INTRODUCTION

Cryogenics is defined as that branch of engineering which deals with the production

of very low temperature and their effect on matter.A formulation which addresses

both aspects of attaining low temperatures which don’t naturally occur on earth and of

using them for the study of nature or the human industry.

Liquid nitrogen is the widely produced and most common cryogenic liquid.It is mass

produced in air liquefaction plants .

The liquefaction process is simple,atmospheric air is passed through a filter and

precooled using conventional refrigenation techniques .

Then it is compressed inside large compressor and allowed to expand rapidly through

expander into an insulated chamber.

Liquid nitrogen is removed from the chamber by cryogenic fractional distillation

column

and is stored inside well insulated Dewar flasks.

Heat from the atmosphere vaporizes liquid nitrogen under pressure and produces

CNG.

1

OBJECTIVE

To understand,

The production of liquid nitrogen from cryogenic

nitrogen process.

To know the properties of liquid nitrogen.

To know the process description and what happens

inside the every equipment.

Safety and environmental aspects which are required for

the process.

To calculate,

The Material and Energy balance.

The Size of the equipments.

Cost and economic feasibility of the process.

2

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES

Colorless.

Cryogenic fluid (temperature, −150 °C).

Density : 0.807 g/cc

Boiling point : −196 °C (77 K; −321 °F)

Freezing point : −210 °C  (63 K; −346 °F)

Dielectric constant : 1.43

3

PROCESS DESCRIPTION

The free saturated air is sucked from the atmosphere through a highly

efficient suction filter in to the first stage of the horizontally balanced

opposed, lubricated reciprocating air compressor.

Compressed air is chilled to 120C in a chilling unit, compressed air

passes through the coils of chilling unit at a temperature of 120C to a

moisture separator, where the condensed moisture gets removed before

entering in to Molecular Sieve Battery.

The chilled air passes through the molecular sieve battery consisting of

twin tower molecular sieves packed with activated carbon, silica gel to

remove carbon dioxide , argon and moisture

Molecular sieve battery operates on twin tower system, when one

tower is under production the other tower is regenerated by passing

waste nitrogen gas.

After interval of 8 to 10 hours the tower under production gets

exhausted and regenerated by the similar process before uses and thus

the cycle continues.

AIR SEPARATION

Chilled oil free and moisture free air enters into multi pass heat

exchanger no1when it gets cooled to -80 deg C by cold gained from

outgoing waste nitrogen and oxygen

A part of air this enters a multi pass heat exchanger no2 or liquefier

made of special alloy tubes. This air cools to (-170)deg C before

passing through an expansion valve, air further cooled down and gets

liquefied before entering into bottom column.

Rest of air at (-80)degC from heat exchanger no1 enters into the highly

efficient expansion engine, where the air further gets cooled down to

4

(-150)degC before entering into the bottom column. The liquefied air

from both these streams collected at the bottom column is known as

Rich liquid

5

FLOWCHART

6

USES

Storage of living tissue.

Storage of sperms and other biological

specimens.

Paint removal.

Cryogenic food storage.

Production of ice creams.

7

MATERIAL BALANCE

8

Basis :-1000 m3/hr

Composition of air

N2 : 78.08%

O2 : 20.95%

Ar :0.93%

CO2 : 0.038%

Rest : 0.002%

(Xenon,

Neon,

Hydrogen,

Helium,

Krypton)

Since the air contains most of nitrogen78.08%, liquid nitrogen can be

liquefied from any air source are can get through gas producing

factories since in here we are taking air as the basis we have to

consider all the components present in the air oxygen, argon,

corbondioxide and rest of the gases.

9

FILTER

Rest(0.2m3)

m N2(780.0 m3)

O2(207.5m3)

Air=1000m3 Ar(9.3m3)

Co2(3.2m3)

Total =1000m3 Total=1000 m3

10

FILTER

COMPRESSOR

N2(780.0) N2(546)

O2(207.5) O2(145.25)

Ar(9.3) Ar(6.51)

CO2(3.2) CO2(2.24)

Total=1000 Total=700

11

COMPRESSOR 70 % Efficient

CHILLER

N2(546) N2(546)

O2(145.25) O2(145.25 )

Ar(6.51) Ar(6.51)

CO2(2.24) CO2(2.24)

Total=700 Total=700

12

CHILLER

MOLECULAR SIEVES

Ar(6.51) Undesired

CO2(2.24) Undesired

N2(546)

O2(145.25) N2(546) Desired

Ar(6.51) O2(145.25) Desired

CO2(2.24)

Total=700 Total=691.25

13

MOLECULARSIEVES

HEAR EXCHANGER 1

N2(546) N2(546)

O2(145.25) O2(145.25)

Total=691.25 Total=691.25

14

HEAT EXCHANGRE 1

HEAT EXCHANGER 2

N2(546) N2(502.32)

O2(145.25) O2(145.25)

Total=691.25 Total=691.25

15

HEAT EXCHANGER2

EXPANDER

N2(546) N2(546)

O2(145.25) O2(145.25)

Total=691.25 Total=691.25

16

EXPANDER

CYOGENIC DISTILLATION COLUMN

GO2=20%(145.25)=29.05

N2(546) LN2=80%(546)

=436.8

O2(145.25) GN2=546-436.8

=109.2

LN2=80%(145.25)=116.2

17

CRYOGENIC DISTILLATION COLUMN

100% Eficeincy

OVERALL MATERIAL BALANCE

INPUT=ACCUMALATION+OUTPUT

1000 m3=637.67 m3+3362.33 m3

18

ENERGY BALANCE

19

Q3=16411.68 KJ

Q O2 =16411.68KJ

Q3+Q2=Q1+Q4 Q O2 =3492.5325 KJ

HEAT EXCHANGER 1

Q4=16418.35 KJ

Q1=16399.68 KJ

Q N2 =12901.01 KJ

Q N2 = 12998.56 KJ

Q2=16430 KJ

HEAT EXCANGER 1

20

Q = 3298.212

Q=3954.876

COMPRESSER

COMPRESSER

21

Q3=16418.35 KJ

Q2=242338.80 KJ

Q1 =258757.15 KJ

HEAT EXCHANGER 2

HEAT EXCHANGER 2

22

-1700C,8 bar

-1700C,

-1500C

-1800C,4 bar

Qb=3954.876 KJ

Qc=171693.94 KJ

Qa=193871.114KJ

Qd=9091.06 KJ

Qa+Qb=Qc+Qd+Qe+Qf

CRYOGENIC DISTILLATION COLUMN

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-1800C,1.3 bar Qe=14848.92 KJ

Qf=4056.140 KJ

CALCULTIONS FOR ENERGY BALANCE

QN2=(mCpT)

=ρ*V*CpT

HEAT EXCHANGER 1 (at 120C)

=(0.0803*542.56)*1.039*(12+273)

=12901.01 Kj.

Density calculations;

ρN2=(PM)/RT.

=(6.8*28)/8.314*285.

=0.0803 kg/m3

QO2=0.0918*146.65*0.915*(12+273)

=3510.67 Kj.

QN2+QO2=16411.68 Kj.

At (-800C)

QN2=0.1186*546.56*1.039*(273-80)

=12998.56 Kj

QO2=0.1356*146.65*0.910*(273-80)

=3492.5325 Kj

QN2+QO2=16418.35 Kj.

HEAT EXCHANGER 2 (At -1700C)

QN2=4.18*546*0.9007*(273-170)

=220026.645

= 220026.645*0.8

24

= 176021.316 Kj.

QO2=1.64*146.25*0.9007*(273-173)

=22312.24

=22312.24*0.8

=17849.79 Kj.

QN2+QO2=242338.90 Kj.

80% of 242338.90=193871.114 Kj.

At (-1720C)

QN2=4.29*502.77*0.9007*(273-172)

=20567.542 Kj

QO2=1.65*134.90*0.9006*(273-172)

=20246 Kj

QN2+QO2=242338.80

80% of 242338.80=193871.04 Kj.

EXPANDER (At -800C)

QN2=0.1186*109.312*1.039*(273-80)

=2599,712 Kj

QO2=0.1356*29.33*0.910*(273-80)

=698.50 Kj

QN2+QO2=3298.212 Kj

At(-1500C)

QN2=0.0073*109.312*1.039*(273-150)

=101.97 Kj

QO2=1.2*29.33*0.8900*(273-150)

=3852.906 Kj

25

QN2+QO2=3954.876 Kj

CRYOGENIC DISTILLATION COLUMN

QLN2(At-1800C)=5.1*402.16*0.90*(273-180)

=171693.94 Kj……………………….1

QGN2(At-1700C)=4.19*100.55*0.21*(273-170)

=9091.6 Kj1…………………………2

LO2(At-1820C)=1.68*107.92*0.90(273-182)

=14848.92 Kj………………………….3

GO2(At-1700C)=1.64*26.98*0.89*(273-170)

=4056.140 Kj…………………………4

1+2+3+4=QN2+QO2(At-1700C)

199689.20 =199689.20

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DESIGN OF EQUIPMENT

27

DESIGN OF SHELL AND TUBE HEAT EXCHANGER

AVERAGE DENSITY OF NITROGEN AND OXYGEN AT 120C

FORMULAE

ρavg =x1 ρN2+x2 ρO2

=0.79*0.0803+0.021*0.0918

=0.0827 kg/m3

Similarly

AVERAGE DENSITY OF NITROGEN AND OXYGEN AT -800C

ρavg=0.122kg/m3

Cpavg of N2 and O2 at 120c

formulae

cpavg=x1 cp1 +x2 cp2

=0.79*1.039+.021*0.915

=1.0130 kj/kgk.

Similarly

Cpavg at -800 c =1.0130 kj/kgk

Average thermal conductivity at 120c

Kavg=x1 k1 +x2 k2

=0.79*0.024+0.21*0.034

=0.0262 w/mk

Similarly

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Average thermal conductivity at -800c=0.028 w/mk

Average thermal conductivity at 120c

μ= μ0(a/b)(T/TO ) 3/2 (suntherland formulae).

a=0.555*T0 +C

b=0.555T+C

CN2=111

T0 N2=541 R0=302.96K (1R0=0.56K)

μ0 N2=0.178cp

CO2-1.27

TO02=526 R0=294.56K

μat 120C=0.017*10^-3 pas (FOR N2)

μat -800C=0.704*10^-3 pas (FOR N2)

μ O2 AT 120C

= 0.0170*10^-3 pas

μ O2 AT -800C

=0.0122*10^-3 pas

μavg N2=x1 μ1+x2 μ2

=1.7*10^-5 pas

Q=U0 A ΔTlmtd

1/ UO=1/h0 +DO/Di*1/hi+D0/Dl (X/K)

Nu=0.023*(Nre)^0.8*(pr)^.3

Nre=74581.18.

Pr=5.065*10^-4

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Nu=18.67

hi=39.70 w/m2k

ho=9.43 w/m2k

Dl=0.01792 m

Uo=7.27 w/m2k

AREA=236.3m2

The common tube length’s for shell tube are 5,8,12,15,20 ft

If we take length of the tube is15m the no tubes is 250.

Optimum tube length to shell dia fall with in 5 t0 10m(colusnRichardson)

Tube pitch =D0*1.25

=0.025m(applicable for triangle and square pitch colusn Richardson

page no 592)

For 2passes

K1=0.249

N1=2.207

Formulae Db=do(Nt/k1)1/n1

=0.02(636/0.249)1/2.207

=0.70m

Since in the process gases involved we can take fixed head and find the value in the

table (coulson Richardson page no 590)

The value we get is 15mm thickness

To find Shell diameter

a=0.025m2

an=2*125*0.866*0.02=4.33m2

D=√an*4/3.14

30

Ds=2.5m

31

COST ESTIMATION

COST ESTIMATION

FORMULAE

32

I = IF+IS+IW

IF=Fixed capital investment in process area

IA=Capital Investment in auxillary services

IW=Capital investment as working capital

Equipment unit Cost Rs(LAKH)

Air filter 1 64.00,000

Air Compressor 1 38,00,000

Chiller 1 1,70,30,000

Molecular Sieves 1 1,60,000

Heat Exchanger 2 12,00,000

Turbine 1 5,00,000

Cryogenic Distillation

Column 1 3,50,000

Liquid Storage Tank 16,80,000

total 3,12,00,000

The equipment cost is chosen according to plant size and area of the plant and nature

of the metal using in each equipment operating pressure temperature.

DIRECT COST FACTOR

33

Items Factor

Delivered cost of equipments 1

Equipment installation 0.25

Installation 0.25

Instrumentation 0.25

Piping 0.60

Land and building 1.5

Foundation 0.20

Electrical 0.15

Clean up 1.5

Total 5.7

DIRECT COST OF PLANT=

DIRECT COST OF MAJOR EQUIPMENT*TOTAL DCF/10

=(312*5.7)/10

=178 LAKHS

INDIRECT COST FACTOR (ICF)

1. OVERHEAD CONTRACTOR 0.21

2. ENGINEERING FACTOR 0.33

3. CONTIGENCY FACTOR 0.42

TOTAL ICF 0.96

INDUSTRIAL PLANT COST =DIRECT COST OF PLANT*

34

TOTAL ICF

=178*0.96

=172 LAKHS

FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT(=IF)IN PROCESS AREA

=DCP+IPC

=178+172LAKHS

=350LAKHS

CAPITAL INSVESTMENT IN AUXILIARY SERVICES ITEMS

COST FACTOR

AUXILIARY BUILDINGS 7.5

WATER SUPPLY 1

ELECTRIC SUBSTRCTION 0.75

PROCESS WASTE SYSTEM 0.5

MATERIAL STORAGE 0.5

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM 0.35

ROADS 0.25

SANITARY AND WASTE DISPOSAL SYSTEM 0.1

COMMUNICATION AND FENCING 0.2

TOTAL 11.15

CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN AUXILIARY SERVICES IA

=FIXED CAPITAL INVESTMENT IN PROCESS*AS COST FACTOR/100

=350*11.15/100

= 39 LAKHS

35

INSTALLED COST =FIXED CAPITAL IN PROCESS+CAPITAL INVESTMENT

IN AS

=350+39

=389 LAKHS

CAPITAL INVESTMENT AS WORKING CAPITAL,IW

This is the capital invested in the form of cash to meet day to day expenses

inventories of raw materials and products. the working capital may be considered as

15% of the total investment made in the plant

Capital investment as working capital. IW

= 69 lakhs

ESTIMATION OF MANUFACTURING COST

DIVIDED IN TO THREE

A. COST PROPOTIONAL TO TOTAL INVESTMENT

B. COST PROPORTIONAL TO PRODUTION RATE

C. COST PROPORTIONAL TO CARBON REQUIRMENT

A Cost proportional to total investment this includes the factor which one

independent of production rate and proportional to fixed investment such as

Maintenance carbon and material

Property taxes

Insurance

Safety expenses

Security and first aid

For this purpose we shall change 15% of the installed cost of plant

36

=installed cost*. 15

=389*.15

=59lakhs

Cost proportional to production rate

Factor proportional to production are

Raw material cost

Utilities cost –power,fuel,water,stream

Maintenance cost

Chemical,warehouse,shipping,expenses etc

Assuming cost proportional to production rate

=total capital investment*.60

=458*.60

=275lakh

Cost proportional to labor requirement

This cost requirement amount to 10% of total manufacturing

Cost

=[(275+59)*1]/9

=37 lakhs

Manufacturing cost =37+275+59

=371 lakhs

Sale price of product Rs 80/l

Income through sales = 800lakhs.

PROFITABILITY ANALYSIS

37

A DEPRECIATION

According to sinking fund method

R=(V-Vs)I/(I+1)n -1

=(V-Vs)I /(1+I)n-1

R=uniform annual payment made at the end of each year

V=installed cost of plant

Vs=salvage value of plant after n year

N=life period (assumed to be 15 years)

I=annual interest rate (take 15%)

R=(389-0)*.15/(1.15)15-1

= 8.17lakhs

GROSS PROFIT

GROSS PROFIT =TOTAL SALES INCOME-MANUFACTURING COST

= 800-371

= 429 LAKHS

NET PROFIT

Its defined as annual rate of return on investment made after deducing depreciation

and taxes. The rate is assumed to be 40%

NET PROFIT=GROSS PROFIT –DEPRICIATION –(GROSS PROFIT *TAX

RATE)

=(429-8.17)-(429*.40)

= 249 lakhs

ANNUALRATE OF RETURN

RATE OF RETURN =(100*NET PROFIT/INSTALLED COST)

38

=100*249/389

=64%

PAYOUT PERIOD

=DEPRICIATION FIXED INVESTMENT/PROFIT+DEPRITIATION

=249/369+8.17

=8 YEARS.

39

PLANT LAYOUT

40

Security building

Time office

Adm

inistration office

Canteen

Power house

Stores

Rest roomProcessing unit

Storage

41

This is the common layout for any chemical industry where product must be stored in

high pressurized tanks since this project is manufacturing of liquid nitrogen from

cryogenic process the storage is very important for this kind of products.

THE PROCESS LAYOUT OF LIN PLANT

42

43

STORAGE AREA

Plant location and site selection

The location of the plant can have a crucial effect on the profitability of a project and

the scope for future expansion. Many factors must be considered when selecting a

suitable site. The factors to be considered are;

1. Location with respect to the marketing area.

2. Raw material supply.

3. Transport facilities

4. Availability of labor.

5. Availability of utilities: water, fuel, power.

6. Availability of suitable land.

7. Environmental impact, effluent disposal.

8. Local community considerations.

9. Climate.

10. Political and strategic considerations.

Marketing Area:

For materials that are produced in bulk quantities such as cement, mineral acids and

fertilizers where the cost of the product per tonne is relatively low and the cost of

transport a significant fraction of the sales price, the plant should be located close to

the primary market.

44

Materials:

The availability and price of suitable raw materials will often determine the site

location. Plant producing bulk chemicals are best located close to the source of the

major raw materials; where this is also close to the marketing area.

Transport:

The transport of materials and products to and from the plant will be overriding

considerations in site selection.

If practicable, site should be selected that is close to at least two major forms of

transport: road, rail, waterway (canal or river) or a sea port.

Availability of labor:

Labor will be needed for construction of the plant and its operations. Skilled

construction workers will usually be brought in from outside the site area, but there

should be an adequate pool of unskilled labour available locally.

Utilities (services)

Chemical processes invariably require large quantities of water for cooling and

general process use and plant must be located near a source of water of suitable

45

quantity. Process water may be drawn from a river, from wells or purchased from a

local authority.

Environment impact and disposal:

All industrial processes produce waste products and full consideration must be given

to the difficulties and cost of the disposal. The disposal of toxic and harmful effluents

will be covered by local regulations and the appropriate authorities must be consulted

during the initial site survey to determine the standards that must be met.

Local community considerations:

The proposed suitable land must be given to the plant so that it does not impose a

significant additional risk to the community.

Land (site selection)

Sufficient suitable land must be available for the proposed plant and for further

expansion. The land should ideally be flat, well drained and have suitable load

bearing characteristics.

SAFTEY

46

A little caution is needed when you handle liquid nitrogen the primary facts to be considered are

LN2 is extremely cold.

At atmospheric pressure, liquid nitrogen boils at -196°C.

LN2 produces a large amount of gas.

One liter of liquid nitrogen vaporizes into almost 0,7 m3 of nitrogen gas.

Either of these two properties can produce personal injury or property damage.

Do not allow objects cooled by liquid nitrogen to touch your bare

skin.

Contact with the skin may cause serious frostbite. Because it is extremely cold, it can freeze human

flesh almost instantaneously.

Even worse than sticking your tongue against the bottom of an ice-cube tray fresh from the freezer,

objects cooled by liquid nitrogen may stick to the skin and tear flesh away when you attempt to remove

the object. Use forceps or tongs to remove straws or canes from the storage container.

Protective clothing can reduce the hazards of handling liquid

nitrogen.

Insulated or heavy leather gloves should always be worn when handling any object that has been in

contact with liquid nitrogen. Loose fitting gloves are recommended so that they may be discarded

quickly in the event that any liquid nitrogen splashes into them. lf you are working with open

containers of liquid nitrogen, boots should be worn and trousers should not be tucked into the boots,

but worn outside.

Special containers are required.

Cryobiological storage containers are specifically designed and constructed to withstand the extreme

temperature variances involved in handling liquid nitrogen. These special containers should be filled

slowly to avoid the expansion stress that occurs as a result of the rapid cooling. Too much stress can

damage the container.

Do not seal the containers.

Cryobiological storage containers are designed to function with little or no internal pressure. The use of

any tight-fitting stopper or plug that prevents the adequate venting of gas builds up pressure that could

severely damage or even burst the container. Even icing or accumulated frost can interfere with proper

venting and containers should be checked for such obstructions. To assure safe operations, only the

original necktube core or approved accessories for closing the necktube should be used.

47

Transfer liquid nitrogen with care.

The primary hazards of transferring liquid nitrogen from one container to another are spilling and

splashing. Special funnels (with the top partially covered) will reduce splashing. For cryobiological

storage containers a self pressurizing discharge device is available that allows controlled LN,

withdrawal up to two litres per minute. Always follow carefully the instructions on containers or

accessories when transferring liquid nitrogen. Never overfill the containers. Filling above the specified

level is likely to produce spillage when the neck tube core is replaced.

Use solid metal or wooden dipsticks.

Because of the extremely low temperature of liquid nitrogen, plastic measuring devices tend to become

very brittle or even shatter. Never use hollow rods or tubes; the gasification and expansion of the

rapidly cooling liquid inside the tube will force liquid to spurt from the top of the tube. Always wear

insulated or heavy gloves when measuring.

Nitrogen gas is colourless, odourless, tasteless.

It reduces the concentration of oxygen and can cause suffocation. Since it cannot be detected by sight,

taste or smell, it may be inhaled as if it were air. That is why liquid nitrogen must always be stored and

used only in areas that are fully ventilated. As liquid nitrogen evaporates, the resulting nitrogen gas

displaces the normal air-and breathing air that is less than 18% oxygen may cause dizziness,

unconsciousness and even death.

To lessen the danger from nitrogen gas.

liquid nitrogen should be disposed of ONLY in outdoor areas. The liquid should be poured slowly onto

the ground (never on pavement) where it can evaporate into the open air.

Store containers in clean, dry areas.

Moisture, manure, caustic cleansers, chemicals or other substances which might cause corrosion should

be removed at once. Wash containers with plain water or mild detergent solution and then wipe dry.

Transport containers with care.

Closed trucks or vans are not recommended for transporting cryobiological storage containers;

ventilation is required to prevent nitrogen gas from accumulating. In addition, containers should be

secured in an upright position to prevent spillage and they should be protected from heavy jolting or

colliding with one another.

Handle containers with care.

48

A few simple precautions in the handling of your cryobiological storage containers can protect you and

your valuable stocks.

Containers should always be stored in an upright position. Tipping the container or letting it lie on its

side can result in spillage and may damage the container or the materials stored in it. Dropping the

container or subjecting it to severe vibrations may damage the vacuum insulation system. Walking or

dragging containers could result in a partial or complete vacuum loss. For containers that cannot be

easily and safely carried, a roller base can provide safe and easy movement of containers.

Container Contents.

The extremely low temperature of the liquid nitrogen or nitrogen gas provides the protection of the

materials stored in cryobiological storage containers. When all of the liquid nitrogen has evaporated,

the temperature inside the container will rise slowly. The rate of evaporation depends upon the age,

condition and use pattern of the container. Opening and closing the container or moving it about will

reduce its cooling efficiency. You should check the liquid nitrogen level in your containers at least

weekly; make sure there is enough liquid nitrogen in the container to maintain the required temperature

to avoid damage to the ampoules, canes, straws or vials stored in the container. lf the liquid has

evaporated faster than usual or if the container is covered with frost or condensation, the vacuum

system may be damaged. In such instances, transfer the contents to another container and remove the

damaged one from service at once.

 FIRST AID

If anyone working with liquid nitrogen becomes dizzy or loses consciousness, move him to a fully

ventilated area at once and call a doctor. If he appears to have difficulty breathing, administer oxygen.

Where breathing has stopped, apply artificial respiration immediately and then give oxygen. Keep the

person warm and as calm as possible until the doctor arrives.

If a person is exposed to liquid nitrogen or gas, the affected tissue should be restored to normal body

temperature as quickly as possible. Remove or loosen any clothing, belts, collars, etc., that might

restrict circulation to the affected area, and bathe or immerse the area in water heated to 42°C.

Do not heat water above 45°C. Protect the injured tissue from further damage or infection and call a

doctor. Do not rub the affected area in an attempt to improve circulation

6Personal protection equipment

49

Special instructions for protection and hygiene

Wash the hands before breaks and after work. DURING TANK CLEANING

OPERATIONS FOLLOW SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS (risk of oxygen displacement

and ethers).

Respiratory protection

Respirator (organic vapor filter, type Ax)

Hand protection

Protective gloves (e.g. of butyl rubber).

Eye protection

Safety goggles if there is a risk of splashing.

Skin protection

Protective clothing when needed.

STORAGE

50

CONCLUSION

LIN is prodeuced this process was selected as it was simple in concept, economical

and has the virtue of being a single product technology, an important consideration for

product of such enormous volume.

In this project we had dealt with the cost estimation and the feasibility of the project.

51

BIBILIOGRAPHY

Encyclopedia of chemical engineering Krick othmer

Cryogenic systems by Randall F.Barron

Compressors by Royce N. brown

Chemical engineering by Coulson and Richardson

Perry’s hand book of chemical engineering

Cryogenic engineering by Thomas M Flynn

www.elsevier.com

www.bookaid.org

www.google.com

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.

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