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Manual vacuum aspira.on: a service evalua.on. Dr. J. Chester, 1 Miss M. Shehmar. 2 1. Good Hope Hospital, Su?on Coldfield. 2. Birmingham Women’s Hospital, Birmingham. In the United Kingdom over 45,000 of the 900,000 pregnancies end in miscarriage. 1, 2 For those where products of concep.on remain there are three op.ons for management: expectant, medical or surgical. Studies have shown that expectant and medical management are successful in 7080% of cases. 3 In some cases these op.ons are unacceptable to women, for these pa.ents and where previous management op.ons are unsuccessful, surgical interven.on is required. Classically this has been using electric vacuum aspira.on (EVA). However an alterna.ve does exist in the form of manual vacuum aspira.on (MVA). This uses a manually ac.vated syringe to aspirate the contents of the uterus. The equipment is lightweight and inexpensive and the procedure can o^en be done under local anaesthe.c only . Studies have shown it to be comparable in efficacy and complica.on rates, such as perfora.on and bleeding, to EVA. 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 MVA’s use in the UK is increasing, however it s.ll remains a less common procedure than EVA. This prospec.ve cohort study looked at MVA procedures done between November 2010 and January 2013. All women where an incomplete or missed miscarriage had been confirmed under 12 weeks were offered the procedure as one of their op.ons. The procedure was offered under local anaesthe.c and the pa.ent fully consented. Exclusions included suspected sep.c miscarriage, uterine anomalies, molar pregnancies or mul.ple pregnancies. Women op.ng for the procedure had 800 micrograms of per vaginal misoprostol two hours before the procedure, unless done as an emergency. The procedure itself was carried out in a variety of suitable sedngs. At the start of the procedure 6.6mls of 3% mepivacaine was infiltrated to the cervix at the 12, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 9 o’clock posi.ons. The cervix was then dilated to a minimum of 7mm. Extra analgesia was available to all women throughout the procedure; either entenox or morphine. Data was collected via a database with informa.on entered immediately post procedure and then update at the point of pa.ent discharge. Pa.ents were also given a voluntary anonymous ques.onnaire to assess their experience of the procedure Demographic data Indica.on for procedure Missed miscarriage 112 (85%) Incomplete miscarriage 19 (15%) Gesta.onal age (by ultrasound) < 9 weeks 91 (70%) 912 weeks 33 (25%) >12 weeks 7 (5%) Dilata.on and intraopera.ve complica.ons 72% of pa.ents required further instrumental dilata.on before the procedure. Intraopera.ve complica.ons were rare affec.ng only 5%. There was one suspected uterine perfora.on requiring no further treatment, two vaso vagal episodes and two episodes of minor cervical trauma. Efficacy and postopera.ve complica.ons 98% of pa.ents had a successful procedure. One pa.ent required an ultrasound scan to confirm a complete uterine evacua.on. One pa.ent needed a repeat procedure for retained products of concep.on. There were no life threatening or fatal complica.ons. All pa.ents reported minimal or mild vaginal bleeding a^er the procedure but no pa.ent required transfusion. All pa.ents were discharged the same day . Pa.ent experience 28 women completed the ques.onnaire. 82% reported the procedure was shorter or of a dura.on they expected. 61% felt they would be willing to undergo the procedure again if necessary and 68% felt they would recommend the procedure to a friend. Most women rated the pain as mild to moderate during the procedure. A^er one hour most felt there pain was mild, with pain con.nuing to se?le un.l the point of discharge. Many women also commented on the posi.ve impact of the nurses present during the procedure. 10 107 14 None Diclofenac and/or paracetamol Further analgesia A total of 131 women underwent the procedure during the period studied. The mean gesta.onal age was 8.3 weeks (SD +/ 1.8 weeks). Theatre was used for the ini.al MVAs (4.6%) un.l the procedure became established. 82% were done in a dedicated sedng in the Early Pregnancy Assessment Unit whilst some emergency procedures were carried out in A&E (0.8%) and on the gynaecology ward (13.0%). Intraopera.ve pain relief 70% of pa.ents required local anaesthe.c only . 21% declined local anaesthe.c. Higher levels of pain relief were needed only by those undergoing the MVA as an emergency requiring morphine (9%) and entonox (5%). 0 2 4 6 8 10 12 During 1 hour Discharge Pa0ents’ Experience of Pain None Mild Moderate Severe No answer The MVA procedure was introduced to the Birmingham Women’s Hospital to provide an alterna.ve surgical method for dealing with miscarriages, increasing choice for women. Previous studies have shown it to be a safe effec.ve method for dealing with retained products of concep.on. 5, 8, 9 Our study supports this evidence showing it effec.ve in 98% of cases with no major complica.ons. Mi?al et al demonstrated the benefits of use of misoprostol to reduce the need for cervical dilata.on and improve the efficacy of the procedure. 10 In our study its use was enough to begin dilata.on but further dilata.on was required in the majority of women. For most women in our cohort cervical block was sa.sfactory for providing adequate analgesia and allowing comple.on of the procedure. This supports previous findings by Lopez et al. 11 Our study demonstrated the importance of having stronger analgesics available for those pa.ents who cannot tolerate the procedure with local anaesthe.c alone, especially in emergency situa.ons. Post opera.vely the majority of pa.ents’ pain was controlled with simple and cheap analgesic methods. This helps keep costs low and facilitates rapid discharge. Women’s experiences of the procedure were posi.ve. The majority were sa.sfied with the procedure and would opt for it again. This indicates the procedure is acceptable and provides a viable choice for women. Although most experienced mild or moderate pain, this se?led quickly a^er the procedure. Ul.mately this feedback is vital to guide our prac.ce and support its con.nued use. The World Health Organisa.on supports the use of MVA for management of miscarriage. Despite this and mul.ple studies demonstra.ng its benefits it remains underused in the UK. 8, 9, 12 Recently its use has grown with specialist nurses also being trained to carry out the procedure. The evidence and our study show it to be a safe and effec.ve procedure for use in an daycase sedng. Given current economic pressures and the need for increased pa.ent choice it requires further considera.on as a safe, efficient and versa.le method for dealing with early miscarriages. Our experiences of MVA under local anaesthe.c for early pregnancy correlate well with previous studies. MVA provides a valid alterna.ve surgical method for uterine evacua.on. Its benefits; low cost, high efficacy, short post procedure stay and ability to be carried out in a variety of outpa.ent sedngs, make it an a?rac.ve op.on for healthcare providers in the current changing climate. Given the posi.ve feedback from pa.ents, it does represent a viable choice for women, with large benefits. As a result of our posi.ve findings, MVA is a procedure that will con.nue to be offered to all women at the Birmingham Women’s Hospital. Introduc.on Method Results Discussion Conclusion References 1. Office of Na.onal Sta.s.cs. Concep.on in England and Wales 2009. Office of Na.onal Sta.s.cs [Online]. 2011. Access date Feb 2013. Available at h?p://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/concep.onsta.s.csenglandandwales/2009/index.html 2. Hospital Episode Sta.s.cs. Total deliveries, miscarriages and ectopic pregnancies per 100 deliveries, 199798 to 200910. Hospital Episode Sta.s.cs [Online]. 2010. Access date Feb 2013. www.hesonline.nhs.k/Ease/servlet/ContentServer?siteID=1937&categoryID=1064 3. Shelley JM, Healy D, Grover S. A randomised trial of surgical, medical and expectant management of first trimester spontaneous miscarriage. Aust N Z J Obstet Gynaecol, 2005; 45(2):1227. 4. Edwards S, Tureck R, Fredrick M et al. Pa.ent acceptability of manual versus electric vacuum aspira.on for early pregnancy loss. J Womens Health (Larchmt). Dec 2007; 16(10):142936. 5. Wen J, Cai QY, Deng F, Li YP. Manual versus electric vacuum aspira.on for first trimester abor.on: a systema.c review . BJOG. 2008; 115(1):513. 6. Bird ST, Harvey SM, Beckman LJ et al. Similari.es in women’s percep.ons and acceptability of manual vacuum aspira.on and electric vacuum aspira.on for first trimester abor.on. Contracep.on. 2003; 67(3): 20712. 7. Wesxall JM, Sophocles A, Burggraf H et al. Manual vacuum aspira.on for first trimester abor.on. Arch Fam Med, 1998; 7(6):55962. 8. Gazvani R, Honey E, MacLennan FM et al. Manual vacuum aspira.on in the management of trimester pregnancy loss. EJOG. 2004; 112(2):197200 9. Milingos DS, Mathur M, Smith NT et al. Manual vacuum aspira.on: a safe alterna.ve for the surgical management of early pregnancy loss. BJOG. 2009; 116(9): 126871 10. Mi?al S, Sehgral R, Aggarwal S et al. Cervical priming with misoprostol before manual vacuum aspira.on versus electric vacuum aspira.on for first trimester surgical abor.on. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2011; 112 (1): 349/ 11. Lopez JC, VigilDe Gracia P, VegaMalek JC et al. A randomised comparison of different methods of analgesia in abor.on using manual vacuum aspira.on. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 12. Dean G, Cardenas L, Darney P et al. Acceptability of manual versus electric aspira.on for first trimester abor.on: a randomised trial. Contracep.on. 2003; 67(3): 2016 8 4 18 Further analgesia NB Some women had mul/ple types Strong opiates Codeine Entenox Post opera.ve analgesia
Transcript
Page 1: Manual&vacuum&aspira.on:&aservice&evalua.on.& …...Manual&vacuum&aspira.on:&aservice&evalua.on.& Dr.J.Chester, 1&Miss&M.&Shehmar.2 1.&Good&Hope&Hospital,&Su?on&Coldfield.&2.&Birmingham&Women’s&Hospital,&Birmingham.&

Manual  vacuum  aspira.on:  a  service  evalua.on.  Dr.  J.  Chester,1  Miss  M.  Shehmar.2  

1.  Good  Hope  Hospital,  Su?on  Coldfield.  2.  Birmingham  Women’s  Hospital,  Birmingham.  

In  the  United  Kingdom  over  45,000  of  the  900,000  pregnancies  end  in  miscarriage.1,  2  For  those  where  products  of  concep.on  remain  there  are  three  op.ons  for  management:  expectant,  medical  or  surgical.  Studies  have  shown  that  expectant  and  medical  management  are  successful  in  70-­‐80%  of  cases.3  In  some  cases  these  op.ons  are  unacceptable  to  women,  for  these  pa.ents  and  where  previous  management  op.ons  are  unsuccessful,  surgical  interven.on  is  required.  Classically  this  has  been  using  electric  vacuum  aspira.on  (EVA).  However  an  alterna.ve  does  exist  in  the  form  of  manual  vacuum  aspira.on  (MVA).  This  uses  a  manually  ac.vated  syringe  to  aspirate  the  contents  of  the  uterus.  The  equipment  is  lightweight  and  inexpensive  and  the  procedure  can  o^en  be  done  under  local  anaesthe.c  only.  Studies  have  shown  it  to  be  comparable  in  efficacy  and  complica.on  rates,  such  as  perfora.on  and  bleeding,  to  EVA.4,  5,  6,  7,  8  MVA’s  use  in  the  UK  is  increasing,  however  it  s.ll  remains  a  less  common  procedure  than  EVA.  

This  prospec.ve  cohort  study  looked  at  MVA  procedures  done  between  November  2010  and  January  2013.  All  women  where  an  incomplete  or  missed  miscarriage  had  been  confirmed  under  12  weeks  were  offered  the  procedure  as  one  of  their  op.ons.  The  procedure  was  offered  under  local  anaesthe.c  and  the  pa.ent  fully  consented.  Exclusions  included  suspected  sep.c  miscarriage,  uterine  anomalies,  molar  pregnancies  or  mul.ple  pregnancies.    Women  op.ng  for  the  procedure  had  800  micrograms  of  per  vaginal  misoprostol  two  hours  before  the  procedure,  unless  done  as  an  emergency.  The  procedure  itself  was  carried  out  in  a  variety  of  suitable  sedngs.    At  the  start  of  the  procedure  6.6mls  of  3%  mepivacaine  was  infiltrated  to  the  cervix  at  the  12,  3,  5,  6,  7  and  9  o’clock  posi.ons.  The  cervix  was  then  dilated  to  a  minimum  of  7mm.  Extra  analgesia  was  available  to  all  women  throughout  the  procedure;  either  entenox  or  morphine.  Data  was  collected  via  a  database  with  informa.on  entered  immediately  post  procedure  and  then  update  at  the  point  of  pa.ent  discharge.  Pa.ents  were  also  given  a  voluntary  anonymous  ques.onnaire  to  assess  their  experience  of  the  procedure  

Demographic  data  Indica.on  for  procedure  

Missed  miscarriage   112  (85%)  Incomplete  miscarriage   19  (15%)  

Gesta.onal  age  (by  ultrasound)  <  9  weeks   91  (70%)  

9-­‐12  weeks   33  (25%)  >12  weeks   7  (5%)  

Results  A  total  of  131  women  underwent  the  procedure  during  the  period  studied.  The  mean  gesta.onal  age  was  8.3  weeks  (SD  +/-­‐  1.8  weeks).  Seven  pa.ents  had  MVAs  at  a  gesta.onal  age  of  over  12  weeks  for  incomplete  miscarriage.    Theatre  was  used  for  the  ini.al  MVAs  (4.6%)  un.l  the  procedure  became  established.  Following  this  pilot  the  procedure  was  then  carried  out  in  various  outpa.ent  sedngs.  82%  were  done  in  a  dedicated  sedng  in  the  Early  Pregnancy  Assessment  Unit  whilst  some  emergency  procedures  were  carried  out  in  A&E  (0.8%)  and  on  the  gynaecology  ward  (13.0%).      Intra-­‐opera.ve  pain  relief  21  (16%)  of  pa.ents  required  no  local  anaesthe.c  during  the  procedure.  70%  of  pa.ents  required  local  anaesthe.c  only,  with  the  remaining  pa.ents  needing  morphine  (9%)  and  entonox  (5%).  The  higher  levels  of  pain  relief  were  needed  mostly  by  those  undergoing  the  MVA  as  an  emergency.    Dilata.on  and  intra-­‐opera.ve  complica.ons  72%  of  pa.ents  required  further  instrumental  dilata.on  before  the  procedure.  Intra-­‐opera.ve  complica.ons  were  rare  (5%).  There  was  one  suspected  uterine  perfora.on  requiring  no  further  treatment,  two  vaso-­‐vagal  episodes  and  two  episodes  of  minor  cervical  trauma.    Efficacy  and  post-­‐opera.ve  complica.ons  98%  of  pa.ents  had  a  successful  procedure.  One  pa.ent  required  an  ultrasound  scan  to  confirm  a  complete  uterine  evacua.on.  One  pa.ent  needed  a  repeat  procedure  for  retained  products  of  concep.on.  There  were  no  life  threatening  or  fatal  complica.ons.  All  pa.ents  reported  minimal  or  mild  vaginal  bleeding  a^er  the  procedure,  however  in  no  pa.ent  was  this  severe  enough  to  require  blood  products.      Post  opera.ve  analgesia  8%  of  pa.ents  required  no  post-­‐opera.ve  analgesia.  The  majority  of  women  (82%)  were  managed  with  the  use  of  simple  analgesia;  either  paracetamol,  diclofenac  or  both.  A  small  amount  of  women  required  codeine,  strong  opiates  or  entonox  (3%,  6%  and  14%  respec.vely),  either  alone  or  in  combina.on.    Pa.ent  experience  28  women  completed  and  returned  the  ques.onnaire.  82%  reported  the  procedure  was  shorter  or  of  a  dura.on  they  expected.  61%  felt  they  would  be  willing  to  undergo  the  procedure  again  if  necessary  and  68%  felt  they  would  recommend  the  procedure  to  a  friend.  Only  11%  of  pa.ents  felt  they  experienced  severe  pain  during  the  procedure  but  this  had  eased  in  all  pa.ents  by  the  .me  of  discharge.  

Dilata.on  and  intra-­‐opera.ve  complica.ons  72%  of  pa.ents  required  further  instrumental  dilata.on  before  the  procedure.  Intra-­‐opera.ve  complica.ons  were  rare  affec.ng  only  5%.  There  was  one  suspected  uterine  perfora.on  requiring  no  further  treatment,  two  vaso-­‐vagal  episodes  and  two  episodes  of  minor  cervical  trauma.      Efficacy  and  post-­‐opera.ve  complica.ons  98%  of  pa.ents  had  a  successful  procedure.  One  pa.ent  required  an  ultrasound  scan  to  confirm  a  complete  uterine  evacua.on.  One  pa.ent  needed  a  repeat  procedure  for  retained  products  of  concep.on.  There  were  no  life  threatening  or  fatal  complica.ons.  All  pa.ents  reported  minimal  or  mild  vaginal  bleeding  a^er  the  procedure  but  no  pa.ent  required  transfusion.  All  pa.ents  were  discharged  the  same  day.                        Pa.ent  experience  28  women  completed  the  ques.onnaire.  82%  reported  the  procedure  was  shorter  or  of  a  dura.on  they  expected.  61%  felt  they  would  be  willing  to  undergo  the  procedure  again  if  necessary  and  68%  felt  they  would  recommend  the  procedure  to  a  friend.    Most  women  rated  the  pain  as  mild  to  moderate  during  the  procedure.  A^er  one  hour  most  felt  there  pain  was  mild,  with  pain  con.nuing  to  se?le  un.l  the  point  of  discharge.  Many  women  also  commented  on  the  posi.ve  impact  of  the  nurses  present  during  the  procedure.  

10  

107  

14  

None  

Diclofenac  and/or  paracetamol  

Further  analgesia  

A  total  of  131  women  underwent  the  procedure  during  the  period  studied.  The  mean  gesta.onal  age  was  8.3  weeks  (SD  +/-­‐  1.8  weeks).    Theatre  was  used  for  the  ini.al  MVAs  (4.6%)  un.l  the  procedure  became  established.  82%  were  done  in  a  dedicated  sedng  in  the  Early  Pregnancy  Assessment  Unit  whilst  some  emergency  procedures  were  carried  out  in  A&E  (0.8%)  and  on  the  gynaecology  ward  (13.0%).      Intra-­‐opera.ve  pain  relief  70%  of  pa.ents  required  local  anaesthe.c  only.  21%  declined  local  anaesthe.c.  Higher  levels  of  pain  relief  were  needed  only  by  those  undergoing  the  MVA  as  an  emergency  requiring  morphine  (9%)  and  entonox  (5%).    

0  

2  

4  

6  

8  

10  

12  

During   1  hour   Discharge  

Pa0ents’  Experience  of  Pain  

None  

Mild  

Moderate  

Severe  

No  answer  

The  MVA  procedure  was  introduced  to  the  Birmingham  Women’s  Hospital  to  provide  an  alterna.ve  surgical  method  for  dealing  with  miscarriages,  increasing  choice  for  women.  Previous  studies  have  shown  it  to  be  a  safe  effec.ve  method  for  dealing  with  retained  products  of  concep.on.5,  8,  9  Our  study  supports  this  evidence  showing  it  effec.ve  in  98%  of  cases  with  no  major  complica.ons.    Mi?al  et  al  demonstrated  the  benefits  of  use  of  misoprostol  to  reduce  the  need  for  cervical  dilata.on  and  improve  the  efficacy  of  the  procedure.10  In  our  study  its  use  was  enough  to  begin  dilata.on  but  further  dilata.on  was  required  in  the  majority  of  women.  For  most  women  in  our  cohort  cervical  block  was  sa.sfactory  for  providing  adequate  analgesia  and  allowing  comple.on  of  the  procedure.  This  supports  previous  findings  by  Lopez  et  al.11  Our  study  demonstrated  the  importance  of  having  stronger  analgesics  available  for  those  pa.ents  who  cannot  tolerate  the  procedure  with  local  anaesthe.c  alone,  especially  in  emergency  situa.ons.  Post  opera.vely  the  majority  of  pa.ents’  pain  was  controlled  with  simple  and  cheap  analgesic  methods.  This  helps  keep  costs  low  and  facilitates  rapid  discharge.  Women’s  experiences  of  the  procedure  were  posi.ve.  The  majority  were  sa.sfied  with  the  procedure  and  would  opt  for  it  again.  This  indicates  the  procedure  is  acceptable  and  provides  a  viable  choice  for  women.  Although  most  experienced  mild  or  moderate  pain,  this  se?led  quickly  a^er  the  procedure.    Ul.mately  this  feedback  is  vital  to  guide  our  prac.ce  and  support  its  con.nued  use.  The  World  Health  Organisa.on  supports  the  use  of  MVA  for  management  of  miscarriage.  Despite  this  and  mul.ple  studies  demonstra.ng  its  benefits  it  remains  underused  in  the  UK.8,  9,  12  Recently  its  use  has  grown  with  specialist  nurses  also  being  trained  to  carry  out  the  procedure.  The  evidence  and  our  study  show  it  to  be  a  safe  and  effec.ve  procedure  for  use  in  an  day-­‐case  sedng.  Given  current  economic  pressures  and  the  need  for  increased  pa.ent  choice  it  requires  further  considera.on  as  a  safe,  efficient  and  versa.le  method  for  dealing  with  early  miscarriages.  

Our  experiences  of  MVA  under  local  anaesthe.c  for  early  pregnancy  correlate  well  with  previous  studies.  MVA  provides  a  valid  alterna.ve  surgical  method  for  uterine  evacua.on.  Its  benefits;  low  cost,  high  efficacy,  short  post  procedure  stay  and  ability  to  be  carried  out  in  a  variety  of  outpa.ent  sedngs,  make  it  an  a?rac.ve  op.on  for  healthcare  providers  in  the  current  changing  climate.  Given  the  posi.ve  feedback  from  pa.ents,  it  does  represent  a  viable  choice  for  women,  with  large  benefits.  As  a  result  of  our  posi.ve  findings,  MVA  is  a  procedure  that  will  con.nue  to  be  offered  to  all  women  at  the  Birmingham  Women’s  Hospital.  

Introduc.on  

Method  

Results  

Discussion  

Conclusion  

References  

1.  Office  of  Na.onal  Sta.s.cs.  Concep.on  in  England  and  Wales  2009.  Office  of  Na.onal  Sta.s.cs  [Online].  2011.  Access  date  Feb  2013.  Available  at  h?p://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/rel/vsob1/concep.on-­‐sta.s.cs-­‐-­‐england-­‐and-­‐wales/2009/index.html  

2.  Hospital  Episode  Sta.s.cs.  Total  deliveries,  miscarriages  and  ectopic  pregnancies  per  100  deliveries,  1997-­‐98  to  2009-­‐10.  Hospital  Episode  Sta.s.cs  [Online].  2010.  Access  date  Feb  2013.  www.hesonline.nhs.k/Ease/servlet/ContentServer?siteID=1937&categoryID=1064  

3.  Shelley  JM,  Healy  D,  Grover  S.  A  randomised  trial  of  surgical,  medical  and  expectant  management  of  first  trimester  spontaneous  miscarriage.  Aust  N  Z  J  Obstet  Gynaecol,  2005;  45(2):122-­‐7.  

4.  Edwards  S,  Tureck  R,  Fredrick  M  et  al.  Pa.ent  acceptability  of  manual  versus  electric  vacuum  aspira.on  for  early  pregnancy  loss.  J  Womens  Health  (Larchmt).  Dec  2007;  16(10):1429-­‐36.  

5.  Wen  J,  Cai  QY,  Deng  F,  Li  YP.  Manual  versus  electric  vacuum  aspira.on  for  first  trimester  abor.on:  a  systema.c  review.  BJOG.  2008;  115(1):5-­‐13.  6.  Bird  ST,  Harvey  SM,  Beckman  LJ  et  al.  Similari.es  in  women’s  percep.ons  and  acceptability  of  manual  vacuum  aspira.on  and  electric  vacuum  aspira.on  

for  first  trimester  abor.on.  Contracep.on.  2003;  67(3):  207-­‐12.  7.  Wesxall  JM,  Sophocles  A,  Burggraf  H  et  al.  Manual  vacuum  aspira.on  for  first  trimester  abor.on.  Arch  Fam  Med,  1998;  7(6):559-­‐62.  8.  Gazvani  R,  Honey  E,  MacLennan  FM  et  al.  Manual  vacuum  aspira.on  in  the  management  of  trimester  pregnancy  loss.  EJOG.  2004;  112(2):197-­‐200  9.  Milingos  DS,  Mathur  M,  Smith  NT  et  al.  Manual  vacuum  aspira.on:  a  safe  alterna.ve  for  the  surgical  management  of  early  pregnancy  loss.  BJOG.  2009;  

116(9):  1268-­‐71  10.  Mi?al  S,  Sehgral  R,  Aggarwal  S  et  al.  Cervical  priming  with  misoprostol  before  manual  vacuum  aspira.on  versus  electric  vacuum  aspira.on  for  first  

trimester  surgical  abor.on.  Int  J  Gynaecol  Obstet.  2011;  112  (1):  34-­‐9/  11.  Lopez  JC,  Vigil-­‐De  Gracia  P,  Vega-­‐Malek  JC  et  al.  A  randomised  comparison  of  different  methods  of  analgesia  in  abor.on  using  manual  vacuum  

aspira.on.  Int  J  Gynaecol  Obstet.  12.  Dean  G,  Cardenas  L,  Darney  P  et  al.  Acceptability  of  manual  versus  electric  aspira.on  for  first  trimester  abor.on:  a  randomised  trial.  Contracep.on.  

2003;  67(3):  201-­‐6  

8  

4  18  

Further  analgesia  NB  Some  women  had  mul/ple  types  

Strong  opiates  

Codeine  

Entenox  

Post  opera.ve  analgesia  

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