Chagatai; Timurid

(Markof).

'Tabaristan. ProTince of Persia. 36 14' K;

5340'E. Abbasid; Shahs of Persia.

Prefix uXUHjlj

.

Tabariyah. Tiberias, in Syria. 3247'K;3539'E. Umayyad; Abbasid; Ikhshidid;

Fatimid.

'Tarabalus. Tripoli, in Syria. 3424'K ;

35 5rE. Eatimid; Mamluk; OthmanH?.

Tarabalus. Tripoli, in Africa. 32 48' 1ST.;

13 23' E, Hafsid; Othmanli. Prefix c-i .

170 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

Taraz. Ters, In Turkistan. 42C38' 1\

T.

;

70 45' E. Chagatai ;Turkistan (Harkof).

Prefix jdj .

Tribizun. Trebizond. 41; K

;39 46' E.

Othmanli.

Tarsus. In Syria. 36C57' 2s.

;34 55' E.

Abbasid.

Tnrtnsa. -Tortosa, in Spain. 4050/

!sT.; 030'E.

Kings of Tortosa and Denia. Prefix Jjj .x* .

Tarifak Tarifa, in Spain. 36 CI' ~$.

;5 40' 1V

T.

Spanish Umayyad.

Taghamak In Turkistan, 37 45; K

;

75 C 2o ; E. Samanid (Praehn).

Tuiitala. Toledo, In Spain. 39 54 ;

]Sr

.;4 0' W. flkli?

Kings of Toledo; Elngs of Spain.

TanjaL Tangiers, in Morocco. 3540 /K;

<JsrLL

5C47'TV. Umayyad; Idrisid ;

Pilili Sharifs.

Tiliiran. In Irak Ajami. 35 44' JNT

.;51 25' E. J^

Shahs of Tersia; Jalair. Prefixes iikLJJ -

Zafar. In Yemen, near Sana, or according

to some, Sana itself (Yakut). Easulid

(JSTeitzel).-

Zafarabad. In N.W. Provinces, India. 260'N. ;

80 33' E. Behli Emperors.

Zafarpur. In the Panjab, India. ?. Dehli

Emperors.

Zafarnagar. Fathabad, in 'H.'W. Provinces,

India. 3)enl\ Emperors.

al-Aal. In Syria. 31 46' 1ST.;

3552'E. JU11

Umayyad (Tiesenhausen).

Alamgirpur. Alumpur, in the Deccan, India.

15 32^.;78 11' E. Dehli Emperors.

LIST OF MIXT TCHYXS. 171

Alarnglrnaglr. A fort near Chittagong, Bengal.

Dehli Emperors.

al-Abbasiyah. $ear Baghdad (Yakut). Abbasid.

^"earKairowan, j^". Africa(Yakut). Aghlabid.

Aththar. In Yemen. 17 15' N.;42 20' E.

Abbasid.

al-Atibakah, al-Ikah. Madain. 35 7' K;44 38' E. Umayyad (Lavoix). Prefix i^ll.

Aden. In S. Arabia. 12 46' K;

45 10' E.

Zurayid ; Ayynbid ;Easnlid

; Zangid ;

Yemen King.

al-Irak. Irak or Jabal of Persia. Abbasid. .

Araban. In Mesopotamia. 3555 /K;4049'E.

Mongols of Persia.

al-Araishah. el-Arish, in Morocco. 35 T JST.;

630'W. Klili Sharifs.

Izz al-Salam wa al-Kairuwan. Zayrid (Soret). ^jj*i&\ jALull

j

Usfan. JSTear Mecca. 21 58r

^.; 3942'E;

TJmayyad.

Askalan. Ascalon, in Palestine. 3139'K;34 83' E. Umayyad ;

Abbasid;Fatimid.

Askar PanjMr. Army of Panjhir. Samanid

(Markof).

Askar Mukram. In Khuzistan. 31 40' K;

48 58' E. Abbasid; Buwayhid.

Askar min al-Ahwa2:. Ahwaz. Buwayhid.

Azimabad. Patna. Debli Emperors. Prefix

Akar. Many places of this name in Meso- JLs

potamia (Yakut). Probably !ikr al-Humay-

diyah (Le Strange). Jalair (Markof).

Akka. Acre, in Syria. 32 55' N.;35 4' E.

IJmayyad ; Patimid ; Othmanlij Latin

Kingdom of Jerusalem.

172 OTSAI^IAX NU3IIS3IATICS.

Ukbara. In Mesopotamia. 33 :

50'X.; 422G'E.

Ukaylid (Lane Poole).

al-Aliah. Constantinople. Othmanli. Prefix

telsriyj. Abbasicl (Tiesenliauscn). Also

probably Fez. Idrisid (Lavoix).

Amman. la Syria. 3158'X.; 36 0' E.

TJmayyad ;Abbasid

; Buwayhid.

Ain. la Irak Arabi. 30C 36'X.;

46 3' E.

Abbasid (Lane Poole).

GliursHstan. District in Afghanistan. 34 to

35C X.;64C to 66 E. Umayyad (Codrington).

Gharnatah. Granada, in Spain. 37 C14']^. ;

3 41' V. Idrisid; Zayrid ;

3Tasrid;

Hamudid; Murabit. Prefixes &&*.\j^s\.

Ghaznah. Ghazni, in Afghanistan. 3330 /

]Sr.;

68 15'E. Ghaznawid; Zhwarizm;Great

Kaaiis;

Dehli Kings ;Barakzai

;Sind.

Prefixes 3 jL . jjj .

Ghazzah. Gaza, in Syria. 31C29']S

T.; 344l'E.

Fmayyad; Abbasid.

Ghnr. In Bengal. 24 55Xi\T

.;

88 8;

E.

Dehli Kings.

Ghur. ]\Tear Herat. 3425 r

rT.;632S'E.

Khwarizm (3Iarkof).

Ghiaspur. jSTear Gaur, in Bengal. Dehli Kings.

Ghian, for ^^ .

Tarab. Otrar, in Turkistan. 42 37;

]S". ;

68 10' E. Chagatai.

Fans. Ears, in Persia. 20 K;50 E. Or

inKuhistan. 340/

N.; 58 38'E. Abbasid;

Safiarid; Tahirid.

Earuki ISTagar. Bednore, in Mysore. 1348'E".;

75 6' E. Mysore Sultan.

LIST OF MINT TOWXS. 173

Fas. Fez, in Morocco. 34 46' X.;4 57' W. ^wli-

Umayyad of Spain ;Murabit

;Muwahhid

;

Marinid;Moorish ;

Eilili Sharif;Othmanli.

Prefixes &j A^ . *^^- .

Fathabad. Faridpur, in Bengal. 23 36' K; jUl^d

89 50' E. Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings,

Prefix^H j\i.

Fathpur. Fathpur Sikri, near Agra, India. j^27 6' K ; 77 44' E. Dehli Emperors.

^

Prefix

al-Farab?near Isfahan (Yakut) ;

or al-Furat, C-^Lall

on eastern bank of estuary of Euphrates and

Tigris, facing Ubulla. Umayyad; Chagatai.

Farakhabad. In "N. "W. ProTinces, India.

2724']ST.;7940'E. Dehli Emperors;

Durrani. Also as a suffix to^.x}j^=wl

.

Farkhab Hissar. Ghituldrug, in Mysore, India.

14 14;

IS".;76 27' E. Mysore Sultan.

Farakhnagar. j^ear Dehli. 2842 /K;7724'E.

Dehli Emperors.

Farukhi. Calicut, Malabar, India. 11 15' IT.;

75 50;

E. Mysore vSultan.

Farghanah. Khokand, in Turkistan. 40 32' E".;

70 58' E. Abbasid;

Samanid;

Khan of

Khokand.

Parlis. In Malay Peninsula. 6 30 ;

N.;

100 28' E. Local Eajah.

Farama. Pelouse, in Egypt. 313'N.32 82' E. Abbasid (Lavoix).

Farwan. Parwan, inAfghanistan. 35 12' If.;

69 4' E. Ghaznawid; Samanid.

Firazan. Village near Isfahan (Yakut).

Mongols of Persia.

174: MUSA.L3IAX NUMISMATICS.

Eirah, In Afghanistan. 3227'X.; 62 S' E.

Abbasid (Eogers) ;Samanid (Eraehn).

Pirim. One day's march from SIriya, in

Bailimite Highlands (Yakut). Abbasid;

Buwayhid ;Bavendid

; Mongols of Persia.

Eisa, or Besa. la Farsistan. 28 57' 31".;

5348'E. Umayyad; Buwayhid ;(jhaz-

nawid (Soret).

al-Eustat. Old Cairo, in Egypt. Umayyad.

Patani. In llalay Peninsula. 6 20' K;

10120'E. Local Eajah.

Eilistin. Palestine. Umayyad ;Abbasid

;

Talunid;Hamdanid

;Ikhshidid

;Eatimid

;

KarmatMan. Also as suffix to LJj\ .

Palambang. In Sumatra. 2 48' S.;104 5' E.

Local Eajah. Suffix jJj .

PuntianakdanlEampawah. In Borneo. 015 /

S.;

109 30' E. Local Eajah.

Eirim. Probably for *jy . Abbasid (Moeller) ;

Mongols of Persia.

Eiruzabad. Panduah, in Bengal. 23 3' K;

8818'E. Bengal Kings. Prefixes Xj&s*.

Firuzpur. In the Panjab, India. 30 55'K;

74 38' E. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

Eiruznagar. ?. Behli Emperors (White King).

Eis Hissab or Hissar. Gooty, in Bellary

District, S. India. Mysore Sultan. .Lars-

Fil. In Khwarizm. 4150'K; 580;

E.

Umayyad (Blau).

al-Fayum, In Egypt. 2925'K; 3052 /

E.

Umayyad ;Abbasid (Layoix).

LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 175

Kadis. Cadiz, in Spain. 36 33' E".;

6 19' W.

King of Granada (Longperier).

Kat*s. In Armenia. 4Q37'F. ; 43 10' E.

Othmanli.

Kazan. Sarai?. Mongols of Persia (Bodgers).

Prefix 3 <*j\j\)\>-

Kashan, for J^K . Saljuk ; Mongols of

Persia.

al-Kahirah. Cairo. 30 2' N.;

31 25' E.

Fatimid; Zangid ; Ayyubid ;

Mamluk.

Prefixes or suffixes<Lo^

js i - Lj^\ .

Kain. In Khurasan. 3340'lsr.; 5910'E.

Mongols of Persia.

Koban. Goban, at head of Persian Gulf. ^1-3

30 20'3ST.;4835'E. Bini Kab.

Kutla Arku. ?. Turkistan (Fraehn). j\

al-Kudasiyah. In Mesopotamia. 34 ;

~E.

44 10' E. Abbasid.

Kadah. In the Malay Peninsula. 6 0' 1ST.;

*ji' . -jJi

100 18' E. Local Rajah.

Kara Urdu. Unknown town. Turkistan. jJ,l L5

KaraGhaj. In Azarbaijan. 370']Sr.; 470'E. . UUy . ^U ^J

Mongols of Persia;

Jalair. -.Ul ^Kara Tagh. Montenegro. Othmanli Medal. clt 13*

Karatova. InEoumelia. 4217'ISr.;2233'E.

Othmanli.

Karkhi. In Turkistan. 37 30' K;65 8' E.

Mongols of Persia.

Karshi. In Turkistan. 3848'N.; 6540'E. *yShaybanid ; Shahs of Persia.

Kurtubah. Cordova, in Spain. 37 54' 1ST.;

43 54'W. Abbasid; Murabit

; King of

Cordova. Prefix

176 ^SALMAN XUIIISMATICS.

Kark Ir. Tschufut Kalch, in the Crimea.

44 : 52;

X.;34 10' E. Krira Khans.

Karkislya. Circesium, in Mesopotamia.

35 C12' 2s .

;40 :

26' E. Abbasid (Rogers) ;

Ukaylid ;Muhammad ibn Safwan (Lane

Poole).

Karauli. In Eajputana. 26 : SO;

X.; 77 4' E.J^J-

Local Eajah.

Krini. Crimea. Golden Horde;Othmanli

;w Ji

Krim Elans. Prefixes i'jdj . <-\JJ .

Suffix Lt*^ .

-/>

Krim al-Jadid. Xe~w Krim. Golden Horde. J^ Jcal ^j J

Euiiyah. Part of Baghdad. Mongols of <L\3

Persia (Eodgers).

Kazwin. In Irak Ajami. 36 16' K;49 55

;

E.(

Abbasid; Buwayhid ; Mongols of Persia

;

Muzaffarid; Chagatai ;

Jalair;

Timuricl;

Shahs of Persia. Prefix liLJl ,b.

Knstamuniyah. In Anatolia. 41 21' IT.;

<UJ

33 58' E. Mongols of Persia;Kustamid

Amir.

Kustantiniyah, Constantinople. Othmanli.

Suffix i-^sAKusantinah. Constantine, in Algeria. 36 80

;K;

6 30' E. Hafsid (Lavoix) ; Othmanli.

al-Kasr. The Palace. Idrisid (Millies). ,*AR!!

Kasr al-Salam. al-Eakkah, in Mesopotamia.

Abbasid.

Kasr al-Kakhar, or al-Kadir, or al-Pakhir.

Doubtful. Abbasid.

Kutbabad. Old Dehli. Dehli Kings.

Kilat. Kelat, in Baluchistan. 29 0' N.;

66 30'E. Local.

LIST OF 3IIXT TOWNS. 177

Jvllij Urdu. ?. Turkistan.

Kalat Ayub. Calatayud, in Spain. 41 25' 2s".;

1 40' "W. Kings of Calatayud (Lavoix).

Kalat Jabir. In Syria. 35 55' X.;38 20' E.

Ayyubid (Layoix).

Ejinmi. In Irak Ajami. 34 36' K;50 57' E. *y . IS

Abbasid;

Samanid ; Buwayhid ; Cliagatai ;

Timurid; Ak-Knyunlicl ;

Tahirid;Shahs of

Persia.

Kamarnagar. Kamul, in S. India. 1547 /

ov".;

78 5' E. Dehli Emperors.

Kanna. TownnearSharhzur. Samanid (ilarkof).

Kancluz. In Afghanistan. 36C45'K; 6955'E.

Snlaiman Mirza (Eodgers).

Kandahar. In Afghanistan. 31 40' 1ST.;

65 55;

E. Timurid;

Dehli Emperors ;

Shahs ofPersia;Barakzai. Prefix ^-kL^! \ \.

Kinnisrin. In Syria. 35 56' ]NT

. ; 37 0' E.

Umayyad ;Abbasid.

Kanuj. See ^^ .

yi

Kujaniyah. In Servia. 4430'N.;21 C 22 /

E.

Othmanli (Moeller).

Kuras. Coras, in Syria. 36 42' ]ST

.;36 56' E.

Umayyad (Soret).

Kus. In Egypt. 25 43' K;

32 40' E.

Eatimid. Prefix j Ju .

Knmis. In Tabaristan. 3540'Is[".;5420'E,

Umayyad; Abbasid.

Kunkah. Cnenca, in Spain. 40 55' K;

1C 50'W. Mnrabit. Prefix io^,.

Kuniyah. Iconium, in Asia Minor. 37 55' 1$.

32 31' E. -

Saljnk ; Mongols of Persia;

Karaman;

Othmanli;Arteinid (Markof).

Prefix <Uj Ju.

12

178 MUSAL3IAN NUMISMATICS.

al-Kairawan. In Tunis, jS\ Africa. 36 O'K;

10iO ;

E. Fatimid; Zayrid. Prefix *LJ1 Js.; -I

v

Eaisariyah. Cassarea, in Anatolia. 38 40' }ST

.;

35 SO7E. Caesarea, in Syria. 32 30' tf .

;

3454'E. Saljuk ; Mongols of Persia;

Golden Horde. Prefix <wj A/ .

Palambang. In Sumatra. 246'S.; 104 50' E.

Local Eajah. Prefix jJj .

Pulopercha, or Pulopenelia. Sumatra. Local

English.

Pirak. In Malay Peninsula. 4 30' ^T .;

101 0' E. Local English. Prefix <s& .

Kabul. In Afghanistan. S430'K; 69C 18'E.

Shahs oi Persia (Fraehn) ;Behli Emperors ;

Durrani; Barakzai. Prefixes

Kath. Near Khwarizm. 4142'.K;6023'E.

Golden Horde (Fraehn).

Karhi. Unknown. Mongols of Persia (Markof).

Karit. ?. Mongols of Persia (Soret),'

Kazarnn. In Farsistan. 2934 / K; 5153'E.

Mongols of Persia;

Muzaffarid; Chagatai ;

Inchu.

Kasan. -In Turkistan. 41 10'K;71 35' E.

TurHstan (Markof).

Kashan. In Irak Ajami. 34 ;

1ST

.;51 23

;

E.

Mongols of Persia;Muzafarid

;Timurid

;

Chagatai ; Ak-Ehiyunlid ;Kara Kuyunlid ;

Shahs of Persia. Prefixes

LIST OP HIxN'T TOWNS. 179

Kashghar. In Turkistan. 3924'^.; 76 6' E.

Turkistan; Atalik; Chagatai; local Khans.

Prefix AjaUl jb . Suffix uJJJ .

Kalpi. In :OT. Provinces, India. 26 7' K;7948'E. Dehli Kings; Dehli Emperors.

Prefix Ik^- . Suffix jlj 1AAS* uJpt .

Kalinjar. In N.W. Provinces, India. 25 1 O'N.;

80 32' E. Dehli Emperors (Leggett).

Kanan. ?. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

Kandi. In Bengal. 23 58; K

;88 5' E.

DehHEmperors (Eodgers). Prefix ci^J^b .

Kabir Shaikh. ? Kabirah, a village near the

Jilura (Yakut) ; Mongols of Persia.

al-Kitawa. Lektawa, in Morocco. 3025'N.; ijlifll

-

5 30' W. Hasani Sharifs. Prefixes S^>- .

Ivatak. Cuttaok, in theBerars, India. 20 28'N.;

85 55' E. Dehli Emperors.

Kuchawan. In Jodhpur State, India. 27 1 2'K; e^J^-F

74 48' E. Local Eajah.

Kachrauli. In Paniput, ~N. W. Provinces, J. .^f

India. Dehli Emperors (Eodgers),

Kuchbhnjnagar. Bhuj, in Kutch, India.

2315 /

E'.; 6948'E. Local Eao.

Kadhaj. Portress in Azarhaijan (Yakut).

Mongols of Persia.

Kurbuj al-Dinar. Kear Ahwaz, 8 farsakhs

towards Basrah (Yakut). Ishmailite

(Bartholomei).

.al-Karkh. Part of Baghdad. Abbasid (Lavoix). L.

Kard Einna Khusrah. Close to Shiraz (Yakut). S uuri. Ui

Buwayhid.

Kurdistan. Province. 37 1ST.;44' E. Othmanli.

180 31USALMAX NUMISMATICS.

Eurdasht. In Azarbaijan. 3S~ 53' N.;46"' 8' E.

Shahs of Persia (Fraehn).

Eurzuwan. Gourzan. in Khurasan. 35 C 2S'X.;

65C11'E. Khwarizin.

Karkin. In Shras. 39 58' X.;

36- 52' E.

Mongols of Persia (Bartholomei).

Eirman. Capital of District in Persia; formerly

Bardasir. 3Q25'K;5r 2'E. Umayyad:

Abbasid;

Great Eaans; Atabeg ; Mongols

of Persia; Muzaffaiid; Chagatai; Timurid:

Ak-Euyunlid ;Shahs of Persia. Prefixes

J^.b.jJL.-Iyx,.j

v ...Eirmanshahan. In Kurdistan. 31 34

;

X. ;

54 52' E. Shahs of Persia. Prefixes

I!jj^j.SjJj.Karminah. In Transoxiana. 40- 16' X.

;

65 1 2'E. Turkistan (Fraehn) ;Ghaznavrid

(Eraehn).

Eirni. ?. Jalair (Fraehn) ; Kuyunlid (Eraehn).

Earauli. In Eajputaoa, India. 26 30'K;

77 4' E. Local Eajak

Eirimabad. ?. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).

Eurin. Perhaps Earin on the upper Euphrates,

called also Kalikala and Theodosiopolis.

Jalair; Chagatai ; Mongols of Persia (Soret).

Easakar. Between Kufah and Basrah (Yakut).

Umayyad (Porter).

Eash. In Transoxiana. 4348']ST.; 8215 /

E.

Or in Afghanistan. 31 55'K;62 20

f

E.

Mongols of Persia (Fraehn) ; Chagatai ;

Shaybanid ;Turkistan.

Eisham. In Badakhshan. 3657'JST.; 70 5' E.

Ehwarizm (Bodgers).

LIST OF MIX! TOTTXS. 181

Kashmir. 344']^.; 74C 58'E. Dehli Emperors;

Kings of Kashmir;Sikh

;Durrani. Prefix

Kishangarh. In Eajputana, India. 2635'X.;

7455'E. Local Eajah.

Kaffah. In the Crimea. 45 5' tf.;35C

35' E.

Kriin Khans.

Kaffah Jadidah. ]\Tew Kaffah. Golden Horde

(Markof).

Kilat. In Turkistan. 3 7 1 5' ]NT

.;

59 48' E.

Local Khan.

Kalanur. In the Panjab, India. 32 1' !N".;

75 11' E. Dehli Emperors.

Kalawanur. Cannanore, in Malabar, India.

11 51'K;75 24' E. Local (Millies).

Kalburgah. In the Deccan, India. 1 7 1 S'K;

75 54;

E. Dehli Emperors.

Kulisan, Kulistan. Sarai. Grolden Horde;

Mongols of Persia. Prefix db;suffix ^i^wJl .

Kulistwan, for ^bwuulS* . Mongols of Persia.

Kalkata. Calcutta. 2236 / K; 8824'E.

Dehli Emperors.

Kalantan. In the Malay Peninsula. 6 29' K;

101 52' E. Local Eajah.

Kalian. In the Deccan, India. 1748'IsT .j

7718'E. Local Eajah.

Kalibar. In Azarbaijan ? Mongols of Persia

(Eraehn). Perhapsyul on Mount Sablan.

Azarbaijan (Le Strange).

Kalishahr. ?. Mongols of Persia (Eraehn).

Kalikut. Calicut, in Mysore, India. 11 15' ,;

75 49' E. Mysore Sultan. SuffixjJcj .

Kiliwan. Small town in Khuzistan (Yakut).

Mongols of Persia (Markof).

182 IITSALIIIX ^

Kumishklianuh. Gumishkhana, la Armenia.

402S'X.;

:j9: 44'E. Othmnli.

Kamnazar. ?. Mongols of Persia.

Hambayat. Cambay, IE Guzarat, India.

22" 18' 2s.;

72 40' E. Dehii Emperors.

Ganjali. ElizabethpoL in Georgia. 4Q~35'2sL;

46 22' E. Great Kaan*; Mongol? o! Persia

;

Chagatal ;Othmanli ;

Shalis of Persia;

IGaans of Ganjah.

Kinkiwar. In Hamadan. 34 : 38 / X.;47 C 55'E. J\^

Abbasid (Tiesenliausea).

Eangush.- '?. Asiatic copper unassigned. U"5*^

Eucba. In Turkistan. 4136']\T

.;80 C 55

/

E. U-/Local Eebel Chief.

Kara. Xora, in ~E. "W. Provinces, India. \ ^26 6' 2f.

;80 24 ;

E. Dehli Emperors ;

E.L Company.

Kurat al-Muadliam. The Superb Town. Mecca?

Abbasid (Soret).

Kurghaznan. Gnazni. Gnaznawid,

Euzlu. Enpatoria, in the Crimea. 4512'S~.;

330'E. KrimEhons;

Kotah. In Rajputana. 2512']NT.; 75 54'E.

Local Eajah.

al-Kufah. In Irak Arabi. 32 3;K

;44 37

;

E.

Umayyad; Abbasid; Buwayhid ;Hamdanid.

Kufin. In Khurasan, six farsakhs from

Abivard (Yakut). Shaybanid; Timurid.

Knkaban. In Yemen, near Sana. 1534/]N[.

;

4352'E. Easnlid.

Kiz. lNTeai Isfahan. 3248'N".; 51 42' E,

Mongols of Persia.

Emu. ?. Saljuk (Lane Poole).

LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 183

Eiyfa. In Arabia. 27= 10' 2T.;

43 0' E.

Or Hisn Haifa (see p. 152). Urtukid.

Ek. In Armenia. 38 245' N.

;41 10' E.

Mongols o! Persia.

Guslitaspi. Shirwan, shore of Caspian Sea,

about 40 K, 49 E. Mongols of Persia;

Jalair.

Gulistan. Sarai. Golden Horde. Prefix A!J .

Gulistan al-Jadid. New Gulistan. Golden Jo <X<s \(j\z

Horde.

Gulistan Sarai. Golden Horde.

Gulkimdali. In the Deccan, India. 1722'E".;

78 26' E. Dehli Emperors ;Kutb Shahs.

Gangpur. In Chutia Nagpnr, India. 220'lsT .;

8520'E. Dehli Emperors.

Gvalior. In Central India. 26 13' K;

78 12' E. Dehli Kings ;Dehli Emperors.

Prefixes^13

.AiSLsJljlj.

Gobindpur. Govindpur, in Eengal. 2338 ;

E".;

869 /

E. Dehli Emperors.

Guti. Gooty ;in S. India. 1 5 6'K

;77 41' E.

Dehli Emperors.

Gorakpur. In X. "W. Provinces, India. .

26 44'K;

8.3 23' E. Dehli Emperors.

Gokalgarh. ?. Dehli Emperors (White King).

Gohad. In Dholpur State. 2624'K; 7830'E.

Eana of Dholpur,

Lar. In Laristan. 27 38' Isr

.;

54 18' E,

Muzafarid; Timmid; Chagatai.

Laridah. Leridah, in Spain. 41 34' JST.;

020'E. Hudid.

184 MUSALMAX XUMISMATICS.

Larandah. Karainan. ;373 9'X.

;33 2' E. JjJ ,3

Karaman;OthmanlL

Lanitah. In Morocco. 55 40' 2^.;IG50'E. Ik^

Murabit (Tyehsen).

Lahijan. In Gilan. ;J73

8' X.;

50 9' E. ^WvJbS . aU*!!TImmid

;Kara Kuyiinlid ;

Shahs of Persia.

Prefix\j*.\ h.

Lahore. IE the Panjab, India. 31 34' X.; j^ -j^

74C 21'E. Ghaznawid; Shahs of Persia;

Dehli Kings and Emperors ;Durrani

; Sikh;

local. Prefixes A^kLJi ,b . tel<^\ ^ .-/ J

*jjj.

Lahaj. l\Tear Aden. 13 12' ST. ;

42 04' E. ^Local Sultan.

Ludd. Lydda, In Palestine. 31 57 ;

U.;

^34 56

f

E. Umayyad.

Ladakh. In Kashmir. 32 to 35 ^.;

75 to J jj

79 E. Kashmir Kings ;local Governor.

Lucknow. In Oudh, India. 26 517 N.

;c^3} ? v ^

8058'E. Dehli Kings ;Dehli Emperors ;

local Kings. Prefix aJlsJ^b.

Lakhnauti. Gaur, in Bengal. 24 52' N.; 1$*?*$

88 10' E. Dehli Kings ; Bengal Kings.

Prefixes^ . uJ.^- . *Jjil .

Lampong. In Sumatra. 550'S.; 10525 /E. C^A!

Local.

Ludhiana. In the Panjab. 30 54' K; ajLfcJj!

75 54' E. Dehli Kings (Eodgers).

Lurdijan. Near Isfahan. 3147K;510'E. al^j! - uV^

Saljuk; Mnzaffarid.

Luluih. A fort in Syria. 3720 /

N.; 3420 /

E.XjJjJ

Saljuk; Mongols of Persia. Prefixes ^Jv/ .

LIST 01- MIX! TOWXS. 185

Lahri Bandar. In Sind, India. 2432'X.; ,Jcj ^.^1

67 24' E. Dehli Emperors.

Laitsabad. Astrabad? Sarbidarid. jblui-J

Majir al-Jadid. In the Caucasus. 44 50' N.;

Jj Jusll j>-U

4410'E. Golden Horde.

Majun. On the Persian Gulf ? Timurid oifT^*

(Fraehn).

Martulah. Marbella, in Spain. 36 34' N.; aJj^U4 52' W. Murabit (Escudero).

Marklin. In Diarbakr. 37 16' K;40 44' E. ^.-^

Abbasid; Ayyubid ;

Urtukid; Chagatai ;

Mongols of Persia; Ak-Kuyunlid ;

Othraanli.

Suffix aU^I.al-Mas Bazar. ?. Saljuk (Castiglione). ^*^!S .j\;L .^UJl

Jaipur. In Gujarat, India. 23 21' N.; J

JU73 28' E. Dehli Emperors.

Malaka. Malaga, in Spain. 36 45' IT.;

4 29' W. Hudid;

Idrisid;Muwahhid

;

Kings of Granada. Prefix <Lji<x* .

Malkiriyan. ^"ear Multan, in the Panjab.

Sikh (Eodgers).

Manurka. Minorca. 40 IN".;4E. Muwahhid, i^,JU . <LJLjU

Manikpur. In Oudh, India. 25 46 ; K;

81 26' E. Dehli Emperors (B. Burn).

Maughir. In Bengal. 25 23' 3".;86 31' E.

Dehli Emperor.

Mah al-Basrah. Jtlahawind, in Irak Ajami.

34 5' 1ST.;48 29 ;

E. Abbasid; Buwayhid.

Mah al-Kufah. Dinawar, in Irak Ajami. is*i!l

34 33rK

;47 36' E. Umayyad ;

Abbasid;

Buwayhid; Tahirid.

Mahi. Near Marv, in Khurasan : or Hamadan ?

Umayyad ; Abbasid.

186 MUSA.L31AX X13IISMATICS.

al-Mubarikah. A village In Ehvrarizm (Yakut).

Umayyad ; Abbasid.

al-3Iubarikiyah. ?. Mongols of Persia.

Matgharah. Madrava, In Morocco ? 35 22' X. :

5 57' "W. Idrisid (Lavoix).

al-Mutawakaliyali. In Irak Arabi. 34 2 8' X.;

43 C50' E. Abbasid (Markoi) ;

Amir al-

Umara;Tamrid (Sorct). Prefix ^ujj^ .

Mattarah. Muttra, in X.W. Provinces, India.

27 30' X. ; 77^ 43;

E. Dehli Emperors.

Majaz. In Xorthern Africa. 36 40' X.;

9C 3S

;

E. Abbasid (Lavoix).

Machlilipatan. Masnlipatam, on Coromandel

Coast, India. !6C

9' X.;

81 1 1' E. Behli

Emperors.

Mahal. Maldive Islands. 6:

ST.;

73CE.

Local Sultan.

Mnhammadabad. Applied to Udaipur. jU.AAJsr19

fa>- &2JS*,- .fc^J J I u-l J^ .

-/ _xV v J

Muhammadabad. Applied to Champanir.

Gujarat Kings, i .. <

Muhammadabad. Applied to Kalpi. Some-

times alone, sometimes with. , ^ .

Muhammadabad. Bidar?

in the Deccan.

17 53' ^T .;

77 34' E. Bahmani. Also

probably Firozabad In Bengal. Bengal

Kings.

Muhammadabad Banares. Benares. Dehli

Emperors.

al-Muhammadiyah. The name for u^llafter.

A.H. 148. Abbasid; Samanid; Buwayhid;

Tahirid; Sajid. Also unidentified mint

town of Hasani Sharifs.

LIST OF MIXT TOWSS. 187

Muhammadnagar. Golkondah, in tiie Decean.

Dehli Emperors.

Mahrmidabad. InQilan. 36C 46;

IST.; 5215

/

E.

Golden Horde.

Mahrmidabad. In Bengal. ?. Bengal Kings.

Mahmudpur. Lahore. Grhaznawicl.

Mukhshi. ?. Golden Horde.

Mukhsusabad. Murshidabad, in. Bengal. Dehli

Emperors (Eodgers).

Madrid. In Spain. 40 25' ff.;

3 40' W.

On a coin of circumstance, A.H. 1201.

Maclain. In Lower Mesopotamia. 83 10'K;

44 40' E. Abbasid.

Madinat al-Taslim. In Irak Arabi ? Probably

Baghdad. Abbasid.

Madinat Easul Illah. lledinat, in Arabia.

24 35' N.;39 55' E. Fatimid.

Ifadinat al-Satailam. ?. Abbasid (Eogers).

Madinat al-Salam. Baghdad. Abbasid;Amir

al-Umara;Hamdanid

; Bmvayhid ; Saljuk.

Jalair, as prefix to J^dAj .

Madinat al-Atikah. Southern suburb of Bagh-

dad ? Umayyad.

al-Madinat al-Makhtara. The Chosen Town.

On Abrit Kharib Canal, half-way between

Basrah and Abbadan (Le Strange). Chief

of the Zanj (Casanova).

Madinat Madain. Madain. Mongols of Persia

(Soret).

al-Madhar. Mazar, near Balkh, 36 52'K;

670'E. Umayyad; Abbasid.

Muradabad. In K "W. ProTinces, India.

28 49' K;

78 49' E. Dehli Emperors ;

Durrani.

188 MUSAEMAX NOIISMATICS.

Maraghah, InAzarbaijan. 37-43'X.;46 C2S'E. c^U

Sajid ; Mongols of Persia;

Jalair ;Ak-

"Kuyunlid ;Shahs of Persia. Prefix iu ,X*.

iXTarakash. Morocco. 31 s40' X.

;7D 30'W.

<*>]/Murabit

;Muwahhicl

;Marinid

;Moorisli

;

Hasani and Filili Sharifs, Prefixes .*> -

cOjJw;

suffix ^..s'* .

Mursiyah. Murcia, in Spain. 37 59' K".; ^^-^

PIO'TV. Murabit; MnwaliMd; Kings of

Mureia. Prefix

MursMdaTbad. In Bengal. 2411'K; 88 18'E. ^\^J^Dehli Emperors ;

East India Company.

Marghinan. In Tnrkistan. 40 31'^T.; 7i40

;E. uW^r*

Turkistan.

Marlaan. Maharlu, in Farsistan. 29 C 28 ;K; j53 10' E. Mongols of Persia (Schindler).

Maraud. In Azarbaijan. 3830'K; 4550'E.&)y*

Timurid (Markof),

Marv. MerT, in Turkistan. 37 30' K; ^

6210'E. Umayyad; Abbasid; Tahirid;

Saljuk ^Shaybanid ;Saffarid- Great Kaans;

TimuridjShahs of Persia.

Marv al - Eud. Menchak, in Turkistan. JjJ! a -^

35 55;

]ST

.;62 45' E. Saljuk (Markof).

Marv Shaliijan. Marv. Khan of Khiva ^W^l^j ./

(Fraehn).

al-Mariyah. Almeria, in Spain. 36 50' $". ; L^\232 /

"W. Murabit; Nasrid.

Mazandaran. Province in Persia. Shahs ofjjljJJ:L.(j1j<AJU

Persia.

Mazang Achhara. ?. Sikh (Eodgers).

al-Muzilah. Mosil ? Zangid.

LIST OF ML\TT TOWXS.

Missaria. Messina, in Sicily. 38D 1FN".;

15 31' E. Norman Kings of Sicily. Prefix

Mastakar al-Mulk. Azimabad. Dehli Emperors

(Hoernle).

JSIuskat. In Oman. 23 C37' S".

;58 35' E.

Local Imam.

Mashhad. In Khurasan. 36 29' N.;59 30' E.

Timnrid; Shaybanid ;

Shahs of Persia;

Durrani. Suffixes wJj! \ - U^ >l*\ .

. ,w-/i-\ - w J i .

Misr. Egypt. Abbasid;Tnlunid

;Ikhshidid

;

Fatimid; Ayyubid ;

Othmanli. Suffix<wjj

.s?9 .

Misr al-Fustat. The old capital of Egypt.

Umayyad.

Masrin. A town in Asia Minor (Yakut) ;

Earaman (Markof).

Mustafabad. Junaghar, in Kathiawar, India.

21 31' N.;

70 36;

E. Gujarat Kings.

Prefix(Jiff

I^.Mustafiabad. In the Panjab. 30 12' ]S

T.

;

77 1 2' E. Dehli Emperors (Yost) .

al-ltisisah. Missis, in Adana, Asia Minor.

3655'K; 3537'E. Abbasid; Hamdanid.

Muzaffarabad. !N"ear Panduah, in Bengal.

Dehli Emperors (Eodgers).

-Muzaffargahr. In Panjab, India. 304']ST .;

71 14;

E. Dehli Emperors.

Maadin. In Armenia. 38 18' N.;39 34' E.

Samanid; Saljuk ;

Jalair;Artanid. Suffix

^"'Maadin Bajanis. Bajanis, in Armenia. Abbasid;

Tahirid.

Maadin Babirt. Baibirt, in Armenia. Saljuk.

190 MUSAL1TAN XUMIS1IATICS.

Maadin al-Shash. al-Shash, in Khurasan.

Abbasid; Tahirid (Fraehn). (

Maadin Luluah. Luluiah, in Syria. Saljuk.

Haarah Ifasiin. In Syria. 35 37' ]ST.;

36 48' E. Umayyacl.

al-Muiayah. al-Kahirah. Cairo. Eatimid.

al-Muaskar. The Camp. ?. Saljuk.

Muazimabad. Probably Sonargaon, in Bengal.

Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings. Prefixes

Maakar. ?. Samanid (Moeller).

Maghaz. Magas, in Gilan. 36c37jN\; 5525'E.

lEongols of Persia (ITarkof).

al-lEagkrab. Morocco. Abbasid.

Magabastan ? Mongols of Persia.

al-llakalla. In Hadramaut. 14 25' ]NT

.;

49 20' E. Local ^akib.

Miknasan, Mequinaz, in Morocco. S3 57' IT.;

5 40' W. MuwaliMd;

Mill Sharifs.

Prefix lf&>..

Makkali. Mecca. 21 27' K.;

40 4' E.

Abbasid;Eatimid

;Othmanli.

Malatiyak In Armenia. S828'K; 3829'E.

Saljuk.

JVIultan. In the Panjab, India. 30 12' IT.;

71 30' E. Dehli Kings ;Dehli Emperors ;

Durrani ; Sikh. Prefix ^U3\ ^b .

.Malikanagar. ?. Behli Emperors (Rodgers).

'Malut. In the Panjab, India. 3256 /

K;73 39' E. Dehli Kings (Eodgers).

Mulharnagar. Indore, in Central India.

Dehli Emperors. Local Holkar.

Mumbai Surat. Bombay. E.L Company.

LIST OP HINT TOWNS. 191

Manadhar. On Dizful river, half-way between

Askar Mukram and Ahwaz (Le Strange).

Manbaj. Bambuch, in Syria. 36 30' K". ;

380'E, Umayyad.

Mandurpur. Big, in Bhartpur State, India. j&j^Jo*

27 28' IS".; 7722'E. Local Rajah.

-Mandu. Mandogarh, in Centrallndia. 2221 /

ET.; ^J^

75 26' E. Dehli Kings ;Dehli Emperors.

al-Mansuriyah. In Morocco. 33 46' K;

7 10' TV. Patimid; Ayyubid.

Musil. In ITesopotamia. 36 19' ]ST.;43 7

;

E.

Umayyad ;Abbasid

; Buwayhid (Fraehn) ;

Hamdanid; Ukaylid ; Zangid ; Hongols of

Persia;

Jalair;Othmanli. Prefix ij J^ .

Mumanabad. In the Beccan, India. 18 42;

K;76 24' E. Dehli Emperors. Or Binclraban,

according to It. Burn.

alOIahjam. InTaman. 15 12;

K.;42 55' E.

Easulid.

al-3Ialidiyah. In North Africa. 34 23 ; K;

630'W. Abbasid; Fatimid.

.Maharandurpiir. Bhartpur ? Dehli Emperors.

Maharpur. ?. Dehli Emperors (Hoernle).

Mah Indarpnr. Bhartpur. Behli Kings

(Eodgers).

Mahisnr. Mysore, in S. India. 12 1 8'K;

76 41' E. Dehli Emperors ;local Sultans.

Mayyafarikin. In Mesopotamia. SSMO'N.;

40 58' E. Hamdanid; Bnwayhid ;

Mar-

wanid; Ayyubid.

Mirath. Meernt, in KTV. Provinces, India.

29 0' Jtf.;77 48' E. Dehli Emperors.

Maysan. In Irak Arabi. 31 20' K;47 20' E.

Umayyad.

192 MUSAL3I1X NUMISMATICS.

-Mailapur. Madras. DeHi Emperors (White ,yL,^

King).

Miyurka. Majorca. 40; K

;3CE. Muwahhid; <Ls,^

Kings of Majorca. Prefix teJ** .

Xabha. Capital of IS'abha State, in the Panjab, ^lj . U>lj

India. 30C24' K".

;76 1 2' E. Sikh

;Local

Eajali.

Nadirabad. Kandahar. Shahs of Persia. jbl,jlj

Narnul. In Eajputana, India. 28 15;

!iS.; (Jy^^

76 20' E. Dehli Xings ;Dehli Emperors.

l^asiri. Teheran. Shahs of Persia. Prefix

r. ?. Spanish Umayyad (Codeira).

]STagpur. In Central India. 21 9-' ]S

T.

;79 7'E.

Dehli Emperors (TThite King). Prefix

]STagur. In Jodhpur State, India. 2711 /

E".;

73 46' E. Dehli Emperors.

!N"ahan. In Sirmur State, Panjab, India.

30 34'K;7721 ;

E. Local Eajah.

Fajafgahr. In N". W. Provinces, India.

26 1 8' ]ST

.;

80 36' E. Dehli Emperors

(Eodgers).

Fajibabad. In N. W. Provinces, India.

29 36' JST

.;78 23' E. Dehli Emperors.

Nakhjman. In Armenia. 39 15'K;4521'E.

Great Kaans; Mongols of Persia

;Ak-

Kuynnlid ;Jalaii*

;Shahs of Persia.

jNTiikhawi. lathe Caucasus. 41 12'K

;47 10'E.

Khan of Caucasus.

JNTarimkabad. In Irak Ajami ? Umayyad

(Soret).

LIST OF MINT TOWXS.

ISTarwar. In Gwalior State, India. 25 39/

]\T

.;

77- 56' E. Dehli Kings.

Xisa. In Khurasan. -J72'

53' X.;

58-10' E.

Eliwarizm (Markof).

luisirabad. Xisabur. Samanicl. jW-AJj

Kisratabacl. In Bengal, in Ghoraghar Subhah jbb'^zi

of Akbar. Dehli Emperors ; Bengal Kings.

Sissibin. In Mesopotamia. 372'K ;41 15'E. *~*aJ

TJmayyad ;Abbasid

;Hamdanid

; Ukaylid ;

Marwanid ; Zangid ; Atabeg ; Ayyubid.

Prefix L.^ .

Xaklat. ?. Mongols of Persia (Rodgers). ui;^

K"agar. Probably Xaggar, in Eannn, Panjab. Jj

33 10' ]ST

. : 71 5' E. DeHi Emperors

(Rodgers). Also for Beclnore. 13 48' JST

.;

75 6' E. Mysore Sultan.

ISFiinroZj for;

.A-.J . G-reat Kaans. ; ^}

Ifamak. Pind daran Khan, in the Panjab, uXJIndia. 3235 /

N.; 73 5' E. Sikh.

Kinarkan. ?. Shahs of Persia (Eraehn). ^ jj

Xu. jSTnh, in the Panjab, India. 23 6' X.; y

77 27

E. Dehli Eings (Rodgers).

Kurabardah. InServia. 4235'K; 2150 /

E. aJjta_/ j

Othmanli.

ISTuvar. ISTiiTabardah ? Othmanli. .L}

Nowanagar. In Kathiawar, India. 2226'K;7016'E. LocalJam.

jSTubanjan, In Farsistan. 30C8'K; 5152 /

E. U^yMongols of Persia.

Xnkan. Nurkan, in Khurasan. 3550'N.; ^15^58 40 ;

E. Mongols of Persia (Soret).

INTul. Lamtah, in Morocco. 35 40 ;

JST

.;

k*l Jy . J J1050'E, Murabit.

13

sh. Guarda, in Portugal. 40 30'K;

T 15' ~W. ]\Tasrid.

TTasit. In Mesopotamia. 31 51' K;

46 7' E. Umayyad ;Abbasid

; Mongols

of Persia;

Jalair; Buvayhid (Soret) ;

Ham-

danid (Tychsen) ;Eatimid (Marsden) ;

Samanid (Tychsen).

AYatil. Uncertain. Idrisid (LaToix).

Van. In Armenia. 3835 / K; 4314'E.

Mongols of Persia;

Jalair; Ak-Kuyunlid ;

Othmanli.

Wabah. In Palestine. 3038'K;3530 /

E.

Umayyad (Lavoix).

Ubada. In Spain. 3756'K;322 /

"WF

.

King of Tortosa (Saulcy).

Ujtah, Oudjda, in Morocco. 34Q 43/ K;

248 /

^T. Idrisid (Lavoix).

194 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

Nihawand. In Irak Ajami. 345;

IST

.;48 29'E.

Abbasid, Prefix &j.x .

^"ahtarnagar. TricMnopoiy, in S. India.

49 10' X.;

78 44' E. Mysore Sultan

(Marsden).

3>ahr Tirah. STear Ahwaz, on Kerkna river

(Le Strange). Umayyad; Abbasid.

Nisa. Probably for ,^'uw-J . Shahs of Persia.

IMsabur. In Khurasan. 36 12' N".;58 49

7

E.

Abbasid;

Ghaznawid;

Samanid; Saljuk ;

Tiarurid;local Amir

; Mongols of Persia;

Shahs of Persia;Khwarizm. Prefix &j

(

tX* .

al-^il. In Irak Arabi. 32 3 5' IST

.;44 42' E. JJ1

Abbasid (Karabacek).

Nimruz. Sijistan. Shahs of Persia.JJj***

LIST OF MINT TOWNS. 195

Udaipur. j%*?\Local Eana.

j^d^J

Warzighah. Warghah, in Algeria. 32 0'K; Z~jj

.bj ^

512'E. Idrisid (Lavois).

Urmi.L**j\

. Great Kaans (Harkof). Lf'VJ

Warangul. In the Deccan, India. 175S'K; J/'jj7940'E. Delili Kings.

"Wazkand. Jc;.1 . Turkistan.

-/^

"Wazakur. ?. Idrisid (Lavoix).v y

Yastan. In Armenia. 38 25 ;

j\T

.;435 /

E.

Jalair.

Utit. Uncertain. Idrisid (Lavoix).

al-Watah. al-Hueta, in Spain. 4012'.N.;

2 38' W. Spanish Umayyad.

Walastajird. In Irak Ajami. 34 28'K.;

48 W E. Mongols of Persia.

"Walwaliz. Half-way "between Khnlm and

Tayikan, in Turkistan (Le Strange). Gha2-

nawid.

Walikh. In Morocco. 340 ; K; 530'W.

Idrisid.

.al-"Wilandi. Holland. o^.^ ^jJu^\.

Batavia.

Hapur. In KW. Provinces, India. 28 43' N.;

77 49' E. Dehli Emperors (Hoemle).

Hamnabad. In Kurdistan. 34 10' K;

4645 /E. Ablbasid.

al-Harnniyah. In Baghdad district. 33 40' N..;

44 5o;

E. Abbasid.

al-Hashamiyah. Near Kufah, "between it and

Hillah (Le Strange). Abbasid.

Hajaz. District of Arabia on the north-east

coast of the Eed Sea. Local Othmanli.

196 MFSAOIAX XOtISATieS.

Hirat. In Afghanistan. 04c 29f

^.; 62"8;

E, C^U - J^Umayyacl; Abbasid

; Ghaznawid; Saljuk;

Great Kaans; Shaybanid; Tahiricl; Timurid;

Samanid ; Soffarid;Khwarizm

; Cliagatai ;

Kara Kuyunlid ;Shahs of Persia

;Karts

;

Barakzai. Prefixes fciL^ ^b. L^~!Uj -

(Sjjjw* . i' jJj . ^-U i'jJj .

al-Harrar. In East Africa. 9 :

20'N.; 42 D 22'E. ^il . SJ1 .^\Local Kings. Prefix &j JL* .

Hardwar. In X.T. Provinces, India. 29 : 57 E".; j^j&

78 12' E. Dehli Emperors. Prefix c-^-o.

Huzu. Fort on the coast opposite to thejifc

island of Kish (Yakut). Beni Ommereh

(Tiesenhausen).

Hamadan. Haxnazan, inlrakArabi. 3448'N.; ^d^-

48 30' E. Umayyacl ;Abbasid

; Buwayhid ;

Saljuk; Mongols of Persia; Jalair; Timurid;

Kara Kuyunlid ;Shahs of Persia

;Dulafid.

Prefixes d-J^ JjJj . ^:

jjj .

Hind. On the Indus. ?. Behli Kings XJ&

(Leggett).

al-Husam. Canton in mountains behind

Tabaristan and Bailim (Yakut), llongols

of Persia (Fraehn).

Hit. 2sTear Baghdad. 33 39

;

I\T

.;42 51' E.

Mongols of Persia.

Yarkand. In TurkLstan. 3825'E".; 77 30'E.

Chinese;Turkistan (Markof).

Yamur. A village near Anbar (Yakut).

Khwarizni.

Yubni. Yobna, or Jabneh, in Palestine,

8151']ST.; 34 45'E. Umayyad (Lavoix).

LIST OF MI^'X TOWNS. 197

Yajirlaan. Uncertain. Idrisid (Lavoix).

Yazd. In Farsistan. 32 3' K;

54 47' E.

Mongols of Persia;

Timurid; Chagatai ;

Atabeg ; Ak-EIuyunlid ; Shahs of Persia.

Prefix sjUjJl ilj .

al-Yazidiyah. Shamakhi, In Trans-Caucasia.

Abbasid (Lavoix).

Yikishahr. Yeskisher, in Anatolia. 3944'JNT.;

3022 / E. Othmanli.

Yimash Bazar. ?. Saljuk of Bum (Markof). j\j\>

al-Yainamah. In Arabia. 24 5' K.;4710 / E.

Abbasid.

al-Yaman. Yemen, in S. Arabia. Abbasid.

Yangi Bazar. Unknown. Mongols of Persia t

(Markof).

Yangi Shahr. Shayer, in Turkistan. 4155'K;

84 36 ; E. Golden Horde. Suffix i^^l

198

TITLES OF TOWIS.

Most Holy Ground. j^, U"^ (J3^

The Host 'Noble of Cities. j&l*X,sJ jSLJt uJ^t

District.j^Jix;

.J^^x!

. jbUiix- . jb-lp- A*!-!

Mother of Cities, i-aj t)LJS A\> f

Pleasing Road. J^A^ L^,/%U1

Place of Glory. }**>j$ j^j^ ~j*. "J^^City. ilJfl .

,xlil .

^ til

City. j\j\ ,!^\ . l;lcsr . ili^ .

(*j

^j^ -JCJ^A^

-<iji

-4>Wj.^J

-

bil . jbUSix/*

Good City.

Excellent City, j^The EseeUent City.

The Fortified City,

A Port.

The Port of Peace.Aj-1 |*LJ1

Blessed Port.

Throne Place.

At the' Throne Place.

TITLES OF MINT TOWNS. 199

Pilgrimage.

A Plain.

The ]\Tew.

The Great Island. i.ls>.>

Of Happy Protection, (j

A Fort.J^;

Presence (of the Eang).

Presence of Majesty. Jlf,L-> . jib jU> j!L>- c^*The White. ILU^Of Happy Foundation,

Treasury. jbLxu^ . e-^l^- JjJ^ . djl;^

City. Territory. c

Blessed City.

The Seat of Eectitude. J^lThe Seat of Islam. Jj*J . j - JU -with

The Seat of Safety. &j*

The Seat of Prosperity.

The Formed Place.

The Seat of War.

The Seat of the Khalifat.

^Li .

200 MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

The Seat of "Weal. ^^ J~SL\jbThe Seat of the Empire. ^WJLjU/ ii.jJl

J\J

The Seat of the Sovereign. ,^.J\Jbj .^J ,U* j^JijbThe Seat of Happiness. ^IsTj

sjUJlJb

The Seat of Peace. J\Juu . ^J* JLJ^bThe Seat of the Sultanat. jbb^t . U^ - fciaLJ! b

.^ .

"

The Seat oi Pleasure,

The Seat of Yictory. j

The Ahode of the Pious. J j *jL*!i ,

-/" -X

The Seat of Justice,i^

The Seat of Learning. jl

The Seat of Yictory. ..,-u "

The Blessed Place.p\j\

The Glorious Place. )&*Jj't

The Seat of the District,

The Sculptured Place. j*+*fr

The Seat of the King, Juj^ . UJ . ob b u'

The Beautiful Place . j ..Jbjy>- j^=^! I

^bThe Abode of the Faithful, jb^ . ^UK ^^1 ^bThe Seat of Yictory. jU^iThe Seat of Yictory. *\j&

The Pleasing. j^The Beauty of Towns. obU*>.\ jLJl vi-x ;

Town of Peace. -w*>- \

TITLES OF 3IIOT TOWS. 201

District.

City, jl

Great City. Jb

City, the Asylum of Eoyalty . s Z\

City of the Age. -JLx>- ^Ivj^ ^Blessed City.

Eminent City.

]\Toble City. ^City of Great Light.

Province. s^\/,

Tract of Land.

Known as Udaipur Conquered.

Known as Champanir.

Known as Behli. b *,+

Known as Kanouj.

Known as Muhammadabad.

Known as Tirhut.

West.jjjJjl^L

Choosing Peace.

Conquest of. -Jux>- ^Of Happy Foundation, jb

Prosperous. jUss-

Metropolis of Islam. 1+****

Town.

Citadel.

Passing.

Fort, i

202 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

-n j_ ^' ^ "^ ''* M

Port. sp \ -^j-O -*<tej+z

. ^ci

District, ^axip-

o .'

District. jw.

Throne. ,Uo . JjJ>

i

**

Beautiful. A;J?4^. . .x^K . ,.^>.J j C/

Blessed. Jj&lJij

Garrisoned City. jM .^,Ub. u-J.^. . i'U^- .

4' - ' iiwJ UA ^1 ^

City. Prefixed to a great number of mint tovrns.

City of Hen. J^ J

Guarded City. JcJ .AJ

Eesting-place of the Khalifat. j&9?\ . jb^l .

Resting-place of the Kingdom. J\jL*il - <Uu .

The Shining. ^ ,

A Mine.J^S

Place of Learned Men. *j;\^

The Eminent,^u^l

The Flourishing. <Ljlkl-*c.j-

Captured. j-J^

Holy.

Country.

Country. <teJ . L .yllcy .\g*)J

-

ERAS.

The dates on llutammadan coins are, as a rule, given according

to the Hijra Era, but otter eras are also used.

Hijra.

The era dates from the flight o! the Prophet Muhammad from

Mecca to Medina, which took place on the 15th July, 622 A.D.

The first day of it corresponds with the 16th July of that year.

This era is a purely lunar one of 12 lunations, and to make

it accord as nearly as possible with the moon's motion a day

is intercalated at the end of 11 of the years in a cycle of 30:

thus the mean length of the year is 354-J--J- days. The following

is a very simple rule of thumb '

by Dr. James Burgess for con-

verting dates of the Hijra to the Christian (Julian) : From Hijra

date deduct 3 per cent, and add 622 for the date A.D." As each

year is shorter than a Christian year it begins earlier in the

season than the preceding one. The following Table shows the day

of the month of the Christian year upon which each Hijra year

begins up to 1325 A.H. It is usual to give as the corresponding

year that one in which the greater part of the Hijra year is

included; for instance, A.H. 700 began on the 16th September,

1300, and ended on the 5th September, 1301, that is, 3-J-months

in 1300 and 8-J months in 1301. The latter A.D. year therefore

is the corresponding one, unless, of course, one of the early months

of the Hijra year is in question. Dr. Forbes gives this rule for

working out the corresponding date :

"

Express the Huhammadan

date in years and decimals of years; multiply by -970225; to

the product add 621*54, and the sum will be the precise period

of the Christian Era.5 '

Another rule is that given by Soret :

"Date of Hijra multiplied by 97, to the product add 621-84,

separating by a decimal point the last two ciphers of the product.'*

2G4 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

Example: 1st day of 700 A.H. 700 X 97 = 67900. 67900 +

621-84 = 1300-84, that Is, 1300 and -84 of the year, which

corresponds with the middle of September.

Commonly there Is no indication on the coins of the date being

the Hiira one, but It is occasionally so stated, as i's-k . J^stfl*A i '

_j . / .

S^^r5 u^-: - ^\ i.js^ .

, ^jj LJS-^ . On two coins of Mongols

of Persia, which bear also the Khanian date, the word <ui3j&, lunar,

is added to distinguish the date in that way from the Khanian,

which was a solar era.

Tipu Sultan, of Maisur, In the year 1201 A.H., i.e. the fifth

year of his reign, instituted a new era for use In his kingdom,

dating from the birth of Muhammad J*ks"* ^jcJ&u/*, instead of from

the year of the flight. The years were Luni- Solar. The date of

the birth of the Prophet Is generally given as 570 A.D., but it is

not certain whether Tipu counted from that time or about a year

later, as was held by some to be correct. On a coin of the fourth

year of his reign the date is given If" ^*<s^ tU^,and on one

of the fifth year of his reign the date is written & 1 f i,that is,

1215 of the new era and in the new way of arranging the ciphers

(see p. 7). The difference of but 14 years between the dates

according to the two eras, although the period between the birth

and the flight of the Prophet was some 52 years, is to be accounted

for by the Miiludi years being longer, luni-solar, than the Hijra,

lunar, ones.

Khanian.

The Khanian Era was established by Ilkhan Ghazan Mahmud

on 1st Bajab, A.H. 701, but it is not found upon coins until the

time of his nephew, Abu Said, some 33 years later, and on

the coins of one or two of Abu's successors. The era was a solar

one, and is written <Ljl^M . There is no difficulty in computing

the corresponding year in the Hijra and Christian Eras, for the

year 1 of Khanian is 701 A,H. and 1301 A.D.

ERAS. 205

Christian,

Bates in the Christian Era are found on coins of Native States

of India, E.I. Company, and Straits Settlements, also on some

Christian Syrian coins in Arabic characters. It is usually indicated

z &* or (jy+z only, but on one of the Syrian it is put

as siU*4Jl tXlrsrUSI <&*i,rear of the Incarnation of the Messiah.

CIlaM,

The Tarikh Ilahi was established by the Emperor Akbar in

the 30th year of his reign (A.H. 992), and began with his reign

on 5th Eabi al-Sani, A.E. 963, or 19th February, 1556 A.D.

The months and clays are Solar, without any intercalations.

The names of the months and days are the same as the old

Persian ones. The months have from 29 to 30 days ;there are

no weeks, but each day of the month is distinguished by a

different name.

The era was used by Akbar, Jahangir, and Shah Jahan, often

together with the Hijra date. It is written on the coins ^\.

Samvat

The Samvat or Era of Yikramaditya began at B.C. 57. It is

luni-solar with intercalation. To convert Samvat into Christian

years it is necessary only to subtract 57 from the elate. The

era is used on coins of some of the Native States of India,

generally, when the legend is in the Arabic character, with the

Hijra date also. It is written '^^^^ .

The Spanish,

The Spanish, called also the Era of the Caesars, is reckoned

from 1st January, B.C. 38, being the year following the conquest

of Spain by Augustus. It is found on a bilingual coin of

Alphonse VIII of Spain, and there called

206 MUSALITA^ NUMISMATICS.

CYCLE YEARS,

Sultan Tipu, of llysore, in the first or second year of Ms

reign, adopted, in addition to the Hijra dates, the Hindu cycle

of sixty years, each distinguished by a particular name, which

was in use in his dominions and known as the Tamil Brihaspate

Cycle. But instead of the original names of the respective years,

he gave them new ones made up of letters which by the Abjad

system would denote the number of the year in the cycle. The

second year of Tipu's reign, A.D. 1783-84, was the 38th of the

current cycle, which began in A.D. 1747. That year he named

J;l (1 + 7 + 30), the next year JLSJ- (3 + 30 + 6), and the

nextj!j (4 + 30 + 6), and these three names preceded by

the word JL year are found upon coins of the Sultan of the

2nd, 3rd, and 4th years of his reign, and dated I !

Qi

A,

1 M ^ ,If**

Hijra respectively. "When, however, in the 5th year of his reign

Tipu altered his era from the Hijra to the Muludi (see p. 204),

and replaced the Abjad system by the Abtas (see p. 116), he

gave other names to the years which would indicate the number

of the year in the cycle according to the latter system, and these

we find on his coins from his fifth regnal year, such as li (40 + 1),

IjL (30 + 1 + 10+1), etc.

The names ju^l and Ju/K.=*.l were given arbitrarily, in both

systems, to the first and second years, because no words sufficiently

short could be assigned to them to express one' and two.'

CYCLE YEARS. 20?

208 ^USALMIX XUMISIIATICS.

BATES.

Ordinarily the date of striking of the coin is preceded by thc-

word 4i! year, sometimes *U~j in the year, but there are some-

variations from this. Some Samanid coins have <La**. of the year,

some Dehli and others i-s^ i^-s,Turkistan --^

^-s^ ^ o~*

year in the Hijra of the Prophet, Bhopal , C-;AJ i^c-s* tf-i-s year

of the holy Hijra. The word ^Ls, year, is used instead of *tx;

on some Spanish and African coins. "When the Christian date is

given the form is ^5*^-^ cL^, when the Samvat ^^^^ .

On some coins the phrase fc~sj*$~> ^ ,in the months of the

year, is used;

on some others the name of the month of issue

is stated, -2-i <Ji in the month, followed by the name of the month

of the Hijra year. "When the Ilahi year is given on the coins

of Akbar and his successors the month of the old Persian calendar

is employed with the Persian word *U month, as ^jLI iU ,d\,

Ilahi month A~ban. Yery rarely the day of the month is added

by a cipher, or in words as in the following legend on a coin of

a Governor of Bengal, !L~tjS>$\ ^jl\^ ^ ^JL*!t *^J^\ <J>

iU^s$ ^j^ ?

on the date the twentieth of the month Eabi al-

Akhir of the year six hundred and twenty ;and on one of Tipu

Sultan, Li JL c5?W /*^~>j^e third of (month) Bahari of the

(cycle) year Sha.

Names of the Months.

HIJRA. OLD PERSIAN'.

2. jLs2.

3.JjJl j_-.^

3.

4. [or ^yW^^l ^j 4.

5. Jpl ^4}U>- 5.

6. [or ^\~\ j&3\ ^^^- 6.

7. ur 7.

BATES. 209

HUBA. OLD PERSIAN.

10.

11.

12.

9.

10.

11.

Tipu Sultan, on giving to the cycle years new names, which

should denote the numerical order in which they stand in the

cycle (see p. 206), treated the months of which the year consists

in a similar way, but instead of the whole name being taken to

express the number in Abjad the initial letter only was made

to do so. Afterwards, with the change from the Abjad to the

Abtas, it was again necessary to alter the names to suit the latter

system. Only one or two of the months have been noted as

being on Tipu's coins, but more may be found, and therefore

the names are here given.

Names of the Twelve Months in Abjad and Abtas.

Abjad. Abtai Abjad. 1

Abtas.

8

: Abjad. i Abtas.

10

11

12

The numbers of the llth and 12th month are made by using

the first two letters of the name, and in the Abjad the letters

\(1) and c-> (2) are on the right of the letter ^ (10), as is

usual in writing in ciphers the numbers ! i and I f,whilst in the

Abtas the units \ and t-j are on the left of the decimalj ,that is,

in the order in which the ciphers were placed, 1 1 and f I,in

Tipu Sultan's system (see p. 7).

14

210 MUSALMAX XUMIS1IATIC3.

REGIAL YEARS,

The year of tlie reign of the ruler is also usually noted on

the coins of the Moghul emperors of Dehli, Afghanistan, Native

States of India, Otlirnanli, and some other series of modern times,

"but not on the old Arabic.

It is, as a rule, on the other face of the coin to that on which

the date is, and in ciphers, except for the first year, which is

often written ^=>-l . (jw*l>- ,accession or enthronement, is the

word used to express regnal year, with or without !L~s before it.

The phrase ^JL* c^-^.^ ^^>- ^>'m the Year oi

"

^is

reign of tranquil prosperity, adopted for Aurangzih, has been

a favourite one ever since in the East.

The regnal year is of the same length as the Hijra lunar one,

and consequently, beginning each year on the enthronement

anniversary, does not change its number on the same day as the

latter does, unless, of course, the enthronement was on 1st of

lluharram, and so apparent discrepancies occur; for instance,

Jahangir was proclaimed Emperor in Jumacla, 1014; one half,

therefore, of his issue of the regnal year 1 was in 1014 and

one half in 1015. But there are many real discrepancies owing

to carelessness of the mint masters or die engravers. In the

time of Jahangir and Shah Jahan, when the solar year of Akbar's

Ilahi Era was being again replaced by the Hijra, there was some

confusion, and mistakes were made. The E.I. Company in 1793,

in trying to establish a standard currency, ordered that all the

rupees coined for Bengal should for the future bear the impression

of the rupee of the 19th year of Shah Alam's reign; thus, the

1 \ L^i was retained on the obverse of the Sicca or 19 San rupee

of Murshidabad, whatever the Hijra year might be on the reverse,

REGNAL YEARS. 211

until 1835. In a similar way i~"! te~a was put on the E.I.C.

Farukhabad and Surat coins of the Shah Alam pattern, irrespective

of the date of issue, from 1805 to 1835.

On some coins of Indian Native States, of the pattern of the

Shah Alam rupee, is a (j*>- Jear cipher which is not that of

the Dehli Emperor, but that of the Eajah of the State, although

his name is not given upon the piece.

On the Othmanli coinage since the beginning of the reign

of Abel al-Haraid, A.H. -1187, only the date of the year of the

Sultan's accession is given throughout the reign, with a cipher,

usually above the area of the reverse, indicating the regnal year.

It is necessary, therefore, to add the number of the regnal year

to the date in order to arrive at the year in which any piece was

struck; e.g., all the coins of Mahmud II bear the Hijra date 1223,

although he reigned 32 years, and some of them were struck as

iate as 1254, as is shown by their bearing the regnal year 32.

typo03 0) bH or H 01 H

flCOC060505oOtf)NtO01 H fl fl H 01 H

Mh

Hh

Hh

51

51

iSr

'

r

'

ti i X Arfrtrt^^^tfflflRftbhbflfl

htf)0)OHflCOfliOtONQ0050HflflOOiQ'OiO^tOcOtOtOCDtOtOtOtOhhbhbtOtOtOtO(0(0(0(OtOtOtOtOtOOtOtOtO(0

NGOO)OM(Nfl1iiO<0NCOCI)OHflcOfl

flHOOONOONbiOflflflflflbHOfl H CO H fl H 01 H fl H

fl H CO

,i li fel)

'

bflfl^hddod(i<l<!<l^bb

OOHflCOfl'OtOhOOQOHClOOfliOtOflflflflflflflflflflfl'O'OiOiOiOiOiO(D(OtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtOtO<0(OtOtOtO

0)OHfl{OfliOtON00050HflWflOtOH 01 01 fl fl 01 fl 01 fl 01 CO CO CO CO CO CO CO

fl.

(0lOflCOflCOrtHOC505QOH fl H 01 H fl fl H

k k fl d rt

b b b b b

k h k o, fth >!

U LJ ui ^i U UT iJ :J J J W *?1

fl Fl fl ^ ^ N fl

fl fl 00 fl

01 H fl H

h h h b

OiCOfllOtOh00050HflCOfliO(ONCOO)01 01 01 fl 01 01 01 01 CO CO 00 00 CO CO CO CO CO CO

tOcOtO(OtOtOtOtO(OtOtOtOtOtO(OtOtO(0

H fl CO fl NOOO)OH01WfliOtOboOHHHHHHHHH

HIJRA AXD CHRISTIAN TEARS. 213

214 3IUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

HIJEA AND CHBISTIAN TEARS. 215

3IUSAL3IAX NUMISMATICS.

0) H 01 00 ^ 10 (0 N CO 0) H 01 CO ^ (0

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

222 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

HIJIU AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 223

05 00 00 s|

OQOtO H Oi i CO 10

HHMHMHMHHHHHHHHHHHHHHH0) CO Q CO CO W CO 05 05 W CO 03 CO 00 CO 05 CO CO CO CO CO W

(0(D00(0(DOQCQOQ5((]0(#a)0005a)t)5$GOvl(0 03 ^ C) Ci ^ OMO M (0 GO 05 M Q 01 ^ Q 10 H Q Q

ffl a ffl ^ % fejB b

H K) H !0 H (0 10 CO H to H 10 H 10 H

05 if* Oi 0) H *i ^0 <0 H H 10 (0 10 il* 0) M 00N

)(0

flooowooooooooooojooojoooooooooooocoooaiooootOtOlOtOIOHHHMMHHHHHQQOOOOO

M 05 M Q Oi (I* CO 10 CO M D Oi ^ J5 Iv

d B

H 10 H H

s| 00 Ot 00 M 15

H 10

tl ti

10 H |0H

10 H 10

H 05 0) M M M 10

L if, [I* ^ i(* (I* ff* CO CO -Cl CO CO CO CO CO W CO tO 10 10 10 10

0) 0i ((* 00 10 H CO "4 0) Oi d* CO 10 H CO H Q Ci

ij* i)i W W 05 W CO CO Ci CO CO W 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10 10

H tO 05 "1 0) Ci (I* 10 M 05 s] Q Ci ^ CO 10 H

flpOin&jlJjJtJ lilillill!!'

H tO H 10 H tO M 10

10 tO tO tk k Oi(?) *J S 00 CD

CO M 10 H tO H 10

H to 10 CO W v't 0' 0)

EIJBA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 225

226 HUSA.LMAN NUMISMATICS.

HIJRA AND CHRISTIAN YEARS. 227

A.H. A.I). -|.^ A.I1.'

A.D.'

-fcJ^''

A.II. ! A.D.

1

1045; 1635

1046'

1636

1047; 1637

1048 1638

1049 1639

1050: 1640

1051;1641

1052: 1642

1053^ 1643

1054J 1644i

1055J

1645

'

Jn. 17-: 1067

Jn. 5 i 1068

:

My.26-:i069

:Hy.l5H 1070

: My. 4'; 1071

Ap. 23 :1072

;Ap.12

:

:

:

1073

JAp. 1j j

10741 I

;

! Mr. 22 i 1075

1656 ! 0. 20 I 1089!

1657 0. 9.. 1090 i

1658;

S. 29^ 1091;

I Mr. 10 1076

1056 1646

1057! 1647

!

1058 1648

1059

1060

1061

1062

1063

1064

1649

1650

1650

1651

1652

1653

IF. 27 |1077i

1

1

!F. 17j

1078i !

IF. 6j|1079

Ja. 27|

1080!

j

Ja. 15 !J 1081

j]

Ja. 4JJ1082i

j i

JD. 251

1083i

;

ID. 14 I

j

1084

|D. 2JJ1085

1086

1087

1659

1660

1661

1662

1663

1664

1665

1666

1667

1668

1669

1670

1671

1672

1673

S. 18;

1092!

S. 6.; 1093|

Ag.27;; 1094

Ag. 16 1095:

Ag. 5 ;

: 1096;

Jy. 25 : 1097|

Jy. 14

Jv. 4

111065 I 1654|

1066 I 1655 ! 0. 31

10981

Jn. 23 i! 1100

Jn. 11

Jn. 1

My.21 |

My.lOJ

Ap.29

Ap. 18

1674 Ap. 7

1675

1676

1088; 1677

Mr. 28

Mr. 16

Mr. 6

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106

1107

1108

1109

1110

1678

1679

1680

1681

1682

1682

1683

1684

1685

1686

1687

1688

1689

1690

1691

1692

1693

1694

1695

1696

1697

1698

Ja. 21i

: Ja. 10

ID. 31

ID. 20

ID. 8

JK 28

*. ,7

K 7

0, 26

0. 15

0.- 5

S. 24

S. 12

S. 2

Ag.22

Ag.12

Jy. 31

Jy. 20

Jy. 10

JiJLJKA AJNJD UHllIttTlA^

230 MUSALMAX NUMISMATICS.

A II.;

A.I). = 5 5 A.H. I A.D. ! J ^5 I! A.H. i A.D. i Jlf;

!

if'^ 5 ; . !

!

^ S :!;

i ^ =

1177 1763; Jy. 12; 1199

1178 1764'

Jy. 1;

;

1200

1179:

1765 Jn. 20;:

1201

1180, 1766 Jn. 9 :

i 1202

1181 1767 i My.30 :

1203

1182s 1768 'Mv.lS 1204

1183|1769

I

1184 ! 1770

1185

1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1771

1772

1773

1774

1775

1776

My. 18

My. 7

Ap.27

Ap. 16

Ap. 4

Mr. 2 5

Mr. 14

Mr. 4

E. 21

1777 I E. 9

1205

1206

1207

1208

1209

1210

1211

1212

1213

1214

1784 ; K 14:1 1221 1806 . Mr.21

1785;

N. 4J: 1222. 1807.Mr. 1 1

1786j

0. 24M 1223 ^ 1808 : F. 28

1787I

0. 13:: 1224;

1809,

F. 16

1810 F. 6

1811 ! Ja. 26i

1812 Ja. 16

I

1813|Ja. 4

1788 I 0. 2;; 1225 :

1789 ! S. 21 i- 1226;

1790

1791

S. 10!! 1227

1192! 1778j

Ja. 30;

i

j

1193 s 1779 I Ja. 19! 1215 1800!

;

!

1194; 1780 : Ja. 8 1216 1801! I

1!

1195- 1780 B. 28j

1217 1802

1196! 1781 D. 17 1218 1803

j

1197! 1782 B. 7 1219 1804

1198! 1783 K 26 : 1220 1 1805

1792

1793

1794

1795

1796

1797

1798

1799

Ag.31h 1228

Ag.l9l|1229; i

Ag. ol! 1230

Jy. 29 i

Jy. 18j

Jy. 7

Jn. 26

Jn. 15

Jn. 5

My.25

My. 14

1231

1232 i

1814

B. 24

D. 14

1815 ! B. 3

!

1816 : K 21

1233! 1817

|1234| 1818

1235, 1819

11

0. 31

0. 20

1236

1237

1238

My. 4N 1239

Ap.23

Ap.12

Ap. 1

1240

1241

1820j

0. 9

1821 ! S. 28

1822i S. 18

1823

1824

1825

11242! 1826

Ag.26

Ag. 16

Ag. 5

HIJBA AND CHRISTIAN TEARS. 231

MUSALMAN NUMISMATICS.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 233

BXBLI0GBAPHY.

The following books and papers will be found useful in studying

several classes of Musalman coins :

All classes,

(Copper).

All classes of

Arabic,

MAESDEX, W. :

" Suniismata Orientalia Illus-

trata." London, 1863.

TJmayyad

andAbbasid

Khalifs.

NN", J. :il

Besehreibungderbekanntesten

Kufermiinzen," Band iii. Prag, 1863.

LAXE POOLE, S. :"Catalogue of Oriental Coins

in the British Museum." 10 vols.

London, 1879-90.

PKAEEN, Ch. :i Becensio ETumorum Muham-

medanonim." Petropoli, 1826.

LANE POOLE, S. :"Catalogue of Arabic Coins in

the Khedivial Library, Cairo."

London, 1897.

LANE POOLE, S.," Easti Arabic!

": J^um. Chron.,

1885-86-87 and -1892.

SAULCY, F.,u Sur quelques points de la JSTumis-

naatique Arabe": Journ. Asiatique, ser. in,

tomes vii, viii, x, si, xiii;

ser. IY, tome vi.

TIESENHAUSEN, AY. :" Monnaies des Khalifes

Orientaux." St. Petersbourg, 1873.

LATOIX, H. :"Catalogue des Monnaies Musul-

manes de la Bibliotheque Rationale,"

tome i. Paris, 1887.

ROGERS BET, E. T,, Catalogue of his Collection

of Mohammedan Coins: ^um. Chron., 1885.

234 MUSAL31AX XUMISMATICS.

Spanish G-AILLAUD, J". :

"Description des

Uiaayyad Espagnoles composant le Cabinet de Bon

and other Jose Garcia de la Torre.'' Jfiadrid, 1852.

Dynasties. COEDBP.A Y ZAIDIX, P. :f Tratado de Xuniis-

matica Arabigo-Espanola." Madrid, 1879.

LAYOIX, H. :4t

Catalogue des Monnaies Musul-

manes de la Bibliotheque Rationale,"

tome ii. Paris, 1891.

Norman King's SPIXELLI, D. :

" Monete Cuiiche battuta da

of Sicily, Principi LongoLarcli Xormanni e Srevi nel

Regno delle due Sicilie." Wajioli, 1844..

Horth. Africa LAVOIX, H. :'

Catalogue de la Bibliotlieque

and Spain. Rationale," tome ii.

MAECEL, J. J. :" Tableau general des Monnaies

ayant cours en Algerie." Paris, 1844.

Egypt and Syria. LATOIX, H. :uCatalogue des Monnaies Musul-

manes de la Bibliotneque Rationale,"

tome iii. Park's, 1894.

ROGERS BET, E. T.," Coins of the Tuluni

Dynasty'7

: Internet. jSTumis. Orient., Tol. i.

London, 1877.

Oh.azn.awid, THOMAS, E.," Coins of the Kings of Ghazni" :

London, 1848; and JOUITL. R.A.S., TO!S. xii

and xvii.

Turkuman. GHALIB EDHEM, J. :"Catalogue des Monnaies

Turcomanes, Beni Ortek, Beni Zengui,

Prou Atabegyeh, et Meliks Eyoubites de

Meiyafariken." Constantinople, 1894.

Saljuk. GHALIB EBHEIT, J. :" Essai de ^umismatique

Seldjoukide." Constantinople, 1892.

Baaislimandid. CASANOVA, P.,"

jSTumismatique des Danish -

mendites" : E,evue Numismatique, 1895

and 1896.

rtukid. LANE POOLE, S.," Coins of the Urtuki Turku-

mans' 7: Internat E"umis Orient., vol. i,

1875.

BIBLIOGRAPHY. 235

KakwayMd, TOENBEEG, C. J.," Un Birhem Kakweihicl

inedit"

: Ecv. Beige Xum., ser. m, tome ii.

LAXE POOLE, S.? "Unpublished Coins of the

Kakweyhis" : Num. Chron., 1875.

Ukaylid. Kir, H. C., "Notes on the History of the

Banu Okayl" : Journ. H.A.S., vol. xviil,

1886.

Basulid. NETZEL, H.," Munzen de Rasuliden

": Zeitschrif fc

fiir Xumismatik, Band xviii.

PEEDEA.UX, "\V. E.," Coins of the Benee Rasul

Dynasty"

: Journ. Bomb. As. Soc., vol. syi.

Mongols ofPersia, DEOUDT, E.,"

Is otice sur les Monnaies Xongoles" :

Journ. Asiatique, 1896.

Jalair. MAEKOF, A. :"Katalog Djelairesch Monete. 5>

St. Petersburg, 1897.

Chagatai. OLJTER, E. E.," Coins of the ChagataiMughals

5>:

Journ. Beng. A.S., 1891.

OLIVER, E. E., "The Chagatai Hughals" :

Journ. E.A.S., 1891.

Othmanli. GHALIB EDHEH:, J. : "NumismatiqueOttornane."

Constantinople, 1307 (1890).

LAKE POOLE, S.," On the "Weights and

Denominations of Turkish Coins": Num.

Chron., 1882.

(feorgia. LANGLOIS, Y. :" Essai de Classification des Suites.

monetaires dela Georgie." Paris, 1860.

LANGLOIS, V.,li

Supplement d 1'Essai": Eey.

Beige Num., ser. in, tome v.

BEOSSELT, M.," Sur les Monnaies Georgiennes

":

Journ. Asiatique, ser. HI, tome ii.

Sudan, A&mT PACHA :v { Monnaies duMehdyMouharamed

Ahmed." Cairo, 1882,

NUTZEL, H. :" Mahdi-Aufstand in Sudan."

Berlin, 1894.

SMITH, S.," Coins struck at Omdurman by the

Mahdi and Khalifa ": Num. Chron., 1902,

2-JG MUSALMAX XUM1S1IATICS.

Shahs of Persia, POOLE, R. S. :

"Catalogue of the Coins of the

Shahs of Persia in the British Museum."

London, 1887.

COBEIXGTOX, 0. :" Some Rare Arabic and

Persian Coins." Hertford, 1889.

Dehli Emperors. *LAXE POOLE. S. :

"Catalogue of the Coins of the

Moghul Emperors of Hindustan in the

British Museum." London, 1892.

RODGERS, C. J. :

"Catalogue of the Coins of the

Indian Museum, Calcutta." Calcutta, 1893.

RODGEES, C. J. :"Catalogue of the Collection

of Coins purchased by the Panjab Govern-

ment." Calcutta, 1893.

y RODGERS, C. J. : various papers in the Journal

of the Bengal Asiatic Society in 1880-83-

85-86 and 1896.

RODGERS, C. J.," Rare Copper Coins of Akbar "

:

Indian Antiquary, 1890.

TAYLOB, 0. P., "The Coins of Ahmadabad" :

Journ. Bomb. As. Soc., vol. ss.

Dehli Kings. ^LAXE POOLE, S. :

"Catalogue of the Coins of the

Sultans of Dehli in the British Museum."

London, 1884.

THOMAS, E. ;

"Chronicles of the Pathan Kings

of Dehli." London, 1871.

^ RODGEES, C. J.," Coins Supplementary to

Thomas' Pathan Kings of Dehli"

: Joum.

Beng. As. Soc., 1880 to 1896.

^ RODGEES, C. J.,"Rupees of the Suri Dynasty ":

Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1888.

>, HOERNIE, A. P. R.,"Copper Coins of the Suri

Dynasty" : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1890.

RODGEES, C. J. :

"Catalogues of the Indian

Museum and Panjab Collections."

BIBLIOGRAPHY.

BTative States of Xl*A2nB POOLE, S. : "Catalogue of the Coins of

India. the Muhammadan States of India in the

British Museum : Bengal, Kashmir, Sind,

Jaimpur, Malwah, Gujarat, Bahmani."

London^ 1885.

EODGEES, C. J. : "Catalogues of the Indian

Museum and Panjab Collections."

PBDTSEP, J. :"Essays on Indian Antiquities,"

edited by E. Thomas. London, 1858.

> HOEENLE, A. E. E.," Notes on Coins of Native

States" : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1897.

Bengal. ^ BLOCEQUNN-, H.," Contribution to the Geography

and History of Bengal"

: Journ. Beng. As.

Soc., 1873.

^HoEBifLE, A. F. 11.,"Early Muhammadan Coins

of Bengal"

: Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1881.

^ THOMAS, E.,"Initial Coinage of Bengal

":

Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1867.

Jaunpur. /. DELMEKICZ, J. Gr.," Coins of the Kings of Dehli

and Jaunpur"

: Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1876.

Kashmir. ^ RODGEES, C. J.,"Square Silver Coins of the

Sultans of Kashmir": Journ. Beng. As. Soc.,

1885.

^ EODGEES, C. J.," Bare Kashmir Coins" : Journ.

Beng. As. Soc., 1896.

Gujarat. -^TAYLOK, Gk P., "The Coins of the Gujarat

Sultanat" : Journ. Bomb. As. Soc., vol. xxi.

Bahmani. -V GIBBS, J.," Gold and Silver Coins of the Bahmani

Dynasty": Num. Chron., 1881.

X CODEINGIGS', 0.," Coins of the Bahmani

Dynasty": Num. Chron., 1898.

Sikh. EOD&EES, C. J.," Coins of the Sikhs "

: Journ.

Beng. As. Soc., 1880.

EODCKEES, C. J. :"Catalogue of the Panjab

Collection."

SF SOIISXATICS.

Tanjal). TEMPLE, C. J.,* : Coins of the Modern Native

Chiefs of the Panjab"

: Indian Antiquary,

1SS9.

Eajputana, WEBB, W. TT. :

i; Currencies of the Hindu States

of Puijputana." London, 1893.

Catch and CODRIXGTOX, 0.," The Coinage of Cuteh arid

KatMawar, Katliiawar": Xum. Chron., 1895.

Deceaa. ABBOTT, J. E..; *

Preliminary Study of the

Shivarai or Chhutrapati Copper Coins":

Journ. Bomb. As. Soc., vol. sx.

EAXADE, M. CK, ''Currencies and Mints under

Mahratta Piule"

: Journ. Bomb. As. Soc.,

vol. xx.

Travaacore* MITEER, 8.,:

Coinage of Travancore" : lladras

Journ. of Lit. and Science, 1889-94.

Afghanistan. _ PCODGERS, C. J. ,

4 ' Coinsof Ahmad Shah Durrani ' '

:

Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1885.

DAMES, 31. LOXGWOE.TTT,i

'Coins of the Durranis":

Kum. Chron., 1888.

KING, L. WHITE. uHistory and Coinage of the

Barakzai Dynasty of Afghanistan"

: Xnm.

Chron., 1896.

'South India, ^ELLIOT, W., "Coins of South India": Int.

Isumis. Orient., vol. iii, 1886.

TUFSTELL, E. H. C.: "Hints to Coin Collectors

in Southern India." Madras, 1887.

X DODGERS, C. J.," Coins of the Mnsalman Kings

of Ma'bar" : Journ. Beng. As. Soc., 1895.

.Mysore. TOTJESTOX, E. :"Catalogue of the Coins of the

Central Museum, Madras: 3>o. 1, Mysore."

Madras, 1888.

HATTOS, H. P. :

" Brief Sketch of the Gold,

Silver, and Copper Coinage of Mysore."

Bangalore, 1856.

MARSDEX, TV. :

"^"uniiymata Orientalia," vol. ii.

AGAMEMNON