Mapping non-tariff measures on fish and sea food products
Bonapas Onguglo
Marco Fugazza
Trade Analysis Branch, DITC
UNCTAD
Oceans Forum on Trade-related Aspects of SDG 14
21 - 22 March 2017, Geneva
• UNCTAD has been actively involved in research, data collection and dissemination related to NTMs since the early 1980s
• Enhance transparency on market access & promote regulatory cooperation.
• UNCTAD, the African Development Bank (AfDB), the International Trade Centre (ITC) and the World Bank are forming a partnership called the Transparency in Trade (TNT) Initiative including NTMs
NTMs in UNCTAD
• The TNT initiative aims to facilitate collection of tariffs and non-tariff measures (NTM) and other trade data, harmonization of NTMs, and provide free and open access the data collected
• Data are accessible at:
http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspx
NTMs in UNCTAD
http://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspxhttp://unctad.org/en/Pages/DITC/Trade-Analysis/Non-Tariff-Measures/NTMs-Data.aspx
• Investigation of the presence and incidence of Non-Tariff Measures (NTMs) in the fish sector based on a recently released dataset produced by UNCTAD’s secretariat
• Identification of salient stylized facts and empirical regularities
• Work in Progress !!!
Scope
• The commonly used definition of NTMs is: "Non-tariff measures (NTMs) are policy measures, other than ordinary customs tariffs, that can potentially have an economic effect on international trade in goods, changing quantities traded, or prices or both“
• NB: Procedural obstacles are not NTMs per se but affect compliance with these measures
Definition
Defintion
Imports
Technical
Measures
A SANITARY AND PHYTOSANITARY MEASURES
B TECHNICAL BARRIERS TO TRADE
C PRE-SHIPMENT INSPECTION AND OTHER FORMALITIES
Non-
Technical
Measures
D CONTINGENT TRADE-PROTECTIVE MEASURES
E NON-AUTOMATIC LICENSING, QUOTAS,
PROHIBITIONS AND QUANTITY-CONTROL
MEASURES OTHER THAN FOR SPS OR TBT
REASONS
F PRICE-CONTROL MEASURES, INCLUDING
ADDITIONAL TAXES AND CHARGES
G FINANCE MEASURES
H MEASURES AFFECTING COMPETITION
I TRADE-RELATED INVESTMENT MEASURES
J DISTRIBUTION RESTRICTIONS
K RESTRICTIONS ON POST-SALES SERVICES
L SUBSIDIES (EXCLUDING EXPORT SUBSIDIES
UNDER P7)
M GOVERNMENT PROCUREMENT RESTRICTIONS
N INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY
O RULES OF ORIGIN
Exports
P EXPORT-RELATED MEASURES
UNCTAD NTMs Classification (2012)
http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditctab20122_en.pdf
http://unctad.org/en/PublicationsLibrary/ditctab20122_en.pdf
• Analysis is quantitative (i.e. we can not provide any information about either absolute or relative stringency of measures)
• NTMs data are based on HS-2012 classification
no distinction between capture and aquaculture products
• Cross-section of 56 reporting countries (80 percent of total fish imports)
• Data collected between 2012 and 2016
• Exports related measures are not analyzed
Limitations
• Products of the fish sector are relatively more affected by NTMs and more intensively than products belonging to non-fish sectors: on average countries applied twice as many NTMs on fish products than on non-fish products
Stylized fact 1
Stylized fact 1
Number of NTMs types Share in Total Share in Affected
0 2.76
1 5.81 5.97
2 32.54 33.46
3 24.56 25.26
4 25.98 26.72
5 5.98 6.15
6 2.38 2.44
Number of NTMs types Share in Total Share in Affected
0 25.50
1 21.54 28.91
2 22.63 30.37
3 15.97 21.44
4 10.59 14.22
5 3.17 4.26
6 0.60 0.8
fish p
roducts
non-f
ish p
roducts
Reporter-product pairs (with positive imports) affected by different types of NTMs
• Products of the fish sector are mostly affected by technical regulations and in particular SPS measures
Stylized fact 2
• Most countries impose some SPS measure on all imports of products of the fish sector
Stylized fact 3
NTMs Chapter Number of Import Relationships Share in Total Share in Affected
A 53621 24.63 33.06
B 112559 51.70 69.39
C 51751 23.77 31.90
D 2395 1.10 1.48
E 37137 17.06 22.89
F 92069 42.29 56.76
G 28668 13.17 17.67
H 5995 2.75 3.70
None 55519 25.50
Stylized fact 2
NTMs Chapter Number of Import Relationships Share in Total Share in Affected
A 5826 92.92 95.56
B 5112 81.53 83.84
C 2558 40.80 41.96
D 21 0.33 0.34
E 835 13.32 13.70
F 3129 49.90 51.32
G 746 11.90 12.24
H 122 1.95 2.00
None 173 2.76
Reporter-product (only fish products) pairs affected by an NTM, by NTMs type
fish p
roducts
non-f
ish
pro
ducts
020
40
60
80
share
(%)
A10
0
A11
0
A12
0
A13
0
A14
0
A15
0
A19
0
A20
0
A21
0
A22
0
A30
0
A31
0
A32
0
A33
0
A40
0
A41
0
A42
0
A49
0
A50
0
A51
0
A52
0
A53
0
A59
0
A61
0
A62
0
A63
0
A64
0
A69
0
A80
0
A81
0
A82
0
A83
0
A84
0
A85
0
A85
1
A85
2
A85
3
A85
9
A86
0
A89
0
A90
0
Fisheries
NTMs incidence by SPS measures sub-chapters, frequency indices
Fish
Stylized fact 3
• Similar types of SPS measures and TBTs affect both fish and non-fish products; however, their incidence is much larger in fish products
Stylized fact 4
• Measures that affect more than 50% of all import relationships in the fish sector:
– A140: special authorization requirement for SPS reasons
– A820: testing requirement
– A830: certification requirement
– A840: inspection requirement
– A310: labelling requirements
– B310 : labelling requirements
Stylized fact 4
• No product (or type of product) of the fish sector appears to be more affected by NTMs (in particular Technical Regulations) than any other
Stylized fact 5
02
46
80
24
68
02
46
8
A B C E F G H A B C E F G H A B C E F G H
A B C E F G H A B C E F G H A B C E F G H
A B C E F G H
Cods, hakes, haddocks Flounders, halibuts, soles Freshwater fish
Other fish Other pelagic fish Salmons, trouts, smelts
Tunas, bonitos, billfishesNum
ber
of N
TM
s types
Source: Authors' calculations based on UNCTAD NTM data
Fish
02
46
81
00
24
68
10
A B C E F G H A B C E F G H
A B C E F G H A B C E F G H
Crabs Lobsters
Other crustaceans Shrimps, prawns
Num
ber
of N
TM
s types
Source: Authors' calculations based on UNCTAD NTM data
Crustaceans
02
46
81
00
24
68
10
A B C E F G H A B C E F G H
A B C E F G H
Bivalves Other molluscs
Squids, cuttlefishes, octopuses
Num
ber
of N
TM
s ty
pes
Source: Authors' calculations based on UNCTAD NTM data
Molluscs
Prevalence indicators in product groups
02
04
06
08
01
00
02
04
06
08
01
00
A B C D E F G H A B C D E F G H
A B C D E F G H
Animal Products Animal oils and fats
Preparations
share
(%)
Source: Authors' calculations based on UNCTAD NTM data
Frequency indexes, Fish Products (broad categories)
Stylized fact 2
• No systematic relationship between tariffs and NTMs incidence can be identified
Stylized fact 6
Stylized fact 6
ARG
AUS
BENBFABOL
BRA
BRNCAN
CHL
CHN
COL
CRICUB
ECUETH
EUN
GHA
GMB
GTMHND
IDN
IND
JPN
KAZ
KHM
LAO
LBR
LKAMEXMLI
MMR
MYS
NERNGA
NICNPL
NZL
PAKPAN
PER
PHL
PRY
RUS
SEN
SGP
SLVTGO
THA
TJKURY
USA
VEN
VNM
010
20
30
Avera
ge T
ari
ff
0 5 10 15 20Average number of NTMs' types
Confidence Interval 95% Fitted values
Fisheries/A
AFG
ARG
AUS
BEN
BFABOL
BRA
BRN
CAN
CHL
CHN
COL
CRICUB
ECU
ETH
EUN
GHAGMB
GTM
HND
IDN
IND
JPN
KAZ
KHMLAO
LBR
LKA
MEXMLI
MMR
MYS
NERNGA
NICNPL
NZL
PAKPAN
PER
PHLPRYRUS
SEN
SGP
SLV
TGO
THA
TJKURY
USA
VEN
VNM
010
20
30
40
Avera
ge T
ari
ff
0 1 2 3 4Average number of NTMs' types
Confidence Interval 95% Fitted values
Non-Fisheries/A
AFG
ARG
AUS
BEN BOL
BRA
BRNCAN
CHL
CHN
COLCRI
CUB
ECU
ETH
EUN
GHA
GMB
GTMHND
IDN
IND
JPN
KAZ
KHM
LAO
LBR
LKAMEX
MLI
MMR
MYS
NGA
NICNPL
NZL
PAN
PER
PHL
PRY
RUS
SEN
SGP
SLV
TGO
THA
TJK URY
USA
VEN
VNM
010
20
30
Ave
rage T
ari
ff
0 5 10 15Average number of NTMs' types
Confidence Interval 95% Fitted values
Fisheries/B
AFG
ARG
AUS
BENBFA
BOL
BRA
BRN
CAN
CHL
CHNCOLCRI
CUB
ECU
ETH
EUN
GHA
GMB
GTM
HND
IDN
IND
JPN
KAZ
KHMLAO
LBR
LKA
MEXMLI
MMR
MYS
NERNGA
NIC
NPL
NZL
PAK
PAN
PER
PHL
PRY
RUS
SEN
SGP
SLV
TGO
THA
TJK
URY
USA
VEN
VNM
05
10
15
20
Avera
ge T
ari
ff
0 2 4 6 8Average number of NTMs' types
Confidence Interval 95% Fitted values
Non-Fisheries/B
Fish/ A
Fish/ B
Non-Fish/ A
Non-Fish/ B