Mao Tse.tung and N. S. Khrushchov...

PEKING August 12, 1958

24

R E V I EW Mao Tse.tung and N. S. Khrushchov Meet

1 - Text of the Communique (p. 6). 2 - The Powerful Voice of Peace (p. 3). 3 - A Great Call, A Grave Warning (p. 9).

Mid-Year Report: Booming Economy Latest facts released by the State Statistical Bureau on the big leap in China's economy (p. 11).

f/ From Suez to Lebanon A review of the pattern of U.S. aggression in the Middle East (p. 13).

/g¢ Chinese Statement Supporting Soviet Proposal

for an Emergency U.N. Session

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C H I N A , w i l l b e p u b l i s h e d i n O c t o b e r t h i s y e a r . S u b s c r i p t i o n s a n d o r d e r s c a n n o w b e t a k e n .

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PEKING REVI EW

(BEIJING ZHOUBAO)

A WEEKLY MAGAZINE OF CHINESE NEWS AND VIEWS

August 12, 1958 Vol. I No. 24

CONTENTS

ROUND THE WEEK 4 Sharp Contrast ; Technical Revolut ion

Rolls On; Growing Machine-Tools Indus t ry ; The News Comes to Their "Kang"; Another Chinese - Made Limousine; Hydraul ic Mining Starts; Song of the Week

DOCUMENTS Communique on Meeting Between Mao

Tse- tung and N.S. K h r u s h c h o v 6

Chinese Governmen t S ta tement Sup- porting Soviet Proposal for an Emer- gency Special U.N. General Assembly Session 8

ARTICLES A Great Call, A Grave Warn ing 9

Mid-Year Report: Booming Economy 11

From Suez to Lebanon - - Sung Li 13

Cl~ina Ahead of U.S.A. in Wheat - - Meng Yung-ch ten 15

A Page of Provincial News - - Chen Po-san 16

A Canal Through the Mounta ins 17

BOOKS 18

"The Long March"

THEATRE 19 "Ballad of the Ming Tombs Reservoir"

CHINA AND THE WORLD 20 Peking Peace Rally; Korean Delega-

tion; Gift f rom Mongolia; Nine Valiant Orchids; Religion in China; Cultural News; Visitors

CHINESE PRESS OPINION 21

SinG-Soviet Cammunique : U.N. Emer- gency Session; Two Faced; Enemy of Small Nations; U.S. Tes ts Poison Asian Air; The Pass ing Show

WHAT'S ON IN PEKING 23

Published every Tuesday by PEKING REVIEW, Pal Wan Chuang, Peking (37). China

Cable Address: PEKING 6170

Post Office Reqistratlon No. 2-521

Printed in the People's Republic of Chino

The Powerful Voice of Peace T HE communique on the talks held in Peking between Chairmen

Mao Tse-tung and N.S. Khrushchov is not merely a policy statement but also a magnificent programme of action on the issue of combating aggression and safeguarding peace. China and the Soviet Union saw eye to eye on all the questions discussed; they reached full agreement on measures to be taken. This complete unity of view and action of the two countries adds to the might of the growing forces of peace; it strikes another shat- tering blow at the imperialist warmongers. That's why all the peoples of the world who cherish peace and freedom have greeted the communique with joy and high hopes while the imperialists and colonialists have read it with alarm and hatred.

China and the Soviet Union have once again pledged their full support for the just struggle of the Arab countries and for the national independence movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America. They demand the immediate withdrawal of U.S. and British troops from Lebanon and Jordan. They sharply condemn imperialist interference in the domestic affairs of other countries and demand that the right of every people to choose its o w n social and political system be fully respected.

The aggressive imperialist bloc headed by the United States is feverishly preparing a new war. The danger of war is heightened at the present moment by the U.S.-British aggression against Lebanon and Jordan. In sharp contrast, China and the Soviet Union have been working consistently to relax world tension. To this end, the communique calls for a conference of heads of governments of the big powers, peaceful co-existence of all countries whatever their social systems, the settlement of all international disputes through peaceful negotiation, and the expansion of economic and cultural relations among nations, on the basis of mutual benefit and peaceful competition. In addition, the communique stresses the urgency of reducing armaments, stopping atomic tests, dismantling all military blocs and military bases on foreign soil, and concluding collective security pacts.

China and the Soviet Union are staunch champions of peace. But they know perfectly well that peace can be had only by fighting for it, not by begging for it. They stand ready at all times to pay any aggressor back in his own coin, and with interest. The .communique warns the imperialist war maniacs that if they should dare to impose war on the peoples of the world, all the countries and peoples who love peace and freedom will unite closely to wipe them out completely and establish eternal peace.

The Peking talks further consolidate SinG-Soviet solidarity and co-operati0n based on complete equality and comradely mutual h e l p . With their economies developing by leaps and bounds, such a strengthening of all-round co-operation between the two socialist countries further contributes to the cause of world peace and socialism.

SinG-Soviet solidarity is based on the common ideal of Marxism-Leninism. The communique reiterates the need to continue an uncompromising struggle against revisionism as clearly manifested in the Programme of the League of Yugoslav Communists.

The Chinese people heartily welcome the meeting between Mao Tse-tung and N. S. Khrushchov. They stand ready to do their part in carrying out the tasks defined in the communique.

$

ROUND

Sharp Oontrast Figures are often dry, but not these,

comments R e n m i n Ribao on the figures for China's economic achievements in the first half of 1958 released by the State Statistical Bureau. (See page 11.) This is a lyric singing of the tremendous things 600 million people have accom- plished in six months' time!

These are great days, said the paper. "While the East rejoices the West is plunged in gloom." The "big leap forward" in every branch of China's na- t ional economy in the first half of this year stands in sharp contrast to the deterioration of the capitalist world, beset by worries and crisis. In May this year, the index of industrial production in the United States decreased 11.2 per cent compared with the same period of last year. Steel output for April was 45 per cent lower than in April 1957. Coal was down by 24 per cent, oil by 16 per cent, production of motor vehicles b y 40 per cent, and machinery and equipment by 20 per cent.

Britain's industrial production de- clined, too. Its steel output in June this year was 10 per cent less than in June 1957. All the facts point to one thing: China will surpass Britain in the output of major industrial products in the not distant f u t u r e - - m u c h earlier than previously envisaged. For the first half of 1958 is just a beginning, a foretaste of bigger things to come. Many of the new water conservancy projects which have increased the country's irrigated area by 420 million m u were not finished in time to benefit the winter wheat and the expansion of local industries has only just begun. The full effect of the current upsurge in China's agriculture and industry has yet to show itself. When it does, the contrast of economic upswing on the one hand and downturn and foreboding on the other will be still more marked.

Teohnioal Revolution Rolls On The way the technical and cultural

revolutions are currently rolling on gives confidence that China can catch up with the world's advanced levels in science and technology in a much shorter t ime than was at first anticipated. This is the considered opinion as expressed by Vice-Premier Nieh Jung- chen, who is Chairman of the Planning Committee for the Development of Science.

THE WEEK

Writing in a recent number of Ren- rain Ribao, Vice-Premier Nieh, who, by the way, besides being one of China's outstanding mili tary commanders in the revolutionary wars, is an engineer by education, discussed the course of China's technical revolution. He re- called that though China's production and technological levels had risen sharply in the eight years and more s ince liberation, she still lagged behind the industrially developed countries. However, the material and technical conditions for the technical revolution had been created by the construction of a large number of up-to-date industrial enterprises with the 156 projects built with Soviet help as their backbone. Now all appropriate measures would be taken to carry out the mechanization and electrification of the country and to equip certain important branches of industry with the latest techniques so as to bring China out on a level with the leading industrial countries of the world.

While the primary task of science and technology was to study and solve the most pressing problems connected with industrial and agricultural production and construction, "pure science," theo- retical and long-term research work would not be neglected, he wrote.

Vice-Premier Nieh also stressed that proper attention should be paid to the innovations and in- ventions of the people in the scientific and technological fields. Since last winter, these were being developed on a mass scale. It was necessary to sum up this mass experience, improve on and popularize the valuable lessons learnt from it. Such innovations were of great revolutionary significance, for though on the surface they might seem "trivial" or "unimportant," they could increase labour efficiency many times over and pave the way for the switch.over of production throughout the country to a modern technical basis.

Meanwhile, said Nieh Jung- chen, "we must pay more attention to stepping up research in the newest branches of modern science and technology. We should and can master, in not too long a time, the latest techniques in atomic fission, thermo- nuclear reaction, the use of

atomic energy in all fields, radio and electronics, jet propulsion, rockets and the conquest of outer space . . . . "

Growing Maohine.Tools Industry The heavy machine-tools plant at

Wuhan, the triple-city on the Yangtse, has been "put into operation one and a half years ahead of schedule. It has the most up-to-date equipment. This year it will make 200 heavy machine-tools of 12 types to feed the rapidly expanding machine-building industry. The smallest tools made here will weigh scores of tons, while the biggest, two or three storeys high, will weigh several hundred tons. When in full operation, it will produce heavy machine-tools to scores of specifications.

China's machine-building industry is making rapid headway. Several provinces have announced plans to ac- celerate expansion of their machine- building industries to meet the ever growing needs of industry and agriculture in their localities.

In Hunan Province, 13 main plants and 11 auxil iary ones are being built at various points to serve as the basis of a machine-building industry which will supply machine-tools, internal combustion engines, tractors and complete sets of equipment for the textile, chemical and metallurgical industries. Most of these plants will be commissioned in the latter

Small but does the job. This small blast furnace has a capacity of only five tons a day m b u t there are thousands like it in China today. Together, they add up to a big story, the epic of China's industrial advance based on the prin- ciple of developing enterprises of every

s ize m big, medium and small

p a r t of 1959. I n addi t ion , a g r ea t n u m - be r of m a c h i n e shops wil l be se t up in sma l l e r ci t ies to m a k e a n d r e p a i r o rd ina ry m a c h i n e r y a n d e q u i p m e n t . All of t he 3,000 t o w n s h i p s in t h e p r o v i n c e wil l h a v e t he i r own m a c h i n e r e p a i r s ta t ions .

In the S i n k i a n g U i g h u r A u t o n o m o u s Region, a m a c h i n e - b u i l d i n g i n d u s t r y is n o w r i s ing a longs ide the i ron a n d s teel indus t ry . By Oc tobe r 1, m o r e t h a n 6,000 n e w m e d i u m a n d s m a l l m a c h i n e p l an t s wi l l be set up in the reg ion w h i c h is h u n g r y for m a c h i n e r y n o w t h a t local i ndus t r i e s a re popp ing up e v e r y w h e r e .

In Y u n n a n Prov ince , in t he sou thwes t , p lans h a v e been d r a w n up to deve lop the iron, s teel and m a c h i n e - b u i l d i n g indus - t r ies a t t he s a m e t ime. T h e two indus t r i a l cit ies of K u n m i n g and Kok iu will be f u r t h e r deve loped in to t e c h n i c a l een t res for t he m a c h i n e - b u i l d i n g indus t ry . M a c h i n e - m a k i n g p l an t s wil l be se t up in all t h e a d m i n i s t r a t i v e reg ions a n d a r e a s i nhab i t ed by n a t i o n a l minor i t i e s .

These a reas , d i f f e r e n t in size, n a t u - ra l co~di t ions a n d i n d u s t r i a l po ten t i a l , a re i nd ica t ive of t he w a y t h e m a c h i n e - bu i ld ing i n d u s t r y in C h i n a is b e i n g developed.

The News Comes to Their "Kanc" " W i n d - b o r n e e a r s " a re w h a t t he

p e a s a n t s of H e i l u n g k i a r g , t he n o r t h e r n - mos t p rov ince of Ch ina , cal l t he red i f fu - s ion l oudspeake r s w h i c h b r i n g t h e m the news of the day, on t he h o m e f r o n t a n d f r o m abroad , songs a n d music , a n d key t ips on socia l is t c o n s t r u c t i o n in o t h e r p a r t s of China . In t he mos t ou t -o f - t he -

w a y vi l lages, people n o w get to k n o w w h a t is h a p p e n i n g in the w o r l d w h i l e they s i t c h a t t i n g a f t e r t h e day ' s w o r k is over, .pipe in h a n d , on t he kang (a k ind of b r i ck bed w h i c h c a n be h e a t e d f rom b e n e a t h in win te r ) .

On the p r e s e n t scale th i s se rv ice is s o m e t h i n g n e w to the peasan t s , one of the f ru i t s of the c u l t u r a l r evo lu t ion , the tw in b r o t h e r of the t e c h n i c a l r e v o l u t i o n t h a t is sweep ing C h i n a ' s coun t rys ide .

Eve ry p rov ince in C h i n a n o w a ims to set up a n a l l inc lus ive radio red i f fus ion ne twork . H e i l u n g k i a n g is in t he lead. By the end of Ju ly , 228,300 l o u d s p e a k e r s had been ins ta l l ed in t he v i l lages of t he province , in schools a n d v i l l age c lubs , m a r k e t p laces a n d homes. The ne t - works can be hooked u p to the n a t i o n a l rad io p r o g r a m m e s bu t t he p rov inc i a l g o v e r n m e n t a n d C o m m u n i s t P a r t y com- mi t tee , and P a r t y c o m m i t t e e s d o w n to the var ious l ower levels , t o d a y m a k e f r e q u e n t local use of t h e m .

W h a t used to t a k e t en days to r e a c h t he p e a s a n t s in a l l p a r t s of the p r o v i n c e can now be got to t h e m in a

m a t t e r of minu te s . T h e success of t h e "b ig leap f o r w a r d " in H e i l u n g k i a n g P r o v - ince owes a lot to i ts r ed i f fus ion ne t - work . The H e i l u n g k i a n g p e a s a n t s now get t i m e l y w e a t h e r fo recas t s by radio red i f fus ion . Be ing "on the r ad io" t oday gives t h e m t h e fee l ing of be ing " u p to t he m i n u t e " w i th the news and events . T h e d i s t a n c e b e t w e e n t own a n d f a r m - s t ead h a s b e e n n a r r o w e d e v e n more. I t h a s g i v e n t h e m a k e e n e r a w a r e n e s s of poli t ics , t he u rge to keep up w i t h the t imes , to bu i ld soc ia l i sm by do ing "more , fas ter , b e t t e r a n d m o r e econom- ical ly." Col lec t ive f a r m hus t l e h a s got a new al ly in the b a t t l e a g a i n s t h a y s e e d conse rva t i sm.

H e i l u n g k i a n g , t h e f i rs t p rov ince in C h i n a to w i n t h e d i s t inc t ion of " n o i l l i t e r a t e s a m o n g the y o u n g e r g e n e r a - t ions , " is t o d a y v e r y b roadcas t -consc ious . I t no t on ly h a s a rad io red i f fus ion se r - v ice fo r t he p r o v i n c e b u t is m a k i n g its o w n loudspeakers - -300 ,0OO a year .

Another Chinese-Made Limousine Hongqi (Red Flag) is the name of the

l a t e s t s e d a n m a d e in China . I t is a de l uxe p a s s e n g e r car, the second of its k ind p r o d u c e d by the F i r s t Moto r W o r k s at C h a n g c h u n , n o r t h e a s t China . The first was t he Dong Feng {East Wind) , also a 6-.seater, w h i c h c a m e off the a s s e m b l y l ine in M a y a n d h i t t he head l ines w h e n it was p r e s e n t e d to t h e Ch i n e s e Com- m u n i s t P a r t y Congress t h e n in session. (See No. 12, M a y 1O.)

T h e n e w c a r is p o w e r e d w i t h a n 8- cy l i nde r eng ine a n d can do 185 k.p.h. I t is shock a n d sound proof, a n d a i r - condi t ioned . Doors a n d w i n d o w s a re all e l ec t r i ca l ly cont ro l led . The d a s h b o a r d , m a d e of scen ted m a h o g a n y , a f a m o u s Ch inese t imb e r , a n d a Ch i n e s e r u g on its floor g ive t h e Hongqi a specia l C h i n e s e f lavour .

C h i n a h a s come a long w a y in car p roduc t ion . B e f o r e 1949, the yea r the c o u n t r y was l i b e r a t e d f rom K u o m i n t a n g rule , C h i n a h a d no m o t o r i n d u s t r y to s p e a k of. Up to t h e e n d of 1957, she p r o d u c e d only one type of lo r ry m t h e " L i b e r a t i o n " model . Now she is p r o d u c i n g m o r e t h a n 50 types of c a r s - - f r o m sedans , b a b y cars , 3 -whee led t rucks to jeeps an d h e a v y - d u t y t rucks . T h e s e s t r i de s h a v e b e e n m a d e in a m a t t e r of a f ew mon ths . Today, no t on ly C h a n g - chun , t he f i rs t m o t o r i n d u s t r y cent re , b u t Pek ing , T ien t s in , S h a n g h a i , N a n k i n g a n d s eve r a l o the r ci t ies a r e m a k i n g m o t o r vehic les . A n d they a r e t u r n i n g t h e m ou t fast .

Hydraulic Mining Starts W i t h the f i rs t hyd rau l i c coa l -mine

p u t in to ope ra t i on a t t h e K a i l a n

Col l iery, Hopei P rov ince , Ch ina ' s coat i n d u s t r y e n t e r s a n e w s tage of deve lopmen t . This m o d e r n m e t h o d of m i n i n g wil l be i n t r o d u c e d on a wide scale. Th i s wa s dec ided a t t h e n a t i o n a l c o n f e r e n c e on c o a t - m i n i n g r ecen t ly held a t T a n g s h a n , c e n t r e of the coa l -min ing d i s t r i c t in Hopei P rov ince .

T h e c o n f e r e n c e c o n s i d e r e d hydrau l i c m i n i n g bes t su i t ed to t h e rap id e x p a n - s ion of C h i n a ' s coal i n d u s t r y because i t s impl i f ies w o r k i n g processes , f rees the m i n e r f rom h e a v y m a n u a l l abour , cuts p r o d u c t i o n costs, etc. H y d r a u l i c m i n i n g wi l l p l a y a p r i n c i p a l p a r t in deve lop ing t h e c o u n t r y ' s coal indus t ry . A p a r t f r om Kai l an , four o t h e r col l ier ies h a v e decided to c h a n g e o v e r to h y d r a u l i c m i n i n g th is year .

In keep ing w i t h the sp i r i t of the t i m e s - - t o be v e r s a t i l e a n d e c o n o m i c a l - - col l ier ies wil l m a k e t h e i r o w n equ ip- men t . T h e y a r e t u r n i n g t h e i r m a c h i n e - r e p a i r shops in to m a n u f a c t u r i n g p l an t s to p r o d u c e m a c h i n e s a n d tools for the n e w ven tu re . A c o a l - a n d - w a t e r p u m p w i t h a w o r k i n g h e a d of 300 me t r e s , a m a j o r m a c h i n e used in h y d r a u l i c min ing , has been success fu l ly bu i l t by eng inee r s a t t h e K a i l a n Col l ie ry w o r k i n g in c o - o p e r a t i o n w i t h the C o a l - m i n i n g Resea rch I n s t i t u t e a t T a n g s h a n .

Song of the Week Ilalma'rakah (To Bat t le!) , t h e f ight ing

song by M u h a m m a d All A lm oo j i of t he U n i t e d A r a b Republ ic , sung t h r o u g h o u t the A r a b count r ies , h a s b e e n chosen as " S o n g of the W e e k " for A u g u s t 11-17 by the Ch i n e s e C e n t r a l People ' s Broad - ca s t ing S ta t ion . Ilalma'rakah t h a t in - sp i res A r a b m e n a n d w o m e n to he igh t s of h e r o i s m in f igh t ing i m p e r i a l i s m is p r i n t e d th i s w e e k on t h e f r o n t page of the s t a t i on ' s rad io p r o g r a m m e s , w i t h score a n d lyr ics in Ch inese t r a n s l a t i o n a n d wi l l soon be h e a r d a n d k n o w n all ove r

Ch ina .

" S o n g of the W e e k " is a p e r m a n e n t f ea tu re , on the a i r r e g u l a r l y b e t w e e n 8:25 a n d 8:30 p.m. e v e r y even ing . Each w e e k it c a r r i e s a p o p u l a r song, t he be s t of t he l a t e s t w r i t t e n in Ch ina , or one by a fo re ign composer . I t is i n t r o d u c e d by a sk i l led song l e a d e r w h o ' l l see you k n o w it by the end of t h e week. L i s t e n e r s h a v e t a k e n to th i s f e a t u r e and mi l l ions h a v e l e a r n t songs f r o m o t h e r A s i a n and A f r i c a n coun t r i e s th i s way.

W i t h t h e m a i n n e w s b r o a d c a s t of t he day be ing r e l a y e d t h r o u g h o u t t he n a t i o n a t 8:30, t h i s is p e a k l i s t en ing t ime in China . T h e f ive m i n u t e s before t he news a l w a y s get a b ig audience . Ilalma'rakah wil l u n d o u b t e d l y be followed by m a n y eage r l i s t ene r s - - and

l ea rne r s .

Document

Communique on Meeting Between Mao Tse-tung and N. S. Khrushchov

Mao Tse-tung, Chairman of the Cent ra l Commit tee of the Communis t Pa r ty of China and Cha i rman of the People's Republic of China, and N.S. Khrushchov, First Secretary of the Central Commit tee of the Communis t Par ty of the Soviet Union and Chai rman of the Council of Ministers of the U.S.S.R., me t and held talks in Peking from Ju ly 31 to At~gust 3, 1958.

Also taking par t in the talks on the side of China were'.

Chou En-lai, P remier of the State Council,

Marshal Peng Teh-huai, Vice-Premier of the State Council and Minister of National Defence,

Chen Yi, Vice-Premier of the State Council and Minis- ter of Foreign Affairs,

Wang Chia-hsiang, Member of the Secretar iat of the Central Commit tee of the Communis t Pa r ty of China.

Also taking par t in the talks on the side of the U.S.S.R. were:

Marshal R.Y. Malinovsky, Minister of Defence,

V.V. Kuznetsov, Acting Minister of Foreign Affairs,

B.N. Ponomarev, Member of the Central Commit tee of the Communis t Pa r ty of the Soviet Union.

In an a tmosphere of perfect sincerity and cordiality, the two parties to the talks held al l-round discussions on urgent and impor tant questions of the present international situation, on the fur ther s t rengthening of the relations of friendship, alliance and mutual assistance between China and the Soviet Union, and on the common struggle for the peaceful se t t lement of international issues and maintenance of world peace, and reached complete uni ty of views.

The two part ies agreed that the Soviet Union and China, together with the other countries in the socialist camp and all other peace-loving countries and peoples, have achieved great successes in the struggle to ease international tension and maintain peace. The policy of peace of China and the Soviet Union has won the increasingly widespread sympathy and support of the peoples of the world. India, Indonesia, the United Arab Republic and the other countries and people of Asia, Africa, America and Europe who uphold peaceful co-existence are playing an ever more impor tan t par t in consolidating peace. The forces of peace have already grown to an unprecedented extent.

In contrast to this clear and unal terable policy which is in the vital interests of the peoples of our two countries as well as of those of the other countries of the world,

6

the aggressive imperial is t bloc headed by the United States monopoly groups pers is tent ly opposes peaceful co-existence and co-operation, s tubbornly refuses to ease international tension, obstructs a meet ing of the heads of government of the big powers, steps up prepara t ions for a new war and threa tens the peace and the securi ty of all peoples. The imperial is t forces are the enemy of peace, democracy, national independence and socialism. They have patched together aggressive mil i tary and political blocs and dotted the world wi th their mil i tary bases; they are in terfer ing more and more brazenly in the internal affairs of other countries.

The a rmed aggression recent ly carried out by the United States and Bri tain against the Lebanon and Jordan and the a rmed threa t they pose to the Republic of Iraq and the United Arab Republic have grea t ly increased the tension in the Near and Middle East and aggravated the danger of war ; they have aroused widespread protest and condemnat ion of all peoples of the world.

China and the Soviet Union s ternly denounce the flagrant aggression carried out by the United States and Britain in the Near and Middle East; they firmly mainta in that a conference of heads of gove rnmen t of the big powers should be called at once to discuss the situation in the Near and Middle East and resolutely demand that the United States and Britain wi thdraw their forces immedia te ly f rom the Lebanon and Jordan.

China and the Soviet Union give firm support to the just struggles of the peoples of the United Arab Republic, the Republic of I raq and the other Arab countries, as well as to the nat ional independence movemen t s of the peoples of Asia, Africa and Latin America.

The events in the Near and Middle East and in other parts of the world prove that the national l iberation movemen t is an irresistible tide, that the age of colonialism is gone for ever, and that any a t tempt to mainta in or restore colonial rule, which goes against the trend of historical development , is harmful to the cause of peace and is foredoomed to fail.

The two part ies had a full exchange of views on a series of ma jo r questions confront ing the two countries in Asia and Europe in the present internat ional situation, and reached complete agreement on measures to be taken to oppose aggression and safeguard peace.

China and the Soviet Union will continue to do their u tmost in working for the easing of internat ional tension and the prevent ion of the disaster of a new war. The two par t ies reaff i rmed that the r ight of every people to choose its own social and political sys tem mus t be

respected, that countries with different social systems must co-exist peacefully in accordance with the famous Five Principles which are widely accepted internationally, that all internat ional disputes should be settled through peaceful negotiation, and tha t the development of economic and cultural relations among nations on the pr in- ciples of mutua l benefit and peaceful competit ion should be encouraged, as such relations will increase mutua l understanding between peoples and are in full accord with the aim of easing international tension and safeguarding peace.

In order to main ta in and consolidate peace, the p r imary task at the moment is to bring about agreement among nations on the reduction of armaments , discontinuance of the testing of atomic and hydrogen weapons and prohibit ion of their use, elimination of all mi l i tary blocs and all mil i tary bases on foreign soill and the conclusion of pacts of peace and collective security.

But whether war can be avoided does not rest with the good wishes and one-sided efforts of the peace- loving peoples alone. The aggressive bloc of the Western powers has up to now refused to take any serious steps to save peace, but on the con-

The peace widespread

t ra ry is aggravat ing internat ional tension unscrupulously, thus bringing mank ind to the br ink of the catastrophe of war. I t should know, however, that if the imperialist war maniacs should dare to impose war on the people of the world, all the countries and peoples who love peace and f reedom will unite closely to wipe out clean the imperialist aggressors and so establish an eternal world peace.

The two part ies noted with great satisfaction that f ra ternal relations of friendship, al l-round co-operation and mutual assistance are being developed successfully and steadily s t rengthened between the Communis t Part ies and governments of China and the Soviet Union as well as between our two peoples. The economies of both countries are developing by leaps and bounds. Their s t rength is growing might ier f rom day to day. And there is a great vitali ty in their solidarity and co-operat ion based on complete equali ty and comradely mutua l help, which conduces not only to accelerating their progress along the road of socialism and communism but also to reinforcing the strength of the entire socialist camp.

The two parties decided to cont inue their all-out efforts to develop al l-round co-operation, to fur ther strengthen the solidarity of the socialist camp and their solidarity with all other peace-loving countries and peoples, and reached full agreement on all the questions

discussed.

The two parties fully agreed in their appraisal of the tasks faced in common by the Communist Parties of China

policy of China and the Soviet Union is winning support and sympathy among the peoples of the world

and the Soviet Union. The unshakable unity of these Marxist-Leninist Part ies is always the reliable guarantee for the victory of our common cause.

The Communis t Par t ies of China and the Soviet Union will spare no effort to uphold this sacred unity, to safeguard the pur i ty of Marxism-Leninism, to uphold the principles of the Moscow Declarations of the Communis t and Workers ' Part ies of various countries, and to wage uncompromis ing struggle against revisionism, the chief danger in the communis t movement , which is clearly manifested in the P r o g r a m m e of the League of Communists

of Yugoslavia.

The two part ies expressed full confidence that the daily growing forces of peace and socialism will certainly be able to overcome all obstacles in their way and win

great victory.

M_AO T S E - T U N G

Chairman of the Central Committee of the Communist

Party of China

Chairman o] the People's Republic of China

N. S. K H R U S H C H O V

First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist PartV of the

Soviet Union

Chairman of the Council of Ministers of the U.8.~.R.

Peking, August 3, 1958

Chinese Government Statement Supporting Soviet Proposal for an Emergency Special

U.N. General Assembly Session The following statement was issued by the Government

ol the People's Republic of China on August 8, 1958. --Ed.

O N August 5, 1958 the Government of the Soviet Union proposed the convening of an emergency special

session of the United Nations General Assembly to consider the question of immediate withdrawal of United States forces from the Lebanon and of British forces from Jordan. This is yet another major effort for peace made by the Government of the Soviet Union after its proposal for the holding of a conference of the heads of government of big powers to discuss relaxation of the tension in the Near and Middle East was obstructed again and again and rejected obstinately by the United States and British Governments. The Chinese Government fully supports this proposal of the Soviet Government. At the present time, the United States and Britain are still reinforcing their forces and expanding their occupation areas in the Lebanon and Jordan, the situation in the Near and Middle East is still tense, and international peace and security is still in grave danger. The Chinese Government holds that all peace-loving countries have the responsibility to adopt all possible steps to urge the United States and Britain to withdraw their forces of aggression at once from the Lebanon and Jordan so as to restore peace in the Near and Middle East.

The United States and Britain attempt to cover up their naked aggression in t h e Lebanon and Jordan by falsely accusing the United Arab Republic of so-called indirect aggression against the Lebanon and Jordan. This is like a thief crying "catch thief!" and can deceive no- body. Even the United Nations Observation Group sent to the Lebanon to carry out investigations has admitted more than once that the charge of so-called indirect aggression is unsubstantiated. Britain had not even the pretext of so-called indirect aggression when, supported by the United States, it carried out aggression against Jordan. It was only when British troops were invading Jordan that the King of Jordan belatedly went through the formality of making the charge of so-called indirect aggression. The United States and Britain hurriedly dis- patched their troops to invade the Lebanon and Jordan on the assumption that the Iraqi revolution was so-called indirect aggression. In extending recognition to the Re- public of Iraq, they have in effect declared the bankruptcy of this absurd pretext. If they are compelled by the indis- putable facts and pressure of a powerful public opinion to recognize the Iraqi people's right to choose their own government, in which case there is no question of indirect aggression at all, then what justification is there for their armed intervention in the internal affairs of the Lebanon and Jordan?

8

It is the unanimous will of the Arab peoples to oppose the imperialists and their agents and to win and safeguard the independence and freedom of their countries. In describing the struggle of the Arab peoples for independence and freedom as an indirect aggression com- mitted by the United Arab Republic against other Arab countries, the United States and British imperialists not only slander the United Arab Republic but also insult the Arab people as a whole. The Chinese people express extreme indignation at this slander made by the imperialists and give firm support to the United Arab Re- public, the Republic of Iraq and all the Arab peoples in their just struggle against colonialist aggression.

The presence of United States and British forces of aggression in the Lebanon and Jordan constitutes a serious threat to the peace and security of the Near and Middle East and the world. The peace-loving countries and peoples of the world unanimously demand the withdrawal of United States and British forces from the Lebanon and Jordan. Only when an emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly is held in accordance with the Soviet proposal, will it provide an opportunity of urging the United States and Britain to wi thdraw their forces from the Lebanon and Jordan and easing the tension in the Near and Middle East. The Chinese Govern- ment holds that only when the emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly truly shoulders the noble responsibility of halting aggression and safeguarding peace in conformity with the spirit of the United Nations Charter and the eager desire of the people of the whole world, will it be able to restore to the United Nations its lost prestige. It is another test of historic significance whether an emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly will be held in accordance with the Soviet proposal and, if held, whether it will realize the eager desire of the people of the world.

The Chinese Government and people, together with other peace-loving countries and peoples of the world, resolutely demand that the United States and Britain withdraw their forces at once from the Lebanon and Jordan, and so restore peace in the Near and Middle East. Whatever the outcome of an emergency special session of the United Nations General Assembly, as long as the United States and British forces of aggression have not withdrawn from the Lebanon and Jordan completely, the United States and British imperialists will not be able to escape the serious responsibility for endangering the peace and security of the Near and Middle East and the world, nor will they be able to escape being justly condemned and strongly opposed by the Arab people and the peoples of all nations.

World Opinion

A Great Call, A Grave Warning

T HE U.S.-British aggressors continue their mil i tary buildup in the Middle East. Peace is still in grave

peril. At this crucial momen t of history, a powerfu l voice has spoken up against the b r ink-of -war maniacs m t h e voice of China and the Soviet Union, two great powers comprising almost a third of human i ty and possessing the necessary mater ia l means to b reak the backbone of the aggressors.

Carrying this powerful voice, the communique on the talks between Chai rman Mao Tse- tung and Chai rman N. S. Khrushchov has held the l imelight in the world press and become a topic of universal discussion. All friends of peace and national independence are jubilant. Their foes are dismayed.

Millions Astir in China

In China itself, the communique has given new impetus to the powerful mass campaign against imperial is t aggression which star ted last month with the first news of the U.S.-British invasion of the Middle East. Word of the meeting of Chinese and Soviet leaders spread like wildfire among all sections of a people who are more con- scious than ever of their responsibilities in the cause of defending peace.

In Peking, Beijing Wanbao (Peking Evening News), which first carried the text of the communique, doubled its circulation on August 3 and sold 180,000 copies. In Shanghai, 300,000 copies of special issues published by the city's major papers sold out tha t afternoon. Twelve hundred copies were snatched up at one news-s tand in ten minutes and one of those lucky enough to get a copy stopped at the curb to read aloud the communique to a large crowd which quickly gathered round him.

In both city and countryside, people are voicing their support in m a n y ways m m e e t i n g s , let ters to the press, parades, demonstrat ions and big-character posters . . . . They demand the wi thdrawal of U.S. and Brit ish troops f rom Lebanon and Jordan. They greet the fu r the r con- solidation of the great fr iendship and uni ty between China and the Soviet Union evidenced by the communique.

On behalf of the tens of millions of their members , popular organizations of workers , youth, women and Muslims, the Sino-Soviet Friendship Association and the China Peace Commit tee have all cabled their counterpar ts in the Soviet Union or issued press s ta tements warmly supporting the communique. Liu Chang-sheng, Vice- President of the All-China Federat ion of Trade Unions, said in his te legram tha t the communique is of great significance and will have a far - reaching effect on the

present world-wide struggle to defend peace and oppose aggression. I t shows once again, Liu Chang-sheng con- tinued, the firm resolve of the 800 million Chinese and Soviet people to unite as one to safeguard peace; it has fu r ther s t rengthened the relations of friendship, alliance and mutua l aid between the two countries.

Millions have joined group discussions. In Sian, the rising industrial city of nor thwest China, workers of a cotton mill cut short a concert in their factory audi tor ium to discuss the communique when the news reached them. In the north China port city of Tientsin, universi ty and middle school students poured out onto the streets despite a summer rainstorm, singing the popular song The East Wind Prevails Over the West Wind. In Shenyang, the northeast China industrial city, 35,000 residents of the Hoping (Peace) District also turned out for a mass demonstration. A terse comment by a worker at the bustling building site of the Wuhan steel plant sums up this popular sentiment: "The communique says just wha t we have in our minds!"

Resolution and confidence underscore all activities and comments. A 67-year-old peasant in f a r - away Sining, Chinghai Province, composed a ballad upon hearing the news, describing the communique as "the rising sun" and the imperialists as "frost doomed to vanish under its bright rays." Kuo Mo-jo, the wel l -known scholar and peace fighter, likened the communique to "a t imely electric shock to cure the U.S.-British war maniacs."

The people are not mere ly talking; they are sharpening their vigilance. At a mass rally held in Nanchang, Kiangsi Province, its mayor called on its citizens to be alert and prepared for all eventualit ies. The meet ing was followed by a torchlight parade of 100,000 people. People's Liberation A r m y men throughout the country held discussions, f requent ly by the side of their planes and artillery, in barracks and on war vessels. Officers and men of the Chinese People 's Volunteers units still in Korea pledged themselves to stand ready at all t imes to defend peace.

Across the length and breadth of the country, people are showing by their actions tha t they well unders tand the words of the communique: "Whether war can be avoided does not rest with the good wishes and one-sided efforts of the peace-loving peoples alone." They are de- te rmined not to be caught off guard should the imperialists dare to kindle the flames of war.

World-wide Attention

The entire socialist camp, f rom the Democratic Peo- ple's Republic of Korea in the east to the German Demo-

9

cratic Republic in the west, greet the communique with enthusiasm and confidence. In Pyongyang, the Minjoo Chosun declares that the communique is an expression of the strength of solidarity of the socialist camp and pours a bucketful of cold water on the heads of the aggressors. In Berlin, Vorwarts (Monday issue of Neues Deutschland) describes it as "a clear, definite and unmis takable warning" to the imperialists.

On the vast terr i tory of the Soviet Union, tha t great bulwark of peace, the Soviet people are animatedly dis- cussing and rejoicing at the results of the talks between the Soviet and Chinese leaders. Pravda describes the communique as a document of historic significance further strengthening the people's confidence tha t the growing forces of peace and socialism will score great successes.

Voicing sentiments common in Asia and Africa, Al Ahram of Cairo says that the communique carries "a noble invitation to peace and a warning to those who want war." In Damascus Al Nour's banner headline to the full text of the communique reads: "Khrushchov and Mao Tse-tung warn aggressors and firmly support Arabs. Should imperialists launch war, they will be wiped out."

In London, by contrast, the conservative Daily Tele- graph ruefully writes: "East Wind Blows Hot." Report- ing f rom Washington, a Kyodo correspondent says that the communique is "a completely unexp'ected blow" and he notes "an a tmosphere of terrible uneasiness" in the United States.

An Active Programme for Peace

As a positive and clear-cut p rog ramme for defending peace, the Sino-Soviet communique has won support and acclaim far beyond the borders of the socialist world. Al Massa of Cairo hails it as a "historical peace document showing the way to preserve peace and repel aggression." I t adds that this is a document embodying a t rue appraisal of the world situation and offering a quick and positive settlement. The newly founded Burmese daily Vanguard says that the Chinese and Soviet leaders ' demands for a summit meeting and immediate wi thdrawal of U.S. and British forces f rom Lebanon and Jordan and their con- demnation of U.S.-British aggression in the Middle East ~'are in perfect ha rmony with the views of the peoples of the world." Noting that the Burmese people and their government have objected to mi l i ta ry pacts and the for- mation of mil i tary blocs, the paper adds that "what is contained in the joint communique regarding these seems like a strengthening of our efforts for peace." The Bengali daily Jugantar in India describes the communique as of ex t raordinary significance and says: "We believe that Soviet Russia, New China, India and most of the governments of Asia and Africa are absolutely opposed to war and sincerely favour peace." In Japan, the Yomiuri Shimbun writes that f rom the communique it is clear that China and the Soviet Union are part icularly interested in the maintenance of peace. "In this sense, the communique is a new peace manifesto." The Tokyo Shimbun draws at tention to the fact that the Soviet Union and China have rei terated that peaceful co-existence mus t be

10

established on the basis of the famous five principles of co-existence.

Colonialism Is Doomed

Press comments in m a n y countries see in the communique a powerfu l support to the national l iberation movements . The Republik of Indonesia says that the communique warns those powers which are trying to maintain their colonial and imperial is t rule that they mus t see the way the t imes are going. The communique has given great moral support to the Asian peoples who are str iving for full independence and demanding peace and a happy life, the paper adds. I t enables them to realize, that the balance of power in the world today has changed and that colonialism will be liquidated.

The Cairo paper Al Massa says tha t " there is no doubt the socialist camp is support ing us" and it refutes the allegation in some quar ters that the meet ing of Chinese and Soviet leaders has brought " renewed crisis." "Was it the Mao T s e - t u n g - K h r u s h c h o v meet ing that caused world crisis, or was it the landing of Anglo-American troops in Jordan and Lebanon?" the paper asks, and goes on to say, " I f China and the Soviet Union threatened the aggressors, i t is a sound and peaceful action because it protects our country f rom aggression."

In the newly founded Republic of Iraq, Minister of Development Mr. Fuad el-Rikabi told the Hsinhua correspondent in Bagdad: "We feel that the U.S.S.R. and the People 's Republic of China have m a n y t imes helped the side which supports Arab nat ional ism in its struggle against imperia l ism and its longing for freedom. We have a lways appreciated this att i tude, therefore it was not un- expected tha t the results of the meet ing between the two leaders of the U.S.S.R. and the People 's Republic of China came as new support to our national cause and to the maintenance of world peace."

A Timely Warning

Public opinion in m a n y countries has also noted with satisfaction tha t the Sino-Soviet communique is a t imely warning to those playing with fire. "Dulles should read very careful ly the s ta tement issued by Khrushchov and Mao Tse- tung as the world has come too close to the br ink of w a r which has a lways been Dulles ' target," says the Cairo paper Al Ahram. In New Delhi, Clovis Maksoud, representat ive of the Lebanese National United Front, told Hsinhua: "There is no doubt that it (the communique) is timely, par t icular ly at this m o m e n t when U.S. troops continue to pour into Lebanon." He said that the communique "assumes t remendous significance because its result will be to halt the designs of U.S. policy and to render impoten t the mi l i ta ry effects of the Amer ican troops in Lebanon." Harian Rakjat of Indonesia declares that the communique should make the imperial ists th ink twice before they kindle their war fire.

In all par ts of the world, discussion on the meaning and effects of the Sino-Soviet communique continues. I t is clear, however , that the document is not mere ly of current importance. His tory will gradual ly unfold its full significance as a grea t call to defend peace, a grave warning to the war-plo t t ing imperialists and a founta inhead of confidence for all those working for peace and socialism.

The Big Leap

Mid -Year Report'. Booming Economy

I N THE first half of this year, China's economy grew at an unprecedented rate. The value of industrial output

was 34 per cent greater than at the same period last year. Record harvests of summer food crops plus rich crops of early rice and spring wheat will produce over 40 million tons more than last year. This will be greater than the total increase in grain crops achieved during the First Five-Year Plan (1953-57).

In addition to the some 1,000 large and medium industrial projects being built in the country, the nation's industrial potential was increased by 3 million industrial units run by farming co-ops and over 300,000 industrial enterprises built by townships, counties, special administrative regions, provinces or municipalities. Tens of thousands of new varieties of industrial products were produced; while in the course of the mass movement for technical innovations many new production records were set, and in case after case the international technical levels were overtaken and surpassed.

The market was brisk and there was a plentiful supply of commodities.

The following figures are given by the State Statistical Bureau on the carrying out of the national economic plan in the first half of this year.

Industrial Product ion

In the first half of this year, the total value of output of industry and handicrafts throughout the country (here and below, the value of output of industrial enterprises run by farming co-ops is excluded) increased by 34 per cent, compared with the corresponding period of last year. Of this, the total value of output of industry (this excludes the value of output of handicrafts) also increased by 34 per cent, a rate exceeding that of all previous years. (In the first half of 1956, which also saw a great upsurge in

TOTAL VALUE OF INDUSTRIAL OUTPUT

(excluding industries run by Farming co-ops')

134

I 0 0 I

~f 1st half of 1958

production, the rate of increase was 26 per cent.) The original value of output target set in the state plan for the whole year was fulfilled by 58 per cent.

In this period, the rate of growth of industrial production increased every month. Compared with the same month last year, the rate of increase was 14 per cent in January, 18 per cent in February, 29 per cent in March, 42 per cent in April, 46 per cent in May and 55 per cent in June.

Local industry grew at a rapid rate with the imple- mentation of the po l i cy - -encourag ing all members of the Communist Par ty and all the people of the country to participate in industrial construction. In the first half of this year, more than 300,000 industrial units were built by provinces, special administrative regions, counties and townships. Their total value of output amounted to about 800 million yuan. In addition to this, about 3 million industrial units were set up by farming co-ops, with a total output value of about 1,300 million yuan. Large numbers of newly built industrial enterprises went into operation and this contributed enormously to the rapid industrial growth of the country in the second quarter of the year.

Most of the newly built local industries directly serve the needs of agricultural production, such as processing fertilizer and fodder, preliminary processing of farm produce and repair and manufacture of agricultural im- plements. In this period, there was a rapid growth in the number of raw material, fuel and power enterprises built by the masses using native methods. According to incomplete data, more than 11,000 iron-smelting furnaces including over 900 small blast furnaces, over 20,000 small electric power stations, over 10,000 cement kilns and more than 8,000 small coal mines were built in the first half of this year.

In the first six months of this year, compared with the same period of last year, a big increase was recorded in the output of the overwhelming majori ty of industrial goods. In the 35 major industrial products, the output o[ electricity increased by 30 per cent; coal 46 per cent; crude oil 32 per cent; pig iron 33 per cent; steel 26 per cent; nitrogenous fertilizer 65 per cent; machine-tools near ly 100 per cent; and electric motors more than 100 per cent.

In the widespread movement for technical innovations, sixteen provinces and municipalities successfully trial produced 27,000 new products in the first half of this year.

At the end of June this year, the number of workers and employees in industrial enterprises was 990,000 more than at the end of last year. Labour productivity in industry as a whole in the first half of this year was about 24 per cent greater than last year.

In the first half of this year production costs in major industrial enterprises were reduced by 8.B per cent. The total amount of circulating funds used by seven industrial ministries at the end of May increased by only about 4 per cent compared with the end of 1957, while their total output value in May was about 30 per cent more than in December last year.

Capital Construct ion

Investments in capital construction in the first ~fix months of this year were 88.1 per cent more than in the

11

OUTPUT OF MAJOR INDUSTRIAL PRODUCTS

I--1 ise half of 1957 = 0o0 mm tst half of 19se

ELECTRICITY

COAL

CRUDE OIL

PIG IRON

STEEL

NITROGENOUS FERTILIZER

IOO

iso

I I W ,46

132

I B B i26

I 1 ~ 16s

same period of last year and 41.4 per cent greater than in the first half of 1956, a year of another great leap forward. This was 47.6 per cent of the original target set in the state plan for the whole year.

According to data from 21 departments and 17 provinces, municipalities and autonomous regions, the value of new fixed assets amounts to 1,670 million yuan, or 48.5 per cent of the investments (the proportion for the same period of last year was 44.6 per cent). By the end of June, 62 big industrial and mining projects had gone into operation or partial operation.

Agricultural Production

It is estimated that the output of summer food crops will reach 50.5 million tons, an increase of 20.65 million tons or 69 per cent compared with last year, breaking all records of increase in the output of summer food crops. The output of winter wheat is estimated at 34.45 million tons, an increase of 13.95 million tons or 68 per cent compared with last year.

The national average per m u yield of winter wheat reached 193 jin, an increase of 71 per cent compared with last year and of 64 per cent compared with 1956 when &here was a bumper harvest of winter wheat.

Early rice was planted on an area of. 156 million m u ,

an increase of 38 million m u compared with last year. Output is estimated at 40 million tons, double that of the same period last year. The total output of spring wheat is estimated at 4.5 million tons, or 1.5 million tons more than last year. China's wheat output will surpass that of the United States by at least 2 million tons this year. The output of summer food crops plus the output of early rice and spring wheat will be 42 million tons more than last year, or over 11.5 million tons more than the total grain increases in the First Five-Year Plan.

Prel iminary estimates put the total area planted to cotton at 90 million m u , an increase of more than 3 million m u over last year. Owing to the increase in the areas planted to food crops, the land planted to soya bean was reduced by over 30 million m u .

12

Between October 1957 and June this year, 420 million m u of land were brought under irrigation, nearly twice as much land as was brought under irrigation in the previous eight years and 78 per cent more than the total area brought under irrigation in the thousands of years before liberation. The irrigated area in the country now amounts to 940 million m u , or 56 per cent of all cultivated land (in 1957 the proportion was 31 per cent).

Afforestation was carried out on 321.9 million m u of land and another 13,600 million trees were planted in villages and along roads, etc.

Communications and Transport

In the first six months of 1958, the volume of freight handled by modern means of transport and freight turn- over in ton-kilometres increased by 26 per cent and 18 per cent respectively compared with the same period of last year, a greater increase than in the first half of previous years.

In the first half of the year, 640 kilometres of railway tracks were laid and 3,164 kilometres of highways were built. The upsurge of a mass campaign to build com- munication routes by the whole Par ty and the entire people is gradually taking shape. According to statistics com- piled by 11 provinces including Hunan, Fukien, Honan and Shantung, more than 21,000 kilometres of unsurfaced highways were built in the first half of this year, or 68 per cent of the total length built in the First Five-Year Plan.

Commodity ,Markets

In the first half of the year, there was an ample stock of consumer goods, and commodity prices went down slightly. Retail sales of commodities increased by 4.3 per cent compared with the same period last year.

Comparing sales of main commodities with the same period last year, sales of grain increased by 2.2 per cent, pigs by 1.2 per cent and sugar by 9.8 per cent.

The supply of means of production in agriculture was double that in the same period last year. Among the main items supplied were: 358,000 horse-power of all kinds of.power-equipment, which represented a more than fivefold increase over the same period of last year; 305,000 double-shared double-wheeled ploughs, an increase of over fourteenfold; 570,000 iron water-wheels, a sevenfold increase; and 1,375,000 tons of chemical fertilizer, more than double last year 's figure for the same period.

The total value of agricultural produce and by- products purchased by state and co-operative trading con-

AGRICULTURAL OUTPUT

[ " 7 1957 = I 0 0 ~ 1958

Summer Food Crops

(including winter wheat)

Winter Wheat

(50,50 million ton=)

(34.4.~ million ton=)

Early Riee (z*o.oo milllon tons)

terns increased by 28.8 per cent compared with the same period last year. Plans for the state purchase of grain and cotton were overfulfilled.

By the end of June, stocks in state and co-operative trading departments showed an increase of 24 per cent compared with the end of June 1957.

The retail price index for the eight major cities in the first half of the year was 0.3 per cent lower than in the same period last year.

Others In the midst of the upsurge in production, big changes

have come about in the distribution of the labour force in the departments of the national economy. At the end of June, the number of workers, employees and government functionaries in the country reached 25.19 million, an increase of some 700,000 persons compared with the end of 1957. More than 990,000 persons were added to the industrial labour force while the commercial and food catering departments decreased by more than 500,000 and state bodies reduced their staffs by 340,000 persons. Characteristic of the changes this year is that the number

of persons in the productive departments increased while that in circulation of gbods and state administrative departments was reduced. This was an important change, appropriate to the big leap forward in the country.

According to incomplete data 1,240 counties extended primary school education to all school-age children. The number of middle schools run by the people reached 68,000 and more than 400 institutions of higher learning were newly established by local authorities. Some townships and co-operatives have also started scientific research work. In- stitutions of higher learning, inaccessible to the peasants in the old society, have been set up in rural areas. The campaign to wipe out illiteracy has been extended and over 90 million people are attending literacy classes throughout the country. Illiteracy has been eliminated in the main in 444 counties. Cultural activities in the rural areas have developed enormously. The sanitation campaign to wipe out the four pests (flies, mosquitoes, rats and grain-eating sparrows) was tremendously successful. According to incomplete data, over 2,500 hospitals were established in the rural areas in the first half of the year. In more than 30 counties, there is a hospital in each township.

A Review of the Facts

FROM SUEZ TO LEBANON U.S. Manoeuvres in the Middle East

by SUNG LI

T HE U.S. marines in Lebanon weren ' t suddenly pulled out of a hat. The landing at Beirut on July 15

brought the pattern of U.S. intervention in the Middle East to the climax of armed aggression. The proximity of the troops and their hasty deployment, as Washington went wild with fright when the Iraqi people toppled the Faisal monarchy, brought the long sequence of U.S. moves against the Arab national movements into the centre of the Middle Eastern stage.

It is now apparent to all that U.S. policy is not only cut out of the same colonialist cloth as Britain's but that Washington has assumed the leadership of the unholy alliance against the national independence of the Arab people.

A brief review of U.S. activities in the Middle East since the end of the Suez affair explains quite a lot.

Blueprint for a U.S. Colonial Empire Washington's planners were half pleased and half

worried by the defeat of Anglo-French-Israeli aggression in Egypt. On the one hand, they thought a good opportunity had arisen for the United States to displace Britain and France, to "fill the power vacuum," as Eisen- hower put it. On the other hand, they were afraid that Egypt 's victory would fur ther step up the national liberation movements in Asia and Africa in general, and in the Arab East in particular. In this contradictory frame of mind Washington proclaimed the Eisenhower Doctrine,

which is essentially a blueprint for an American colonial empire in the Middle East.

The campaign for the doctrine started with "Opera- 'tion Hospitality" in the early part of last year. President Eisenhower rolled out the red carpet for King Saud's visit to Washington. Eisenhower, in an unusual gesture, personally went out to the airfield to welcome the monarch. He also played host to Crown Prince Illah of Iraq and Lebanese Foreign Minister Malik, who were chosen as salesmen for the doctrine. Then Eisenhower sent James Richards, his special envoy, to tour the Middle Eastern countries. But all this yielded very little. Only Lebanon and some of the Bagdad Pact countries proclaimed that they would accept the doctrine. This was not worth much to the United States since the governments of these countries were already on the hook, as oil magnate Rockefeller put it in his infamous letter to Eisenhower on the tactics of American "foreign aid."

Washington then embarked upon attempts to change governments in some countries in order to push the doctrine down their throats. Jordan was chosen for the first experiment. In league with K i n g Hussein and his palace clique, the U.S. Embassy in Amman tried in vain to induce General Nuwar, Chief of Staff of the army, to overthrow the nationalist Nalbusi government and assume the premiership of a pro-American cabinet. Later when people throughout Jordan demonstrated in protest against the dismissal of the Nalbusi Cabinet and General Nuwar,

I3

Eisenhower declared at his press conference on April 17, 1957 that he did not r u l e out t~e use of U.S. forces in Jordan under the provisions of the doctrine. The U.S. Sixth Fleet was rushed to the shores of Israel and Lebanon. A pro-Western cabinet was finally formed in Jo rdan wi th American support but it did not dare endorse the Eisen- bower Doctrine openly al though that was why the coup d 'e tat had been engineered in the first place.

U.S. Activities Against Syria

Having gotten the upper hand for a t ime in Jordan, Washington then proceeded to intensify its activities against Syria. Egypt and Syria are a pr ime target of the United States because they stand most firmly for independence and Arab uni ty and strongly oppose any par t in imperialist mil i tary pacts. For several months in the middle of 1957, Washington had been conducting a quiet economic war against Syria. Knowing that the expor t of wheat is important to Syria 's economy and that her chief buyer was Italy, the United States dumped large quantit ies of its wheat and other surplus f a rm produce on the Italian market . The Soviet Union provided t imely assistance to Syria by buying her wheat. At the same t ime an economic co-operation agreement was concluded in Moscow, pro- viding for aid to Syria in its implementa t ion of a number of important economic plans.

The exposure by the Syrian Governmen t of plots to over throw the patriotic regime in Syria in August 1957 was another heavy blow to the United States. Howard Stone, the same Stone who helped stage the mil i tary coups in Iran and Guatemala, and several other member s of the U.S. Embassy, were found behind the scenes. He and two colleagues were ordered by the Syr ian Governmen t to leave the country. Prior to this, the high treason trial in Damascus in J a nua r y 1957 involving 12 member s of parliament, several fo rmer ministers and the U.S. puppet ex-dictator Adib Shishakl i - -exposed a U.S.-Brit ish-French conspiracy to over throw the Syr ian Government .

Washington refused to reconcile itself to its defeat and planned armed intervent ion against Syria. Turkey was persuaded to t ry and pull the U.S. chestnuts out of the fire. In the au tumn of 1957, soon af ter Loy Hender- son's visit to Ankara and Istanbul, large numbers of Turkish troops were concentrated along the Syr ian borders. This incipient U.S. plot, however, was exposed by Syria which was backed up strongly by Egypt and the Soviet Union. In a let ter to the Turkish premier , the Soviet Union warned against any Turkish adventure. The firm stand of Syria and Egypt and the backing of the Soviet Union and other peace-loving countries made Washington and Ankara think twice.

Plot Against Egypt

Almost s imultaneously with the coup d 'etat in Jordan, U.S. agents tried to pull off a react ionary plot in Egypt. One of the leaders of the conspiracy, ex-Genera l Ahmed Nassar, admit ted before the court that the purpose was to set up a new government that would accept the Eisen- hower Doctrine and American "aid."

What happened in Syria and Egypt unmasked the Eisenhower Doctrine wi th great repercussions throughout the Middle East. Those who opposed it took an even

I4

f irmer stand than before, and those who had flirted with it began to wave r or tu rn away.

Washington was at wit ' s end when Egypt and Syria proclaimed the format ion of the United Arab Republic in Februa ry 1958. In March, the Yemen and the U.A.R. formed a federal union. The founding of the United Arab Republic was an epoch-making event in the his tory of the Arab world. Arab uni ty was fu r the r s t rengthened and another crushing blow was dealt the imperialist policy of "divide and rule."

Within 24 hours of the proclamat ion of the United Arab Republic King Faisal and King Hussein hastily announced the federat ion of I raq and Jordan. The Western press did not hide the fact tha t this was p rompted by the United States and Bri tain to challenge the U.A.R. In sharp contrast wi th the wide acclaim in the Arab world for the U.A.R., the I raq i - Jo rdan federa t ion was ve ry coldly received, since eve rybody k n e w that it was not a union of peoples, but an alliance of two imperia l is t -backed monarchs.

A confidential U.S. State Depa r tmen t document recently published in A~ Abram in Cairo disclosed that the United States has been work ing to discredit and split the U.A.R., to separa te Syria f rom Egypt, ever since the bir th of the United Arab Republic.

Intervention in Lebanon

The ou tb reak of a rmed uprisings in May in Lel~anon threw Washington into a panic. At first the United States inst igated the Chamoun gove rnmen t to lodge a complaint wi th the Secur i ty Council of the United Nations against " in ter ference" by the U.A.R. in Lebanon. With this t r umped-up story, Washington hoped to secure U.N. sanction for a rmed in tervent ion in Lebanon. But the report submi t ted by the U.N. Observer Group in Lebanon gave the lie to this charge.

Lebanon was the first country tha t subscribed to the Eisenhower Doctrine. Under the Chamoun regime, it was gradual ly turned into an Amer ican colony. U.S. inves tments in this country wi th a populat ion of only 1.5 million amount to 45 mill ion dollars. This is more than double the total amount of inves tments by all the Lebanese industrialists and businessmen. The United States and other Western powers set up their secret agent organizations and informat ion centres in Lebanon. Beirut became a hotbed of conspiracy against the U.A.R.

This policy of Chamoun ' s aroused nat ion-wide indig- r~ation and the opposition to his reg ime was so s t rong that any spark was likely to set off an explosion. The assassina- tion of Massib Matni, publisher and editor of the Telegraph, a very popular nat ionalis t leader, ignited the fuse. Matni 's funeral on May 9 turned into a mass demonst ra t ion of tens of thousands of people.

The Chamoun government resor ted to bruta l suppres- sion. This led to a rmed resistance which soon developed into a nat ion-wide uprising. Within a couple of months, the insurgents were in control of approx imate ly three- fourths of Lebanon.

One of Washington 's plans was to direct in tervent ion in Lebanon f rom behind the scenes wi th the B a g d a d Pact countries serving as the U.S. pawns. This was made clear

by an interview in the U.S. magazine N e w s w e e k of July 7, 1958, with Mohammed Fadhil al-Jamali , Foreign Minis- ter of the Faisal regime of Iraq. He declared: "The West must persuade Chamoun to call for aid, not necessarily f rom the United States or Britain, bu t f rom such countries as Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, Iran, Pakis tan." At the t ime of the interview Iraqi and Jordanian troops were already aiding Chamoun.

But suddenly the rug was pulled out f rom under the Bagdad Pact.

The bir th of the Republic of I raq on Ju ly 14 struck Washington and London like a thunderbolt . All of a

sudden, I raq was t rans formed f rom an outpost of U.S.- British intr igue into an ant i- imperial is t fortress. The Bagdad Pact had its backbone broken. Washington panicked, abandoned all subtlety, dropped all disguises and ordered U.S. troops into Lebanon on the next day.

Overnight Washington squandered all the capital it had accumulated when it didn ' t join openly in the at tack on Suez. The my th of the "good intent ions" of the United States in relat ion to the Arab countries collapsed like a house of cards. The United States stepped into the arena as public enemy No. 1 of the national independence movements of the Arab people.

Agriculture

CHINA AHEAD OF U.S.A. IN WHEAT

by MENG YUNG-CHIEN

R ICE is China's main food crop, but even in whea t production China has now gone ahead of the United

States. China has jumped to second place in world output, next to the Soviet Union. Never before has agriculture advanced so rapidly. Compared with last year, the rice crop in China this s u m m e r has doubled and winter wheat has increased by 68 per cent.

China's wheat production this year is est imated at 38,950,000 metric tons, 2,385,000 metr ic tons more than that of the U.S.A. Taking winter whea t alone, which has just been harvested, China's output is 34,450,000 metr ic tons, which is 3,700,000 metr ic tons more than the output in the United States, as es t imated by the Depar tment of Agriculture in Washington.

Even more remarkable is the fact that China achieved this advance despite unfavourable climatic conditions. There was a bumper harvest of winter whea t in the United States, claimed by the Amer ican fa rmers to be the four th record harvest in their history. This resulted f rom wha t the U.S. Depar tment of Agriculture described as "ideal". weather. But this year ' s winter whea t crop in the United States is est imated to be only 11,500,000 metr ic tons more than last year 's . China's bumper harves t of winter whea t this year, however, was the f ru i t of the people 's wisdom and work achieved in spite of drought conditions. China harvested 13,950,000 metr ic tons more than last year!

The Chinese advance is unprecedented. Jus t nine years ago, on the eve of nat ional liberation, China's total annual wheat production was only 44 per cent that of the United States; today it has begun to surpass the output of the country which is the largest whea t expor ter in the world. This in itself demonstra tes the superior i ty of socialism. While American agriculture, exploited by monopoly capitalism, is general ly on the decline and menaced by a long- term crisis, Chinese agricul ture under socialism is advancing by leaps and bounds. While a bumper harves t spells "overproduct ion" with all its dis° astrous consequences in the United States, in China it

means prosperity, more industrialization and a higher s tandard of living.

Socialist agricul ture in China has a t remendous vitali ty which is fast reveal ing itself. Co-operat ive organization, improved techniques in field work, and above all the awakened political consciousness of the people have great ly spurred production and made this sudden crop increase inevitable. This is w h y average whea t yield per m u has risen f rom 112.5 j in in 1957 to 193 j in today. The present figure is higher than the average American wheat yield in 1947 -1956- 172 j in per mu. In the province of Honan, average wheat yield per m u reached 254 jin, or 4 j in more per m u than the U.S. nat ional average in 1958. Actually the highest record to date in China is 7,320 j in per mu, which is equivalent to 54~9 metric tons per hectare. This is a clear indication that China will keep on surpassing the United States in whea t production.

Washington, which likes to pretend that there are no politics in its t rade policies, habi tual ly uses American wheat exports as a t r ump card to shift the burden of the U.S. agricultural crisis on to other countries as well as to practise blackmail in foreign policy under the variou.~ disguises of "aid," "relief," and "economic co-operation."

Last year the United States expor ted some 11,300,000 metr ic tons of whea t a~d 1,200,000 tons of f l o u r - - n o in- considerable proport ion of the world 's whea t marke t which amounts to 20 to 27 million metr ic tons. In the case of Yugoslavia, the impor t of American wheat proved to be poisonous bait. In the past ten years the government of that country has concluded a series of agreements with the United States, including the Surplus Agricultural Com- modities Agreement and m a n y others. These agreements actually sell the Yugoslav people down the r iver and be- t ray Yugoslav nat ional interests. No trace of communism or of the national pride of the Yugoslav people can be found in them.

Tito's reliance on American imperial ism was openly proclaimed by himself. In his speech at Labin last June

15

he said: "American wheat, cotton and fats are . . . highly in demand in the world market . All these are for us ex- t remely good commodities, highly valued and useful things."

China, on the contrary, has chosen an ent irely different way, the socialist way of self-reliance, of mobilizing the people in a struggle to free themselves f rom imperial is t domination. Now we have won the battle. Ten years ago, the then Secretary of State in Washington, Dean Acheson, predicted that no Chinese government could ever solve the problem of feeding its population. American "China experts" at that t ime declared that China would be forced to beg the United States for wheat and flour if she wanted to continue to exist. They also dreamed of strangling

China by means of economic blockade. History, however, proved that they are completely mistaken. China needs no American wheat. This year the increase in her winter wheat crop alone is larger than the total tonnage of whea t and flour expor ted by the U.S. in 1957.

Led by the Chinese Communis t Par ty , China's hugc population is by no means a "pressure on the land," but has become a favourable factor for the development of a socialist economy and higher productivity. T h e Chinese people do not live on begging. They have not only solved the problem of "feeding the populat ion," but have also rapidly outs t r ipped all the capitalist countries in the production of wheat , their p remier crop.

Kansu Today

A Page of Provincial News by CHEN PO-SAN

K ANSU Province, in the northwest , was lately one of China's poorest and most backward regions. With

an area as big as I ta ly and Greece combined, before liberation it had only twenty small industrial plants for a population of 13 million. Every year or two its treeless loess hills were whiplashed by drought. Tens of thousands died in each catastrophe. Ragged peasants roamed its roads as beggars, fled to other provinces or clung desperately to their parched farms. And today? You would hardly think you were reading about the same place if you take a look at the front page of a recent issue of the Gansu Ribao (Kansu Daily).

The banner line reads: "Steel Leads the Way at Sputnik Speed, Other Industr ies Follow Closely." The headline reads: "48 Industr ial Units in Kansu Begin Producing Steel."

Kansu has rich deposits of iron, but she never before produced a single ton of steel. Now within a twelve-day period, 48 industrial units in the province successfully turned out their first heats of steel. Most of these units have started out using nat ive methods, making do with bel- lows where there is no electricity to generate proper blasts.

The leading news i tem reports the completion of a small-size iron and steel works in Lanchow, the provincial capital. The whole thing, f rom designing, building, to in- stallation, took eight days to put through. Such small works will help solve the problem of steel rolling which will become urgent as more and more steel is produced in the province.

There is a story about how Pingliang, an east K a n s a city, s tarted a campaign "to open t reasure houses in the

C H I N E S E W E I G H T S and M E A S U R E S at a G L A N C E 1 mu----0.06 hectare or 0.1647 a c r e 1 dan (picul):0.05 ton or 0.984 hundredweight 1 jin (catty):0.5 kilogramme or 1.1023 p o u n d s

16

mountains ." An ex- pedition of workers , cadres and other local people, headed by the mayor, has gone out to the neighbouring Tatung Mountains to tap iron ore deposi~,s there and get 40 iron- smelting furnaces going. Ten thousand people saw them off at a mass torchlight meet - ing and heard them pledge "to conquer the Tatung Moun- tains and make iron and steel flow like a river."

Pingliang region also sends news of the building of its first short-distance rai lway. Pre- l ibera t ion Kansu had no rai lways to speak of. Now wi th the building of three t runk lines connecting it with Sinkiang, Chinghai and Inner Mongolia, Lanchow is becoming the central hub of a ra i lway ne twork taking shape in nor thwest China. This and the growth of local industrial and agricul tural production have created the need for a large n u m b e r of short-distance feeder lines and highways within the province.

The growth of local industry in southern Kansu ' s Tibetan Autonomous Z h o u is also reported. By June 30, 40,000 industrial es tabl ishments and mines, some of them medium-sized but most of them small, had been built here in the last few months. These include coal and other mines, engineering works, f a rm implement and chemical fertilizer plants, artificial silk plants and canned food factories. Another 30,000 enterprises will be completed in the la t ter half of this year. This is only par t of the bold plan of industrial development in Kansu. Last year, the value of local industr ial product ion in Kansu was 150 million yuan, accounting for only 8 per cent of

the total value of industrial and agricultural production ~ of the province. Local industrial production will be tre- bled this year.

There are a news item and commentary on trans- forming the Tienshui region into one of China's main silk-producing areas. In the past few months, over 20 million mulberry trees have been planted there, more than the total in all the preceding eight years. To meet the increasing demand for saplings the southern provinces of Chekiang, Kiangsi and Szechuan have helped out by shipping up consignments of mulberry seeds. By 1960, a million dan of cocoons will be produced each year here, a per capita output of four j in of silk. Every county in the region now has an instruction centre to provide advice and help in planting and cultivating the mulber- ries and in silkworm rearing. Training has been given to 4,000 people.

Other local news on the inside pages of the Gansu Ribao include the latest achievements in large-scale afforestation, irrigation and the building of a big water conservancy project in the southeastern part of the province (see article below). These projects are rapidly chang-

ing the face of the countryside. Kansu, formerly a grain- deficit province, has been producing a marketable surplus of grain since 1956. In the coming years it will have more and more to export to other areas.

Heavy industry and food are not the only branches of Kansu's economy that are booming. Industrial plants and handicraft workshops are producing more consumer goods and more new products to meet local needs. A clock and watch repair co-op in Lanchow that has succeed- ed in making a 17-jewel wrist watch. Before this it had trial produced clocks, pocket watches and stop watches.

These pages not only tell you of vast progress being made but exude a n atmosphere of energy and enthusiasm. People are working hard. But they are also enjoying themselves immensely, as is shown in more than half a page of the Gansu Ribao, devoted to local cultural activities and entertainments. One short item on this page reports on a singing movement that has caught the im- agination of the people of Shuiyuan. A chorus of gran- nies, average age around sixty, is having enormous success and attracting large audiences - - a living illustration of the now common saying: "Socialism makes you younger!"

A Canal Through the Mountains

A CANAL, second in length only to the famous Grand Canal, will redirect the course of the Tao River from

its upper reaches and will bring water to a chronically drought-ridden region in Kansu Province. It will flow through mountain regions averaging 2,000 metres above sea level. Work has already begun on the 1,100-kilometre canal in the southeastern part of the province and the project is to be completed in two years. A 330-kilometre stretch will' be built this year. Since work commenced in mid-June, 100,000 peasants have been working on the building site. By the tenth of July, they had moved 4.3 million cubic metres of earth and stone.

When completed, the canal will irrigate 20 million m u of land and increase the annual grain yield to 400 jin per mu. The net increases will approximate three million tons a year. Its waterhead, if properly utilized, will have a generating cap~icity of 300,000 kw. An adequate supply of drinking water for the four million inhabitants in the area will be assured once and for all. Pasture land will expand by 11 million mu, enough to feed 200,000 head of cattle. The canal, on some of its stretches, will also serve as a navigation channel for small boats.

The Tao, half the length of the new canal, originates in south Kansu. For several thousand years its waters flowed north and joined the Yellow River near the Liuchia Gorge, where a huge hydro-electric power station will be built soon. But vast stretches of farm land to its east suffered seriously from drought. Annual rainfall in this area stands at a little more than 200 mm. and the land in this bare mountain region is cut by a network of gullies. It, is known to be. the most drought-stricken part in Kansu

and peasants say that drought occurs there nine years out of ten. It is this area that will be irrigated by the new canal.

Work on the canal is referred to as "the project to lead the Tao River to the mountains." The course of the river will be diverted by the canal from north of Minhsien (see map), 2,200 metres above sea level, to a northeastern

17

direction. The canal wil l end in Ching- ~yang, 1,400 met res above sea level. I t

will have a flow of 150 cubic met res per second in its 32-metre-wide and 6-metre-deep channel .

The canal mus t r u n across 50 t u n - nels and m a n y val leys th rough m a n - made channels suppor ted by br idge s tructures. The longest t u n n e l is 5.6 k i lometres long and the widest va l ley 600 metres. Besides, there are o ther technical difficulties to be tackled in the course of const ruct ion.

The project needs the work of 200,000 labourers and 1,000 technic ians for two ful l years. The huge a m o u n t of m a n p o w e r wil l be suppl ied by peasants f rom the en t i re benefi ted area and technicians are be ing recru i ted f rom var ious sources. The m a i n technical corps, however , consists of a group of 800 peasants who have received the necessary technical t r a i n i n g for this project.

Bui ld ing mater ia l s wil l be suppl ied ma in ly by the local areas. Many counties a long the canal rou te are se t t ing up workshops to t u r n out cement , dynamite , l ime, i ron and steel articles, bricks, etc.

For centur ies d rough t has been K a n - su's greates t menace to agr icul ture . Remarkab le ach ievements in i r r iga t ion have a l ready been scored by the people since l iberat ion. In the seven months end ing last May alone, K a n s u brought 12 mi l l ion m u u n d e r i r r iga- tion, more than twice the area i r r iga ted dur ing the centur ies pr ior to l ibera t ion . But the drought p rob lem east of the Tag r ema ined unsolved. The n e w canal is the big push of the K a n s u people to end d rought in the province.

C A N A L D A T A

Main canal: 1,100 kilometres

Trunk channels: 2,500 kilometres

Tunnels: 70 kilometres

Earth and stone work: 578 million cubic metres

Estimated investment: 80 million yuan

Area to be benefited: 80,000 sq. kin.

Population in the area: 4.4 million

: : : : : : : : - ' : - - : : : : - ' : : : : : : : : : : : _ - .... minorities in action.

BOOKS

THE LONG MARCH By Chen Chi-twng Foreign Languages Press. 180 pp.

The People's Liberation Army cele- brated its thirty-first anniversary on August 1. Thirty-one years ago this day, dedicated revolutionary units staged the uprising at Nancbang against Chiar~g Kai-shek and his reactionary Kuomintang clique which had betrayed the revolution. This was the birth of the People's Red Army, led by the Chinese Communist Party, and the start of a long and difficult road to final victory. How it beat back the onslaughts of Chiang Kai-shek's overwhelmingly larger and better armed forces and how it grew in strength and finally drove Chiang from the mainland is a story that will fill many volumes of history and provide material and inspiration for many more volumes of poems, novels anal plays.

One of the most st irring pages in that story is the 25,000 It Long March which the Chinese Workers ' and Peasants ' Red Army began in October 1934. It started out from Kiangsi, swept across eleven provinces, defeated over a million reac- t ionary troops who ceaselessly pursued it and tried to encircle it or intercept its advance, and a year later, after over- coming incredible difficulties, finally reached its destination, the revolutionary base in northern Shensi Province, northwest China.

A veteran of the Long March, Chen Chi-tung has suceeded in writ ing a play in six acts worthy of its title. The action covers the most difficult part of the m a r c h - - f r o m the Battle of Lou- shankuan Pass in Kweichow Province in February 1935 to the Battle of Latsekou Pass in September 1935 in Kansu, northwest China. Each of the six acts deals with a part icular phase, the success or failure of which might have affected the whole course of the Long March.

The first act opens with the Battle of Loushankuan Pass which commands the gateway 5o Tsunyi in Kweichow Prov- ince. The capture of the pass by the Red Army is a great encouragement to the local inhabitants. But the Red Army cannot tarry here. I t shows the people how to carry on the revolutionary struggle by guerrilla warfare, and then continues its march to the northwest to fight the Japanese invaders.

The second act takes the reader to the area in southwest China where the Yi people, one of the national minorities, live. Here we see the policy of the Com- munist Par ty towards the national

For years there

18

had been bad blood between the Hans and the Yis. How the Red Army con- vinces the Yis that it is different from the Kuomintang, and how the Yis join hands with the revolutionary forces makes a tensely dramatic interlude. This is how the Red Army men sing it:

Brother peoples, let's unite! Revolution comes to ]low'r. Dig new wells ]or water and plant

new groves of peaches. Plant the peach trees; quickly grows

the frui t ! Follow the Communist Party, i] you

would be happy! Revolution needs the help of all. Hands are clasped in brotherly love, Peaches bloom o'er all the land.

The crossing of the River Tatu in act three gradually brings the play to its climax. The Tatu, a t r ibutary of the Yangtse, runs between perilously high mountains, with a sheer drop from cliff top to water. Its torrent courses over a thousand metres wide and ten metres deep at this point. Strong enemy forces are entrenched on the opposite bank. The Red Army can find only a damaged boat big enough for barely twenty men to cross t h e river. Shih Ta-kai, a famous general of the Taiping Revolu- tion, was trapped here with several hundred thousand of his men, and having failed to cross the river, perished at the hands of the pursuing Manchu troops. Realizing that the crossing of the Tatu is a matter of life or death, the ~Red Army chooses seventeen men to cross over in the damaged boat and make a forced landing, while their com- rades give them covering fire. This dangerous expedient takes the enemy by surprise, and a way to cross the river is thus opened for the whole army, both here and at the famous Luting Bridge higher up the Tatu.

In the following acts, we see the Red Army crossing the Great Snow Moun- tains with their treacherous crevasses, sudden tempests and the agony of effort in rarefied air. Then come the desolate marshy grasslands with their quagmires and fevers. Heavy rain alternates with snowstorms. Over such terrain the in- domitable fighters plod on day and night for four weary weeks and immediately go into a l ightning attack on the strategic pass of Latsekou in Kansu Prov- ince, that assures their safe a r r iva l at their destination in north Shensi.

The Long March is an exciting depic- tion of these heroic happenings. The more vivid because it tells it in terms of the deep comradeship that exists between the officers and men of the Red Army. By concentrating its attention on a typical group of soldiers while retain- ing the sweeping epic view of the great march, it portrays living men who win

our s y m p a t h y a n d a d m i r a t i o n , m e n w h o n e v e r bow to h a r d s h i p s , n o m a t t e r h o w great . I n s p i r e d by t h e g r e a t c ause t h e y a r e f igh t ing for, t hey n e v e r lose t h e i r r e v o l u t i o n a r y o p t i m i s m a n d conf idence in u l t i m a t e v ic tory .

S taged a l l o v e r the count ry , The Long March has been w a r m l y r ece ived eve ry - where . T h r o u g h it, t h e a u d i e n c e comes to k n o w b e t t e r h o w t h e r e v o l u t i o n was won; no one w h o h a s seen i t cou ld fa i l to be i n sp i r ed by the s to ry of those w h o gave so m u c h ef for t a n d t h e i r l ives, w h e n they were ca l led for, in t h e s t rug - gle for t he new China .

-- LIAO HSU-HO

THEATRE

B a l l a d o¢ t h e i t l i n g T o m b s R e s e r v o i r

T h i n g s a r e m o v i n g f a s t in t he t h e a t r e , as in o t h e r fields in China . T i e n Hart, who had not w r i t t e n a n y p lays for seve ra l years , r e c e n t l y took up his p e n again. Wi th prol i f ic energy , soon a f t e r comple t ing Kuan Han-ching (see Peking Review, No. 19, Ju ly 8, 1958), his h i s - tor ical p l ay in c o m m e m o r a t i o n of t he no ted Y u a n d y n a s t y d r a m a t i s t , h e se t to work on a n o t h e r play mBa l lad of the Ming Tombs Reservoir, a n d f in i shed i t i n a f ew days of c o n c e n t r a t e d work . Not to be ou tdone , t he C h i n a Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e of P e k i n g h a d i t on the s tage in less t h a n a week. S ince i ts p r e m i e r e a t the end of June , the p lay ha s a t t r a c t e d a n a u d i e n c e of t housands . I t h a s been so successfu l t h a t i t wi l l c o n t i n u e i ts r u n for s eve ra l m o r e w e e k s in Pek ing , a n d a f i lm ve r s ion wi l l b e made .

The co ns t r uc t i on w o r k on t h e M i n g T o m b s R e s e r v o i r was m o r e t h a n j u s t bu i ld ing a r e se rvo i r : i t was a n e x t r a - o rd ina ry m a n i f e s t a t i o n of the soc ia l i s t l a b o u r e n t h u s i a s m of t h e Ch inese people.

I t s c o m p l e t i o n i n a l i t t le o v e r five m o n t h s w a s an i n s p i r a t i o n to the w h o l e na t ion .

B u t h o w c a n o n e p ro j ec t a n i m a g e on a s t age of 400,000 people w o r k i n g w i t h zest a n d joy? T i e n H a n h a s found a n a p p r o p r i a t e m e a n s of so lv ing th i s p rob -

lem. T h e p l ay is in t h e u n c o n v e n t i o n a l f o r m of t w e l v e scenes w h i c h t h e p lay- w r i g h t uses f o r r a p i d sh i f t s of scene a n d loca le g i v i n g a compos i t e p i c t u r e of t h e l a b o u r e n t h u s i a s m of t h e bu i lde r s coming f r o m e v e r y w a l k of life. Th e bu i ld - ing of t he r e s e r v o i r is the body of t h e p l a y w h i c h also r e c a p i t u l a t e s the pas t w h e n t he M i n g e m p e r o r s ' t o m b s w e r e bui l t , a n d g ives a g l i mp s e of the f u t u r e - - h o w t h i n g s wi l l be l ike t h e r e t w e n t y y e a r s la ter .

The p l ay opens w i t h a s p o k e s m a n a t t he c o n s t r u c t i o n s i te h e a d q u a r t e r s te l l - ing a v i s i t ing c u l t u r a l de l ega t ion a b o u t t he benef i t s t h a t wi l l r e s u l t f r o m t h e rese rvo i r . T h e n in a f e s t ive d e m o n s t r a - t ion t he bu i lde r s , b e a t i n g gongs a n d d r u m s a n d c a r r y i n g co lour fu l b a n n e r s , s u d d e n l y m a r c h o n to t h e s t age f r o m all, s ides, f r o m t h e w ings a n d a u d i t o r i u m, b r i n g i n g to h e a d q u a r t e r s n e w s of f r e sh a c h i e v e m e n t s b y t h e v a r i o u s bu i ld ing t eams . T h e d r a m a t i c effect of th i s m e r g i n g of ac to rs a n d a u d i e n c e is t r e m e n d o u s . W h e n t h e a u d i e n c e l a t e r fo l lows the de l ega t ion on vis i t s to dif- f e r e n t sec t ions of t h e site, t h e y s eem to b e engu l f ed in t h e g r e a t sea of peop le d r i v i n g to c o m p l e t e t h e r e s e r v o i r a h e a d of t ime, to ca tch th i s s u m m e r ' s floods. M a n y inc iden t s d ive r s i fy t h e act ion. M a n y a re a c t u a l r epor tage . A fo re ign c o r r e s p o n d e n t comes to t h e s i te in t h e hope of f ind ing some so r t of " s e n s a t i o n " - - a c o n c e n t r a t i o n camp. He is d is - a p p o i n t e d ; w h e n h e sees for h i m s e l f h o w t h e peop le a r e w o r k i n g , he is so m o v e d t h a t h e too jo ins t h e m shove l l i ng a n d c a r r y i n g ea r th .

The las t s c e n e is a f a n t a s y of the Ming T o m b s R e s e r v o i r w h e n the

A s c e n e from the "Bal lad of the Ming T o m b s Reservo ir"

C h i n e s e people wi l l be l iv ing in a com- m u n i s t society. T h e shores of the r e s e r v o i r a re a big g a r d e n of l ea fy t r ees a n d f lowers. A g roup of Young P i o n e e r s a r e l i s t e n i n g to a w o m a n who is t e l l ing t h e m h o w s h e a n d h u n d r e d s of t h o u s a n d s of o t h e r s d id t h e i r b i t in b u i l d i n g th i s rese rvo i r . B u t the ch i l - d r e n f ind it h a r d to u n d e r s t a n d w h y car ry ing-Roles a n d b a s k e t s h a d to be used to m o v e e a r t h w h e n , as t hey wel l know, s u c h w o r k is a l w a y s done by m a c h i n e s . No t f a r f r o m the r e s e r v o i r t h e r e ai 'e pa l a t i a l r e s t h o m e s a n d a s t a t i o n fo r l a u n c h i n g rocke t s in w h i c h people c a n t r a v e l to t h e moon. I n the c o m m u n i s t soc ie ty w h e r e e v e r y o n e is l i v ing a h a p p y life, e v e n t he old m e n s e e m to b e c o m e y o u n g a g a i n . . . .

T h e c h a r a c t e r s w h i c h T i en H a n ha s p o r t r a y e d in h is p l a y a re as r ea l as t hey a r e fu l l of v i ta l i ty . T h e l a b o u r he roes a r e s i m p l e a n d m o d e s t peop le who, k n o w i n g w h a t t h e y a r e w o r k i n g for, c a r r y on t h e i r w o r k u n d e r diff icul t cond i t ions w i t h g r i t a n d chee r fu lness . T h e y c h a l l e n g e a n d c o m pe te w i t h one a n o t h e r , ye t a r e e v e r on t he lookout to he lp a c o m r a d e in need. As m u c h as a n y t h i n g th i s is a p lay a b o u t the cor- r ec t r e l a t i o n s h i p b e t w e e n t he i n d i v i d u a l a n d t h e c o l l e c t i v e a n d m a k e s t he po in t : on ly w h e n o n e w o r k s w i t h o u t r e se rva - t ions t o g e t h e r w i t h o t h e r s c an one m a k e a t r u l y w o r t h w h i l e c o n t r i b u t i o n to the r ea l i za t i on of a common , lof ty a im.

T h e r e a re m a n y m e m o r a b l e c h a r - a c t e r i z a t i o n s i n t h i s play. T h a t of t h e p e a s a n t girl , S u n S h u - l a n , is p a r t i c u l a r l y i l l umina t i ng . I l l i t e ra te , she h a s b e e n f o r s a k e n by h e r b e t r o t h e d , a young p e a s a n t w h o h a s b e c o m e a wr i t e r . B u t w h e n h e l e a r n s t h a t s h e ha s become a l a b o u r he ro ine , h e t r i e s to get h e r back. S u n S h u - l a n , desp i s ing his m e a n n e s s , s ends h i m pack ing . I n t h e w o m a n t ex t i l e w o r k e r Liu Ch in -me i , t h e h e r o i n e in his Three Beauties produced in 1947 a n d r e c e n t l y r e s t a g e d in Pek ing , T ien H a n p o r t r a y s a w o m a n w h o was a lone r ebe l u n t i l s h e f o u n d t h a t on ly concer ted effor ts b y the w o r k e r s cou ld o v e r t h r o w t h e enemy. I n h e r T ien H a n s h o w e d a w o m a n of t h e old socie ty a d v a n c i n g to t h e new. In S u n S h u - l a n , h o w e v e r , he p o r t r a y s a w o m a n of C h i n a today, no longe r a he lp less v i c t i m of socie ty bu t one w h o s t a n d s f i rmly on h e r o w n feet.

T h e p l a y is r a t e d by cr i t ics as one of T i en H a n ' s be s t plays. As p e r f o r m e d by t h e C h i n a Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e ' s l ead- ing t r o u p e of ac to rs a n d act resses , i t c e r t a i n l y b r i m s ove r w i t h l i fe a n d vi ta l i ty . T h e a u d i e n c e gets a fee l ing t h a t t hey a r e no t w a t c h i n g a p l ay in a t h e a t r e , b u t h a v e c o m e as u n s e e n v i s i to rs to t h e c o n s t r u c t i o n s i t e i t se l f .

~ W U P I N

19

C H I N A AND THE

W O R L D P e k i n g P e a c e R a l l y

Peking greeted the success of the recent Stockholm Congress for Disarmament and International Co-operation at a mass rally on August 6. A resolution adopted pledged whole-hearted support for the Stockholm appeals and declarations and greeted the Mao Tse-tung-Khrushchov talks as "giving a great new impetus" to the struggle for peace.

(~alling for the immediate suspension of nuclear tests by the United States and Britain, the resolution fully endorsed the call to the Fourth World Congress Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs and for Disarmament which is scheduled to open in Tokyo on August 15.

Kuo Mo-jo, leader of the Chinese delegation to the Stockholm meeting, told the rally that the Congress was the most fruitful since the launching of the peace movement ten years ago; it resolutely condemned U.S. aggression and firmly supported the struggle against colonialism.

Earlier, at a reception for 42 peace delegates from 11 countries, Foreign Minister Chen Yi had pledged the full support of the Chinese Government for the Stockholm appeals and declarations. The delegates, visiting China on their way home from the Stockholm Congress, come from Burma, Ceylon, India, Indone- sia, New Zealand, and the Latin American countries of Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Cuba, and Paraguay.

K o r e a n D e l e g a t i o n

A government delegation of the Korean Democratic People's Republic led by Vice-Premier Li Joo Yun is now in Peking to discuss with the Chinese Gov- ernment the further strengthening of economic co-ordination between the two countries. Members of the delegation include Li Chong Ok, Chairman of the State Planning Commission; Kim Choi Sun, Vice-Minister of Home and Foreign Trade; and the Korean Ambassador to China Li Young Ho.

Gif t f r o m ~ 4 l o n g o l l a

At a ceremony in Peking attended by the Mongolian Ambassador, S. Lubsan, 550 Mongolian horses were given to the Chinese authorities. This is the first batch of the 15,000 draught-horses the Mongolian Government is presenting to

20

China this y e a r to help the current big leap in agriculture.

The Mongolian horses are highly valued on Chinese farms for their strength, stamina and adaptability. These 15,000 draught-horses and an equal number which China is buying this year from Mongolia, bring to 200,000 the total of Mongolian horses brought to China since liberation.

In Ulan Bator the Presidium of the Great People's Hural of Mongolia has conferred the Order of Sukhe-Bator on Chinese Ambassador Ho Ying. The award of this highest Mongolian order, states the citation, is for the notable con- tribution made by the Chinese envoy in strengthening the fraternal friendship between the two countries a~d for his work in connection with Chinese aid for Mongolia's national construction.

N i n e V a l i a n t O r c h i d s

It is no unusual thing now to meet Chinese workers and peasants, who have distinguished themselves in the service of their country, representing People's China on delegations abroad. You meet them in Moscow, Prague, New Delhi, Stockholm and many other international centres. But there is a unique character to the group of nine peasant girls f rom the outskirts of Peking who are now touring Rumania and will attend the Rumanian National Day celebrations. Twenty-two-year-old Yen Hsiu-lan, a government cadre, and eight members of an agricultural co-op (all her juniors, the you0gest being only 17) volunteered at an early stage to work as a team at the Ming Tombs Reservoir. Often doubling or even tripling their assigned quota, they soon distinguished themselves by their unrivalled enthusiasm and hard work. By the time the reservoir was completed, the name of the "Nine Orchid Team" - - because all its members have as part of their name the character lan, meaning o r c h i d - - h a d spread far and wide. These girls seemed to radiate the spirit of the current big leap.

The invitation to visit Rumania was extended by Chairman Chivu Stoica who met the team at the reservoir construction site during his visit to China last April.

R e l i g i o n I n C h i n n

Two recent distinguished visitors to China have again exposed the hoary lie that religious beliefs are suppressed in China.

One is the Venerable Hout Tath, leader of the Cambodian Buddhist Delegation which just concluded a month's visit to China. He told correspondents in Phnom Penh that the Chinese people enjoy freedom of religious belief; that many ruined

Buddhist temples have been restored with government assistance. "What I saw in China was entirely different from the rumours I had heard before," he added.

The other is Ghazanfar All Khan, president of the Lahore Pakistan-China Friendship Association. Addressing a reception in Lahore on his return from a tour in China, he characterized as base- less propaganda reports that Muslims in China do not enjoy religious freedom. He noted that in Peking alone there are 80 mosques, 12 of them built si.nce 1949. He said he personally saw large numbers of Chinese Muslims studying Islamism and libraries full of Islamic literature.

C n l t u r n l N e w n

Eighteen poems by Chairman Mao Tse- tung, rendered into German by R. Schneider, have been published recently by the Academy of Arts of the German Democratic Republic.

The latest issue of Aulbau, a periodical of the G.D.R. Cultural Union, has also carried the poems.

In India, Chairman Mao's poems have been translated into Bengali by the famous Bengali poet Bishnu Dey and published in book form together with Mao Tse- tung's letter to the editor of Shikan (Poetry), in which they were first published, and his latest poem, The Immortals (see Peking Review, No. 20). The poems have aroused great i~terest in Indian l i terary circles. Several newspapers published them in English translation.

In Viet-nam, seven of the poems including Snow and New Year's Day have been translated into Viet-namese by the noted poet Hoang Trung Thuong.

The Chinese Theatrical and Dance Troupe is now giving a series of five performances in Czechoslovakia. These Chinese artists earl ier cancelled their performances in England in protest against U.S.-British aggression in the Middle East.

The troupe will later visit Poland, Switzerland and Italy.

A Sino-German protocol for technical co-operation was recently signed in Ber- lin. I t provides for the mutual free exchange of scientific and technical data. G.D.R. specialists will help China build factories and Chinese specialists and students will be welcomed to visit and undergo training in the G.D.R.

V l i l t o r s

A six-member delegation of French economists headed by M. Dumontier, Director of the French National Statis- tical Institute.

A French medical delegation led by Professor Rene Favert .

The Hungarian wri ter Berkesi Andras.

CHINESE PRESS OPINION

S i n g - S o v i e t C o m m u n i q u e

The greatest importance is attached in the Chinese press to the Mao Tse- tung-Khrushchov talks in Peking. The communique of the two leaders, carried under banner headlines in all papers, has been the subject of editorial comment for several days.

Peking papers are unanimous in their evaluation of the great significance the talks have for the people of the world in their struggle to preserve peace and oppose aggression. "The communique," says Renmin Ribao, "has dealt a telling blow to the aggressive imperialist forces; it will he a tremendous inspiration to peace-loving people the world over." Beifing Ribao calls it a great programme

for peace and against war. Guangming Ribao predicts that the talks will have far-reaching effects on international de- velopments; Jiefanjun Bao (Liberation Army Daily) regards the communique as "a solemn warning to the imperialist war maniacs."

Touching on the background of the talks, Renmin Ribao writes: The two leaders met at a t ime of tremendous changes in the international situation. The victorious struggle of the Iraqi people has greatly advanced the national liberation movements in Asia, Africa and Latin America as well as the struggle against imperialism throughout the world. On the other hand, the desperate armed intervention of the U.S. and British imperialists in the Middle East has acutely heightened world tension and the danger of a new war. Although the U.S.-British aggressive venture is headed for failure and a signal victory has already been won against aggression, U.S. and British invasion forces have not yet withdrawn from the Middle East. They are still gravely violating the right of the Arab nations to independence, interfering in the internal affairs of the Middle East countries and threatening Middle East and world peace in a bid to shore up and restore their colonial rule. At such a time the exchange of views by the Chinese and Soviet leaders on the international situation and their full accord on the measures to be taken are of vital significance to world peace.

Da Gong Bag also points to the importance of the Sing-Soviet talks, coming as they did amidst the danger of further U.S.-British aggression in the Middle East. It writes: "While Wash- ington and London have been forced

to call off their originally planned armed attacks and have recognized the Iraqi Republic, this de jure recognition does not really signify that they have renounc- ed their schemes of intervention. Until their troops withdraw from the Middle East, the danger of war remains. The Arab people and peace-loving people the world over must go on fighting, and fight still more effectively, to halt aggression and preserve peace. The Mao Tse-tung-Khrushchov talks have provided a strong guarantee for victory in this fight."

Many papers dwell on the communique's warning to the imperialist war maniacs that should they dare to impose war on the world's peoples, they will be wiped out utterly.

Renmin Ribao {August 8) says: Beg- ging won't preserve peace. Peace can be won only by mili tant struggle. Since the Second World War, the victories won by the Asian and African peoples against aggression and colonialism and in defence of independence and peace have all been won through determined struggle. The imperialists, outwardly the stronger at first, were finally defeated because their cause was not just and they were opposed by the people. The results of these struggles show: As long as the peace forces are united, as long as they rely on the people, even the U.S. imperialists ~ - t h e strongest of them a l l - - c a n be

defeated. Da Gong Bag points out that it is pre-

cisely because the imperialists are head- ing to their doom that they are becoming all the more desperate. As the national independence movement spreads on a world-wide scale and deals blow after blow at the very foundations of

imperialism, the imperialists are more and more inclined to resort to aggressive war. In Le- banon, the U.S. imperialists are in fact carrying on a "limited war" in preparation for "total war." To check war and defend peace, therefore, the working class and the peace- loving people have no al ternative but to wage a res- olute revolutionary struggle.

[.1". N . E m e r g e n c F S e s s i o n

In the opinion of the Chinese press, the withdrawal of U.S.-British forces from the Middle East is the only means to end the present threat to world peace. Hence they are unanimous in greeting as a t imely and effective move for peace the latest Soviet proposal for an emergency session of the U.N. General As- sembly.

Renmin Ribao (August 7) points out that the Security Council is in a state of paralysis; its composition makes it impotent to deal effectively with the urgent task of ending U.S.-British aggression. It says: As members of U.S.-con- trolled mili tary blocs and countries de- pendent on the United States, many of the Security Council members under U.S. pressure are, in fact, at the beck and caU of the U.S.-British aggressors. Furthermore, that political c o r p s e - - t h e Chiang Kai-shek representative - - is planted there by the U:S. as a permanent member.

In fact, the paper continues, the U.S.- British aggressors have been attempting to use the special session of the Security Council as a means to legalize their crimes of aggression and to expand their aggression under cover of the label of "permanent United Nations forces."

Da Gong Bag (August 7) ridicules the U.S. attempt to have the General As- sembly discuss "indirect aggression" in Lebanon. This mythical "indirect aggression," it says, is only a fig-leaf to cover up U.S.-British naked, direct aggression in the Middle East. In its two reports even the U.N. observers' mission sent by the Security Council to the Mid- dle East for on-the-spot investigations has refuted the existence of "indirect aggression." The present tension in the Middle East is a direct result of the direct aggression of the United States and Britain, the paper concludes.

By Mtao Tt

21

Two ~a~ed Renmin Ribao's for tn ight ly in te rna-

t ional r ev iew (August 7) declares that the Uni ted States mus t not be a l lowed to get away wi th its a t t empt to sa lvage its complete ly sh ipwrecked gunboat policy by diplomatic deceits and so fur ther its aggressive designs.

Washington and London, the r e v i e w says, are doing thei r best to disguise the i r naked aggression, and put it on a legal basis. The White House, through Mur - phy, has directed the pres ident ia l e lect ion in Lebanon and now Dulles is ta lk ing about "pol i t ical s tabi l i ty" as a p re requ i - site to the w i thd rawa l of Amer i can troops. This crude in te rvent ion in Lebanon ' s internal affairs is obviously designed to m a k e Lebanon a spr ingboard for fu r the r U.S. invasions in the Middle East. At the same time, Dulles has openly demanded the rep lacement of the U.S.-Bri t ish occupation forces in Lebanon and Jo rdan wi th " p e r m a n e n t U.N. forces ." In actual fact, he is t rying to disguise the U.S.-Brit ish occupation troops wi th the c loak of the U.N., just as was done dur ing the aggressive war in Korea.

The rev iew warns that Wash ington, in the role of Dr. Jeky l l and Mr. Hyde, is pre tending once again to be the " f r iend" of the Arab people. Whi le they brandish the i r a rms in an a t t emPt to b rowbea t the nat ional ly independent Arab countries, the Uni ted States and Bri ta in a re t rumpe t ing about the so-called "U.N. deve lopmen t plan in the Middle East" as if they were rea l ly concerned about these countr ies ' economic welfare. A wolf who pre tends to be a k ind-hear ted g ranny whi le sharpening its f a n g s - - t h i s is the base and hypo- cri t ical role the U.S. G o v e r n m e n t is playing, the r ev i ew concludes.

Da Gong Bao (August 4) also warns ~hat the polit ical conspiracies being engineered by Murphy in the Middle

, THE PASSING SHOW

The Latin American Way Following the fiasco of the Nixon "goodwill" tour in South America,

Secretary Dulles, evidently thinking he could do better himself, set off on a trip to woo Brazil. In Rio, however, he immediately ran into a demonstration of booing, fist-shaking students gathered before

, ~ the black-draped university student head- quarters and shouting "Dulles Go Home!"

But Mr. Dulles wasn't arguing the point. His motorcade was doing fifty miles an hour along the cleared streets.

"Pleasant Journey!"

East a r e in tended to pave the way for fu r the r aggression. I t r eminds its r ead- ers that at the p resen t t ime the Uni ted Sta tes and Br i ta in have concen t ra ted 70,000 troops and large numbers of p lanes and w a r vessels in the Med i t e r r an ean a rea ready to engage in fu r the r mi l i t a ry ven - tures.

Enemy o f Smal] N a t i o n s

"Shameless sophis t ry" is the ve rd ic t of Renmi~ Ribao (August 5) in its c o m m e n t on Pres iden t E isenhower ' s le t te r to Chai r - m a n Khrushchov on Augus t 1.

The paper notes tha t at the ve ry momen t w h e n E i senhower was t ry ing his best to deck h imsel f out as the de fende r of the r ights of smal l nations, he was o rder ing Amer i can d ip lomats to eng inee r a coup against the legal g o v e r n m e n t of Haiti. The day before he sent his l e t t e r , the U.S. G o v e r n m e n t was also p repar ing to dispatch troops to Cuba for a rmed in tervent ion , using the excuse of pro- tect ing the wa te r supply system at its nava l base in Guantanarno, Cuba. Only recent ly, the Uni ted Sta tes plot ted a coup in Venezue la to res tore a pro-U.S, d ic ta- tor ial regime.

"The Uni ted Sta tes engineers revol ts

"This ttme I '~ well

prepared P'

!!ii i

Ike and Mac: "We'd look much better if we could wear that!" By Mi Ku in "Xin Guancha"

and coups d ' e t a t in o ther countr ies to subver t gove rnmen t s suppor ted by the people ; it uses d i rec t a rmed in te rven t ion to bolster up o ther countr ies ' an t i -popu- l a r and reac t ion- a ry rulers, this is w h a t it calls ' re- spect ' for the independence of smal l nat ions and for the ex is tence of legal gove rnmen t s ! "

Events in Cuba, Hai t i and Vene- zuela a re only the la tes t examples of U.S. subvers ion and

open a r m e d aggress ion in the Lat in A m e r i c a n countries, the pape r points out. In the past decade alone, the Uni ted Sta tes has engineered e l even ma jo r subvers ive actions in Bolivia, Gua temala , Brazil , Pe ru , Salvador , P a r a - guay, Costa Rica and Cuba.

The pira t ical acts of U.S. imper ia l i sm encroaching on the independence and sovere ign ty of o ther countries, the paper continues, a re not l imi ted to Lat in Amer ica , nor to the smal l nations. I t lists the U.S.-organized coups d ' e ta t in I ran i n 1953 to o v e r t h r o w the Mossadegh gov- e r n m e n t and in J o r d a n in 1957 to over- t h row the Nabuls i g o ve r nm en t and its a r m e d th rea t agains t Syria. In Indonesia , U.S. in te r fe rence has not yet stopped. In m a n y o ther countr ies in Asia, the re are example s of d ispute s and int r igues crea ted by the Amer icans . Dur ing its p resent aggress ion agains t the Middle East, the Uni ted Sta tes ignored in te rna t iona l l aw to v io la te the t e r r i to r ia l a i r of Austr ia , Swi t ze r l and and Saudi Arabia . "Al l this shows that the Uni ted Sta tes has a lways been and cont inues to be con temptuous of the independence and sovere ign ty of o ther countries. U.S. imper ia l i sm is the mor ta l enemy of all the sma l l e r countr ies in the wor ld and all those countr ies which a re unwi l l ing to submi t to e n s l a v e m e n t and control by it."

U . S . T e s t s P o i s o n A s i a n A i r

R a d i o a c t i v e fa l l -out a long S o u t h e a s t China's coasta l areas has great ly increased as a resu l t of recent U.S. nuc l e ar e x - p los ions in the M a r s h a l l Is lands. This reve la t ion m a d e by C h ine se sc i ent i s t s on A u g u s t 1 and carr ied in the press has aroused w i d e s p r e a d indignat ion.

T h e sc ient is ts ' s t a t e m e n t is b a s e d on data obta ined by observat ion s tat ions tak ing samples for rad ioa c t ive c o n t a m i n a - t ion and us ing s e i s mic and in fra - sound m e t h o d s to d e t e r m i n e the t ime and place of nuc l ear w e a p o n tests . It po ints out that the U.S. nuc l ear tests , s taged be- t w e e n spr ing and s u m m e r in the Pacific, c a u s e d rad ioac t ive m a t e r i a l to be carried

22

by the monsoon winds to the sou theas t China coast, J a p a n and Korea and a w a y f rom the t e r r i to ry and wa t e r s of the United States. I t appeals to the publ ic t9 direct serious a t t en t ion to this " i n h u m a n activity."

In a c o m m e n t a r y en t i t l ed "Stop This Now!" Renm~n Ribao (August 2) wr i tes : The U.S. mi l i ta ry author i t ies are obviously in tent on doing h a r m to our Asian people. In u t te r d i s regard of w o r l d - w i d e opposition, they have de l ibera te ly p icked the monsoon season for t he i r tests.

The wor ld cannot forge t the 1954 Bikini tests ca r r ied out by the Uni ted S ta tes in wh ich J a p a n e s e f i she rmen were the

vict ims. Tha t yea r in the coasta l a rea of China and J a p a n ra ins and snowfa l l s w e r e c o n t a m i n a t e d wi th g rea t quant i t i es of rad ioac t ive par t ic les . Tha t t r agedy was caused by only th ree nuc lea r ex- plosions. The ser ies of tests car r ied out by the Uni ted S ta tes this year included ten t imes as m a n y explos ions and the per iod was ex t ended to t h ree months . The menace to the life and secur i ty of the peoples of the As ian count r ies in the Pacific a rea wil l thus be intensified.

To deceive the world, the U.S. au thor i - t ies c la imed tha t the hyd r ogen bombs ex- p loded in the i r Pacif ic tes ts w e r e "clean bombs." But a Tokyo d i spa tch repor ted

tha t two J a p a n e s e ships, the Takuyoo and Satsuma, w e r e hi t by radioac t ive ra in on Ju ly 14 whi le sai l ing in the Pacific on an oceanic obse rva t ion mission. Thi r ty- seven people on board have been con- f i rmed as suffer ing f rom the fa ta l disease leukemia .

The Uni ted S ta tes has s tepped up its nuc lea r tes ts in t he Pacific a rea at a t ime w h e n it is conduct ing joint aggres- s ion wi th Br i ta in in the Middle East. These ou t rageous acts cannot bu t arouse the ind igna t ion of the As ian peoples and of all w h o cher i sh peace. The Chinese people p ro tes t aga ins t these tes t explo- sions in the Pacific area.

WHAT'S ON IN PEKING Highlights of Current Entertainment, Exhibitions, etc.

P r o g r a m m e s are s u b j e c t to change . W h e r e t imes are no t l is ted c onsu l t t hea t r e or dai ly press.

P E K I N G O P E R A

• CHIN H S I A N G - L I E N A w e l l - k n o w n s t o r y of t he S u n g d y n a s t y in w h i c h a s cho l a r , a f t e r g a i n i n g w e a l t h a n d pos i t ion , t r i e s to m u r d e r h i s w i f e a n d t w o c h i l d r e n . He is b r o u g h t to Jus t i ce by P a o C h e n g , a j u s t m a g i s t r a t e . P r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y of P e k i n g a n d s t a r r i n g f o u r o£ C h i n a ' s b e s t - k n o w n a c t o r s : Ma L i e n - l l a n g , C h a n g C h a a - c h l u , T a n F u - y i n g a n d Chiu S h e n g - j t m g .

ALIg. 13 C h u n g h o T h e a t r e A u g , 14 P e k i n g T h e a t r e A u g . 15 Peop le ' s T h e a t r e

• IN THE S N O W Y F O R E S T H o w the peop le ' s a r m y r o u t e d a n o t o r i o u s b a n d i t g a n g . A fu l l - l eng th P e k i n g o p e r a v e r s i o n o f Chu P o ' s f a s t - m o v l n g novel . P r o d u c e d b y the Ch ina P e k i n g O p e r a C o m p a n y .

A u g . 13 P e k i n g T h e a t r e

P I N G C H U O P E R A

• B I T T E R F L O W E R S A n e w p l a y d e s c r i b i n g h o w the S h a n t u n g p e a s a n t s rose a g a i n s t t he b i t t e r o p p r e s s i o n t h e y s u f f e r e d u n d e r t r a i t o r s a n d l a n d l o r d s a t the s t a r t o f the An t i - J a p a n e s e War . P r o d u c e d b y the C h i n a P l n g - c h u O p e r a C o m p a n y a n d s t a r r i n g n o t e d p i n g c h u a c t r e s s H s i a o P a t Yu S h u a n g .

A u g . 12 Ta C h a n g Thea t r e

C H U Y I

• THE F I R S T N A T I O N A L CHU Y I F E S T I V A L s p o n s o r e d by the M i n i s t r y of Cu l tu re .

A u g . 12 C h a n g a n T h e a t r e

K U N C H U O P E R A

• H U N G H S I A T h e m o v i n g ta le of a K i a n g s i p e a s a n t g i r l in t he A n t i - J a p a n e s e War . To s a v e h e r v i l l age f r o m d e s t r u c t i o n , H u n g H s i a l e a d s a t r o o p of K M T s o l d i e r s up a p r e c i p i c e f r o m w h i c h t h e r e is no re- tu rn . P r o d u c e d by the N o r t h K u n c h u O p e r a T h e a t r e a n d s t a r r i n g Li S h u - e h u n , Hou Y u n g - k u e i a n d T s u n g C h a o - h u a n .

Aug. 14 & 15 C h a n g a n T h e a t r e

I

A P P E A R A N C E OF B R A Z I L I A N F I R S T CONCERT A R T I S T S ON T H E • [

C H I N E S E S T A G E t • S o n g s * D a n c e s b y t h e v i s i t i n~

B r a z i l i a n R a d i o a n d Television Artlst~ Delegat ion wi th its l ight o r c h e s t r a a n d d a n c e g r o u p . i (Aug. 10-12 at the Peop le ' s Thea t re )

THEATRE

• THE E G R E T A p l a y by P a t J e n a b o u t a w o m a n C o m m u n i s t P a r t y m e m b e r d u r i n g the W a r of L i b e r a t i o n . P r o d u c e d by the C h i n a Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e .

Aug. 14-18 China Y o u t h A r t Thea t r e

• U N F O R G E T T A B L E T I M E S T h i s n e w p l a y p r o d u c e d by the P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s Ar t T h e a t r e tells a b o u t the a c t i v i t i e s of u n d e r - g r o u n d C o m m u n i s t P a r t y m e m b e r s in S h a n g h a i in t hose u n f o r g e t t a b l e y e a r s b e f o r e the v i c t o r y o f the r evo lu t i on . P r o - d u c e d by the P e k i n g P e o p l e ' s A r t T h e a t r e .

A u g . 12-17 Capital T h e a t r e

• S O N OF T H E W O R K I N G C L A S S B a s e d on the a u t o b i o g r a p h y of Wu Yun- to , one of C h i n a ' s b e s t - l o v e d r e v o l u t i o n a r y he roe s . T h r i c e s e v e r e l y Wounded , he n e v e r s t o n p e d w o r k i n g fo r t he r e v o l u t i o n . P r o d u c e d by the C h i n a Y o u t h A r t T h e a t r e .

A u g . 12 Tteneh iao Thea t r e A u g . 16-21 Peop le ' s T h e a t r e

F I L M S

(Fore tgn y~lms are d t tbbed in Chinese un le s s o t h e r w i s e no ted . )

• I N T R I G U E ON T H E S E A S A c o l o u r e d Sov ie t f e a t u r e film. T h e r e is a s a b o t e u r a m o n g the c r e w of a s u b m a r i n e in the A t l a n t i c Ocean . W h o is he? H o w is he c a u g h t ?

Au~. 16-20 P e k i n g Exh lb l t ion Cen tre Ctnema, Hsin Chteh K o u , C h a n g Yang , K w a n g a n Men, P'ektng Worker s" Club, Ta Hue , Chiao Tao K o u

• S O N G OF T H E R O A D An I n d i a n f e a t u r e f i lm a b o u t t he t r a g i c d e a t h of a l i t t le c o u n t r y g i r l .

Aug . 16-16 Hstn C h a n g Kuo, K w a n g h o T h e a t r e

• T W O M O T H E R S A f e a t u r e f i lm f r o m t h e G e r m a n D e m o c r a t i c ReDubUc. A touch - i n g a n d m e a n i n g f u l i n c i d e n t o f w a r . A G e r - m a n m o t h e r , no t k n o w i n g h e r n e w - b o r n b a b y h a s b e e n k i l l ed by a b o m b , m i s t a k e s a F r e n c h b a b y f o r h e r own. A f t e r c o u n t l e s s d i f f i c u l t i e s the w i d o w e d F r e n c h m o t h e r f inds h e r chi ld a l t e r the w a r .

An~. 11-13 C h a n g Yang , K w a n g a n Men, P e k t n a W o r k e r s ' Club

Au~. 14-15 P e k t n o Exh ib i t ion Cen tre Cinema. Hstn Chteh Kou, Ta Hue , Chtao Tao K o u

A u g . 16-18 P e k t n ~ T h e a t r e

• THE L O N G R O A D A co lou red Sov ie t f i lm on the f a t e of two l o v e r s in t s a r i s t Rus s i a .

Au~. 11-13 Pekin¢7 Exhib i t ion Cen tre Cinema. Hs tn Chteh Kou, Ta Hue , Chiao Tao K o u

Aug. 14-15 C h u n g Y a n q . K w a n g a n I ~ n , P e k i n q W o r k e r s ' Club

A u g . 16-18 Chi ldren ' s Cinema, Capital Thea t re , S h e n g Lt, C h a n g Y a n g

• T H E S I S T E R S A c o l o u r e d w i d e s c r e e n S o v i e t f i lm a d a p t e d f r o m the f i r s t p a r t o f t he t r i l o g y Ordeal Wri t ten b y A l e x e l To l s toy . T h r o u g h the s t o r y o f two s i s t e r s i t s h o w s R u s s i a in t he y e a r s of t h e F i r s t Wor ld W a r a n d j u s t a f t e r t he O c t o b e r Revo lu t i on . I n R u s s i a n , w i t h C h i n e s e sub- t i t l e s .

Aug . 12-10 Capttai C inema

E X H I B I T I O N S

• R E V O L U T I O N A R Y H I S T O R Y E X H I B I - T I O N - A rich col lec t ion o f d o c u m e n t s a n d p h o t o s c o v e r i n g the e n t i r e p e r i o d of t h e n e w - d e m o c r a t i c r e v o l u t i o n in China , Also d i s p l a y e d "a, r e w e a p o n s a n d m a n y o t h e r a r t i c l e s u s e d d u r i n g the r e v o l u t i o n . Dai ly ( excep t Mort.) 8-12 a .m. . 2:00-4:30 p .m.

At t he M u s e u m of Revo l u t i o n a r~ Hi s tory la t t he Hs l H u a Men G a t e of t he P a l a c e M u s e u m )

• P A L A C E M U S E U M Exh ib i t ion o f Ar t ic les Used by Feudal

E m p e r o r s - - A v a l u a b l e col lec t ion of Jewel - l e r y a n d o t h e r t r e a s u r e s of f o r m e r e m p e r o r s . A m o n g t h e m i s t he l a r g e s t p iece of c a r v e d j a d e in the w o r l d , d e p i c t i n g the p e o p l e ' s s t r u g g l e a ~ a i n s t f lood in the t i m e of t he E m p e r o r Yu.

Exh ib i t i on of A n c i e n t Chinese W e a p o n s - - f r o m the S h a n g d y n a s t y to t h e Ch in~ d y n a s t y . In the H i s t o r i c a l M u s e u m i n s i d e t h e P a l a c e M u s e u m .

C O N J U R I N G

C H A N G H U I - C H U N G , m a s t e r - m a g i c i a n f r o m S h a n g h a i , a n d h i s t r o u p e . N i g h t l y p e r f o r m - a n c e s a t t he C h u n g h o T h e a t r e f r o m A u g u s t 14-17 a n d at C h a n g a n T h e a t r e f r o m A u g u s t 18-20.

C I R C U S

P E K I N G ' S O W N C I R C U S - - n o w . p e r f o r m i n g i n s i d e the T e m p l e of H e a v e n P a r k . One e v e n i n g s h o w da i l y on w e e k d a y s and t w o to t h r e e s h o w s on S u n d a y s a n d ho l idays . by the n e w c i r c u s t r o u p e of t he C h i n a Acro- b a t i c s C o m p a n y .

P E K I N G P L A N E T A R I U M

• L A T E S T F E A T U R E " M i r a c l e s in t he S k y " - -2 :30 p .m.

Also "A S u m m e r Night" --4:00 p.m. " T r i p T h r o u g h the U n i v e r s e "

--1:00 a n d 7:30 p .m.

F I S H I N G

A T P e l h a t P a r k T a n J a n T l n g P a r k P e k i n g Z o o

B r i n g y o u r o w n f i s h i n g t ack l e or r e n t i t f r o m the parks .

23

Visit Canton for Business and Pleasure It

:"~ ~..~. ;. ~: .....-~" ....f ~ ..... ..-~' ,¢: ~'~ .~.

., ~'. :.',~ ~'~" . ~.~ • . .:~ ,' ..~,~,~:~;,

From Oct . 1 5 - - N o v .

i

GOODS f rom all over China will be on display

at the

CHINESE EXPORT COMMODITIES FAIR (Sponsored by China National Foreign Trade Corporations)

All of China's foreign trade corporations will have representatives there to discuss trade with YOU

Whether you wish to BUY or SELL, you'll find it pays to visit the CHINESE EXPORT

COMMODITIES FAIR

"-iiii CHINA TRAVEL SERVICE LTD. [':'iiii

i',i il i ! i l HONGKONG ,,,::'~"~:' H .J~ii if:[ wil l look a f t e r a l l you r [i![ • , travel arrangements H

~. ,m,m.m,w,m. l l l i i i l l i i f i~ i i~ i i . i • ~ ~ i~ i i i i i~ i i ih i i i [ i i i i [~ i~ i~ i i i i i i i i i~ i i i i~ i~ i i i i i i i i i i i~ i i i~ i i~ i~}~ i i i i i i i i i~ i i i i i i j i i i i~ i i i i i i i i i -=~ i i~ ; i~ i

EXPORT ITEMS :

• Indus t r ia l mach inery , t r anspo r t machinery and instruments

• Otis, fats, cereals, and animal by-products

• Metals and minerals

• Chemicals and pharmaceuticals

• Tea, silk, foodstuffs, native produce and cotton pieeegoods

• Building materials, stationery, etc.

For full information, please write to:

THE ADMINISTRATOR, Chinese Export Commodities Fair Cable Addre.: CECFA CANTON . . . . . . . Canton, Chine

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