Date post: | 29-Jan-2018 |
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Foot and Mouth Disease
Aphthous fever
Tiger Heart
Highly contagious
Some time fatal
Viral disease of cloven-footed animals
cattle, buffalo, sheep and goats
Occurrence
Asia, Africa,Europe the Middle East and South America
1. AETIOLOGY
causative agent
Family Picornaviridae genus Aphthovirus.
serotypes:
A
O
C
SAT1
SAT2
SAT3
Asia-1
Temperature:
progressively inactivated by temperatures above 50°C
pH:
Inactivated by pH <6.0 or >9.0
Disinfectants:
Inactivated by sodium hydroxide (2%), sodium carbonate (4%), and citric acid (0.2%).
2. EPIDEMIOLOGY
Hosts
Bovine
Sheep
Goat
Camel
Swine
Low mortality rate adult animals
Oftenly high mortality young due to myocarditis
TransmissionAnimate vectors
Inanimate vectors
Clinically affected animals
Inhalation
People wearing contaminated clothes or footwear or using contaminated equipment
Hay, feedstuffs, contaminated with the virus.
Contaminated water
3. Clinical signs Drooling of saliva Sticky, foamy
Anoraxia
Shivering
Pyraxia Raised temperature. (104-106 F)
Reduced milk yield
Lameness with reluctance to move
Sores and blisters on the feet, in the mouth or on the tongue
In case of females Sores and blisters on teat
Oftenly high mortality young due to myocarditis
Low feed intake painful tongue & mouth lesions
Postmortem findings :
Necrosis of heart muscle (tiger heart), usually only in young acutely infected animals.
Ulcerative lesions on tongue, palate, gums, pillars of the rumen and feet
4. Pathogenesis
Infection through inhalation, the most efficient method of infection, virus can also gain entry to tissues through ingestion, insemination and inoculation, and through contact with abraded skin..
Primary viral replication, after inhalation,takes place in the mucosal and lymphatic tissues of the pharynx.
Viraemia follows primary multiplication with further viral replication in lymph nodes, mammary glands and other organs as well as the epithelial cells of the mouth, muzzle, teats, interdigital skin and coronary band.
In these areas of stratified squamous epithelium, vesicle formation results from swelling and rupture of keratinocytesin the stratum spinosum
5. DiagnosisClinical signs
For Lab tests take 1g epithelium of lesions (ruptured or not)
ELISA
Complement fixation test
Serological tests
ELISA
Virus neutralisation test
All submissions should accompany a history
6. TreatmentTreatment usually not practiced, in some cases
o Anti-pyretics
o Anti-biotics
It is recommended that at the face of an outbreak, isolation and slaughter of diseased animals should be done
Animals at risk must be vaccinated and tested serologically in regular intervals of time.
Vaccination failure may occur due to
Lack of the prevailing serotype,
Poor amount of immunogen in the vaccine
7. Vaccination
•Proper Vaccine Schedule at the Farm with good Quality Vaccine•Vaccinate all the healthy animals with good quality vaccine including infected animals to minimize the shedding if FMD Virus.
FMD VRI vaccine: Aftovac pure
INACTIVATED VACCINE: Aftovax
Vaccinate only healthy animals
8. Control Disinfection
Disinfect equipments and floor with house hold bleach (2 parts with 3 parts water mixed thoroughly)
Remove all organic matter Manure, dirt, feed, etc.
Vehicles, shoes, equipment
Arrange separate cover-allsfor laborers for work place.
Improve vaccination procedure with cold chain
8. Losses due to FMD About six Arab losses are due to FMD in Pakistan
annually.
Production losses are more as compare to mortality.
Reduced milk production cause huge economic losses to farmers and on the national economy.
Milk production may be permanently affected, even in animals that have recovered
FMD can devastate industry early detection and response is key to minimizing economic impact.
What should Farmer do if he suspects that animals on his
farm may have FMD?
Separate the Infected animals from healthy ones
Livestock farmer have proper vaccine schedule on his farm with good quality vaccine or consult local veterinarian for good quality FMD vaccine.
If you suspect disease in any of your animals you must contact your local veterinarian.
And not to send your animals outside for grazing. Any delay could allow the disease to spread further.