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Unit 4:
Many Voices
Cultural Empowerment
Ch. 8: A Growing Nation
How did the growth of Canada during the 1870’s and 1880’s
affect the people in the various region?
Political ExpansionExpansion across
the continent included land purchases, treaties and negotiating.
North-West Territories– In 1869, the
government bought Rupert’s land and the North-west Territories.–This included the future
provinces like Manitoba–They were both
governed by Ottawa
British Columbia–By 1868 the gold rush was over,
but the colony needed to provide expensive services like roads–They chose to join Canada over
the United States because of the future railroad
P.E.I.–This colony was also indebt
because they were building their own railway.–Canada paid their debts and
offered a steamship service to the mainland.
Treaties with First Nations–In order to settle the west and begin
a transcontinental railway, MacDonald had to make deals with the Native peoples living there
–This became known as the Numbered Treaties–There were 11
in total. The main terms included the following:
Lands would be kept for ReservesAll Native groups would receive
money each as supportSettlers would be allowed to live
peacefully on the traditional lands
Red River SettlementThis is the creation of what is now
Manitoba. It includes the Metis and a
Rebellion.
–It started along the banks of the Assiniboine and Red Rivers in the late 1700’s.–By 1869 the population was
approximately 12 000 and the majority was Metis.
Metis (see pp. 148/9)–they were a mixed
people descended from French, British and First Nations.–They belong in
neither group, so they slowly created their own identity.
–Most spoke at least three languages (French, English and Michif).–Michif was a
combination of French and Nehinawe (Cree).–Most Metis were of
Christian Faith
–There main source of food was the Buffalo–The hunt include 100 000 men and
followed strict rules.–Farming was another source of food
and income
Events at Red River *–The Metis worried over what would
happen to them because of the purchase of the North-west Territories.–They feared for their lands.
Red River SettlementSurveyors Arrive–In the summer of 1869 the
surveyors arrived and started marking off land which included Metis farms.–This upset the Metis and Louis Riel
confronted them
Red River SettlementNational committee of the Metis–After the surveyors left, they
united to decide how to protect their lands.–The Montreal educated Riel was
an important figure
Red River SettlementForming a Provisional Government–After driving back the Lt.-Governor of
NWT, the Metis took control of Fort Garry–They believed they owned the land
and should be negotiated with like other colonies joining Canada
Red River SettlementNegotiating–A Bill of Rights was drafted and
sent to Ottawa,–This included issues on education
and rights to land.
Red River SettlementTrouble at Fort Garry–Some non-Metis settlers disagreed
with the Metis and were jailed.–After planned escapes and threats
Thomas Scott was executed.
Red River SettlementTrouble in Ottawa–This led to disagreements in
Ottawa–French-speaking Canadians saw
him as a hero, while the English thought he was a murderer.–MacDonald avoided the issue.
Red River SettlementThe Province of Manitoba–MacDonald finally worked out an
agreement with the Metis. –This became the Manitoba Act
and the creation of a new province of Canada.
Red River SettlementRiel Leaves–Over the next five years Riel is
threatened, elected to Parliament and exiled for 5 years. (see p. 153)–After his term of 5 years was over
he would be given amnesty.
A Plan for the CountryIn late 1873 MacDonald resigns
because of a conflict of interest accusation.
Alexander Mackenzie leads the government for 5 years.
MacDonald is re-elected based on his Plan for the Country.
A Plan for the CountryNational Policy–This is a set of main ideas a
government uses when it makes decisions or makes policy and law.–MacDonald believed the National
Policy should be focused on the Economy
A Plan for the CountryNational Policy (cont.)–This included manufacturing its own
products from its own resources–The second point was encouraging
immigration – The third point was building a
national railway to move both product and people across Canada.
A Plan for the CountryEncouraging Immigration–This was inspired through
homesteading–Homesteading allowed new
immigrants move to areas never farmed before.–They were sold 64.7 hectares for
$10
A Plan for the CountryCanadian Pacific Railway–It began in 1880, eight years after
it was promised to British Columbia and the rest of the colonies who joined Confederation.
A Plan for the CountryA Difficult Job–Building the railway across the
prairies was the easiest part because it was flat–Greater challenges were faced
along the north shores of the Great Lakes
A Plan for the Country–The greatest challenge was the
steep Rocky Mountains.–Upon its completion in 1885 it was
the longest railway in the world–But, this came a great cost in
money and lives.
A Plan for the CountryChinese Railway Workers–The contractors had trouble find
people willing to do the very dangerous jobs.–Plus the cost of labour was
increasing–Both of these problems were
solved with Chinese Immigrants
A Plan for the Country–Between 1881 and 1884 approx.
17 000 Chinese men immigrated to Canada–Conditions were horrible• Little food, shelter and wages added
with the dangerous jobs dealing with explosives
Effects of the National PolicyThis policy worked well for Central
Canada.But, East and West were
disappointed with the results
Effects of the National PolicyProblems in the West–Cost of shipping raw materials were
very high making it hard to make a profit–With no manufacturing industry they
depended on Central industries.–This lead to high prices for
manufactured goods
Effects of the National PolicyProblems and the East–High import taxes slowed down
International trade–High prices for manufactured
goods did not match the return on raw materials shipped to Central Canada
Effects of the National PolicyThe Government’s Response–Nothing was done satisfy the
complaints of West and East–This would become a wedge
within Canadian Politics for the next 130 years