Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers … DOCS/Ghana...Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategy...

Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSP), Sector Strategies and Policies Related to Rice

Development in Ghana

i

Report

Coalition for African Rice

Development (CARD)

c/o AGRA - Nairobi, Kenya

Prepared By:

Yaw B. Osei-Asare (PhD)

Agricultural Economics and Agribusiness Department

College of Agriculture and Consumer Sciences

University of Ghana

Legon-Accra, Ghana

Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs), Sector

Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana

15th

October 2010

Mapping of Poverty Reduction Strategies and Policies Related to Rice Development in Ghana CARD

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Table of Contents

ACRONYMS ............................................................................................................................................. IV

0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................... V

1. INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................................. 1

1.1. BACKGROUND ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 1

1.2. STUDY OBJECTIVES ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 2

1.3. METHODOLOGY --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 3

2. REVIEW OF NATIONAL AND SECTORAL STRATEGIES, POLICIES AND EXPENDITURE

FRAMEWORKS ................................................................................................................................... 4

2.1. GHANA’S POVERTY REDUCTION STRATEGIES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 4

2.2. SECTOR-BASED POLICIES, PROGRAMMES, AND STRATEGIES ------------------------------------------------------ 6

2.2.1. Agricultural Sector .................................................................................................................... 6

2.2.2. Other Sectors ........................................................................................................................... 11

2.2.3. Consistency with sub-regional, regional, and global development programmes ...................... 12

2.2.4. Status of rice in national development plans ............................................................................ 12

2.3. CURRENT PUBLIC EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORK AND FUNDING PROCESSES ---------------------------------- 12

2.4. PROCESS OF IMPLEMENTATION OF STRATEGIES, POLICIES AND PROGRAMMES --------------------------- 15

3. MATCHING OF THE STRATEGIES / POLICIES / PROGRAMMES AND THE EXPENDITURE

FRAMEWORKS WITH THE NRDS’SUB-SECTORS ....................................................................... 17

3.1. GOAL AND OBJECTIVES OF NRDS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

3.2. THE GHANA NRDS SUB-SECTORS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 17

3.3. MATCHING THE STRATEGIES, POLICIES, AND PROGRAMMES WITH THE VARIOUS NRDS

SUBSECTORS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 18

3.4. MATCHING OF THE EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORKS WITH THE NRDS’ SUB-SECTORS --------------------- 25

4. THE NATIONAL RICE SUBSECTOR ............................................................................................... 26

4.1. RICE CULTIVATION IN GHANA ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 26

4.2. THE RICE VALUE CHAIN IN GHANA ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 28

4.2.1. The local rice value chain ........................................................................................................ 28

4.2.2. The imported rice value chain ................................................................................................. 30

4.3. CONSTRAINTS AND OPPORTUNITIES OF THE NATIONAL RICE VALUE CHAIN ----------------------------- 31

5. ANALYSIS OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR ROLES ........................................................ 34

5.1. GOVERNMENT INSTITUTIONS -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 34

5.2. NON-GOVERNMENTAL ORGANIZATIONS/ASSOCIATIONS -------------------------------------------------------- 37

5.3. MICROFINANCE INSTITUTIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ 38

5.4. DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38

5.5. PRIVATE SECTOR VALUE CHAIN ACTORS --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 38

5.6. ON-GOING RICE AND RELATED PROJECTS -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 39

5.7. RICE PRODUCTION CHAIN ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 40

6. DETERMINATION OF UNSATISFIED NEEDS (GAP ANALYSIS) ................................................ 42

6.1. NRDS NEEDS IN THE OPERATIONAL DOMAIN AND FOR AN ENABLE ENVIRONMENT ----------------------- 42

6.2. GAP ANALYSIS AND PROPOSED ACTIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 42

6.2.1. Policy issues and political will ........................................................................................................ 42


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6.2.2. Land tenure arrangements .............................................................................................................. 44

6.2.3. Rice production inputs .................................................................................................................... 44

6.2.4. Infrastructural facilities .................................................................................................................. 45

6.2.5. Processing/milling, storage, marketing and distribution ................................................................. 46

6.2.6. Credit acquisition and management by actors ................................................................................ 48

6.2.7. Research, extension, and human resources ..................................................................................... 48

6.2.8. Mainstreaming the NRDS into annual budgetary allocations .......................................................... 49

6.2.9. Additional financial resources (cost of unsatisfied needs) ............................................................... 49

6.2.1.0 Winners and losers........................................................................................................................ 50

7. OPPORTUNITIES FOR TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE UNSATISFIED NEEDS ........................ 51

7.1. INTRODUCTION -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 51

7.2. PLANNED STRATEGIES, PROGRAMMES, AND PROJECTS -------------------------------------------------------------- 51

7.3. ON-GOING RICE PROJECTS AND PROGRAMMES ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 51

7.4. OTHER OPPORTUNITIES FOR CLOSING GAPS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52

7.5. SUPPORT FROM DEVELOPMENT PARTNERS ----------------------------------------------------------------------------- 52

8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS ................................................................................ 54

8.1. CONCLUSIONS ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 54

8.2. RECOMMENDATIONS ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 55

Advocacy / lobbing of public sector champions ........................................................................................ 55

Policy interventions .................................................................................................................................. 55

Networking/collaboration of all stakeholders and value chain actors ....................................................... 56

Availability of funds and Credit ................................................................................................................ 56

Evidenced-based market research ............................................................................................................ 56

Provision of infrastructural facilities ........................................................................................................ 57

Irrigations schemes and scaling-up .......................................................................................................... 57

REFERENCES ......................................................................................................................................... 58

APPENDICES .......................................................................................................................................... 59

APPENDIX 0: LIST OF REPRESENTATIVES AND INSTITUTIONS CONSULTED ------------------------------------------ 59

APPENDIX 1: RICE-RELATED PROJECTS FUNDED BY LOAN OR GRANT ------------------------------------------------ 59

APPENDIX 2: PROJECT PROFILES (COMPLETED, ON-GOING, AND PIPELINE PROJECTS) -------------------------- 77

APPENDIX 3: PLANNED (I) STRATEGIES / PROGRAMMES / PROJECTS, (II) FUNDING FRAMEWORKS AND (III)

FRAMEWORKS OF POLICIES DIALOGUES RELATED TO RELEVANT TO RICE DEVELOPMENT. ----- 80


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LIST OF TABLES

TABLE 2.1: DURATION OF DEVELOPMENT PLANS AND STRATEGIES -------------------------------------------------- 4

TABLE 2.2: FASDEP OBJECTIVES AND THEIR ALIGNMENT WITH CAADP PILLARS AND

THE INVESTMENT PLAN --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 9

TABLE 2.3: SHARE OF ACTUAL AGRICULTURAL EXPENDITURE AS AGAINST NATIONAL ACTUAL

EXPENDITURE (GH¢ ‘000) --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 14

TABLE 3.1: LINKAGE BETWEEN NRDS SUBSECTORS AND SOME RELEVANT POLICY FRAMEWORKS ------------ 19

TABLE 3.2: MATCHING OF RICE PROJECTS TO NRDS SUB-SECTORS --------------------------------------------------- 21

TABLE 4.1: CATEGORIZATION OF PADDY FIELDS IN GHANA BY ECOLOGY ------------------------------------------- 26

TABLE 4.2: POTENTIAL AND DEVELOPED AREAS IN PUBLIC IRRIGATION SCHEMES, GHANA -------------------- 27

TABLE 4.3: MAJOR LOCAL RICE WHOLESALERS IN GHANA -------------------------------------------------------------- 30

TABLE 4.4: MAJOR RICE EXPORTING COUNTRIES TO GHANA ------------------------------------------------------------ 30

TABLE 4.5: MAJOR RICE IMPORTERS IN GHANA ---------------------------------------------------------------------------- 31

TABLE 5.1: PROPOSED RESPONSIBILITIES BY ACTIVITIES IN THE RICE PRODUCTION CHAIN -------------------- 40

TABLE 6.1: PROJECTED RICE SEED REQUIREMENTS ------------------------------------------------------------------------ 44

LIST OF FIGURES

FIGURE 4.1: NATIONAL RICE VALUE CHAIN---------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 29


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ACRONYMS

AAGDS

ADB

Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Development Strategy

Agricultural Development Bank

ADF African Development Fund

AFD French Development Agency

AfDB African Development Bank

AGRA Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa

AgSSIP Agricultural Services Sector Investment Programme

BADEA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa

CAADP Comprehensive African Agricultural Development Programme

CARD Coalition for Africa Rice Development

CSIR Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

DP Development Partner

ERP Economic Recovery Programme

FAO Food and Agriculture Organization

FASDEP Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy

GAPs Good Agronomic Practices

GFSR Global Food Security Response

GHEL Ghana Heavy Equipment Limited

GIDA

GLDB

Ghana Irrigation Development Authority

Grains and Legumes Development Board

GPRS-I Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy

GPRS-II Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy

GRIB Ghana Rice Inter-Professional Body

IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development

JICA Japan International Cooperation Agency

JIRCA Japan International Research Centre for Agriculture

MDBS Multi-Donor Budgetary Support

MDGs Millennium Development Goals

MES Ministry of Environment and Science

MiDA Millennium Development Authority

MOFA Ministry of Food and Agriculture

MOFEP Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning

MOTI Ministry of Trade and Industry

MTADP Medium Term Agricultural Development Programme

NDPC National Development Planning Commission

NDS National Development Strategy

NEPAD New partnership for Africa Development

NRDS National Rice Development Strategy

PRS Poverty Reduction Strategy

TICAD Tokyo International Conference for Africa Development



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0. EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The agriculture sector in Ghana continues to serve the traditional role of providing food

security, supplying raw materials to industry, creation of employment opportunities, and the

earning of foreign exchange. This sector is still the largest foreign exchange earner and the

largest contributor to Ghana’s Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Its dominant role in the

economy makes this sector a target for national development programmes and strategies.

Although a largely agrarian economy, Ghana is 51% self-sufficient in cereal production

whilst rice self-sufficiency is estimated at 30% in 2009. Rice is cultivated as a food crop and

a cash crop and produced under three different ecologies: lowland rain-fed ecology (78% of

production); upland rain-fed ecology (6%), and irrigated ecology (16%). The greater part of

local rice production is cultivated in the Upper East, Northern, and Volta regions of Ghana.

Rice is the second most important cereal next to maize in terms of consumption. It constitutes

58% of all cereal imports. The rice import bill is estimated at US$500 million annually and

has become a source of concern to government. In view of food security and foreign currency

savings, increased production of domestic rice with higher competitiveness against imported

rice is paramount to Ghana’s agricultural sector development (JICA, 2007).

The National Rice Development Strategy (NRDS) has therefore been initiated to double local

rice production and curb the negative impact of rice importation on Ghana’s economy.

Ghana’s increasingdependency on rice imports and the consequent negative impact on

foreign exchange balances will continue to increase if there is not significant strategy and

policy shift in support of the local rice industry. Since the early 1970s, several project

interventions have sought to revive and develop the rice industry. National and agricultural

development plans and strategies, such as MTADP, AAGDS, GPRS I and II, FASDEP I and

II, and METASIP have since featured rice as one of the targeted food security crops. Since

2001, there have been about 16 completed and on-going rice-related development projects

implemented by MOFA and some donor partners.

With the objective of doubling rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa to meet one of the

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger,

the Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD) initiative was launched in 2008 and

spearheaded by JICA, NEPAD and AGRA. It brings together research agencies and

regional/international financial institutions and aims at doubling rice production in Sub-

Saharan Africa from 14 to 28 million tonnes in 10 years. Ghana is therefore among the first

CARD group of countries to design a National Rice Development Strategies (NRDS) that

focused on the following areas:


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• review of the national rice sector,

• challenges and opportunities related to the development of the rice sector including

trans-boundary/regional issues,

• priority areas and approaches including institutional and policy aspects,

• Vision and scope of the NRDS,

• Strategy by sub-sector, i.e. every component of the rice value chains with human and

financial resources’ needs and the financing sources.

To complement efforts of the NRDS, in the framework of a grant funded by the International

Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), the specific duties assigned to the Ghana

national consultant are as follow:

1. Mapping of on-going or planned poverty reduction and national development

strategies, sector strategies, policies, programmes, related budget processes and

expenditure frameworks of direct or potential relevance to NRDS’ financing.

2. Mapping of on-going or planned frameworks of dialogue of direct or potential

relevance to the NRDS’ implementation.

3. Ensuring that investments in rice value chains is mainstreamed into Ghana’s national

annual budget allocations

4. To examine how resources can be mobilized from national and external sources for

investments in rice value chains

5. To analyse the role and responsibilities of key stakeholders who can improve the

status of rice value chains in the Ghana’s national strategies and investments plans.

6. To reconcile the proposed demand side of Ghana’s NRDS’s in terms of policy,

institutional and investment measures with the related opportunities (supply side) as

indicated in the above planning frameworks and tools, and

7. Identify gaps between the demand and the supply side of rice development strategies

in Ghana in terms of programmes, various measures or actions to be undertaken,

additional financial resources, and opportunities.

Secondary and primary data sources were used. The study reviewed relevant policy,

planning, sector-based, and strategic documents and frameworks from relevant sector

ministries and development partners. Some key stakeholders consultations were held with

relevant personnel at targeted Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDA’s) and the

private sector. Through the FAO/MOFA organised workshop on rice and aquaculture

development in Ghana from the 9-13th August 2010, stakeholders views were sought from a

cross-section of workshop participants through interactions to glean a deeper understanding

on how to reconcile and integrate the NRDS with relevant national development policies and

strategies and the way forward in achieving Ghana’s rice development strategies.

The national development strategy of Ghana is embodied in the Growth and Poverty

Reduction Strategy (GPRS II). The vision and objectives for the food and agriculture sector

as contained in FASDEP II indicates a link to (a) the GPRS II, (b) all the pillars of the

Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP) of the New


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Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), and (c) the Economic Community of West

African States (ECOWAS) Agricultural Policy (ECOWAP). Moreover, the programme

components of METASIP, the implementation wing of FASDEP II, also contain all the

CAADP pillars.

FASDEP II demonstrates consistency and coherence with GPRS II, sub-regional, regional,

and even global development goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

For example, the implementation of FASDEP II directly impacts on at least five of the

MDGs.

All government programmes, project, and strategies related to the agriculture sector are

prepared and implemented by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA). MOFA is the

lead ministry responsible for policy, planning, and implementation for the agriculture sector

within the context of a coordinated government programme. MOFA also collaborates with

development and donor partners to achieve policy objectives in the agriculture sector.

Development policies, programmes, strategies, and various projects undertaken by the

Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) include the following:

Plans/Strategies/Programmes

1. Medium Term Agricultural Development Programme-Vision 2020 (MTADP)

2. Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Development Strategy (AAGDS)

3. Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy I (FASDEP I)

4. Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy II (FASDEP II)

5. Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP)

Projects

1. Food Security and Rice Producers Organization Project (2003-2008)

2. Special Programme for Food Security in Ghana (2002-2007)

3. Project for Promotion of Farmers' Participation in Irrigation Management (FAPIM)

(2004-2006)

4. The Study on the Promotion of Domestic Rice in the Republic of Ghana (2006-2008)

5. Small Scale Irrigation Development Project (2001-2009)

6. Inland Valleys Rice Development Project (2004-2009). May be extended to 2011

7. Improvement of Drought Tolerance of Rice through Within-Species Gene Transfer

(2007-2009)

8. Small Farms Irrigation Project (2003-2009)

9. NERICA Rice Dissemination Project (2005-2010)

10. Rice Seed Production (2008-2010)

11. Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (2008-2012)

12. Rice Sector Support Project (2008-2014)

13. Project for Sustainable Development of Rain-fed Lowland Rice Production (2009-

2014)

14. Development of low-input rice cultivation system in wetland in Africa (2009-2015)


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15. Development of rice varieties with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency and salt

tolerance(2010-??)

16. Improving yield, quality and adaptability of upland and rain-fed lowland rice varieties

in Ghana to reduce dependency on imported rice (2010-2012)

17. An Emergency Initiative to Boost Rice Production (USAID – SARI) (2008-2010)

18. Improving Organic Matter content of soil for increased yield of NERICA (2006-2011)

19. Development of Rice Varieties with Enhanced Nitrogen-Use Efficiency and Salt

Tolerance (NUE-EST-AATF) (2010-2015)

20. Improving Yield, Quality and Adaptability of Upland and Rainfed Lowland Rice

Varieties in Ghana to Reduce Dependency on Imported Rice (CRI-AGRA) (2009-

2012)

21. Expanded Rice Programme (2008-on-going)

22. Dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with Emphasis on Nerica to

Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana (2011-2014)

The Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF), General Budget Support (GBS), and

Sector Budget Support (SBS) and Sector Wide Approach (SWAp)1are the four funding and

expenditure frameworks in use by the government to efficiently allocate financial resources

to rice-related and other projects in sector ministries. MOFA has a decentralised system

through which policies and strategies related to rice are implemented at the regional and

district levels.

The seven (7) NRDS sub-sectors are linked to the GPRS II, FASDEP II, and the existing

(since its emergence in 2003) ECOWAP/CAADPframeworkanchored on 5 principles/pillars

and subscribed by Ghana for implemented through the FASDEP II. Various completed and

on-going rice projects are also linked to the NRDS sub-sectors, with the exception of sub-

sector two (Fertilizer Marketing and Distribution Strategy).

The challenges and constraints confronting all the identified value chain actors, namely, rice

input suppliers, farmers, bulkers, processors/millers, importers, wholesalers, retailers, and

consumers must be holistically addressed to create synergy to enhance efficiency and

productivity along the value chain. Some of the difficulties emanate from unfavourable

government policies whilst others are linked to relevant research, high input costs,

processing/milling technology, and financial constraints. These actors require tremendous

support from major stakeholders, such as the Government of Ghana, MOFA, MOFEP, GIDA,

GLDB, MOTI, Financial institutions, agricultural extensions agents, civil society and non-

governmental organisations.

Gaps identified that require immediate solution include the need to harmonise policies for

consistency, difficult land tenure arrangements, inadequate inputs (includes financial and

human resource capacity) for rice production, inadequate and outmoded infrastructural and

1SWAp (Sector Wide Approach) is a way of working of government and partners based on a unified multi-annual budgetary

framework and coordinated planning, funding and implementation that ensures local ownership, increases coherence between policy spending and results and relies on country systems.


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processing/milling facilities, mainstreaming of NRDS value chain activities into national

budgets, inadequate research (including socioeconomic research), weak extension delivery

services, and the need to factor in potential losers of the strategy into the value chain.

Remedial actions, some in the form of (research) projects, should be implemented.

Opportunities exist for the successful revamping of the rice industry through the NRDS.

These include the commitment from government, availability of huge tracts of land (for all

the rice growing ecologies), an existing strong marketing and distribution networks across the

country, and the gradual acceptance and consumption of local rice due to its health benefits

compared to imported rice, inter alia.

It is generally concluded that

• The implementation of the NRDS has the potential to contribute to food security,

poverty reduction, and enhanced welfare of the rice value chain actors through

employment creation outcomes.

• Ghana’s national development plans and strategies (GPRS I & II) and the agriculture

sector plans, policies, and strategies (FASDEP I & II, METASIP) have consistently

targeted rice as one of the food security crop.

• The NRDS sub-sectors are also linked to the GPRS II, FASDEP II and METASIP and

to regional and global national development programmes, such as CAADP and the

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

• As Stakeholders, the government of Ghana, its sector ministries, departments, and

agencies and Ghana’s development partners are committed to the successful

implementation of the national rice development strategy.

To consistently achieve the NRDS objectives and targets over the 10-year horizon, the study

makes the following major recommendations for consideration:

• The NRDS vision should be a national vision to revamp the rice industry. Hence, key

players at the policy and highest decision-making levels on the government side,

notably cabinet members, parliamentarians, and sector ministers, chief directors and

budget officers in MOFEP and MOFA should be lobbied to ensure that investments at

all stages in the rice value chain receives attention and mainstreamed into annual

budgets. The NRDS task force should adopt workable strategies to communicate this

vision to these players.

• Through a combination of appropriate trade policy interventions, government should

consider giving some level of protection to the domestic rice industry to enhance its

take off through the NRDS. This policy should be evidenced-based so that credence

can be given to its implementation.

• There should be strong linkages of all actors (including input suppliers, financial

institutions, and agricultural extension services) and key stakeholders in the value

chain in order to sustain the strategy to achieve the desired results. Effective

collaboration is also required among the relevant sector ministries, departments, and


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agencies such as MOFA, MOTI, Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA),

and Grains and Legumes Development Board (GLDB) on any issue related to NRDS.

• The NRDS team should link up with the Land Administration Project (LAP) for easy

accessibility to land for agricultural purposes.

• There are also numerous NGOs that are strategically positioned for the rice sector.

Collaborations with these NGOs will help provide the technical capacity requirements

of the strategy.

• Where necessary, public private partnerships (PPP) should be fostered among actors

in the value chain to create synergies for enhanced efficiency and project impacts.

• Access to affordable credit by farmers in general is still a big challenge. The NRDS in

collaboration with state-owned financial institutions such as the ADB should be roll

out a special low interest rate loan scheme for identified rice farmers to lower the cost

of production.

• Demand-driven and market-focused socio-economic research is needed to investigate

consumer perceptions, preferences (including quality issues), and willingness to

consume locally produced riceon continual bases. Empirical findings from such

studies will feed into the development, production, and marketing of locally produced

rice.

• GRIB is an important stakeholder that must be empowered to in terms of influential

and dedicated personnel to fully function and support the rice sector.

• Feasibility studies should be conducted to examine the welfare gains in establishing a

fertilizer production plant in Ghana as this is likely to improve the accessibility and

affordability of chemical fertilisers to Ghanaian farmers.

• All required infrastructural facilities for efficient rice production all year round (seed

production, rice production and milling) and other crucial and complementary

facilities to enhance the marketing and distribution of rice (good trunk and feeder

roads, electricity power supply, mechanisation and agricultural extension services,

input availability and delivery services, access to credit from formal and informal

sources, cold storage facilities, and warehouses at strategic locations, etc.) should be

provided.

• Simply rice irrigations facilities should be developed in all identified rice-growing

communities and districts in Ghana. Attention should be focused more on irrigated

ecology as high productivities can be achieved compared with the other two rice

ecologies. The installation of on-farm rice milling equipment should be included as

this will go a long way to improve the quality of local rice for therefore its

competitiveness.

• Model large-scale irrigation systems in areas with vast irrigable lands, areas as the

Afram Plains in the Eastern region and Nasia areas in the Northern region of Ghana

should also be pursued.

• Successful schemes should be scaled-up whilst focusing in productivity increases.

• There should be an ambitious and aggressive competitive rice value chain strategy

rolled out by NRDS task force that will promote the patronage and consumption of

local rice through branding and advertisements, and effective distribution networks.


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• Government should make it mandatory for all public institutions that serve meals,

such as the Ghana prisons service, primary and secondary educational institutions

(including the Ghana School Feeding Programme) to make the consumption of local

rice a significant portion of their rice purchases. This can be extended to some hotels

and restaurants to include the serving of Ghanaian rice as part of the menu.

• There should be a quasi-state organisation, as found in the cocoa industry (i.e.,

COCOBOD), that will oversee the production, quality-control, marketing,

distribution, and welfare of rice farmers in Ghana.

• Donor/development partners should continue to financially support Ghana’s efforts at

poverty reduction through research, “bankable” projects, and budgetary support.In

addition, funding to build productive capacities of both public and private

implementing institutions/organisations such as MOFA and champion stakeholders

such as GRIB to make them resilience for coordinated implementation of the NRDS

should be pursued.

• To avoid plummeting rice prices for farmers and the tendency of lowering production

levels, the government,through an established business unit or department in MOFA,

and not through the private sector,should provide a guaranteed minimum price per

unit of rice output.Modalities could be worked out to ensure the effective running of

this business unit. MOFA should collaborate with the National Food Buffer Stock

Company (NAFCO) to undertake this exercise. A specified percentage of all donor

sector budgetary support to MOFA could be allocated for the effective running of this

business unit.


1

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1.Background

The agriculture sector in Ghana continues to serve the traditional role of providing food

security, supplying raw materials to industry, creation of employment opportunities, and the

earning of foreign exchange. Its dominant role in the economy makes this sector a target for

national development programmes and strategies. The agriculture sector is still the largest

foreign exchange earner and the largest contributor to Ghana’s Gross Domestic Product

(GDP). Although an agrarian economy, Ghana produces 51% of its cereal needs, 60% of fish

requirements, 50% of meat, and less than 30% of the raw materials needed for agro-based

industries (FASDEP, 2007). Production of roots, tubers and vegetables such as tomatoes and

onions, the most widely used staple food crops, is rather erratic and vacillates between

scarcity, sufficiency and glut, depending on the vagaries of the weather (FASPEP, 2007).

Rice is the second most important cereal next to maize in Ghana and is fast becoming a cash

crop to many rice farmers. The total rice consumption in 2005 amounted to 500,000 tonnes

which was equivalent to 22 kg per person. Rice consumption has increased sharply in recent

years whilst the self-sufficiency ratio of rice in Ghana is as low as 20% to 30%. The rice

import bill is estimated at US$500 million annually and has become a source of concern to

government. In view of food security and foreign currency savings, increased production of

domestic rice with higher competitiveness against imported rice is paramount to Ghana’s

agricultural sector development (JICA, 2007).

With the objective of doubling rice production in Sub-Saharan Africa to meet one of the

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), which is to eradicate extreme poverty and hunger,

the Coalition for African Rice Development (CARD) initiative was launched at the Tokyo

International Conference on African Development (TICAD IV) in 2008 and spearheaded by

JICA, NEPAD and AGRA. CARD brings together research agencies and

regional/international financial institutions and aims at doubling rice production in Sub-

Saharan Africa from 14 to 28 million tonnes in 10 years.

In line with the aforementioned aims, a first CARD group of countries was selected. These

include Cameroon, Ghana, Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Mali, Mozambique, Nigeria,

Senegal, Sierra Leone, Tanzania and Uganda. These selected countries are to design their

National Rice Development Strategies (NRDS) during 2009 and every National Rice

Development Strategy (NRDS) has more or less focused on the following areas:

• review of the national rice sector,

• challenges and opportunities related to the development of the rice sector including

trans-boundary/regional issues,

• priority areas and approaches including institutional and policy aspects,

• Vision and scope of the NRDS,

• Strategy by sub-sector, i.e. every component of the rice value chains with human and

financial resources’ needs and the financing sources.


2

The International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD) is the main sponsor of these

country mapping strategies / programmes / projects with the NRDS’sub-sectors through a

grant in favour of the CARD Secretariat. IFAD aligns its assistance with each country's main

policies and strategies in the agriculture and rural sector.

1.2.Study Objectives

The purpose of the CARD initiated study on mapping Poverty Reduction Strategies, Sector

Strategies, and Policies related to Rice Development in the first group of CARD countries is

to:

1. To assess the coherence and linkages between the National Rice Development

Strategy (NRDS) and the relevant planning and programming frameworks including

(a) Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategies or equivalent, (b) relevant Sector-Based

Strategies, (c) Public expenditure frameworks at national/sector levels, (d) On-going

rice related programmes, and (e) Other relevant international programmes (including

CAADP and REC initiatives

2. To provide a basis for reconciling the NRDS’s requirements (demand side) in terms

of policy, institutional and investments2 measures/actions and the related

opportunities (supply side) as indicated in above planning frameworks and tools

The outcome of this initiative is to:

1. Enhance the integration of NRDS’s with the Poverty Reduction and National

Development Strategies (PRS/NDS), related sector priority setting and financing

processes and the four pillars of the Comprehensive African Agriculture Development

Programme3 CAADP) – by determining their linkages.

2. Laythe ground for broader donor support which will contribute to the funding of the

NRDS implementation, and

3. Contribute to ensure the sustainability of the funding of the NRDS implementation.

The specific duties assignedto the Ghana national consultant areas follow:

8. Mapping of on-going or planned poverty reduction and national development

strategies, sector strategies, policies, programmes, related budget processes and

expenditure frameworks of direct or potential relevance to NRDS’ financing.

9. Mapping of on-going or planned frameworks of dialogue of direct or potential

relevance to the NRDS’ implementation.

10. Ensuring that investments in rice value chains is mainstreamed into Ghana’s national

annual budget allocations

2Investments refer to both human and financial resources. 3 The four pillars of CAADP are: (i) Extending the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control systems, (ii) Improving rural infrastructure and trade-related capacities for market access, (iii) Increasing food supply, reducing hunger and improving responses to food emergency crises and (iv) Improving agriculture research, technology dissemination and adoption. The Sustainable development of livestock, fisheries, and forestry resources cuts across the four CAADP pillars and is considered in FASDEP II as the fifth CAADP pillar.


3

11. To examine how resources can be mobilized from national and external sources for

investments in rice value chains

12. To analyse the role and responsibilities of key stakeholders who can improve the

status of rice value chains in the Ghana’s national strategies and investments plans.

13. To reconcile the proposed demand side of Ghana’s NRDS’s in terms of policy,

institutional and investment measures with the related opportunities (supply side) as

indicated in the above planning frameworks and tools, and

14. Identify gaps between the demand and the supply side of rice development strategies

in Ghana in terms of programmes, various measures or actions to be undertaken,

additional financial resources, and opportunities.

1.3.Methodology

The study uses secondary and primary data sources and employs two main methodologies to

achieve the objectives. First, the study reviews relevant policy, planning, sector-based, and

strategic documents and frameworks through desk top research. Sources of secondary data

used for the study included the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA), Ministry of Trade

and Industry (MOTI), National Development Planning Commission (NDPC), Ministry of

Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP), Ministry of Environment and Science (MES),

Private Sector rice producers and importers, International Fund for Agricultural Development

(IFAD), Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), the Food and Agriculture

Organization (FAO), the Web, and other related sources.

Second, some key stakeholder consultations were held with relevant personnel at targeted

Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDA’s), private sector and non-governmental

organisations involved in rice development in Ghana. This report also benefited from the

FAO/MOFAorganised workshop on rice and aquaculture development in Ghana from the 9-

13th August 2010. Views were sought from interactions with a cross-section of workshop

participants to glean a deeper understanding on how to reconcile and integrate the NRDS

with relevant national development policies and strategies and the way forward in achieving

Ghana’s rice development strategies (see Appendix 0 for the list of individuals and /

orinstitutions consulted).



4

2. REVIEW OF NATIONAL AND SECTORAL STRATEGIES, POLICIES AND

EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORKS

2.1.Ghana’s Poverty Reduction Strategies

The development agenda for Ghana has been enshrined in the numerous poverty reduction

and growth strategies/programmes rolled out and implemented by successive governments, as

shown in Table 2.1.

Table 2.1: Duration of Development Plans and Strategies Name of plan/strategy/programme Planned Actual

Period Duration Period Duration

The Guggisberg Plan 1919-1926 7 1919-1926 7

The First Ten Year Development Plan 1951-1959 10 1951-1956 5

The Consolidation Development Plan 1957-1959 2 1957-1959 2

The Second Development Plan 1959-1964 5 195.9-1963 4

The Seven-Year Plan for National Reconstruction and Development

1963/64-1969/70 7 1963/64-1966 3

The Two-Year Development Plan 1968/69 -1969/70 2 1968/69 - 2

The One Year Development Plan May 1970 - June

1971

1 July 1970 -June

1971

1

The Five Year Development Plan 1975/76-1979/80 5 1975/76-1978 3

The Economic Recovery Programme/ Structural Adjustment Programme

1983-1989 7 1983-1989 7

The Ghana Vision 2020 (the First Medium-Term

Development Plan-1997-2000)

1995-2020 25 1996-2000 5

The Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP)

2000-2002 2 2000-2002 2

The Ghana Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS I) 2003 - 2005 3 2002-2004 3

Growth and Poverty Reduction Strategy (GPRS II)

2006 - 2009 3 2006-

Source: NDPC, 2008

In 1983, Ghana implemented an economic recovery programme (ERP) and structural

adjustment programme (SAP) to stabilise the economy, reduce poverty, and to spur growth

and development in the economy. The First Medium Term Development Plan (MTDP) under

Ghana-Vision 2020 (1997-2000) was the first step for sustained poverty reduction

implemented. This had limited impact as it lacked poverty-focused policy initiatives. A

succession of Poverty Reduction Strategy Papers (PRSPs) were therefore initiated since 2000

as well as adopting the targets of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) as the

minimum requirements for socio-economic development and poverty reduction.

Consequently, an Interim Poverty Reduction Strategy Paper (I-PRSP) for Ghana was

prepared in June 2000 for the period 2000 to 2002 and has been used as an outline for growth

and poverty reduction.

The implementation of the I-PRSP was plagued with several bottlenecks due to the lack of

proper treatment of issues on the environment as cross cutting, among others. Following from

the deficiencies identified with respect to the implementation of I- PRSP, the concept of


5

mainstreaming was adopted as a relevant tool for ensuring improved comprehensiveness and

total inclusiveness.

The government of Ghana, through the NDPC, initiated the preparation of the Ghana Poverty

Reduction Strategy I (GPRS I) and GPRS II. GPRS Ibuilt on the I-PRSP, with greater

emphasis on mainstreaming of cross cutting issues, participation of key partners, including

civil society, the media, private sector, all arms of government and development partners.

The implementation of GPRS I was unable to accelerate growth through wealth creation and

was criticised along the lines of inadequate participatory processes and absence of a gender

focus when addressing various poverty issues, among others.

GPRS II was then launched with emphasis on growth-inducing policies and programmes

which have the potential to support wealth creation and sustainable poverty reduction.

Agriculture is expected to lead the growth and structural transformation in Ghana under this

development strategy. It placed emphasis on changing the structure of the economy by

diversifying Ghana’s export base to increase government revenues through international

trade, increasing agricultural productivity, processing and rural incomes and developing the

private sector. In GPRS-II, the economy was targeted to grow at an annual rate of 6-8% and

towards achieving a middle income status with a per capita income of at least US$1000 by

the year 2015 (JICA, 2007). Areas of intervention for modernising agriculture as specified in

the GPRS II are:

• Reform of land acquisition and property rights

• Accelerating provision of irrigation infrastructure

• Enhancing access to credit and inputs for agriculture

• Promoting selective crop development

• Improving access to mechanised agriculture

• Increasing access to extension services

• Provision of infrastructure for aquaculture

• Restoration of degraded environment

A current assessment of the Ghanaian economy at the end of 2009, after the implementation

of GPRS II reveals greater uncertainty about its economic growth prospects. This finding has

led to the formulation of another policy framework to guide national development in the

medium term. The Medium-Term National Development Policy Framework (MTNDPF):

Ghana Shared Growth and Development Agenda (GSGDA), 2010-2013 is yet to be unveiled

by the government for implementation.The strategic direction of this new medium-term

policy framework is to lay the foundation for structural transformation by the end of 2020

through industrialisation that is based on a modernised agricultural sector and the sustainable

exploitation of natural resources (including oil and gas) (NDPC, 2010).

According to the GSGDA, expenditure will be prioritized in favour of policies, programmes

and projects inthe areas of agriculture, infrastructure (including energy, oil and gas), water

and sanitation, health, education (including ICT, science, technology and innovation).


6

2.2.Sector-based policies, programmes, and strategies

2.2.1. Agricultural Sector

Due to the importance and the dominant role of the agriculture sector in national economic

development, this sector has been a major focus in the national development agenda to reduce

poverty and accelerate growth and development. All the poverty reduction strategies and

programmes as contained in theMedium Term Development Plan (MTDP) under Ghana-

Vision 2020, GPSR I and II, and the yet-to-be-implemented GSGDA (2010-2013) serve as

national policy frameworks for all sector Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) to

subsequently prepare their sector plans and strategies. This is to ensure consistency with

national development objectives.

All government programmes, project, and strategies related to the agriculture sector are

prepared and implemented by the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA). It is the lead

ministry responsible for policy, planning, and implementation for the agriculture sector

within the context of a coordinated government programme. MOFAalso collaborates with

development and donor partners to achieve policy objectives in the agriculture sector. The

development plan/programmes and the various projects undertaken by the Ministry of Food

and Agriculture (MOFA) are presented below.

Plans/Programmes

Medium Term Agricultural Development Programme (MTADP) (1991-2000)

During the third phase (liberalisation and growth phase) of the ERP and SAP in 1989, the

World Bank and the Government of Ghana through the Ministry of Food and Agricultural

(MOFA) initiated in 1988 the Medium Term Agricultural Development Programme

(MTADP) which provided policy guidelines for the operations of the Ministry. The

programme starting in 1991 and was meant to be a two 5-year rolling plan. This was a

comprehensive framework for recovery and accelerated growth in the Ghanaian agriculture

sector. Due to the slow growth in the agriculture sector, the MTADP was halted in 1995 and

the Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Development Strategy (AAGDS) introduced.

Accelerated Agricultural Growth and Development Strategy (AAGDS) (1996-1999)

To carry out its function and to further consolidate the gains made during the ERP/SAP era

and the MTADP implementation, MOFA in 1996 developed the Accelerated Agricultural

Growth and Development Strategy (AAGDS). AAGDS estimated that the agricultural

sector’s growth rate of 4.0% envisaged under Vision 2020 should be increased to at least

6.0% per annum over the medium term (2001-2010) to achieve rapid, sustainable, and

equitable growth. To transform the agriculture sector, policies and programmes, such as the

Agricultural Services Sector Investment Programme (AgSSIP), and the Village Infrastructure

and Rural Financial Service Projects (VIRFSP) were implemented. The proposed

Agricultural Development Fund (ADF) was expected to complement these two facilities

(JICA, 2007).The AAGDS was also abandoned and another policy, the Food and Agricultural

Sector Development Policy (FASDEP), was introduced by the government of the day.

Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy I (FASDEP I) (2002-2006)


7

The first Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy (FASDEP I) was formulated in

2002 to consolidate the key elements of AAGDS. FASDEP I was designed to provide a

holistic policy framework to modernize (commercialize) agriculture and to catalyse rural

transformation. The policy also emphasised on the linkages among the various agricultural

sub-sectors and non-agricultural sectors.This policy also focused on strengthening the private

sector as the engine of growth. A Poverty and Social Impact Analysis (PSIA) later indicated

the inability of FASDEP I to achieve the desired poverty reduction objectives. This led to the

formulation and implementation of a second sector policy, called FASDEP II.

Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy II (FASDEP II) (2007-date)

The implementation of FASDEP II commenced in 2009. This policy benefited from the

weaknesses of FASDEP I. The six (6) agricultural policy objectives set under FASDEP II are

as follows:

• Food security and emergency preparedness

• Improved growth in incomes and reduced income variability

• Increased competitiveness and enhanced integration into domestic and international

markets

• Sustainable management of land and environment

• Science and Technology Applied in food and agriculture development

• Improved Institutional Coordination

FASDEP adopts the sector-wide approach to managing agricultural development as opposed

to the discrete project approach pursued in the past. It is the strategic framework within which

all on-going and future programmes and projects operate. FASDEP II provides a broad

framework for agricultural development out of which detailed projects and programme

implementation plans and activities will be developed to deal with specific issues.

FASDEP II avoids duplication and waste by making efforts to bring all donor-funded projects

within a coordinated framework by harmonizing procurement, disbursement, and reporting

procedures. In addition, this policy framework identifies the private sector as the engine of

growth and market access as a major element required for its success (JICA, 2007).

FASDEP is to ensure food security and promote import substitution. In particular, FASDEP I

aimed at reducing rice import by 30% by 2004 by increasing domestic levels of production to

370,000 tonnes. However, this production target could not be realized. Specific measures

planned to attain this level of production were geared toward increased mechanization,

increased cultivation of inland valley, and effective and efficient utilization of the existing

irrigated systems. In addition, varietal improvement and increased seed production and

utilization were pursued. The provision of credit for production, improved production and

marketing were covered (JICA, 2007). Among others, FASDEP II also focuses on rice

development along the rice value chain whilst the development of irrigation schemes for

different categories of farmers is pursued. However, FASDEP II focuses on controlling


8

imports, such as rice imports, through the use of standards instead of quotas and import

tariffs.

Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP)

The Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) 2009-2015, is an

investment plan prepared by MOFA to implement the medium term (2009-2015)

programmes contained in FASDEP II. Thus, the METASIP details the strategies to

implement the agricultural policy objectives contained in FASDEP II. The development of

rice using the value chain approach is captured strongly in the investment plan. Financing the

METASIP will require financial support from both the private and public sectors. Under the

food security and emergency preparedness programme, agriculture productivity (yield) of

rice, among others, will be increased by 50%. Moreover, the productivity of irrigation

schemes and intensification of irrigation will be increased by 25% and 50% respectively by

the end of 2012 (MOFA, 2007). The plan targets to increase rice self-sufficiency ratio from

22% in 2009 to 75% by 2015.

The METASIP will require GH¢958 million in the first year and increasing to GH¢2.59

billion in the seventh (final) year of implementation to finance the plan. A funding gap

analysis suggest that amounts of GH¢607 million (first year) and GH¢2.23 billion (seventh

year) will have to be sourced from elsewhere to complement what will be readily available to

implement the METASIP.

ECOWAP/ CAADP

Since the emergence of CAADP in 2003, Ghana has adhered to the five CAADP principles as

part of its efforts to promote and deepen its commitment for agriculture, economic, and social

development,as well as planning and budgeting developments in the agriculture

sectorthrough the successful implementation of FASDEP II. The ECOWAS countries have

also adopted the CAADP implementation framework, hence ECOWAP/CAADP. In 2005,

Ghana requested the assistance of FAO to prepare a National Medium-Term Investment

Programme (NMTIP) and a Portfolio of Bankable Investment Project Profiles (BIPPs) that

would enable partners to make preliminaryindications of interest in any of the identified

projects, and the level of funding commitment. The ECOWAP / CAADP Compact was

officiallysigned by Ghana in 2009, which further confirms the determination and

commitment with which Ghana aims at achieving the five CAADP pillars.

It was noted that to ensure adequate support to FASDEP II, the pillars of the ECOWAP/

CAADP Compact has been align with the objectives of FASDEP II and the agricultural

investment plan (METASIP) as shown in Table 2.2:


9

Table 2.2: FASDEP Objectives and their Alignment with CAADP Pillars and the

Investment Plan Corresponding CAADP Pillars and

crosscutting issues

FASDEP Objectives

Medium Term Agriculture

Sector Investment Plan

(METASIP) (2009-2015),

programmes and

components

Pillar 3:

Increasing Food Supply and Reducing

Hunger Across the Region by Increasing

Smallholder Productivity and

Improving Responses to Food

Emergencies. Includes emergency food supply management, nutrition, school feeding schemes, HIV/AIDS support strategies, attention to priority livelihood sectors. Pillar 5:

Sustainable Development of Livestock,

Fisheries and Forestry Resources(cross-cutting) Pillar 1:

Extending the Area Under Sustainable

Land Management and Reliable Water

Control Systems. Includes soil fertility management and conservation, agricultural water use and irrigation, and land policy and administration.

1. Food Security and

Emergency

Preparedness.Includes vulnerability in food security through contingency planning, emergency preparedness including establishment of strategic stocks to address the negative effects of climatic change and natural disasters.

• Productivity improvement • Support to improved nutrition • Support for Diversification of Livelihood Options of the poor with Off-farm Activities Linked to agriculture • Food storage and distribution • Early Warning Systems and Emergency preparedness • Irrigation and water management • Mechanisation services

Pillar 2:

Increasing Market Access Through

Improved Rural Infrastructure and

Other Trade Related Interventions.

Includes supply chain development, quality control and management system development, export infrastructure, and global trade policies and agreements

Pillar 5:

Sustainable Development of Livestock,

Fisheries and Forestry Resources (cross-cutting)

2. Improved Growth in

Incomes and Reduced Income

Variability. Includes income diversification activities involving a range of commodities including cash crops, livestock and indigenous commodities. This will be done through the value chain approach and application of science and technology to improve productivity.

• Promotion of cash crop, livestock and fisheries production for income in all ecological zones • Development of new products • Development of pilot value chains for one selected commodity in each ecological zone • Intensification of FBOs and out-grower grower schemes concept • Rural infrastructure • Support to

Pillar 2:

Increasing Market Access through

Improved Rural Infrastructure and

other Trade Related Interventions.

Includes supply chain development, quality control and management system development, export infrastructure, and global trade policies and agreements.

3. Increased Competitiveness

and Enhanced Integration

into Domestic and

International Markets.

Includes enhancing capacity of players to access markets, improving quality standards, safety and provision of infrastructure such as cold chain facilities.

Marketed output of non-export smallholder commodities increased. • Export of non-traditional agricultural export commodities by men and women smallholders increased. • Grading and standardization

Pillar 1:

Extending the Area under Sustainable

Land Management and Reliable Water

Control Systems. Includes soil fertility

4. Sustainable Management

of Land and Environment.

Includes sustainability in utilisation of resources through

• Policies and regulations to support SLM at all levels reviewed and strengthened. • Institutional capacity at all


10

management and conservation, agricultural water use and irrigation, and land policy and administration.

programmes, policy, regulation and mitigation measures against environmental degradation.

levels within the food and agriculture sector built to support the promotion of SLM. • Technology dissemination and adoption for scaling-up of SLM. • Technical capacity at all levels built to support promotion and dissemination of SLM technologies. • SLM knowledge to support policy and investment decision making generated and adequately managed. • An effective, efficient and motivating incentive system for SLM established

Pillar 4:

Improving Agricultural Research and

Systems to Disseminate Appropriate

New Technologies and Increasing the

Support Given to Help Farmers Adopt

Them. Includes technology development, access and dissemination; innovation systems platforms; building research capacity and training

5. Science and Technology

Applied in Food and

Agriculture Development.

Includes enhancing application of science by all economic agents, improved technologies to support priority areas and client linkage systems to ensure demand driven research and utilisation of results.

• Adoption of improved technologies by men and women farmers increased. • Agricultural research funding increased. • A MOFA Unit to coordinate research output of the agricultural sector is well resourced and made functional. • A sustainable funding mechanism for RELCs established and operational.

Institutions (cross-cutting) 6. Enhanced Institutional

Coordination. Includes enhanced partnership and harmonisation of efforts in order to achieve maximum results in growth and development of the sector.

• Strengthen Intra-ministerial coordination • Inter-ministerial coordination • Partnership with Private sector and Civil Society Organisations • Coordination with Development Partners

Source: Ghana ECOWAP/CAADP, 2009

Projects

Various on-going and completed rice-related development projects implemented by MOFA

and some donor partners are presented below. Sixteen of such projects have been identified

and the details can be found in the Appendix 1.

1. Food Security and Rice Producers Organization Project (2003-2008)

2. Special Programme for Food Security in Ghana (2002-2007)

3. Project for Promotion of Farmers' Participation in Irrigation Management (FAPIM)

(2004-2006)

4. The Study on the Promotion of Domestic Rice in the Republic of Ghana (2006-2008)

5. Small Scale Irrigation Development Project (2001-2009)

6. Inland Valleys Rice Development Project (2004-2009). May be extended to 2011

7. Improvement of Drought Tolerance of Rice through Within-Species Gene Transfer

(2007-2009)


11

8. Small Farms Irrigation Project (2003-2009)

9. NERICA Rice Dissemination Project (2005-2010)

10. Rice Seed Production (2008-2010)

11. Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (2008-2012)

12. Rice Sector Support Project (2008-2014)

13. Project for Sustainable Development of Rain-fed Lowland Rice Production (2009-

2014)

14. Development of low-input rice cultivation system in wetland in Africa (2009-2015)

15. Development of rice varieties with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency and salt

tolerance(2010-??)

16. Improving yield, quality and adaptability of upland and rain-fed lowland rice varieties

in Ghana to reduce dependency on imported rice (2010-2012)

17. An Emergency Initiative to Boost Rice Production (USAID – SARI) (2008-2010)

18. Improving Organic Matter content of soil for increased yield of NERICA (2006-2011)

19. Development of Rice Varieties with Enhanced Nitrogen-Use Efficiency and Salt

Tolerance (NUE-EST-AATF) (2010-2015)

20. Improving Yield, Quality and Adaptability of Upland and Rainfed Lowland Rice

Varieties in Ghana to Reduce Dependency on Imported Rice (CRI-AGRA) (2009-

2012)

21. Expanded Rice Programme (2008-on-going)

22. Dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with Emphasis on Nerica to

Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana (2011-2014)

2.2.2. Other Sectors

It is revealing to know that,apart from MOFA,the other sector ministrieshave no specific

policy or programmes geared towards rice development in Ghana although some of their

projects and programmes largely contribute to agricultural development.The Ministry of

Food and Agriculture (MOFA) is solely responsible for the formulation and implementation

of agriculture policies and programmes. However, MOFA collaborates and leverages on the

capacity of other ministries and agencies such as Ministry of Trade and Industry (MOTI), the

Ministry of Roads and Highways (MORH), Ministry of Transport (MOT), the Ministry of

Lands and Natural Resources (MLNR), the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research

(CSIR), the Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA), and Grains and Legumes

Development Board (GLDB). The last two institutions are sub-vented organisations under the

Ministry of Food and Agriculture. For example, MOFA is collaborating with the Ministry of

Roads and Highways (MORH) to identify, rehabilitate, and construct feeder roads leading to

areas of high agriculture potential in all the ten regions of Ghana. Since MORH has the

mandate to construct feeder roads, among others, it is the Ministry’s sole responsibility to

seek funding sources for such laudable projects. In this regard, there is no co-funding

between MOFA and MORH. Rather, MOFA leverages or influences MORH’s decisions by

identify feeder roads of interest to MOFA. Moreover, research institutions under the CSIR,

such as the Savannah Agricultural Research Institute (SARI) and the Crop Research Institute

(CRI) undertake rice-related research


12

2.2.3. Consistency with sub-regional, regional, and global development programmes

The national development strategy of Ghana is embodied in the Growth and Poverty

Reduction Strategy (GPRS II). A careful examination of the vision and objectives for the

food and agriculture sector as contained in FASDEP II indicates a link to (a) the GPRS II, (b)

all the pillars of the Comprehensive Africa Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP)

of the New Partnership for Africa’s Development (NEPAD), and (c) the Economic

Community of West African States (ECOWAS) Agricultural Policy (ECOWAP) (see sub-

section 2.2.1 on ECOWAP/CAADP for more details). Moreover, theprogramme components

of METASIP, the implementation wing of FASDEP II, also containall the CAADP

pillars.Although the Ghanaian ECOWAP/CAADP agreement is not explicit on rice

development, the CAADP Pillar 3, which aims at increasing food supply and reducing

hunger,makes room for the development of rice in Ghana. Moreover, rice is one of the

targeted crops to be promoted in FASDEP II.

Thus, FASDEP II demonstrates consistency and coherence with GPRS II, sub-regional,

regional, and even global development goals, such as the Millennium Development Goals

(MDGs). For example, the implementation of FASDEP II directly impacts on at least five of

the MDGs.

2.2.4. Status of rice in national development plans

Rice is the second most important staple crop, next to maize, and now considered a cash crop.

Since the early 1970s, efforts have been made to develop the rice industry in Ghana. The

implementation of the Structural Adjustments Programmes (SAP) in the 1980s, which saw

the removal of input subsidies, marked the decline in the local rice industry in Ghana. Since

then, several project interventions have sought to revive the industry. National and

agricultural development plans and strategies have since featured rice as one of the food

security crops. It must be emphasised that all the national development plans, policies,

programmes, and strategies as captured in MTADP, AAGDS, GPRS I and II, FASDEP I and

II, and METASIP have sought to promote rice development but with various degrees of

success.

It is the broad strategy of the FASDEP II to attain food security through the promotion and

development of five staple crops (i.e., maize, rice, yam, cassava, and cowpeaby focusing at

the national and agro-ecological levels. Rice being the second most important staple crop in

Ghana, it is the objective of CAADP therefore to increase food supply and reducing hunger

across the region by increasing smallholder productivity and improving responses to food

emergencies. To achieve this, it is the strategy of the CAADP to give attention to priority

livelihood sectors such as rice.

2.3.Current public expenditure framework and funding processes

The Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF) budgetary process was introduced in

Ghana in 1998 for two reasons: first, to provide a better tool for deficit management through

realistic revenue projections, and second, to identify priority objects of expenditure. The

MTEF is a budgeting tool that allows government to plan its public expenditure outlays over


13

the medium term (3 years) to ensure the most efficient and sustainable allocation of

resources.

The Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP) provides the guidelines to sector

ministriesto prepare their annual budgets using the MTEF, which is the main public

expenditure framework for the implementation of policies and national strategies, such as

GPRS II and FASDEP II.

There are two main sources of funds for implementing the annual budgets. These are the

Government of Ghana (Consolidated Funds and Internally Generated Funds (IGF)) and from

Donor/Development Partners.

Since 2003, Ghana and her Development Partners (DP) agreed to adopt a Multi-Donor

Budget Support (MDBS) which serve as additional sources of funding. Currently, eleven

DPs4 provide budgetary support to assist Ghana implement its national budget and its

associated public expenditure plans. Eight of the DPs are bilateral development

partners/donors and three are multilateral in nature.The budgetary support includes both

General Budget Support (GBS) and Sector Budget Support (SBS).

General Budget Support (GBS) can be allocated in the form of grants or loans by DPs and

the funds go directly into the national budget. It covers financial assistance as a contribution

to the overall budget with any conditionality focused on policy measures related to overall

budget priorities. Sector Budget Support (SBS) is similar to GBS, but the funds go to support

the budget of a particular sector. The government receives also grants and loans that are

specifically related to the implementation of certain projects. This financial aid disbursed

may come with any conditionality relating to these sectors.The Sector Wide Approach

(SWAp)typically contains a mix of project aid and other modalities, the bulk of which is not

disbursed through government systems.

At the sector level, MOFA’s plans and budgets are prepared in line with the planning

procedures of the MTEF. The planning and budgeting procedures assumes a bottom-up

approach, through the decentralized framework of MOFA whiles implementation assumes a

top-down approach.

As a bottom up approach, budgets are prepared by districts and regions as units based on the

Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF).That is, the District Agricultural

Development Units (DADU) estimate the actual financial requirements needed to achieve

their sectorial objectives. These budgets are then submitted to their Regional Agricultural

Development Units (RADU) for onward submission to the Head office in Accra. MOFA at

the national level (i.e., head office) then submits the MOFA’s budget to the Ministry of

4These are the African Development Bank (AfDB), Canada, Denmark, the European Commission (EC), France,

Germany, Japan, the Netherlands, Switzerland, UK and the World Bank.


14

Finance and Economic Planning (MFEP). Funds are then allocated directly by MFEP toall

Regional and District Directorates of MOFA.

The top down process of allocating resources to all Ministries, Departments, and Agencies

(MDAs)for implementation is guided by a policy review process. The MOFEP estimates the

total resources available and cabinet decides how these resources should be allocated between

the five broad sectors based on government priorities. Following the policy hearings, sectorial

ceilings are developed and communicated to all MDAs in the Budget Guidelines circulated to

them, which indicate the total resources to be available for the forthcoming three years,

including donor resources. The MDA’s, including MOFA, then review their strategic plans

and policies in the context of the total resource envelope.

With regards to projects and programmes, whereby grant and/or technical assistance is

involved, the process of implementation often begins with the designing, together with a

sector or government department (depending on the size of the programme and the funding

involved) and a development partner. However, in the case of a loan financed programme or

project, the process begins with the ministry (MOFA) designing and decentralising the

implementation through its regional and district units to impact beneficiaries at the

grassroots, especially farmers.

To ensure that the agriculture sector in developing economies received adequate funding to

accelerate growth and productivity increases through investments in the sector,inter alia,

Ghana became a signatory to the Maputo Declaration in 2003 to annually allocate at least

10% of government expenditure to the agricultural sector. As shown in Table 2.3, annual

government budgetary allocation to the agriculture sector increased from 5.7% in 2003 to

10.3% in 2006 and then declined to 9.0% in 2009. The likely cogent explanation for these

observed trends is consciousness and renewed commitment on the part of government in

2006 to achieve the Maputo Declaration target. That may explain the close to 10% allocations

to the agriculture sector from 2006. Since 2004, budgetary allocation to the agricultural sector

has, on the average, being 9.6% of national budget. Generally, there seems to be some level

of commitment by government in complying with the Maputo Declaration.

Table 2.3: Share of Actual Agricultural Expenditure as against National Actual Expenditure(GH¢ ‘000)

Expenditure Area 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009

Crops & Livestock (MOFA) 8,211 10,971 14,145 42,434 74,964 77,636 155,320 338,598

Fisheries - - - 6,547 4,184 5,040 17,950 14,567

Forestry 2,119 3,963 6,710 10,510 15,480 25,923 34,234 67,815

Research 10,222 12,984 22,141 29,085 67,180 94,181 56,510 93,331

Debt Servicing 14,974 11,876 14,325 45,376 42,343 47,166 68,418 5,462

PSI - 2,847 6,369 13,730 15,709 30,868 2,168 650

Cocoa 16,399 20,027 27,476 93,871 148,716 112,915 57,613 169,225

Feeder Roads (roads to farming

areas)

- - - - - - - 91,732

Total-Agric. Sector 51,925 62,668 91,166 241,553 368,576 393,729 392,213 781,381

Total – National Expenditure 760,070 1,102,910 1,031,810 2,515,885 3,569,970 3,964,297 3,842,750 8,659,268

Share of Agric. to national (%) 6.8% 5.7% 8.8% 9.6% 10.3% 9.9% 10.2% 9%

Source: MOFEP, 2010


15

However, there are plans to establish an Export Development and Agricultural Fund (EDAF),

which is to replace the initially proposed Agricultural Development Fund (ADF), to increase

investments in the agricultural sector. The EDAF is to build upon the existing Export

Development and Investment Fund (EDIF) which was established in 2000 to provide

financial resources for the development and promotion of the export trade of Ghana. The

EDIF’s sources of funding include the following: 10% of net proceeds realised from

divestiture of stateenterprises; 0.5% of cost, insurance and freight (CIF) value ofcommercial

imports, excluding petroleum products; grants from government and other sources; recoveries

of loans and interest payments; and loans and other credit facilities that the board of thefund

may obtain with government guarantee. Hence, EDAF will be funded through these sources.

2.4.Process of implementation of strategies, policies and programmes

A number of agricultural strategies, policies and programmes implemented by the

government of Ghana and her Development Partners (DPs) are done through the existing

decentralized system. The Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA) operates a

decentralised system. Thus, since the passage of the local government Law (Act 462) in

1993, policies are to be implemented at the district level. However, this has been fraught with

many challenges, such as the flow of limited funds to the districts to implement policies and

projects, lack of requisite human resource capacity to implement projects, and the multi-

tasking of projects (FASDEP II, 2009).

At the national level, MOFAfacilitates and coordinates agricultural programmes and also

engagescentral government and the DPs in promoting agriculture. At the regional level, the

Regional Agricultural Development Units (RADU) coordinates agricultural

programmeswhilst the District Agricultural Development Units (DADU) carry out these

national strategies and programmes at the grassroots level to benefit targeted farmers and

other private individuals.The DADUs also collaborate with District Assemblies to implement

projects through the district common funds to benefit the entire district. The process of

implementation involves both direct contacts with farmers as well as use of third party

institutions such as NGOs to increase the capacity of rural farmers’ organizations.

With such decentralized framework and administrative infrastructure in place, it is the

deliberate policy of government in decentralizing budgetary processes and programme

implementation. This means at the regional level RADUs receive government budget

allocation to carry out research and develop human resource needs for the various DADUs

under it. Other budgetary allocations also go to DADUs to carry out their outreach

programmes and extension services to farmers and other agricultural actors in the districts.

The district assembly common funds, allocated from the government’s Common Fund, is

allocated to District Assemblies for community development purposes. And in the

performance of its function, the District Assembly works through the Executive Committee

(presided over by the District Chief Executive and consists of not more than one-third of the

total members of the Assembly excluding the Presiding member). The executive committee

also works with five mandatory subcommittees: development planning, social services,

works, justice and security, and finance and administration.


16

Through thesesubcommittees that comprisethe heads of departments and the various units at

the assembly (including MOFA), these funds are allocated to designed and targeted

programmes. To ensure proper reallocation of these funds,various sub-committees (who are

the members of the sub-committees?) are formed to plan, design and oversee targeted

projects and programmes at the district level. Most often, DADUs receive additional funding

from the district common funds, especially when agriculture is a priority to the district.

However, the priority of the district common fund is to implement government’s programmes

and projects.

Over the years the focus and priority of agricultureprogrammes and projects has been on food

security and income generation.Most intervention approaches by donors, governments and

development organisations tend to focus on on–farm production where most poor people

operate.Impact on the livelihood of resource-poor farmers has been limited as this approach

only looked at one side of the value chain. However, the new strategic direction and focus of

most government or donor-driven agricultural programmes and projectsis to address the

challenges of the entire value chain. This has made collaborations easier as agencies can

target interventions at different levels of the value chain to ensure an improved impact on

chain actors.


17

3. MATCHING OF THE STRATEGIES / POLICIES / PROGRAMMES AND

THE EXPENDITURE FRAMEWORKS WITH THE NRDS’SUB-SECTORS

3.1.Goal and Objectives of NRDS

Ghana’s National Rice Development Strategy (G-NRDS), designed for an 10-year period

(2009-2018), seeks to contribute to national food security, increased income, and reduced

poverty towards the attainment of self-sufficiency from sustainable rice production. The

objectives of the NRDS are as follows:

1. To increase domestic production by 10% annually using gender-sensitive and

productivity-enhancing innovations for small holders, commercial rice producers, and

entrepreneurs along the value chain.

2. To promote consumption of local rice through quality improvement by targeting both

domestic and sub-regional markets.

3. To enhance capacity of stakeholders to utilize rice by-products, thus contributing to

sound environmental management practices, and

4. To promote dialogue among rice stakeholders within the value chain towards building

efficient information sharing and linkages.

3.2.The Ghana NRDS sub-sectors

As part of efforts to accelerate the development of the rice subsector, the Ministry of Food

and Agriculture (MOFA) has developed a rice subsector strategic plan in collaboration with

stakeholders. This national rice development strategy focuses on seven thematic areas,

namely:

1. Seed production system,

2. Fertilizer marketing and distribution,

3. Post-harvest handling and marketing,

4. Irrigation and water control investment,

5. Equipment access and maintenance,

6. Research and technology dissemination, and

7. Community mobilization, farmer-based organizations and microcredit management

The G-NRDS plan was derived from a joint initiative for developing the African rice sector

by Alliance for Green Revolution in Africa (AGRA), CARD, and JICA. The policy

initiatives, inter alia, seek to: (i) adopt value chain approach to agricultural development with

emphasis on value addition and market access, (ii) build capacity to meet challenges of

quality standards on the international market, whilst focusing on increasing productivity

along the value chain, (iii) scale up appropriate land and water management practices in

various farming systems, (iv) build stronger partnerships between government and the

private sector, (v) develop FBOs to improve small holder access to services and (vi) enhance

support to commercial farming ventures (NRDS,2009).


18

3.3.Matching the Strategies, Policies, and Programmes with the Various NRDS

subsectors

As noted earlier, various development strategies and policies have sought to promote rice

development in Ghana. The Ghana NRDS has been designed with linkages to key national

agricultural strategic and policy frameworks such as the current agriculture sector

development policy guideline (FASDEP II), GPRS-II and CAADP. Table 3.1 shows the

matching/mapping of the NRDS sub-sectors to relevant strategic policy frameworks in

Ghana.

It must be noted that the issue of access and control over land in different communities to

ensure equity and security of tenure is a fundamental problem that must be addressed. Land

tenure insecurity hinders the effective development, through research, of suitable rice seed

varieties for the identified agro-ecologies. Improving the system of land registration to

protect the interest of smallholders is equally important to ensure tenure security, the

continuous production ofrice seed varieties on large scale, and investments on the land.


19

Table 3.1: Linkage between NRDS subsectors and some relevant policy frameworks NRDS GPRS FASDEP (II) CAADP

Sub-sector 1: Seed System

Developefficient rice seed system within the remits of the overall input needs of the rice sector

- Promoting selective crop development

- Develop and multiply new improved seeds and planting materials of selected crops (which includes rice). - Reform to land acquisition and property rights: Re-examine existing variations in access and control over land in different communities to ensure equity. (This has a link to the seed system in that access to appropriate land and the security of

tenurematter to the effective development, through research, of suitable rice seed varieties for the identified agro-ecologies.) - Improve the system of land registration to protect the interest of smallholders (to have tenure security to devote their fields/crop lands to the continuous production seed rice).

- Introduce high-yielding and short-duration (crop) rice varieties. - Establish contingency plans and strategic stocks (of rice seeds) to support national emergency preparedness - Bridge knowledge and skills gap through education and training tailored more closely to needs of the sector (e.g., rice seed technologist and pathologists, etc.)

Pillar 3: Increase food supply to reduce hunger across the region by increasing smallholder productivity and improve response to food emergencies

Sub-sector 2: Fertilizer Marketing

and Distribution Strategy

- Enhancing access to credit and inputs for agriculture - Fertilizer use: enhance fertilizer use through efficient distribution, access and affordability by smallholder farmers. - Ecology-specific organic fertilizer use system will be encouraged

-

-

Sub-sector 3: Post-Harvest and

Marketing Strategy.

Paddy to be processed into acceptable national minimum standards by providing appropriate harvesting, threshing and milling facilities. (N5b) Marketing, branding and promotion of local rice, packaging, retailing and food bazaars.

- Development of FBOs capable of securing fair prices for products. - Encourage the setting up of satellite markets in urban centres to provide outlets for rural farmers to dispose off their products. - Encourage private sector to set-up produce buying companies - Promote processing, preservation and utilisation of crops, animals, and fish products. - Promote the establishment of storage facilities, including community level facilities - Increasing access to extension services and expand the coverage and effectiveness of extension agents.

- Improve accessibility and facilitate distribution of crops - Develop effective post-harvest management strategies, particularly storage facilities at the individual and community levels

Pillar 2: Market Increase – market access through improved rural infrastructure and other trade related interventions which includes supply chain development, quality control and management system development, export infrastructure and global trade policies and agreements.

Sub-sector 4: Irrigation and Water

Control Investment Strategy

Irrigation and water control

- Accelerating the Provision of Irrigation Infrastructure: small-scale interventions such as dug-outs, hand pump systems, valley bottom schemes, etc. - Rehabilitation, expansion and promotion of the use of the

- Develop appropriate small-scale irrigation schemes for the different ecologies of farmers to ensure production throughout

Pillar 1: Extend the area under sustainable land management and reliable water control


20

investment strategy – expand rice production under irrigation (existing schemes rehabilitated and new gravity controlled schemes built). Low cost water control structure developed for rain-fed lowland systems.

existing irrigation facilities and infrastructure. - Promote valley-bottom irrigation schemes; ground water development and exploitation for irrigation purposes. - Restoration of degraded environment – minimize the impact of environmental degradation (restoring degraded natural resources)

the year

systems which includes soil fertility management and conservation agricultural water management, agricultural water use and irrigation land policy and administration

Sub-sector 5: Equipment access and

maintenance strategy

Easy and timely access to improved agricultural equipment / machinery

- Improved access to mechanised agriculture - Ensure easy and affordable access to tractor services to all irrespective of gender - Provide shellers and processing equipment

-

-

Sub-sector 6: Research and

Technology Dissemination strategy

Need to enhance technology development and dissemination along the rice value chain

- Promoting and supporting the development of key selected crops with proven potential to contribute significantly to domestic food security, agro industry and export. - developing and multiplying new improved seeds. - Agriculture mechanisation: development and use of small-scale technologies that target smallholder farmers especially women in the area of tillage, storage and processing

-

Pillar 4: Research – improve agricultural research and systems to disseminate appropriate new technologies and increase the support given to help farmers adopt them which includes building research capacity and training

Sub-sector 7: Community

Mobilization, FBOs and Credit

Management strategy

Important key actors (smallholders, processors, traders, etc.) mobilized and animated into cohesive and well-functioning groups Effective management of credit system put in place

Access to credit and inputs for agriculture. - Initiate special interventions to improve access to affordable credit by farmers (special emphasis on increasing the proportion of women to gain access to credit) - Promote and support the establishment of FBOs to enhance access to group credit and other crucial inputs and services.

- Introduce high-yielding and short duration (crop) rice varieties.

Pillar 3: Increase food supply to reduce hunger across the region by increasing smallholder productivity and improve response to food emergencies

Source: NRDS, 2009


21

The following programmes and projects in the rice sector of Ghana, as shown in Table 3.2 are also strongly in alignment with the NRDS’

subsectors. Although some of these programmes have just ended whiles others are near completion, they provide fertile grounds for the NRDS

subsectors. See

Appendix 0: List of representatives and institutions consulted

No. Name of contact person Institution

1 Mr Richard Twumasi-Ankrah MOFA, Accra

2 Mr Daniel OhemengBoateng Budget Officer, PPMED, MOFA, Accra

3 Mr Ebenezer Azasu MOFA, Cape Coast

4 Mr Fidelis Avogo Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (GRIB), Accra

5 Mr Kofi Addo Commercial Officer, MOTI, Accra

6 Ms Agnes Addae African Development Bank (AfDB) desk, MOFEP, Accra

7 Ms Victoria Adongo Programme Coordinator, Peasant Farmers Association of Ghana (PEFAG), Accra

8 Dr Robert AgyeibiAsuboah Seed Technologist/Pathologist, Grains and Legumes Development Board, MOFA, Kumasi

9 Mr Isaac Boateng ACDI/VOCA-ADVANCE Project

10 Ms Hannah Nyamekye Project Coordinator, Farmers Organisation Network for Ghana (FONG), Accra

11 Mr Tanko Ibrahim Rice Farmer, Tanokrom, BrongAhafo Region, Ghana

12 Dr RukunudinIbniHajar Director, Mechanization and Automation Research Centre, P.O. Box 12301, 0774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,

Appendix 1for details of the following programmes and projects.

Table 3.2: Matching of rice projects to NRDS sub-sectors

NRDS Subsector 1: Seed System

Matching Strategy/

Programme/ Project

Component of Strategy/

Programme/ Project matching

NRDS subsector

Funding

Agency

Cost of Strategy/

Programme/ Project

(Period)

Coverage Field of Support


22

NERICA Rice Dissemination Project (Project is also linked

to NRDS subsectors

3)

Access to high yielding seedlings, Technology transfer, improved production output, marketing of aromatic variety

AfDB USD 3,667,326

(2005-2010)

Tolon-Kumbungu District (Northern Region), Ejura-Sekyedumase District (Ashanti Region), Hohoe Municipality (Volta Region)

Seed, Marketing, Extension and Training, Production

Inland Valleys Rice Development Project

(Project is also linked

to NRDS subsectors

3, 4, 6, and 7)

Land management, Adaptive research and surveys, credit for crop development, capacity building

AfDB USD 15 million

(2004-2009)

Brong-Ahafo, Ashanti, Eastern, Western, Central Regions

Research and Development, Extension and training, credit, marketing, production, seedlings, Irrigation, postharvest management

Rice Seed Production Rice seed production to provide farmers with affordable price

AGRA USD 149,973 (Grant for Seed Production for

Africa)

(2008-2010)

Upper East, Upper West and Northern Regions

Seedling Production

Table 3.2: continued

NRDS Subsector 2: Fertilizer Marketing and Distribution

Matching Strategy/

Programme/ Project

Component of Strategy/

Programme/ Project matching

NRDS subsector

Funding

Agency

Cost of Strategy/

Programme/ Project

(Period)


- - - - - -



23

NRDS Subsector 3: Postharvest and Marketing

Matching Strategy/

Programme/ Project

Component of Strategy/ Programme/ Project matching NRDS

subsector

Funding

Agency

Cost of

Strategy/

Programme/

Project

(Period)


Rice Sector Support Project

(Project is also

linked to NRDS

subsectors 7)

1.Land development to provide adapted infrastructure in lowland areas 2. Build capacity of rice stakeholders to form farmer-based organizations 3. Provide technical support to producers and improved technologies to processors 4. Facilitate access to credit for all activities along the rice value chain 5. Test new varieties of rice such as poly-aptitute ones developed in Brazil

AFD USD 17.3 million

(2008-2014)

Upper East, Upper West, Northern and Volta Regions

Extension and training, production, marketing, postharvest management, credit, capacity building

Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (GRIB)

1. Facilitate the implementation of studies and other initiatives to enhance acknowledgment of locally produced rice as a quality product on the national market 2. Re-enforcing the capacity of GRIB to respond to the needs of its members

AFD USD 0.14 million

(2008-2012)

Upper East, Upper West, Northern and Volta Regions

Marketing, Capacity Building

Project for Sustainable Development of Rain-fed Lowland Rice Production

1. Experiment on good practices of rain-fed lowland rice production and improve it. 2. Train Agricultural Extension Agents and key farmers. 3. Develop guidelines for dissemination procedure. 4. Set up demonstration fields within the Project areas.

JICA USD 3.6 million

(2009-2014)

Northern Region, Ashanti Region

Extension and training, production, postharvest management and credit


NRDS Subsector 4: Irrigation and Water Control

Matching Strategy/

Programme/ Project

Component of Strategy/ Programme/

Project matching NRDS subsector

Funding

Agency

Cost of Strategy/

Programme/ Project

(Period)


Project for Promotion of Farmers' Participation in

1. Development of implementation structure for the irrigation facility

JICA Japanese yen 250 million

22 irrigation district developed by Ghana

Extension and training, irrigation and capacity


24

Irrigation Management (FAPIM)

management between GIDA and farmers

2. Improvement of capacity of GIDA staff for planning and implementation of the training on irrigated agriculture technology

(2006-2008)

Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA)

building

Special Programme for Food Security in Ghana

Water control FAO USD 1.26 million (2002 – 2007)

Bolgatanga, East Gonja, Tano, Jasikan, Dangbe East Districts

Extension and Training, Production, Irrigation and Capacity building

Small Scale Irrigation Development Project

Irrigation, agric. extension services AfDB USD 15 million (2001-2009)

Nationwide Extension and training, irrigation, capacity building

Small Farms Irrigation Project Irrigation, agric. extension services BADEA USD 9.5 million (2003-2009)

Nationwide Extension and training, irrigation, capacity building


NRDS Subsector 5: Equipment Access and Maintenance

Matching Strategy/

Programme/ Project

Component of Strategy/ Programme/

Project matching NRDS subsector

Funding

Agency

Cost of Strategy/

Programme/ Project

(Period)


The Study on the Promotion of Domestic Rice in the Republic of Ghana

Field Study JICA Japanese yen 160 million

(2006-2008)

Nationwide Policy, capacity building


NRDS Subsector 6: Research and Technology Dissemination

Matching Strategy/

Programme/ Project


subsector

Funding

Agency

Cost of Strategy/ Programme/

Project

(Period)

Coverage Field of

Support

Improvement of Drought Tolerance of Rice through Within-Species Gene Transfer

Research AGRA USD 35,000 (Grant for Education for African Crop

Improvement) (2007-2009)

Northern Ghana

Research, Seed

Development of low- 1. Development of crop management technologies to increase JIRCAS Japanese yen 150 million Ashanti Research


25

input rice cultivation system in wetland in Africa

productivity of rain-fed rice 2. Selection of superb genetic resources adapted to rain-fed lowland conditions 3. Development of soil fertility management technologies using locally available resources 4. Verification of rice cultivation models adapted to low-input system

(2009-2015)

Region


NRDS Subsector 7: Communities Mobilization, Farmer Based Organizations and Credit Management

Matching Strategy/

Programme/ Project


subsector

Funding

Agency

Cost of Strategy/

Programme/

Project

(Period)


Food Security and Rice Producers Organization Project

1. Institutional Support to the Rice Inter-professional Body and MOFA

2. Institutional Support to the rice producers of the Tamale Region and to the FBOs Development Desk of RADU Tamale

3. reinforcement of the capacities and autonomy of the Rice Producers Organisations

4. reinforcement of the capacities of the FBOs Development Desk of RADU Tamale

AFD €1.4 million

(2003-2008)

Northern Region of Ghana

Extension and Training, capacity building

Project for Sustainable Development of Rain-fed Lowland Rice Production

1. Experiment on good practices of rain-fed lowland rice production and improve it.

2. Train Agricultural Extension Agents and key farmers. 3. Develop guidelines for dissemination procedure. 4. Set up demonstration fields within the Project areas.

JICA USD 3.6 million

(2009-2014)


Extension and training, production, postharvest management and credit


26

3.4.Matching of the expenditure frameworks with the NRDS’ sub-sectors

Based on the information presented in the previous section, it can be concluded that the

current medium term expenditure framework (MTEF) on the one hand and the General

Budget Support (GBS) and Sector Budget Support (SBS) funding frameworks by Ghana’s

Development Partners on the other hand are very compatible with the NRDS subsectors. This

is precisely the case since from past experiences all agriculture-related projects are either

funded directly from government’s internally generated resources through the MTEF

framework or through development partners’ budgetary support (general or sector). The

funding of NRDS and for that matter the sub-sectors, after it receives final governmental

approval and ownership, will not differ from the sources of funds of other projects.

The MTEF is a 3-year budgeting planning tool that ensures the efficient commitment of

scarce financial resources to implementation of strategies. Currently, all sector ministries are

required to prepare their medium term strategic plans (2011-2013) which would have taken

account of all government priorities in the sector and in line with the National Medium Term

Strategic Framework. Thus, the release of funds for the implementation of the NRDS

(subsectors) will be linked to the MTEF budgeting process to ensure coherence.

The MTEF will be the main expenditure framework to fund the NRDS at the national

levelwhich trickles down to the regional and district levels. Since the implementation of

FASDEP II and METASIP adopts the Sector Wide Approach (SWAp)5, one implication is

that funding from the Development Partners (DPs) will be considered a part of the national

budget. Hence, resource allocation to MOFA and therefore for the NRDS implementation

will be through the MTEF. It is worth noting that currently, Canada and UK are the only DPs

providing budget support earmarked for the agriculturalsector (OECD, 2008).

5According to OECD (2006) a sector-wide approach (SWAp) is a programme-based approach operating at the

level of an entire sector. A SWAP is “a way of working” and the aim of a SWAp is to focus government and

donor support on a comprehensive sector development programme. The sector development programme can be

supported by a variety of aid instruments (OECD, 2006, p.36-37).


27

4. THE NATIONAL RICE SUBSECTOR

4.1.Rice Cultivation in Ghana

Rice is cultivated in Ghana both as a food crop and a cash crop. Rice production is undertaken

in three different ecologies: lowland rain-fed ecology, which includes rice planted in the

receding waters of the Volta and other rivers accounts for 78%of production; upland rain-fed

ecology (6%), and irrigated ecology (16%). The greater part of local rice production is

cultivated in the Upper East, Northern, and Volta regions of Ghana.

Table 4.1: Categorization of Paddy fields in Ghana by ecology

Lowland

rain-fed

Upland

rain-fed

Irrigated Total

Planted area 93,250.0 18,750.0 10,200.0 122,700.0

Yield/ha (MT/ha) 2.4 1.0 4.5 2.4

Paddy production (MT) 224,700.0 18,750.0 45,900.0 289,350.0

% of total area 76.0 15.0 8.0 100.0

% of total production 78.0 6.0 16.0 100.0

Source: GFSR-Ghana Rice Study, 2009

As noted inTable 4.1, rain-fed rice production contributes 84% of total current production,

generating average paddy yields of 1.0-2.4 metric tonnes per hectare. Irrigated production

totals only 16% but produces the highest average paddy yields of 4.5 MT per hectare.

Since 1960s, approximately 19,000 hectares (ha) of land has been developed under irrigation

for rice and vegetable farming. Out of the 19,000 hectares, approximately 10,200 ha have

been developed by the Government of Ghana, through the Ghana Irrigation Development

Authority (GIDA) with the remainder developed by the private sector. It is anticipated that

the on-going Millennium Challenge Account-funded programmes in Ghana, through the

Millennium Development Authority, will bring 5,200 hectares under cultivation distributed as

follows: 1,400 ha in the north, 800 ha in the Afram Basin, and 3,000 ha in the southern

agricultural zone (GFSR, 2009). Although the MCA programme is not explicit on the

distribution of these irrigatedlands between rice and vegetables, the programme intends to

invest only in areas where management and ownership of irrigation structures are very clear

and infrastructure management are in private (including cooperative) hands. The MCA

programme thus tries to avoid the problems associated with ownership and management

structures of government-controlled irrigation sites (GFSR, 2009).

At present, there are 22 public irrigation schemes in the whole country (see Table 4.2). The

major irrigation sites for rice cultivation include the Kpong Irrigation Scheme. The Kpong

Irrigation Scheme has 3,028 ha of irrigable land under the scheme with approximately 1400

ha under cultivation. The Tono Irrigation Scheme, which has 2,400 ha of land developed for

irrigation, is currently cultivating the entire land for rice and vegetables. The case is the same

also with Vea and Afife Irrigation Schemes where all the 1,000 ha and 880 ha potential area

respectively are being cropped for rice and vegetables cultivation. Most of the development


28

of these public irrigation districts has been conducted with financial and technological

support through bilateral cooperation with foreign countries. Some of these countries include

China, the former Soviet Union, Taiwan, Japan and Republic of Korea, or from international

organizations, including the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) and the World Bank

(JICA, 2004).

Table 4.2: Potential and Developed Areas in Public irrigation schemes, Ghana

Location Potential

area(ha)

Developed

area (ha)

Irrigation system

G-gravity

P-pumping scheme

Major crops

cultivated

Ashiaman 155 135 G Rice

Dawhenya 450 191 P+G Rice

Kpong 3,028 1,400 G Rice, Vegetables

Weija 1,200 220 P Vegetables

Afife 880 880 G Rice, Vegetables

Aveyime 280 60 P+G Rice

Kpando-Torkor 400 40 P Vegetables

Okyereko 100 40 P+G Rice

Mankessim 320 17 P Vegetables

Amate 300 101 P Vegetables

Dedeso 880 30 P Vegetables

Akumadan 150 65 P Vegetables

Nobewam 150 120 P+G Rice

Sata 32 32 G Vegetables

Subinja 121 60 P Vegetables

Tanaso 130 64 P Vegetables

Bontanga 450 450 G Rice, Vegetables

Golinga 40 26 G Rice

Libga 35 20 G Vegetables

Kikam 27 27 P+G Rice

Tono 2,400 2,400 G Rice, Vegetables

Vea 1,000 1,000 G Rice, Vegetables

TOTAL 12,528 7,378 Source: GIDA, 2000

Between 1996 and 2005, paddy production was in the range of 200,000 and 280,000 tonnes

(130,000 to 182,000 tonnes of milled rice)with large annual fluctuations. The annual

production fluctuations were largely due to the area put under rice cultivation, rather than

yield variations. The total rice consumption in 2005 amounted to about 500,000 tonnes (JICA,

2007), which is equivalent to per capita consumption of 22kg per annum. Current estimates

revolve around 30 kg per capita per year and demand projected at 63kg per capita per year in

2015.

Due to the generally low output,poor yields, and poor quality, domestic rice production has

lagged behind domestic demand. Furthermore, domestic rice varieties cultivated have not

kept up with changing consumer preferences toward aromatic and long-grain white rice. As a

result, rice imports from South East Asia and America have grown considerably to fill the


29

increasing demand gap for quality rice. Average rice imports were 348,182 metric tonnes

between 2003 and 2008, representing 69% of total national rice consumption. Imported rice

was sold at average wholesale prices of $1,100-$1,250 per metric tonnes in 2008-2009

(MiDA 2009).

4.2.The Rice Value Chain in Ghana

The rice value chain in Ghana is quite simple but dominated by imports. This therefore

shortens the chain and the interconnection among actors. There are two main channels in the

rice value chain: the local rice and the import rice value chain (see Figure 4.1).

4.2.1. The local rice value chain

The main actors within the local rice channel are:

Input Suppliers

The local rice value chain begins with input suppliers. These input suppliers include seedling

producers and agrochemical dealers. Most of the inputs, such as chemical fertilisers and

pesticides, required for the production of local rice are imported. The major importers of

these inputs include, but not limited to,Wienco Ghana Limited, Agrimart Limited, Yara and

Dizengoff Ghana Limited. These companies import and distribute to retail chemical shops.

Producers

Local rice production is basically undertaken by smallholder. Farm size ranges between one

hectare and three hectares. There are not many large scale producers of rice in Ghana.

Aveyime Farms in the Volta Region, Brazil Agro-Investment Limited and Bok Nam Kim

Farms6are among the few large farms known to produce rice for the local market and export.

Bulkers

Since production of rice is done on a small-scale, this function has become very important

within the local rice value chain. This is because processors/millers who are also involved in

wholesaling require bulk quantities. Hence bulkers work to collect rice from individual

producers to supply to processors. There are also bulkers who are involved in processing.

Processors/millers

Processors in the chain buy rice from bulkers to parboil and/or mill directly. In some cases,

the milling is done as a commercial service for a bulker who sells to retailers afterwards.

Some processors also sell their output to rice importers who re-bag the rice to wholesale.

Wholesalers

Wholesaling is done on a large scale by rice importers, with some local processors

performing this function on a small-scale. These importers have well-established distribution

networks that enableeasy wholesaling of local rice. Table 4.3 shows the major local rice

wholesalers in Ghana.

6This is a Korean Company producing short grain sticky rice for Korea off-shore fishermen.


30

Figure 4.1: National Rice value Chain

Function

Source: Adapted from GFSR-Ghana Rice Study, 2009

VIETNAM, USA,

TAIWAN,

THAILAND

INPUT

SUPPLYING

PROCESSING

RETAILING

CONSUMPTION

IMPORTING

BULKING

PRODUCTION

WHOLESALING

Agrochemical / Equipment suppliers

Smallholder Farms

Large Farms

(Aveyime),

Bok Nam Kim

Farms, Brazil

Agro-

Investment

Limited

Individual Bulkers

Large Scale

Bulkers and

Processors

‘Togo

Marshall’

Cottage

Processors

Importers /

Wholesalers of

both local and

imported rice

Urban retailers Supermarkets

Individual and

Institutional consumers

Individual and

Inst. consumers

Imports

KOREA Imports


31

Table 4.3: Major local rice wholesalers in Ghana

Company Marketing Brand Buying Area

Ofram Enterprise Gbewaa Rice Tono Irrigation site, Upper East region

House of Rema Rema Rice Afife

CCTC Ghana Pride Afife

Kyei Enterprise Ltd No brand name yet Different locations

Thrive Enterprise No brand name yet Different locations Source: GFSR-Ghana Rice Study, 2009

Retailers

The popular local rice sold by retailers is the local brown rice known as the ‘Viwornor’.

Some retailers buy this rice from importers to sell to consumers. However, there are other

retailers who sell the local rice in the open market.

4.2.2. The imported rice value chain

Importers

Rice represents the highest cereal imports in Ghana, constituting about 58% of total cereal

imports (GFSR, 2009). The imported rice value chain is a very short channel begins with

importing the rice into the country. It is also very efficient and well organized. Rice is

imported from 5 major countries, as shown in Table 4.4. As at the end of 2008, total import

of rice into Ghana stood at almost 1.5 million metric tonnes, with Taiwan being the major

rice exporter to Ghana in 2008.

Table 4.4: Major rice exporting countries to Ghana Country 2004

(MT)

% of

national

imports

2005

(MT)

% of

national

imports

2006

(MT)

% of

national

imports

2007

(MT)

% of

national

imports

2008

(MT)

% of

national

imports

Vietnam 113,026 23.25 111,553 35.39 140,387 28.49 80,630 24.03 493,988 33.0

Taiwan 8,354 1.72 - - - - - - 796,525 53.21

Thailand 169,470 34.86 83,199 26.39 112,066 22.74 102,118 30.44 122,656 8.19

USA 127,380 26.20 66,532 21.10 69,435 14.09 32,809 9.78 11,146 0.74

Pakistan - - 16,382 5.20 85,663 17.39 6,394 1.91 45,237 3.02

Sub-total 418,230 86.03 277,666 88.08 407,551 82.72 221,951 66.16 1,469,552 98.17

Total national import

486,144 315,253 492,716 335,497 1,496,917

Source: GFSR, Ghana Rice Study, 2009

The unusually huge leap in rice imports in 2008 may be mainly attributed to the removal of

import duties on rice in May 2008 due to rising global rice prices.Other factors may include

the fact that in that year Côte d’Ivoire also removed import duties on rice for the same reason

two months before Ghana did so. Ghana’s imports from Côte d’Ivoire substantially increased

to 12,363 MT in 2008 (GFSR, 2009) and considering that Côte d’Ivoire is also a net rice

importer, it can be presumed that most of this rice was transited through Côte d’Ivoire to

Ghana from a different country of origin.

Five (5) major firms dominate the rice import business, as indicated in Table 4.5. Royal Bow

Company Ltd. and CCTC are the two major industry players with respect to rice imports.

These importers undertake nation-wide distribution of imported rice to wholesalers who are

able to purchase in large quantities, such as 3000 bags of 50kg size a week. Their efficient


32

distribution networks sell to wholesalers on credit. Among the major importers of rice in

Ghana include the following companies shown below.

Wholesalers

Wholesalers of imported rice also have networks of retailers to enable them sell easily within

a very short time. With these networks also wholesalers are able to plan and reduce their

transportation cost.

Table 4.5: Major rice importers in Ghana Top 5 rice

importers

2004

(MT)

% of

national

imports

2005

(MT)

% of

national

imports

2006

(MT)

% of

national

imports

2007

(MT)

% of

national

imports

2008

(MT)

% of

national

imports

Royal Bow Co. Ltd

85,037 17.5 73,601 23.3 104,462 21.2 62,567 18.6 461,062 30.2

CCTC 73,696 15.2 77,680 24.6 109,349 22.2 88,828 26.5 326,523 21.0

Cereal Investment Co. Gh. Ltd

29,863 6.1 5,231 1.7 2,494 0.5 12,386 3.7 199,366 13.3

Olam 36,074 7.4 22768 7.2 28,393 5.8 34,906 10.4 28,542 1.9

Ezal Trading Gh Ltd

- - - 2,600 0.8 137,191 9.2

Total national import

486,144 46.2 315,253 56.9 492,716 49.7 335,497 60.0 1,496,917 77.0

Source: GFSR, Ghana Rice Study, 2009

Retailers

Retailing of imported rice varies. There are some retailers who are involved in selling 50kg of

rice to consumers whilst others retail only 5kg bags. Some retailers in the organised

traditional markets have further specialised by buying the 50kg bags to sell to consumers in

smaller units using locally accepted containers, such as the olonka or margarinetins.

4.3.Constraints and Opportunities of the National Rice Value Chain

Constraints

Several constraints militate against Ghana’s rice value chain development in spite of the

country’s enormous opportunities to double rice production. Some of the constraints are as

follows:

Production Oriented Research

Most of the research effort to improve the national rice value chain has focused on production

and improved post-harvest and storage technologies. The research agenda has not been

market or demand-driven. For instance, varietal research has not focused on varieties with

desirable product characteristics that consumers prefer and are willing to pay for. Research

has unduly emphasised on higher yielding varieties regardless of whether the product

characteristics.

High Cost of Inputs

Production of local rice has consistently remained uncompetitive due to the associated high

cost of production. Input supplies such as insecticides, chemical fertilizers and herbicides are

all imported and very expensive on the local market. Smallholder farmers who are unable to


33

afford these inputs resort to minimal manure application or do nothing. The effect is that

yields per hectare falls, making cost per hectare expensive.

Climatic Uncertainty

Rice cultivation is largely rainfall dependent and hence makes it difficult to crop twice in a

year. Climate change lately is adversely affecting rice cultivation in Ghana due to the erratic

and unpredictability nature of rainfall patterns. Farmers are continually finding it more

difficult to properly plan production to meet the ever-increasing demand.

Local processing/milling

The quality of locally produced rice is far below that of imported rice mainly due to the lack

of investments in quality state-of-the-art processing/milling equipment and undesirable rice

product characteristics. More often, local processing technologies results in excessive broken

grains (often attributable to the poor genetic quality of local grains, parboiling, and the

milling process itself).

The parboiling technology

The parboiling technology is quite out-dated for today’s rice production. In northern Ghana,

parboiling is a very common practice, as it makes de-huskingvery easy. Parboiling also

causes the rice starch to become gelatinized, resulting in harder, glassier rice that takes longer

to cook and becomes firmer when cooked. Most urban consumers do not want parboiled rice,

so the prevalence of this practice in the northern Ghana makes parboiled rice difficult to

penetrate and compete effectively with imported rice in southern Ghana.

Trade policy on import tariffs

Prevailing government trade policies favour rice importation. The incentive to import is high

due to the low import tariffs on rice. The cheaper rice imports compete with locally produced

rice whilst the cost of local rice production is high. This situation stifles the growth and

development of the local rice industry.

Access to Finance

Access to finance remains a challenge to agricultural producersin Ghana. Smallholder

farmers are unable to access loans and credit facilities due to the high cost of borrowing and

the collateral requirement by financial institutions. Moreover, these financial institutions

perceive agriculture in general as a risky venture not worth investing into. These resource-

poor (rice) farmers self-finance their production activities and have contributed enormously

to the continuous subsistence of rice farmers and other agricultural producers.

Opportunities

Some of the opportunities untapped within the national value chain include, but not limited to

the following:


34

Irrigation

Ghana has enormous tracts of land that provides a huge opportunity for the expansion of the

existing irrigation schemes under rice cultivation. Irrigated agriculture provides the highest

rice yields in Ghana, averaging about 4.5 MT/ha.

Distribution networks by importers and branding

As a diversification strategy to minimise business risk, some of the major rice importers are

making inroads into the local rice value chains by buying and marketing aromatic varieties

produced and processed locally to meet consumers’ expectations. A typical example is

Ghana Pride marketed by CCTC. This is a big opportunity to encourage the participation of

such active and powerful actors with strong distribution networks and significant market

shares in the local rice value chain.

To encourage local consumption, local brands have been created by key wholesalers in the

local rice value chain. These include but not limited to the Ghana Pride, Gbewaa and the

Rema rice. These brands are gradually catching up with consumers due to growing health

concerns. Under these brands, there is a huge opportunity to produce and easily market local

rice local consumers.

Availability of Competitive aromatic varieties

The availability of competitive aromatic varieties for local production also provides an

opportunity to further enhance and promote the desirable traits and characteristics of these

varieties for the huge local demand and import substitution.


35

5. ANALYSIS OF KEY STAKEHOLDERS AND THEIR ROLES

The NRDS identifies six broad categories of stakeholders as relevant to the successful

implementation of the rice strategy. These comprise the government, institutions (public,

international, and financial), private sector (all actors involved in the rice value chain), Non-

Governmental Organisations (NGOs), Development Partners, and on-going rice and other

related development projects.

The key stakeholders for the implementations and monitoring of the National Rice

Development Strategy and their expected corresponding roles are as follows:

5.1.Government Institutions

Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA)

MOFA will be the key government institution responsible for the coordination, monitoring

and evaluation of the sector strategy (NRDS). It will also be responsible for the managing of

the strategy’s expenditure framework at the national level. In the area of extension, MOFA is

the key institution to train and deliverthe required extension services to support the

implementation of the NRDS.

All the ten administrative regions in Ghana have Regional Agricultural Development Units

(RADUs). They are engaged in monitoring and backstopping activities; building the relevant

database for agricultural planning; facilitating farmers/processors access to credit and

markets; and ensuring the efficient management of financial and institutional resources for

policy planning and implementation. The RADUs perform five main functions. These are:

• To provide leadership in the development of an effective, short, medium and long-

term agricultural strategies and programs that would make optimal use of the region’s

resources and potentials for improving farmer productivity, and livelihoods;

• To exercise regional oversight over District Food and Agricultural Departments and

ensure their effective performance within the Decentralization framework and policy

of government;

• To ensure adequate human resource capacity of the Department of Food and

Agriculture in the region to implement its planning, regulatory, monitoring and

evaluation functions in line with national agricultural policies and strategies;

• To forge linkages with relevant stakeholders for the development of agriculture in the

region; and

• To coordinate all agricultural programmes in the region including NGOs, Donor

programs and private sector initiatives and to ensure their adherence to national

regulatory policies and standards for the maintenance of a productive and sustainable

agricultural environment.

There are 138 District Directorates of MOFA and they constitute the District Agricultural

Development Units (DADUs). Their major roles are to manage and co-ordinate the District

Department of Food and Agriculture within the District Assembly; and to ensure the

development and effective implementation of the district agricultural programmes. Clearly,


36

MOFA as a ministry (including GIDA and the Grains and Legumes Development Board

(GLDB) as sub-vented organisation under it) and the budget officers in particular are

champions in the quest for a successful implementation of the rice strategy.

The District Assemblies

The District Assemblies are constituted as the planning authority for the district since the

introduction of the Local Government Act, ACT 462, 1993. District assemblies exercise

political and administrative authority in the district, provide guidance, givedirection to, and

supervise the other administrative authorities in the district.

District Assemblyis basically responsible for the overall development of the district and

ensure thepreparation and submission of development plans of the district to the National

DevelopmentPlanning Commission (NDPC) for approval, andbudgets of the district related

to the approved plans to the Ministerresponsible for Finance for approval. The specific roles

of district assemblies are as follows:

• Formulate and execute plans, programmes and strategies for the effective mobilisation

of the resources necessary for the overall development of the district;

• Promote and support productive activity and social development in the district and

remove any obstacles to initiative and development;

• Initiate programmes for the development of basic infrastructure and provide

municipal works and services in the district;

• Responsible for the development, improvement and management of human

settlements and the environment in the district;

• Responsible in co-operation with the appropriate national and local security agencies,

for the maintenance of security and public safety in the district;

• Ensure ready access to Courts in the district for the promotion of justice;

• Initiate, sponsor, or carry out studies that are necessary for the performance of its

functions; and

• Perform any other functions assigned it.

The local government system consists of a Regional Co-ordinating Council, a four-tier

Metropolitan and a three-tier Municipal/District Assemblies Structure. The District

Assemblies are either Metropolitan (population over 250,000), Municipal (population over

95,000), or District (population 75,000 and over). There are currently a total of 170

Assemblies, consisting of 6 Metropolitan Assemblies, 40 Municipal Assemblies, and 124

District Assemblies.

Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA)

GIDA is the arm of government responsible for the development of irrigation schemes for

farming purposes. GIDA has developed22 irrigation schemes across the nation. Under the

NRDS, it is expected that land under irrigated rice production would be increased from

10,200 ha to 30,000 ha by 2018. GIDA will be responsible to meet this target and timeline.


37

National Development Planning Commission (NDPC)

NDPC is responsible for development planning policy and strategy by providing a national

development policy framework and ensuring that strategies including consequential policies

and programmes are effectively carried out. The GPRS II is the overarching national

development strategy for economic growth and poverty reduction. NDPC has and will be

providing policy direction for the implementation of the NRDS.

Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP)

MOFEP has been responsible for the formulation and implementationof sound fiscal and

financial policies; effective mobilization of external and internal resources and efficient

allocation of the resourcesto all sectors of the economicto promote government projects and

programmes; and the preparation and implementation of the annual budget and economic and

financial statement of Government, among others. It has also been responsible for monitoring

and evaluating government expenditure across the various sectors of the economy with the

framework of the country budget. In general, government funds to support the successful

implementation of the NRDS will be the responsibility of MOFEP. This ministry is therefore

an indispensable champion in the rice strategy.

Ministry of Trade and Industry (MOTI)

The NRDS has identified MOTI as central partner as its mandate is to promote industry

growth and trade balance. Hence, the promotion of value addition along the rice value chain

and marketing through appropriate financing will be the responsibility of this ministry. Trade

policies and strategies to ensure trade balance, protection and development of local industries

will be pursued by MOTI to support the implementation of the NRDS.

Ministry of Road and Highways (MORH)

This ministry, under the NRDS, will be responsible for extending feeder roads to rice

producing areas. MOFA and this ministry are currently collaborating to upgrade and build

feeder roads into areas with high rice production potential. This is to ensure easy

transportation and distribution of locally produced rice and other commodities to

consumption centres whilst production inputs move to rice production enclaves. The cost of

undertaking this exercise will be funded solely by the MORH and not MOFA; hence there is

no co-funding between the two ministries.

Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

CSIR, being the key institution responsible for backstopping agriculture and industry growth

with research, will be responsible for technology development, testing and dissemination

under the NRDS. There are 14 research institutes and centres under the ambit of the CSIR,

notable among them are the Crops Research Institute (CRI), Savannah Agricultural Research

Institute (SARI), Soil Research Institute (SRI), Food Research Institute (FRI), Plant Genetic

Resources Research Institute (PGRRI), and Plant Genetic Resources Centre (PGRC).To the

extent that CSIR will be involved in rice seed andsocio-economic research, SARI and CRI

are considered champions in this pursuit.


38

5.2.Non-Governmental Organizations/Associations

There are several non-governmental and non-profit organisations and advocacy groups in

Ghana that are contributing to the development of the rice industry in Ghana. The following

are a few that could play significant roles through the NRDS

Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (GRIB)

GRIB was registered as a company limited by guarantee in October2004. It is a burgeoning

industry association whose mission is to coordinate activities in support of a more

competitive rice industry. GRIB is the main body that organises private-sector stakeholders

and advocates for a favourablepolicy environment that creates incentives in the rice value

chain for actors at every step, from production to consumption.

GRIB is made of the different stakeholders of the chain, including the rice importers and

someinput dealers. The membership of GRIB (as at 2007) stands at 65 and it represents about

7,500 stakeholders. Some of the members of the association include rice FBOs (27 groups

representing approximately 7000 farmers), 12 rice millers groups, an input dealer, 3 rice

importers, 6 rice brokers, 7 par-boiler groups, and 8 women rice marketers’ group. Due to

lack of statistics, it is difficult to ascertain the fraction of the rice sector represented by GRIB.

The main objectives of GRIB are the following:create a platform to build dialogue and

consensus between the rice stakeholders; identify factor chain constraints and develop

strategies at different levels to alleviate them and develop the rice industry; promote and

regulate marketing agreements among stakeholders; promote price negotiations and fair profit

sharing mechanisms; collect, produce and disseminate information; and propose and lobby

the government for the implementation of relevant rice policies.

GRIB is deemed a champion in the promotion of the National Rice Development Strategy.

Peasant Farmers Association of Ghana (PFAG)

This is one of the civil society non-profit organisationsfounded in 2005 that works on behalf

of poor, small scale rural farmers across Ghana mainly to advocate, lobby, and undertake

research and capacity building in the areas which mostly affects the lives of farmers in

Ghana. This group has the desire to ensure the survival of the rice industry in Ghana as

evidenced in their broad-based membership and operates in 50 districts in all the 10 regions

of Ghana.

GRATIS Foundation / GHEL

GRATIS Foundation has been involved in the promotion of micro,small and medium scale

enterprises through the transfer of appropriate technologies. Under the NRDS, GRATIS

Foundation will be responsible for the fabrication of appropriate tools and equipment to

support the production and processing of rice for the local market. Likewise, the role of the

Ghana Heavy Equipment Limited (GHEL) will be to import heavy duty agricultural

equipment on behalf of the NRDS at concessionary rates and also rent out relevant equipment

purposely for the project.


39

Technoserve

Technoserve, an international non-governmental organization, has been identified under the

national rice development strategy as key stakeholder for the facilitation of group formation

and development and the provision of micro-financing to rice actors.

5.3.Microfinance Institutions

Micro-finance institutions will be responsible for the disbursement of credit facilities to the

NRDS value chain actors at the local and / or district levels. They will also be responsible to

monitor and recover the loans disbursed. It is also expected that these financial institutions

will introduce new and attractive financial products (such as very low interest loans) designed

for all the actors in the rice value chain. Currently, the interest rate applicable on

microfinance loans is very high compared with the traditional banks. The average interest rate

currently charged by microfinance institutions stands at60% per annum compared with an

average rate of 30% per annum charged by the traditional banks.

5.4.Development Partners

Bilateral and Multilateral partners such as Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA)

and the French Development Agency (AFD) have been identified to provide technical

assistance, funding, and capacity building for the implementation of the NRDS. The United

States government investments, through the Millennium Challenge Account (MCA) and its

Ghanaian implementing agency the Millennium Development Authority (MiDA), are

supporting activities in the rice value chain. IFAD’s intervention to support the rural poor

with access and linkage to rural financial institutions through the Rural and Agricultural

Finance Programme and the Northern Rural Growth Programme will also be beneficial to the

NRDS implementation. The on-going studies of mapping the NRDS sub-sectors to poverty

reduction strategy programmes in the CARD countries have been funded by IFAD.

5.5.Private Sector Value Chain Actors

Key private sector value chain actors include farmers, input dealers, importers, processors

and millers, transporters, wholesalers,retailers, and consumers.Since agriculture is mainly a

private sector dominated activity and undertaken in the informal sector of the economy, all

these identified actors must be considered as champions for an effective and efficient

implementation of the national rice strategy.

Producers

Currently there are approximately 295,000 farmers engaged in rice cultivation on 118,000

hectares of land. Most of these farmers have their livelihood dependent on rice cultivation

and marketing. They have to be committed to adopting and implementing all agricultural

extension service delivery advices and also use ensure that loans are used for their intended

purposes.

Input Dealers


40

Input dealers, from seedling producers and chemical dealers are important stakeholder for the

implementation of the rice strategy. They are responsible for supplying authentic and genuine

inputs to farmers.

Importers

Importers participating in the marketing and distribution of local rice are important for the

NRDS. These actors, with their well-established marketing networks, are relevant to

enhancing the availability and access to all local rice brands in high demand.

Processors/millers

Processors and millers have been identified for support under the NRDS to promote rice

value addition and also enhance their processing capacity to meet consumer requirements.

Wholesalers

Wholesalers in the rice value chain are very strategic because they have strong network of

clients to whom they sell. They have good storage facilities which enable them to store and

distribute their stock easily. Their participation in the local rice value chain is important for

the up-scaling of the chain. Hence, the NRDS cannot afford to circumvent wholesalers.

Retailers

Becauserice retailers have direct contact with consumers, they easily have access to market

information regarding changing consumer preferences for the different rice brands, etc.

Market information flow along the value chain is very crucial in ensuring the relevance of

value chain product(s). Rice retailers have the potential to introduce customers/consumers to

new products, such as locally produced rice. Hence, the value of all rice retailers cannot be

underestimated by the NRDS.

Transporters

The timely delivery of locally produced rice along the rice value chain to the final consumers

is as important as the quality of the rice product. How efficient transporters play their role

will significantly affect the consistency of supply of local rice to the local markets and

therefore the demand, ceteris paribus.

5.6.On-Going Rice and Related Projects

The over 20 currently on-going rice projects and other related projects at various

implementation phases across the country will provide the needed information, lessons, and

experiences for the effective NRDS implementation.

A known planned programme that will impact on rice development is the Millennium

Challenge Account-funded programme that aims to bring an extra 5,200 hectares of land

under irrigation and rehabilitate existing irrigation infrastructure.


41

5.7.Rice Production Chain

This section briefly highlights some identified problems that may constrain rice production, proposed solutions, and assigned responsibilities of

needed activities as indicated in Table 5.1.

Table 5.1: Proposed Responsibilities by Activities in the Rice Production Chain RICE PRODUCTION CHAIN

ISSUE PROBLEM SOLUTION ACTIVITY/RESPONSIBILITY

Land preparation

Inadequate machinery Provision of adequate mechanization service centres in and around the rice producing belts

MOTI through GHEL, GRATIS and other private investors could provide the machinery; MOFA

High cost of machinery Leasing of equipment Special arrangement between the Ministry and GHEL to facilitate leasing.

Available equipment not suitable for the different ecologies

Development and/or importation appropriate machinery/equipment

GHEL and other private companies will be contacted for the provision of appropriate machinery

High cost of land development, especially in the valleys

Leasing of equipment Special funding arrangement should be introduced; MOTI

Lack of appropriate machinery for planting under the different ecologies, especially rain-fed upland

Development and/or import of appropriate machinery for the different ecologies

GHEL, Rural Enterprise Programme and GRATIS and other private investors would be encouraged to take part in this activity.

Fertilizer Difficulty in accessing fertilizers in the right quantities and at the right time and at the right places

Local blending of fertilizers and eventual production of fertilizers locally

Special concessions should be granted to one of the major local importers to go into manufacturing

High cost of agro-chemicals Local blending and/or production of agro-chemicals

Encourage investment in agro-chemical sector with special incentives.

Harvesting Inadequate appropriate technology/equipment for harvesting of smallholder plots

Development and/or importation of suitable technology/equipment

GHEL and GRATIS; MOFA

Inadequate drying patios or floors Provision of funds for construction of patios and purchase of tarpaulin by farmers

MOFEP, MOFA, MOTI, DPs

Milling Inadequate and appropriate milling equipment

Provision of appropriate milling equipment/machines at the rice producing centres

MOTI and MOFA should encourage local production of milling equipment by GRATIS or import appropriate equipment

Current milling machines do not have de-stoners and colour separators

- do - MOTI and MOFA should encourage local production of milling equipment by GRATIS or import appropriate equipment

Marketing Poor packaging Training of traders on proper packaging and provision of funds for procuring the right

MOTI and MOFA would liaise with Ghana Packaging Association to develop appropriate packages


42

RICE PRODUCTION CHAIN

ISSUE PROBLEM SOLUTION ACTIVITY/RESPONSIBILITY

packaging materials

Lack of consumer awareness of the nutritive values of local rice

Support for aggressive advertisement in both electronic and print media

Road Shows and launching of local rice awareness in every district.

High cost of advertisement for dealers in local rice marketing and distribution

Support for aggressive advertisement in both electronic and print media

MOTI, MOFA, and GRIB should liaise with Marketing companies to support made-in-Ghana rice.

No standard weights, grades and pricing

Introduction of standard weights, grades and pricing

Standard Board, MOFA

Inadequate storage facilities at all levels Provision of funds for the acquisition of storage facilities by farmers and traders

MOTI, MOFA, MOFEP

Extension Non-adoption of recommended agronomic practices

Training of farmers MOFA

Inadequate specialized extension agents Training of extension agents; employ more extension agents or use NGO’s involved in agriculture

MOFA

Research Inadequate breeders and technicians Provision of funding for training of interested scientists

CSIR, MEST, MOFEP

Lack of funds for breeding programme and other research activities

Provision of funds DPs, MOFA, MEST & MOFEP

Weak research and extension linkage Strengthening of linkages MOFA, MEST/CSIR

Finance Inadequate access to credit at the right time, place and quantum

Review of loan application and disbursement procedures

BOG, Financial Institutions

High cost of credit Reduction of rates of interest for NRDS farmers and other actors in the value chain


Demand for collaterals by financial institutions

Adoption of group collaterals and acceptance of other forms of collaterals


High default rate of farmers Sensitization of farmers. Disbursement of loans on time to farmers

MOFA, Financial Institutions, Research (Universities)

Unwillingness of financial institutions to give assistance to farmers

Encouragement of banks to lend to agriculture though provision of incentives by BOG. Imposition of ceilings on lending portfolios

BOG

Source: Consultant’s views, 2010


43

6. DETERMINATION OF UNSATISFIED NEEDS (GAP ANALYSIS)

6.1.NRDS Needs in the Operational Domain and for an enable environment

A review of the NRDS targets and the proposed actions required for the implementation of

the strategy along the national rice value chain reveals significant gaps or unsatisfied needs

that must addressed. These unsatisfied needs include issues on policy reconciliation, rice

production inputs supply, marketing and distribution, research and development,

infrastructural facilities, human resource capabilities, funding and credit issues, and the

political will of government, among others. This section identifies the demand and supply

gaps that may be detrimental to the effective rolling out of the NRDS.This complements the

proposed actions indicated in the Ghana NRDS. It also proposes various measures that would

help narrow, if not eliminate, the gaps identified as detrimental to the successful take-off and

implementation of the NRDS.

6.2. Gap Analysis and Proposed Actions

6.2.1. Policy issues and political will

Ghana’s National Trade Policy seeks to promote two strategies: increased competiveness of

domestic producers in the local and international markets based on fair and equal

competition, and to have an import and domestic trade regime which promotes consumer

protection through fair prices, range of goods, and acceptable quality of goods. The trade

policy appears to favour rice imports to the detriment of the local rice industry. Agriculture

and trade sectors should complement each other and create synergies for effective and fast

agricultural and industrial growth.It also appears that the political will on the part of

successive governments to ensure that the local rice sector thrives is lacking since the signs of

the demise of the local rice industry dates back decades ago.

In December 2007, Ghana signed an interim economic partnership agreement (EPA) with the

European Union (EU) while a broader regional trade EPA is yet to be negotiated and signed.

The interim deal is aimed at duty free quota free access into the EU for all exports from

Ghana asof 1 January 2008, with transition periods for rice (2010) and sugar (2015). In

return, Ghana, over the next 15 years, will liberalise 80% of imports from the

EU(representing 81% of tariff lines).Although the liberalised EU imports are mainly

industrial machines, certain vehicles and chemicals, Ghana has not included rice as one of the

agricultural goods excluded from liberalisation (not to be exported into Ghana) in the interim

EPA. The signing of the full regional EPA should be carefully scrutinised so as not to

disadvantage the domestic rice industry.

It is expected that the NRDS objectives should be in line with the broader objectives outlined

in the METASIP, the working document that implements FASDEP II. For example, whilst

NRDS aims at doubling rice production by the year 2018 with 10% annual increases, the rice

programme under the METASIP aims at increasing the rice self-sufficiency ratio from the

current figure of 22% (2009) to 75% by 2015. Are these two sets of objectives consistent in

terms of the targets and timelines?


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In view of the above, the proposed actions to harmonise policy and increase government

determination are presented as follows:

• A strategy that aims at an import substitution regime should be the focus if the NRDS

is to work effectively to achieve its objectives. Ghana is a member of the World Trade

Organisation (WTO) and has the option of undertaking some tariff bindings in its

custom tariffs. Ghana’s agricultural products, during the Uruguay round, were all

bound with ceilings up to 99% and only 20% is applied. As an example, there is a

490% tariff on rice imports into Japan whilst Nigeria has a 100% tariff on rice imports

(PFAG, 2009). This available option should be seriously considered by government

alongside other available policy options, such as implementing non-tariff barriers (the

use of standards, etc.). Some level of protection is needed for the domestic rice

industry to take off through the NRDS.

• Empirical independent studies should be undertaken to examine the effects of various

levels of rice import tariff increases on government revenues and the impact on the

agricultural sector. Such studies will give more credence to proposed trade policy

actions as they are based on empirical evidences.

• The government of Ghana should clearly demonstrate its political will and support for

the national rice development strategy both in words and deeds. The government,

through the Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP) should be

financially committed to support the strategy. The budget officers in MOFEP and

MOFA represent key personnel from the government side that should budget for the

rice strategy by allocating specific amounts annually towards achieving the strategy.

In consequence,the budget officers in MOFEP and MOFA can be considered as

champions. Members constituting the NRDS coordinating committee and task force

need to lobby cabinet, the budget officers at MOFEP and MOFA, and the

parliamentary select committees on Agriculture, Food, and Cocoa Affairs (20-

member committee) and on Trade, Industry and Tourism (20-member committee).

These “special” stakeholders must identify with the vision of the NRDS for Ghana.

Hence, special and separate meetings should be convened for this “special” group for

brainstorming sections with the NRDS team. As such, these “special” stakeholders are

regarded as champions to the successful NRDS implementation.

• MOFA and MOTI must strongly collaborate on any issue related to NRDS.

• There is the need to reconcile the NRDS and METASIP objectives for harmony and

consistency to create synergy.

• As the NRDS is expected to result in significant production of rice country wide, the

high production levels may result in depressed domestic rice prices. To avoid

plummeting rice prices for farmers and the tendency of lowering production levels,

government should provide a guaranteed minimum price per unit of rice output,

through an established quasi-state organisation and not through the private sector.

• There should be a quasi-state organisation, such as the equivalent ofCOCOBOD that

will oversee the production, quality-control, marketing, distribution, and welfare of

rice farmers in Ghana.


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6.2.2.Land tenure arrangements

Ghana is very much endowed with much land for rice cultivation in the three identified rice

ecologies, the majority of which remains unexploited. However, the land tenure system

presents a major constraint to rice production with respect to access, land size, and tenure

security. The current land tenure system is skewed towards smaller land holdings and thus

making investments into productive lands a risky venture, even for the small scale resource

poor farmer. The gender imbalance in land allocation is generally biasedtowards women.

The following action is therefore proposed to overcome potential land tenure insecurities:

• The Land Administration Project (LAP), which serves as the implementation

mechanism for the National Land Policy and became effective in 2003, is being

implemented. The NRDS team must consult and liaise with LAP since this project is

designed to overcome, among others, all challenges associated with difficult

accessibility to land for agricultural, industrial, commercial and residential purposes.

6.2.3.Rice production inputs

The Rice Seed System

The NRDS identifies gaps in the production and supply of quality rice seeds for the entire

implementation period. The projections are provided in Table 6.1.

Table 6.1: Projected rice seed requirements Year Area (x1000ha) Total (tons)

2008 126.29 5,660.6

2013 173.13 10,175.0

2018 375.00 18,750.0

Source: NRDS, 2009

The rice seed system is weak due to challenges in introducing and testing of new rice

varieties, nationwide production and distribution, and storage infrastructure. Although

foundation seeds are produced by appropriate research institutes and centres under the CSIR

and the University of Ghana respectively through funded projects, the bulk of certified rice

seed is produced by licensed private-sector seed growers under appropriate supervision by

the Plant Protection and Regulatory Services Directorate (PPRSD) of MOFA and the Grains

and Legumes Development Board (GLDB). The current system is therefore unsustainable in

producing the right quantity and quality of rice seeds to implement the strategy.

Fertilizer Supply and distribution

Rice production inputs, such as fertilisers, pesticides, and herbicides are mainly imported and

not produced locally. The use of cheaper imported active ingredients to produce different

fertiliser blends by the private sectorprovides approximately 45% of fertilizer requirements.

This local production levels is inadequate and are inefficiently distributed, thus raising

concerns about its accessibility and affordability by smallholder resource-poor farmers.

Current fertiliser projections for NRDS implementation cannot be met by this cheaper

fertiliser blending approach.


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The following actions are tabled to surmount the rice input gaps:

• The amendment of the national seed law, as noted in the NRDS, will be required to

remove inconsistencies regarding varietal releases, quality control and certification

issues so that a more workable and coherent national rice seed policy document will

be in place. Demand-driven rice varieties should be the focus and produced in large

quantities. Other areas that require immediate attention are the rehabilitation of

existing rice seed infrastructure and provision of new infrastructure, such as cold

storage facilities and warehouses at strategic locations, likewise building the capacity

of research and allied institutions in breeding and seed certification.

• The African Union Fertilizer Summit in 2005 appealed to the African Development

Bank (AfDB) to support the construction of a fertiliser facility in Africa mainly to

improve the accessibility and affordability of chemical fertilisers to African farmers.

Through this rice development strategy, Ghana could examine the feasibility of

building a fertilizer production plant so that fertilizer requirements would be easily

accessible and affordable to rice and other crop farmers. This would be an excellent

opportunity for Ghana through the NRDS to take advantage of as it will have rippling

effects in the entire agriculture sector.

6.2.4.Infrastructural facilities

Irrigation Schemes development

It has been noted that Ghana is vulnerable to climate change and in the face of climatic

changes and its adverse impacts on food security, irrigated agriculture holds the key.

Moreover, with an estimated area of 1.9 million hectares of irrigation potential in Ghana, less

than 2% hasbeen developed for use. For example, rice production under formal irrigated

agriculture constitutes 40% whilst the rest is devoted to vegetable production (National

Investment Brief-Ghana, 2008). According to MOFA (2009), there were 29,804 ha under

irrigation in 2009, made up of 12,168 ha (formal irrigation) and 17,636 ha (informal

irrigation). Irrigated agriculture, according to MOFA (2010), contributes only about 0.5% of

the country`s agricultural production, suggesting the ability to expand irrigated agriculture in

Ghana.

Rehabilitation, Maintenance, and Management of Irrigation Schemes

There are 22 public irrigations schemes in Ghana. Some of these irrigations schemes have

been rehabilitated and expanded through the Ghana government and mainly by donor and/

Development Partners (DP) funded projects. A list of the 22 public irrigation schemes in and

on-going and pipeline irrigation project in Ghana are presented in Appendix 2.

The operation and maintenance of these public irrigation facilities has been mostly through

irrigation service charges collected from beneficiary farmers, which has woefully been

inadequate to undertake further investments for expansion. In spite of the benefits and

importance of irrigated agriculture and the numerous financial interventions by development

partners, not much has been achieved in terms of expansions in area under irrigation schemes.


47

Other infrastructural facilities that are required and must be in place in rice growing centres

include the following: good trunk and feeder roads, electricity power supply, health facilities

telecommunication facilities, mechanisation and agricultural extension services, input

availability and delivery services, and access to credit from formal and informal sources, etc.

Either some of these facilities and services are practically absence or are below standard.

Studies suggest that among the three identified rice production ecologies, the rain-fed lowland

ecology is the most profitable if water management and cultural practices are improved. However,

it has also been confirmed that the irrigated ecology records the highest rice yields because the

levels of technology utilization (improved land preparation, improved varieties, fertilizer

application and weed control through water management)are higher than in the other two

ecologies. With respect to the scale of operation, past experiences in Ghana also suggest that large

scale irrigation schemes generally are fraught mainly with management problems whilst the

smaller schemes have performed successfully.

Other infrastructural facilities that are required to enhance the productivity and profitability of rice

farming are absent, inadequate, and/or in poor condition.

Based on the foregoing insights, the following actions require due attention:

• The development of a National Irrigation Development Master Plan (NIDMAP), as

contained in the 2010 national irrigation policy, should be expedited to fast-track

nationwide data gathering on dams, dugouts, among others, for effective planning in

irrigated agriculture.

• Micro, small-scale to medium scale irrigation schemes with simply facilities for rice

irrigation should be developed in all identified rice-growing communities and districts in

Ghana. Attention should be focused more on irrigated ecology as high productivities can

be achieved compared with the other two rice ecologies.

• It is also necessary to develop model large-scale irrigation systems in areas with vast

irrigable lands, areas as the Afram Plains in the Eastern region and Nasia areas in the

Northern region of Ghana.

• Better management of irrigation schemes should be of major concern as the lack of this can

derail the good intensions and achievements of the schemes.

• Successful schemes should be scaled-up whilst focusing in productivity increases.

• Government and donor partners should as soon as practicable provide the necessary

infrastructural facilities in all major rice growing centre to catalyse and consolidate the

achievements of the NRDS. These include good trunk and feeder roads, electricity power

supply, health facilities telecommunication facilities, mechanisation and agricultural

extension services, input availability and delivery services, and assess to credit from

formal and informal sources, etc.

6.2.5.Processing/milling, storage, marketing and distribution

Very little progress has been made along the rice value chain after the production stage.

There are only three commercial rice mills located at Aveyime (Volta Region),


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Nasia(Northern Region), and Worawora (Volta Region). These are inadequate to really

accelerate the rice strategy. The rice threshing floors in the production centres are in

deplorable states, likewise the available rice storage facilities. Rice is usually stored in bags

of varied sizes in homes of farmers. The moisture content of rice from different farmers may

also differ and therefore affect the quality of processed local rice.

For locally produced rice to beat the competition from imported rice, efforts should be

devoted to the efficient and quality rice processing/milling and aggressive marketing of local

Ghanaian rice through branding and advertisements. The type and quality of locally produced

rice (which must be demand-driven) should match that of imported rice to ultimately compete

imported brands. Most of the local rice sold currently does not have brand names, except a

few wholesale companies that have developed brands, such asRema, Ghana Pride, and

Gbewaa rice for local rice.

For locally produced Ghanaian rice to compete with imported rice, the NRDS should come

up with an ambitious and aggressive competitive rice value chain strategy that will promote

the patronage and consumption of local rice. The following strategies can be adopted:

• Processing/milling: there should be at least one rice milling machine (with the

appropriate milling capacity) with other complementary machines, such as de-stoners,

installed on each rice irrigation scheme/project and within communities noted for rice

production. The privately owned irrigation schemes should also benefit from this

strategy. In addition to this, individual processors who want to expand their

processing activities in terms of additional milling equipment should be supported

financially to do so. This will help ensure the production of high quality rice for

marketing.

• Branding and advertisements: branding of locally produced rice should be based on

consumer preferences and characteristics of imported rice, such as the aroma, grain

size, and percentage brokenness. The packaging should be made very attractive and in

various sizes. Advertisements in all the electronic and print media should be

vigorously pursued so that Ghanaians become much conscious of the need to

patronize made in Ghana products.

• Distribution networks: rice value chain actors should constitute a strong distribution

network to strengthen and make efficient all activities along the chain. This should

include input suppliers and agricultural extension agents.

• National policy: There should be a deliberate government policy to ensure that

government or public institutions that serve meals, such as the Ghana prisons service,

primary and secondary educational institutions (including the Ghana School Feeding

Programme), make the purchase and consumption of local rice a significant portion of

their rice purchases. This can be extended to some hotels and restaurants to include

the serving of Ghanaian rice as part of the menu.


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6.2.6.Credit acquisition and management by actors

Key actors in the rice value chain such as smallholder producers, processors, traders may

require credit facilities at various stages to invest or expand business activities. However, the

amount and effective credit management will be paramount to the successful implementation

of the NRDS as some studies have indicated the use of production cash credit for other non-

farm purposes.

The following actions are deemed very important for consideration:

• Each key actor in the value chain, who needs financial support, should be

criticallyassessed to determine their cash needs. Agribusiness and agricultural

economics consultants or appropriate personnel from or nominated by MOFA and/or

the national rice task force/coordinating committee should be attached to these key

actors to ensure that the loans are used for the intended purposes.

• Research is required to assess and determine the appropriate credit delivery models or

options to implement.

• Government, through any of the publicly owned financial institutions, such as the

Agricultural Development Bank (ADB) and the National Investment Bank (NIB),

should seriously consider providing low agricultural interest rates loans to the key

players in the rice value chain that have been identified by the NRDS coordinating

committee as eligible for a loan facility. Modalities could be worked out for the

efficient implementation.

6.2.7.Research, extension, and human resources

Research on rice over the years has largely focused on new varietal releases, production and

cultural practices, reduction in post-harvest losses, and improved storage technologies. Little

or no attention has focused on demand-driven or market research by investigating consumer

preferences for locally produced rice. For instance, varietal research has not focused on local

rice varieties that Ghanaian consumers prefer and at what quality levels but rather placed

undue emphasis on high yielding varieties regardless of itsmarket demand and appeal.

Moreover, it is the case that most research efforts have been very low and findings have

hardly been implemented due to lack of adequate research technicians and funds.

Agricultural extension services delivery is a major challenge for MOFA due to the few

extension staff compared to the huge number of farmers to reach (high farmer to extension

agent ratio). Inadequate funds to support effective and efficient extension delivery in general

have been the norm, instead of the exception and the quality of extension delivery is also

suspect.

The NRDS identifies shortage of researchers, research technicians, and extension workers

who are specialists in the rice sector.These constraints, when unresolved, may hinder the

successful implementation of the NRDS.

The following proposed remedial actions are needed to enhance a successful NRDS

implementation:


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• Demand-driven or market research is required to establish consumer preferences and

their willingness to pay for locally produced rice (including quality aspects). The

findings from such research will feed into the development, production, and

marketing of locally produced rice.

• More extension staff should be recruited, well trained, and adequately resourced to

extend all aspects of agricultural extension delivery to the rice subsector.

6.2.8.Mainstreaming the NRDS into annual budgetary allocations

It should be noted that since the main funding framework for the NRDS will be the existing

MTEF and Multi-Donor Budget Support (MDBS) frameworks, other agricultural

programmes and strategies will compete with the NRDS for resources from central

government. The sustainability of funding the NRDS along the value chain until 2018 will

therefore be contingent on government’s commitment to the Maputo Declaration, to the rice

sector, and to the vision of “a modernised agriculture culminating in a structurally

transformed economy and evident in food security, employment opportunities and reduced

poverty” (MOFA, 2009).

It is therefore proposed that:

• Mainstreaming investments in the rice value chains into Ghana’s national annual

budget allocations will be very relevant for the sustainability of the NRDS. To

undertake this mainstreaming, there should be a systematic allocation of specific

amounts by the relevant government Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs)

to rice development in the annual budgets. This particularly refers to MOFEP,

MOFA, research institutions, and the Universities and other tertiary institutions

engaged in research. The mainstreaming process should seek to assess the immediate,

short, medium, and long term impacts of this policy initiative (i.e., the consistent

allocation of funds from the national budget towards the NRDS) on specific target

individuals, groups (such as actors along the rice value chain), and other factors of

production, all with the mind of realising the NRDS objectives and ultimately the

achievement of overall goals.

6.2.9.Additional financial resources (cost of unsatisfied needs)

The successful implementation of the national rice development strategy will require

financial commitment from the government of Ghana and her Donor Partners (DPs). From

experience, it is known that government’s release of funds from MOFEP is about 75% of

what is budgeted for whilst pledges from donor funds is achieved at 50% (MOFA, 2009). The

current METASIP suffers from a funding gap. The Ghana NRDS is absent on the investment

or financial requirements to fund the implementation of each sub-sector strategy. In other

words, the exact amount needed to fund the NRDS, which adopts a value chain approach, is

not currently available.


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The following actions therefore need to be undertaken to minimise the gaps:

• Clearly, investment requirements along the rice value chain and for each NRDS sub-

sector must be estimated and the funding gap determined accordingly.

• Mobilising funds from internal and external sources is paramount to this rice strategy.

The government can make significant strides in the vision of the NRDS if all her

Development Partners and other committed funding agencies like IFAD, AGRA, and

CARD continueto support the funding of agricultural-related projects and

programmes or strategies that aim to alleviate poverty.

6.2.1.0Winners and losers

The National Rice Development Strategy adopts a value chain approach, from input dealers

to the final local rice consumer. An intervention in the rice sub-sector through the NRDS is

expected to make positive impacts, first to actors/stakeholders along the value chain and

second, to the economy in general. However, such interventions may also present major

challenges to some of the actors; notable among them are rice importers. Thus, implementing

the NRDS will result in winners (the expected majority) and losers. In Ghana, the major rice

importers are foreign nationals who appear to be very formidable in their profit-making

import activities and almost constitute a “cartel”.

The following actions are therefore proposed for consideration:

• All the potential losers will have to be identified and if possible, supported to

diversify or play other important roles along the rice value chain. Rice importers, for

example, could be actively involved in the marketing and distribution of local rice.

This is being done to some extent.

• The potential losers must be made to share in the vision of NRDS.


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7. OPPORTUNITIES FOR TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE UNSATISFIED NEEDS

7.1.Introduction

In spite of the gaps identified in the previous chapter that may hinder the successful

implementation of the NRDS, several prevailing situations in Ghana represent great

opportunities to surmount the gaps. The following highlights some major prospects to

consider in reconciling the deficiencies.

7.2.Planned strategies, programmes, and projects

Aside the on-going rice-related projects in the agriculture sector that have some bearing on

rice development, the following are a few planned programmes or projects related to rice

development in Ghana:

• The MCA-funded programme proposes to cultivate additional 5,200 hectares of land

under irrigation in Northern Ghana, Southern agricultural zones, and the Afram Basin.

Although this programme will be nearing completion by the end of 2011, it could

benefit from the lessons learnt from completed and on-going rice projects.

• It is also envisaged that the first phase of the Accra Plains Irrigation Project, covering

an area of about 5,000hectares will be carried out in 2011 to promote double cropping

of vegetables and cereals.

• The implementation plan for the National Irrigation Policy will be completed and

launched during 2011.

• Another planned programme slated for the period 2011-2014 is the dissemination of

Improved Rice Production Systems with Emphasis on Nerica to Reduce Food Deficit

and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana.

• The government intends to acquire about 100,000 metric tonnes capacity rice milling

machine in 2011 to assist paddy rice farmers in the three Northern Regions in rice

milling.

There is no envisaged funding framework(s) aside the MTEF, agriculture SWAp, GBS, and

SBS that are currently implemented. Likewise, there are no planned frameworks of policy

dialogues.

7.3.On-going rice projects and programmes

There are on-going rice research projects sponsored by AGRA, such as:

• The Improvement of the Drought Tolerance of Rice through within-species gene

transfer (based in Tamale)

• Inland Valleys Rice Development Project, and

• Development of Low-Input Rice Cultivation Systems in Wetland in Africa.

These projects have components focused on technology dissemination, varietal improvement

research and adaptive research and surveys. The NRDS can leverage on these on-going

projects because they are directly in line with NRDS subsector six. See Appendix 3 for

planned strategies, projects, programmes and policy dialogues).


53

• The Rice Seed Production Project also provides a good opportunity to meet part of the

NRDS target of producing and disseminating 10,000 tons of quality seed to cultivate

173,130 ha across the ecological zones by 2013. Since affordability has been one of

the major challenges to seedling dissemination (especially the improved varieties), the

Rice Seed Production Project is producing and disseminating affordable and improved

varieties of seedlings to rice farmers in the Northern Sector of Ghana.

• The Rice Sector Support Project, a €17.3 million African Development Bank funded

project, is facilitating the formation of viable actor groups in the rice sector to access

affordable credit to augment their activities. This project is in alignment with NRDS

subsector seven and may serve as a platform NRDS to build upon. This will support

the various functions along the rice value chain and enhance up-scaling initiatives and

activities along the rice value chain.

Twelve of the sixteen on-going projects on rice in Ghana have extension and training as a key

component. Most of these projects seek to train extension agents to be apt in backstopping

services to farmers. Although these projects do not intend to increase the existing number of

extension agents, the NRDS can again leverage on these projects by recruiting more

personnel to take advantage of these extension trainings.

7.4.Other opportunities for closing gaps

Though the investment requirement for the implementation of the National Rice

Development Strategy (NRDS) seems a challenge there are already existing opportunities to

exploit. The Land Administration Project (LAP) which was initiated in 2003 has developed a

land directory to support various investment opportunities in various regions of Ghana. This

provides an opportunity for easy access to large tracts of (government) lands and other

dispute-free lands by NRDS investors.

The following opportunities also exist:

• Vast potential irrigable lands available

• Availability of valley bottoms with water supply

• Water bodies available throughout the regions

• Untapped potential of weirs along the roads

• Desire of government to promote irrigated agriculture

• Availability of some indigenous knowledge on rice

• Ready market for rice and its products

• Growing demand for local rice due to general consumer support and patronage for

Ghanaian products

7.5.Support from development partners

Due to Ghana’s commitment to harmonise her development agenda to regional, sub-regional,

and global development objectives, and the adoption of the sector-wide approach to public

spending, there is increasing building of trust, transparency and accountability between

development partners and government. Donor confidence and support to the agricultural


54

sector is being consolidated further and it is envisagedthat the NRDS will attract a substantial

donor support.


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8. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

This study mainly sought to mapon-going or planned poverty reduction and national

development strategies, sector strategies, policies, programmes, related budget processes and

expenditure frameworks of direct or potential relevance to NRDS’ financing. It also analysed

the roles and responsibilities of key stakeholders in the rice value chains, identified demand

and the supply gaps that are detrimental to the successful implementation of the NRDS,

identified prevailing opportunities to leverage on for the successful NRDS implementation,

and how to mainstream investments in the rice value chain into Ghana’s national annual

budget allocations.

The NRDS has recently been launched although strategy is yet to be accompanied by an

implementation plan and the estimated cost for fundingthe strategy.

8.1.Conclusions

Based on the findings from the study, the following conclusions are derived:

� Ghana’s quest to reduce poverty and hunger is through a modernized agriculture that

will structurally transform the economy and food security and employment creation

outcomes.

� Ghana’s national development plans and strategies (GPRS I & II) and the agriculture

sector plans, policies, and strategies (FASDEP I & II, METASIP)have consistently

targeted rice as one of the food security crop.

� The mapping of Ghana’s poverty reduction strategies, sector strategies and policies,

and expenditure or budgeting frameworks to the national rice development strategy

generally suggest consistency across these policy documents.

� The NRDS sub-sectors are also linked to the GPRS II, FASDEP II and METASIP and

to regional and global national development programmes, such as the Ghana

ECOWAP/CAADP compact formalized in 2009 but implemented since 2003,and the

Millennium Development Goals (MDGs).

� Major gaps identified as inimical to the successful implementation of the NRDS

include inadequate funds on government side (since the inability of government to

fulfill its part of the financial obligations may significantly hinder the effective and

timely implementation of the strategy), inadequate rice seed requirements and rice

specialist, general lack of / inadequate infrastructural facilities, inadequate credit by

value chain actors to expand businesses,

� Opportunities that exist for successful NRDS implementation include abundance of

irrigable and trouble-free land, government commitment and determination to pursue

the strategy, lessons learnt from on-going rice projects (which may require revisions

to strategically position the NRDS), and the enabling political and economic

environment (which is hoped will be sustained, at least over the medium term).

� There are on-going rice projects that are largely funded by donor partners and serve as

platforms for the NRDS to benefit from.

� Ghana is committed, through key institutions, namely, the Ministry of Finance and

Economic Planning (MOFEP) and the Ministry of Food and Agriculture (MOFA), in


56

complying with the Maputo Declaration of allocating at least 10% of government

expenditure to the agriculture sector.

� Major stakeholders, aside MOFA and MOFEB, include all actors along the rice value

chain. The Research institutes and the public universities also play major roles

towards achieving the NRDS.

� Ghana’s development partners are committed to supporting the NRDS vision.The

Ghana Joint Assistant Strategy (G-JAS) provides a strategic framework for improving

the effectiveness of development assistance in Ghana represents the commitment of

DPs to improve the harmonization of their processes and alignment of development

assistance with the indicated priorities of the government. Interviews with DPs

conducted by the African Forum and Network on Debt and Development

(AFRODAD) in 2007 indicated their commitment to the G-JAS as evidenced by

bettercooperation and joint programming based on the GPRS II.

8.2.Recommendations

To consistently achieve the NRDS objectives and targets over the 10-year horizon, the study

makes the following major recommendations for consideration:

Advocacy / lobbing of public sector champions

� The NRDS vision should be a national vision to revamp the rice industry. Hence, key

players at the policy and highest decision-making levels on the government side,

notably cabinet members, parliamentarians, and sector ministers, chief directors and

budget officers in MOFEP and MOFA should be lobbied to ensure that investments at

all stages in the rice value chain receives attention and mainstreamed into annual

budgets. The NRDS task force should adopt workable strategies to communicate this

vision to these players.

Policy interventions

� Through a combination of appropriate trade policy interventions, government should

consider giving some level of protection to the domestic rice industry to enhance its

take off through the NRDS. This policy should be evidenced-based so that credence

can be given to its implementation.

� There should be an ambitious and aggressive competitive rice value chain strategy or

policy rolled out by NRDS task force that will promote the patronage and consumption of

local rice through branding and advertisements, and effective distribution networks.

� Government should make it mandatory for all public institutions that serve meals, such as

the Ghana prisons service, primary and secondary educational institutions (including the

Ghana School Feeding Programme) to make the consumption of local rice a significant

portion of their rice purchases. This can be extended to some hotels and restaurants to

include the serving of Ghanaian rice as part of the menu.

� There should be a quasi-state organisation, as found in the cocoa industry (i.e.,

COCOBOD), that will oversee the production, quality-control, marketing,

distribution, and welfare of rice farmers in Ghana.


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� To avoid plummeting rice prices for farmers and the tendency of lowering production

levels, the government, through an established business unit or department in MOFA and

not through the private sector, should provide to rice farmers a guaranteed minimum price

per unit of rice output. Modalities could be worked out to ensure the effective running of

this business unit. MOFA should collaborate with the National Food Buffer Stock

Company (NAFCO) to undertake this exercise. A specified percentage of all donor sector

budgetary support to MOFA could be allocated to that unit.

Networking/collaboration of all stakeholders and value chain actors

� There should be strong linkages of all actors (including input suppliers, financial

institutions, and agricultural extension services) and key stakeholders in the value

chain in order to sustain the strategy to achieve the desired results. Effective

collaboration is also required among the relevant sector ministries, departments, and

agencies such as MOFA, MOTI, Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA),

and Grains and Legumes Development Board (GLDB) on any issue related to NRDS.

� The NRDS team should link up with the Land Administration Project (LAP) for easy

accessibility to land for agricultural purposes.

� There are also numerous NGOs that are strategically positioned for the rice sector.

Collaborations with these NGOs will help provide the technical capacity requirements

of the strategy.

� Where necessary, public private partnerships (PPP) should be fostered among actors

in the value chain to create synergies for enhanced efficiency and project impacts.

� GRIB is an important stakeholder that must be empowered to in terms of influential

and dedicated personnel to fully function and support the rice sector.

Availability of funds and Credit

� Access to affordable credit by farmers in general is still a big challenge. The NRDS in

collaboration with state-owned financial institutions such as the ADB should roll out a

special low interest rate loan scheme for identified rice farmers to lower the cost of

production.

� Donor/development partners should continue to financially support Ghana’s efforts at

poverty reduction through research, “bankable” projects, and budgetary support. In

addition, funding to build productive capacities of both public and private implementing

institutions/organisations such as MOFA and champion stakeholders such as GRIB to

make them resilience for coordinated implementation of the NRDS should be pursued.

Evidenced-based market research

� Demand-driven and market-focused socio-economic research is needed to investigate

consumer perceptions, preferences (including quality issues), and willingness to consume

locally produced riceon continual bases. Empirical findings from such studies will feed

into the development, production, and marketing of locally produced rice.

� Feasibility studies should be conducted to examine the welfare gains in establishing a

fertilizer production plant in Ghana as this is likely to improve the accessibility and

affordability of chemical fertilisers to Ghanaian farmers.


58

Provision of infrastructural facilities

� All required infrastructural facilities for efficient rice production (seed production,

rice production and milling) and other crucial and complementary facilities to

enhance the marketing and distribution of rice (good trunk and feeder roads,

electricity power supply, mechanisation and agricultural extension services, input

availability and delivery services, assess to credit from formal and informal sources,

cold storage facilities, and warehouses at strategic locations, etc.) should be provided.

� Simple rice irrigations facilities should be developed in all identified rice-growing

communities and districts in Ghana. Attention should be focused more on irrigated

ecology as high productivities can be achieved compared with the other two rice

ecologies. The installation of on-farm rice milling equipment should be included as

this will go a long way to improve the quality of local rice and therefore its

competitiveness.

Irrigations schemes and scaling-up

� Model large-scale irrigation systems in areas with vast irrigable lands, areas as the

Afram Plains in the Eastern region and Nasia areas in the Northern region of Ghana

should also be pursued.

� Successful schemes should be scaled-up whilst focusing in productivity increases.


59

REFERENCES

African Economic Outlook ( ), www.africaneconomicoutlook.org/en/countries/west-

africa/ghana

AFRODAD (2007), A Critical Assessment of AidManagement and DonorHarmonisation in

Ghana: A Case Study.

JICA (2004), Historical Changes in Technical Cooperation Provided to Ghana’s Irrigated

Agricultural Sector

JICA (2007), The Study on the Promotion of Domestic Rice in the Republic of Ghana

National Development Planning Commission (NDPC) (2005), Growth and Poverty

Reduction Strategy (GPRS II)

JICA/ AGRA (2008), Coalition for African Rice Development

MiDA (2009), Investment Opportunities in Ghana Maize, Soya and Rice

MOFA (2007), Food and Agricultural Sector Development Plan (FASDEP II)

MOFA (2009), ECOWAS Agricultural Policy/ Comprehensive African Agricultural

Development Program (CAADP)

MOFA (2009), National Rice Development Strategy (NRDS)

MOFA (2009) Ghana Medium Term Expenditure Framework

MOFA (2009), Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) 2009-2015,

Volume 1.

MOFA (2009), Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP) 2009-2015,

Volume 3: Commodity Programmes.

MOFA (2010), Agriculture in Ghana-Facts and Figures (2009)

NDPC (2008), Long Term National Development Plan (LTNDP), Volume 1:Towards a

Development Policy Framework, Revised Draft.

NDPC (2010), Medium-Term National Development Policy Framework (MTNDPF):Ghana

Shared Growth and Development Agenda(GSGDA), 2010-2013, Volume I:Policy

Framework, Final Draft.

ODI (2003), Multi-Agency Partnership for Technical Change in West African Agriculture:

Rice production and Livelihood in Ghana

OECD (2006), Harmonising Donor Practises for Effective Aid Delivery Volume 2: Budget

Support,Sector Wide Approaches and Capacity Development in Public Financial

Management, DACGuidelines and Reference Series, OECD, Paris.

OECD (2008), Ghana: Agriculture is becoming a Business. OECD 2008 Business for

Development Publication.

Peasant Farmers Association of Ghana (PFAG) (2009), Report on Stakeholder Conference on

the Rice Value Chain, Conference held at the Coconut Grove Regency Hotel, 16th

December, 2009.

USAID (2009), Global Food Security Response (GFSR) Ghana Rice Study, microREPORT

#156


60

APPENDICES

Appendix 0: List of representatives and institutions consulted

No. Name of contact person Institution

1 Mr Richard Twumasi-Ankrah MOFA, Accra

2 Mr Daniel OhemengBoateng Budget Officer, PPMED, MOFA, Accra

3 Mr Ebenezer Azasu MOFA, Cape Coast

4 Mr Fidelis Avogo Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (GRIB), Accra

5 Mr Kofi Addo Commercial Officer, MOTI, Accra

6 Ms Agnes Addae African Development Bank (AfDB) desk, MOFEP, Accra

7 Ms Victoria Adongo Programme Coordinator, Peasant Farmers Association of Ghana (PEFAG), Accra

8 Dr Robert AgyeibiAsuboah Seed Technologist/Pathologist, Grains and Legumes Development Board, MOFA, Kumasi

9 Mr Isaac Boateng ACDI/VOCA-ADVANCE Project

10 Ms Hannah Nyamekye Project Coordinator, Farmers Organisation Network for Ghana (FONG), Accra

11 Mr Tanko Ibrahim Rice Farmer, Tanokrom, BrongAhafo Region, Ghana

12 Dr RukunudinIbniHajar Director, Mechanization and Automation Research Centre, P.O. Box 12301, 0774 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia,

Appendix 1: Rice-related projects funded by loan or grant

1. 1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

Food Security and Rice Producers Organization Project

3. Project

Location

Northern Region

4. Type of

project

1

1. Grant, 2. Loan, 3. Technical Coop./Assistance, 4. National budget, 5. Private sector

5. Field of

support

3 10

1. Policy, 2. R & D, 3. Extension & Training, 4. Production, 5. Marketing 6. Post-harvest, 7. Irrigation, 8. Credit, 9. Seed, 10. Other (Capacity building )

6. Fund sources

(Funding

agency)

AFD

7. Budget Euro 1.4 million

8. Project

duration

Start: 2003

(dd/mm/yy) End: 2008

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: To reinforce rice sub sector and to contribute to the designing of a food security policy

Obj.: Capacity building of rice producers with the view to formation of formidableFBOs and strengthening GRIB at the national level for advocacy on the rice sector.

10. Target Direct: 8000 stakeholders


61

beneficiaries Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Institutional Support to the Rice Interprofessional Body and MoFA

2. - creation of a Rice Interprofessional Body

3. - reinforcement of the capacities of the interprofessional Body

4. - reinforcement of the executives of MoFA in the decision of rice policies

5. Institutional Support to the rice producers of the Tamale Region and to the FBOs Development Desk of RADU Tamale

6. - reinforcement of the capacities and autonomy of the Rice Producers Organisations

7. - reinforcement of the capacities of the FBOs Development Desk of RaDU Tamale

12. Expected

results

(outputs)

13. Inputs

14.

Implementing

agency

Directorate of Crop Service, Ministry of Food and Agriculture

15. Status of

the project

4 1. Pipeline, 2. Approved, 3. On-going, 4. Completed

2.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

Special Programme for Food Security in Ghana

3. Project

Location

Bolgatanga, East Gonja, Tano, Jasikan, Dangbe East Districts

4. Type of

project

1


5. Field of

support

3 4 7 10

1. Policy, 2. R & D, 3. Extension & Training, 4. Production, 5. Marketing 6. Post-harvest, 7. Irrigation, 8. Credit, 9. Seed, 10. Other ( specify below )

10. Capacity building

6. Fund sources

(Funding

agency)

FAO

7. Budget USD 1.26 million

8. Project

duration

Start: April, 2002


9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: Demonstration of improvement of output and income of rural small farmers

Obj.: To increase small holders' productivity and improve household food security To develop management capacities of farmers and farmers' association To demonstrate, with full involvement of small scale farmers, a wide range of viable opprtunities for deversifying and raising their incomes

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: smallhold farmers

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Water control 2. Crop Intensification 3. Diversification and constraint analysis

12. Expected

results

1. 10 ha of land improved with bunds for water harvesting

2. Capacity of 32 FGs is strengthened to participate in crop intensification


62

(outputs) activities.

3. Capacity of agricextention agents is improved to organize farmer field schools.

4. Capacity of FGs is strengthed to engage in improved livestock development.

5. Constraint analysis is undertaken to assess technology adoption mitigating factors.

13. Inputs 1. 17 experts and technicians from China as a South-South Cooperation

14.

Implementing

agency

Ministry of Food and Agriculture

15. Status of the

project


3.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full name) Project for Promotion of Farmers' Participation in Irrigation Management

(FAPIM)

3. Project Location 22 irrigated agriculture sites developed by GIDA

4. Type of project 3

5. Field of support 3 7 10



6. Fund sources

(Funding agency)

JICA

7. Budget Japanese yen 250 million

8. Project duration Start: October, 2004 (dd/mm/yy) End: September, 2006

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: Income increase of irrigated agriculture in the GIDA irrigation project sites and the improvement of farmer participatory irrigation system management

Obj.: To establish the base for farmer participatory irrigation sysytem management depending on the legal system and mutual agreements in the GIDA irrigation project sites. To strengthen the service of GIDA on irrigated agriculture technology.

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: Staff of GIDA

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Establishment of legal system for farmer participation in irrigation system management

2. Development of implemention structure for the irrigation facility management between GIDA and farmers

3. Improvement of capacity of GIDA staff for planning and implementation of the training on irrigated agriculture technology

12. Expected results

(outputs)

1. Legal system to promote farmer participation in irrigation sysytem management is establised.

2. Implemention structure for the irrigation facility management is developed between GIDA and farmers.

3. Capacity of GIDA staff for planning and implementation of the training on irrigated agriculture technology is improved.

13. Inputs 1. Exprets (Long-term and Short-term) 2. Training of GIDA staff in Japan 3. Neccessary machinery and equipment 4. Agreed operational costs of the Project

14. Implementing GIDA


63

agency

15. Status of the

project


4.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

The Study on the Promotion of Domestic Rice in the Republic of Ghana

3. Project

Location

Country-wide

4. Type of

project

3


5. Field of

support

1 10



6. Fund sources

(Funding

agency)

JICA

7. Budget Japanese yen 160 million

8. Project

duration

Start: June, 2006

(dd/mm/yy) End: March, 2008

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: Welfare enhancement and poverty reduction of the local people

Obj.: To make policy recommendation and plan of actions to improve rice production which will include post-harvesting and marketing through the competitiveness of rice porduced in Ghana. To carry out technology transfer to Ghanaian counterpart personnel through on-the-job training in the course of the study.

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: Officers of Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Central Government Agencies, Regional and District Offices

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. The Study consists of the Phase 1 (preparation of M/P, 10 months from June 2006 to March 2007) and Phase 2 (preparation of A/P, 12 months from April 2007 to March 2008). In the Phase 1, such issues as development potential and constraints of domestic rice are studies based on the baseline survey covering production, post-harvest and marketing, and the Master Plan will be formulated by prioritizing the issues. In the Phase 2, the priority programmes and areas are selected and their Action Plan will be formulated.

12. Expected

results (outputs)

1. The study results will be reported as following topics; socio-economic condition and development plans, present situation of paddy production, post-harvest and processing, present situation of rice marketing, problem analysis, master plan and action plan.

2. Policy recommendation and plan of actions to improve rice production are made.

13. Inputs 1. JICA study team 2. Workshop on study progress

14.

Implementing

agency

JICA study team and Ministry of Food and Agriculture, Central Government Agencies, Regional and District Offices

15. Status of the

project



64

5.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full name) Improvement of Drought Tolerance of Rice through Within-Species Gene

Transfer

3. Project Location Tamale



5. Field of support 2 9


10.

6. Fund sources

(Funding agency)

AGRA

7. Budget USD 35,000 (Grant for Education for African Crop Improvement)

8. Project duration Start: September, 2007 (dd/mm/yy) End: April, 2009

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal:

Obj.: To improve drought tolerance of rice through within-species gene transfer

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: Reasecher

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Research

12. Expected

results (outputs)

1. Drought tolerance of rice is improved through within-species gene transfer.

13. Inputs

14. Implementing

agency

SavannaAgicultural Research Institute (SARI), Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR)

15. Status of the

project


6.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

NERICA Rice Dissemination Project

3. Project

Location

Tolon-Kumbungu District (Northern Region), Ejura-Sekyedumase District (Ashanti Region), Hohoe Municipality (Volta Region)

4. Type of

project

2


5. Field of

support

3 4 5 9 10


10. awareness campaigns iincluding HIV/AIDS/Malaria

6. Fund sources

(Funding

agency)

AfDB

7. Budget USD 3,667,326

8. Project

duration

Start: May, 2005

(dd/mm/yy) End: December, 2010

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: Poverty reduction and food security


65

Obj.: To increase rice production and rice import substitution through enhanced access to high yielding upland rice varieties, To contribute indirectly to HIV/AIDS and Malaria control

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: producers (subsistant farmers), processors, traders, seed growers

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Technology transfer 2. Production support 3. Capacity building 4. Project coordination

12. Expected

results

(outputs)

1. About 20,000 mt of rice is produced.

2. Net income of upland rice growers is enhanced.

3. The role of private sector in marketing of lacally grown rice is enhanced.

4. Scarece foreign exchange is saved.

5. Positive impact on poverty reduction is made.

13. Inputs 1. Fertilizer & agrichemicals by MOFA counterfund. Farmers need to return.

14.

Implementing

agency

Directorate of Crop Service, Ministry of Food and Agriculture in collaboration with WARDA

15. Status of the

project


16.

Issues/problems

Absence of input support to farmers will limit the level of NERICA grain production.

7.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

Inland Valleys Rice Development Project

3. Project

Location

Brong-Ahafo, Ashanti, Eastern, Western, Central Regions



5. Field of support 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9


10.

6. Fund sources

(Funding agency)

AfDB

7. Budget UA 15 million

8. Project duration Start: 17/02/2004 (dd/mm/yy) End: 30/06/2009 (may postpone to June 2011)

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: To enhance food security, reduce importation of rice and increase imcomes of small holder rice producers

Obj.: To increase incomes of smallholder rice producers, rice traders and processors by increasing the production of good quality local rice

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: Smallholder rice producers, rice traders and processors

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Land management 2. Credit for crop development 3. Capacity building 4. Adaptive research and surveys 5. Project coordination

12. Expected

results (outputs)

1. 4,500 ha is developed within 25 inland valleys across 17 districts in 5 regions.

2. 200 km feeder road is rehabilitated and 80 km access tracks is improved.


66

3. 60,000 mt (36,000 mt of good quality milled rice) is produced.

4. 450 farmer groups is formed.

5. 9,000 farmers (1,600 women) and 40 men and 150 women rice millers and traders are directly benefited.

13. Inputs 1. Interim management team (4 members) since end-June 2007 2. team leader & rice production specialist 3. post-harvest and marketing specialist 4. water management engineer 5. financial controller

14. Implementing

agency


15. Status of the

project


16.

Issues/problems

Delay of the implementation. A reconstituted project steering committee will provide policy guidance and direction for smooth implementation of the project.

8

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

Small Scale Irrigation Development Project

3. Project

Location

Country-wide





Direct: Farmers organization

6. Fund sources

(Funding agency)

AfDB

7. Budget UA 15 million

8. Project duration Start: January, 2001 (dd/mm/yy) End: June, 2009

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: Increase of farm household incomes and food security

Obj.: To increase crop production by having about 6,000 small-hlder farmers cultivating an area of 2,590 ha under irrigation or improved water management

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct

:

small-holder farmers

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Farmers' support service 2. Agriculture extension service 3. Training 4. Land Development 5. Monitoring & evaluation

12. Expected

results (outputs)

1. 15 small-scale irrigation scheme of 48-210 ha is constructed.

2. 4 water conservation schemes of 40-120 ha and 12 micro-irrigation schemes of 2-24 ha are constructed.

3. GIDA's efficiency and effectiveness are improved.

4. Irrigation Farmers' Associations are organized.

5. Farmers, extension agents and project implementation staff are trained.

13. Inputs

14. Implementing Ghana Irrigation Development Authority


67

agency

15. Status of the

project


16.

Issues/problems

9

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full name) Small Farms Irrigation Project

3. Project Location Country-wide





Direct: Farmers organization

6. Fund sources

(Funding agency)

BADEA

7. Budget USD 9,500,000

8. Project duration Start: 2 February, 2003 (dd/mm/yy) End: December, 2009

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: Increase of farm household incomes and food security

Obj.: To expand irrigable land by developing 11 small scale irrigation schemes covering 820 ha. Cropping intensity is expected to increase to 200 % and incremental crop production to be about 5,000 tone per year.

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: Small-holder farmers

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Farmers' support service 2. Agriculture extension service 3. Training 4. Land Development 5. Monitoring & evaluation


(outputs)

1. Farmers and project extension staff will be trained and farmers will be mobilized and organized into associations.

13. Inputs

14. Implementing

agency

Ghana Irrigation Development Authority

15. Status of the

project


16. Issues/problems

10.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full name) Rice Sector Support Project

3. Project Location Upper East, Upper West, Northern and Volta Regions

4. Type of project 1 2 2


5. Field of support 3 4 5 6 8 10



68


6. Fund sources

(Funding agency)

AFD

7. Budget Euro 17.3 million (12.5 M€ loan + 1.3 M€ grant + GoG + beneficiaries)

8. Project duration Start: 2008 (Will start in April or May 2009) (dd/mm/yy) End: 2014

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: Livelihood improvement of poor farmers of northern Ghana

Obj.: To develop rice production in 4 administrative regions To enhance national organisation of the rice sector through support to GRIB To implement some research activities in order to define cropping systems adapted to natural conditions of project area

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: 2,500 farmers + 5,000 processors/marketers

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Land development to provide adapted infrastructure in lowland ares

2. Build capacity of rice stakeholders to form farmer-based organizations

3. Provide technical support to producers and improved technologies to processors

4. Facilitate access to credit for all activities along the rice value chain

5. Reinforcing the capacity of GRIB to respond to the needs of its members

6. Experiment no tillage and direct seeding in the ecology of lowland

7. Test new varieties of rice such as poly-aptitute ones developed in Brazil


(outputs)

1. 6,500 ha of lowland is developed for rice production. 2. Rice yield is expected to increase from 1.5 mt/ha to 4 mt/ha. 3. 1,000 players or 5,000 people are become involved in processing and

marketing.

13. Inputs

14. Implementing

agency


15. Status of the

project


16. Issues/problems Delay of implementation

11

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full name) Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body

3. Project Location Upper East, Upper West, Northern and Volta Regions



5. Field of support 5 10



6. Fund sources

(Funding agency)

AFD

7. Budget Euro 0.14 million

8. Project duration Start: 2008


9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: Food security and povery reduction

Obj.: To promote the development of the Ghanaian Rice sector *GRIB: made up of private sector stakeholders in the rice industry with good core of technocratesasobserbers' members. Registered as a company limited by guarantee in October, 2004.

10. Target Direct: 8,000 members


69

beneficiaries Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Re-enforcing the capacity of GRIB to respond to the needs of its members

2. Improving dialogue among all stakeholders participating in the rice sector structure

3. Facilitate the implementation of studies and other initiatives to enhance acknowledgment of locally produced rice asaaquality product on the national market


(outputs)

1. Sustaining GRIB activities including:

2. - advocacy on national rice production and consumption

3. - conduct of surveys and studies on the rice sector

4. - access to colour sorter managed by GRIB

13. Inputs

14. Implementing

agency

Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body

15. Status of the

project


16. Issues/problems Delay of implementation

12

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full name) Rice Seed Production

3. Project Location Upper East, Upper West and Northern Regions



5. Field of support 9


10.

6. Fund sources

(Funding agency)

AGRA

7. Budget USD 149,973 (Grant for Seed Production for Africa)

8. Project duration Start: June, 2008

(dd/mm/yy) End: June, 2010

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal:

Obj.: To avail seed of maize, soybean, sorghum, cowpea, RICE and groundnut at an affordable price to resource-poor farmers in three administrative regions of northern Ghana.

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: Resource-poor farmers

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Rice seed production to provide farmers with affordable price


(outputs)

1. Rice seeds become available for resource-poor farmers.

13. Inputs

14. Implementing

agency

AGRA through Savanna Seed Service Company Limited

15. Status of the

project


16. Issues/problems


70

13

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full name) Project for Sustainable Development of Rain-fed Lowland Rice Production

3. Project Location Northern Region, Ashanti Region



5. Fields covered

(multiple selection)

3 4 6 8


10.

6. Fund source

(Funding agency)

JICA

7. Cost Total: US$ 3,600,000

8. Project duration Start: 06/2009

(dd/mm/yy) End: 06/2014

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: Profitability of rice farming is increased.

Obj.: A new model for sustainable development of rain-fed lowland rice production is established within the Project area.

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct

:

Agricultural extension agents and 1,000 farmers

Secondary: Farmers in the project area

11. Project

component

(activities)

1-1. Study on actual situation of rain-fed lowland rice production practice.

1-2. Experiment on good practices of rain-fed lowland rice production and improve it.

1-3. Develop manuals for package of sustainable rain-fed rice production practices.

2-1. Improve access of farmers to agricultural inputs.

2-2. Improve access of farmers to technical support.

2-3. Organize and strengthen farmers’ groups.

2-4. Improve access of farmers to information on market.

3-1. Find suitable locations for disseminating a new model for sustainable rain-fed lowland rice production.

3-2. Set up demonstration fields within the Project areas.

3-3. Train Agricultural Extension Agents and key farmers.

3-4. Develop guidelines for dissemination procedure.

12. Expected

results (outputs)

1. Package of sustainable rain-fed lowland rice production practice is developped.

2. Farming support system for sustainable rain-fed lowland rice production is established.

3. Dissemination procedure of a new model for sustainable rain-fed lowland rice production, consisting of the technical package and farming support sysytem, is established.

13. Inputs 1. JICA experts; long-term experts (Land preparation, Rice cultivation technology, Extension/Farmers' group organization, Administrative coordination), short-term experts (Post-harvest processing, Marketing, Credit system)

2. Training for counterparts in Ghana, Japan or other country

3. Equipment and vehicles necessary for the Projects; 4WD vehicles, Office materials, PCs

14. Implementing

agency

Leading: JICA

Cooperate: Directorate of Crop Service, Ministry of Food and Agriculture

15. Status of the

project


16. Issues/problems


71

17. Person in

charge Name: Mitsuhiro KATO

e-mail:

[email protected]

14

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full name) Development of low-input rice cultivation system in wetland in Africa

3. Project Location Kumasi



5. Fields covered

(multiple selection)

2


10.

6. Fund source

(Funding agency)

JIRCAS

7. Cost Total: 150,000,000 Yen/6years

8. Project duration Start: 01/04/2009 (dd/mm/yy) End: 31/03/2015

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: To develop relevant and sustainable rice production systems in the wetlands in Africa to contribute to the increased and stable rice production in the region

Obj.: To clarify the limiting factors for rice productivity in the lowland and intensified lowland rice ecosystems in sub Saharan Africa, in the aspect of improved resource utilization and management through agronomic and physiological studies, and to develop low-input and sustainable rice producing technologies.

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: Rice farmers, extentionists, researchers in the target district of the country

Secondary: Ghana and other western African countries

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Development of soil fertility management technologies using locally available resources

2. Development of crop management technologies to increase productivity of rainfed rice

3. Selection of superb genetic resources adapted to rainfed lowland conditions 4. Verification of rice cultivation models adapted to low-input system


(outputs)

1. Characterization of natural resources for rice production (water, soil, organic matter, rock phosphate, etc.) in the region

2. Guideline (manual) for soil fertility management (fertilizer, rock phosphate, organic matter)

3. Guideline (manual) for crop management including weed control

4. Suitable rice varieties for rainfed lowland conditions

5. Guideline for integrated cropping-system models for low-input rice production

13. Inputs 1. Personnel (long-stay post docs, and visit of scientists) 2. Operational budget for glasshouse and field experiments 3. Invitation of collaborating researchers and administrators to Japan

14. Implementing

agency

Leading: JIRCAS

Cooperate: Kinki University; Crop Research Institute*, Soil Research Institute*, Water Resources Research Institute* (*Ghana)

15. Status of the

project


16. Issues/problems

17. Person in charge Name: Junichi SAKAGAMI e-mail: [email protected]


72

15.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

An Emergency Initiative to Boost Rice Production (USAID – SARI)

3. Project

Location

Upper East, Upper West and Northern Regions

4. Type of

project

1


5. Field of

support

2 3 8 9



6. Fund

sources

(Funding

agency)

USAID

7. Budget US$1,274,000

8. Project

duration

Start: 2008


9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: To boost domestic rice production in three Northern Regions to mitigate possible rice shortages using combination of quality rice seed and efficient use of mineral fertilizer and technical assitance to rice farmers

Obj.: 1. Farmers have access to quality seeds 2.access fertilizer 3. access to good agronomic practices

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct

:

Farmers (10,000)

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Improved farmer access to seed

2. Improved farmer access to fertilizer

3. Improved farmer access to technology

4.

5.

6.

7.

12. Expected

results

(outputs)

Reach 10,000 farmers by end of project Build capacity of seed growers, farmers and input dealers Strenethenstakleholder linkages along the value chain

13. Inputs

14.

Implementing

agency

CSIR-SARI, CRS and IFDC

15. Status of

the project


16.

Issues/proble

ms

16.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

Improving Organic Matter content of soil for increased yield of NERICA

3. Project Kwaebibrim and


73

Location Hohoedistricts

4. Type of

project

1


5. Field of

support

2



6. Fund

sources

(Funding

agency)

FARA

7. Budget US$ 30,000

8. Project

duration

Start: 2006


9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: Increase productivity of Nerica

Obj.: Improve OM content for increased yield of NERICA

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: Farmers

Sec.: University of Ghana

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Integrated soil fertility management with NERICA

2. Assessment of socio-economic impact on farmers

3.

4.

5.

6.

7.

12. Expected

results

(outputs)

Increased production of NERICA rice

13. Inputs

14.

Implementin

g agency

University of Ghana, College of Agric. and Consumer Sciences - Legon

15. Status of

the project


16.

Issues/proble

ms

17.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

Development of Rice Varieties with Enhanced Nitrogen-Use Efficiency and Salt Tolerance

(NUE-EST-AATF)

3. Project

Location

Asanti Region-Bomfa

4. Type of

project

1


5. Field of

support

2

1. Policy, 2. R & D, 3. Extension & Training, 4. Production, 5. Marketing


74

6. Post-harvest, 7. Irrigation, 8. Credit, 9. Seed, 10. Other ( specify below ) 10. Capacity building

6. Fund

sources

(Funding

agency)

USAID

7. Budget US$79,760

8. Project

duration

Start: 2010


9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: To develop rice varieties with enhanced nitrogen use efficiency, salt tolerance agronomic traits and water use efficeincy

Obj.: To develop upland and lowland varieties with improved water and Nitrogen use efficiency and tolerant to salinity.

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: Rice farmers

Sec.:

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Breeding (crossing. On-farm testing, varietal realease

2. Milling and Sensory tests on Nerica 4 and Lowland Nerica 9

3. Seed Multiplication

4. Dissemination of improved seeds

5.

6.

7.

12. Expected

results

(outputs)

varieties with high nitrogen and water use efficiency and salt tolerant

varieties acceptable to Ghanaian consumers

13. Inputs collaboration with advanced laboratories

14.

Implementin

g agency

CSIR-CRI, CSIR-SRI

15. Status of

the project

3 1. Pipeline, 2. Approved, 3. On-going, 4. completed

16.

Issues/proble

ms

18.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

Improving Yield, Quality and Adaptability of Upland and Rainfed Lowland Rice

Varieties in Ghana to Reduce Dependency on Imported Rice (CRI-AGRA)

3. Project

Location

Nobewam, Hohoe, Aframso, Atebubu

4. Type of

project

1


5. Field of

support

2



6. Fund

sources

(Funding

agency)

AGRA

US$ 184,820


75

8. Project

duration

Start: 2009


9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: To improve food security and incomes of small holder farmers through the use of high yielding and high quality rice varieties

Obj.: To develop high yielding upland and lowland varieties that combine good grain quality and good adaptation to the target zones 2. To select and evaluate the new improved vareties in the target zones using farmer participatory approach 3. To release and produce high yelding and high quality rice varieteies developed tha will be adaptable by 30% of target farmers

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: Farmers, consumers

Sec.: Policy makers

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. breeding for high yield and consumer acceptable varieties

2. participatory evaluation of selected varieties at different targeted ecozones

3. dissemination of released varieties

12. Expected

results

(outputs)

high yielding and consumer acceptable varieties released

13. Inputs Collaboration (MoFA, Cornell University, SARI, FRI, AfricaRice, IRRI,

TechnoServe)

14.

Implementin

g agency

CSIR-CRI

15. Status of

the project


16.

Issues/proble

ms

19.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

Expanded Rice Programme

3. Project

Location

National

4. Type of

project

4


5. Field of

support

3 4 5 6 8 9



6. Fund

sources

(Funding

agency)

GoG

7. Budget NOT KNOWN

8. Project

duration

Start: 2008

(dd/mm/yy) End: On-going

9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: To increase food security and household income

Obj.: To produce quality rice in high volumes


76

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: Farmers

Sec.: Policy makers

11. Project

component

(activities)

1. Improved access to and use of seed

2. Improved access to mechanised services

3. Access to extension services

4. Provision of input and service credit

5. Improved post-harvest handling and marketing

6. Improve warehousing facilities

7.

12. Expected

results

(outputs)

Increased productivity and output of quality rice

13. Inputs Qualified and dedicated frontline staff 50% government subsidy on fertilizer

14.

Implementin

g agency

MoFA

15. Status of

the project


16.

Issues/proble

ms

Approach need to be modified: farmer should be 80% responsible for field activities, improve startegy for credit recovery, private sector be more involved in input and service delivery

20.

1. Country Ghana

2. Title (Full

name)

GCSP/GHA/028/UNO – Dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with

Emphasis on Nerica to Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana (UN-

FAO/UNIDO-JAPAN GOV’T)

3. Project

Location

Kintampo-North, Attebubu, Ejisu-Juaben, Tamale, JuabisoBia, Akim Mansa, Kwaebibirem, Kadjebi

4. Type of

project

1


5. Field of

support

3



6. Fund

sources

(Funding

agency)

UN Human Security Fund

7. Budget US $ 970,415

8. Project

duration

Start: 2011


9. Goal and

objectives

Goal: To contribute to food security and poverty alleviation of the rural population

Obj.: Transfer NERICA and other improved varieties and integrated crop management systems 2. Facilitate access to and use of appropriate harvest and post-harvest equipment and tools 3. Strengthen capacities of farmer based organisations 4. facilitate access to quality seed including NERICA varieties

10. Target

beneficiaries

Direct: farmers, processors, artisans, consumers

Sec.: policy makers

11. Project 1. seed production and dissemination


77

component

(activities)

2. improved access to and use of credit

3. capacity building ( IRM, equipment fabrication)

12. Expected

results

(outputs)

increased farmers income

improved food security

13. Inputs collaboration with research institutions and universities

14.

Implementin

g agency

MoFA

15. Status of

the project


16.

Issues/proble

ms


78

Appendix 2: Project Profiles (Completed, On-Going, and Pipeline projects) Project title Funding

Partners

Time Scale Total

Budget

Description

I.COMPLETED PROJECTS

Rehabilitation of Ashaiman and Okyereko irrigation projects

GOG/JICA 1997-2000 $ 0.47M Small scale irrigation works, extension support, institutional development and crop improvement for 136 ha on the schemes.

Rehabilitation of 9 Public Irrigation Schemes

GOG/WB 2004-Sept 2006

$ 0.622M Main and lateral canals rehabilitated. Sprinkler systems replaced. Flow measuring weirs installed for a total of 750 hectares on the 9 schemes.

Land Conservation and Smallholder Rehabilitation Project(LACOSREP II)

IFAD/GOG 2003-2007 $ 15.04M Small dams construction/Rehabilitation for communities in the Upper East Region.

Upper West Agricultural Development Project (UWADEP)

IFAD/GOG 2002-2006 $ 10.81M Small dams and irrigation systems constructed and rehabilitated for communities in the Upper West Region.

Rehabilitation of Tono Irrigation Project

GOG/CIDA 2007-Dec 2008

$ 7.504M Gravity canals system lining and other infrastructure rehabilitation for 1800 ha.

Small Farms Irrigation Project Phase II

BADEA/GOG

June 2003- Dec 2008

$ 11.88M 485 ha of community based irrigation works in 8 communities out of a projected 840 ha.

Accra Plains Irrigation Project-Feasibility Study up-date

Kuwaiti Fund/GOG

2007-2009 $ 1.40M Feasibility study up-date of the 160,000 ha irrigation project downstream of the Kpong hydro-power dam.

Small Scale Irrigation Development Project (SSIDP)

ADB/GOG Dec 2002- Mar 2009

$ 32.48M 2,170 ha of community based irrigation works in 26 communities in 9 regions.

Rehabilitation of Vea Irrigation Project

CIDA/GOG Dec 2008- 2009

$ 5.175M Infrastructure of the gravity irrigated system will be rehabilitated to improve the operation of this 800 ha project.

Rehabilitation of 73 Flood Disaster Dams and Irrigation System

WB/GOG Dec 2008- Dec 2009

$ 15.0M Rehabilitation of Dams and irrigation infrastructure destroyed by floods in Northern, Upper East and Upper West Regions.

II.ON-GOING PROJECTS

Northern Region Poverty-Reduction Programme

IFAD, Government Beneficiaries

2004-2010 $ 59.6M Programme components include two broad lines of support: (i) operational support and capacity building to ensure that processes, services and resource flows function effectively; and (ii) a community Development Fund to finance, among others, the development or upgrading of safe water supply systems, environmental sanitation, water for livestock, irrigation, health and education facilities, etc.

Afram Agricultural Development Project (Afram Plains)

ADF/GOG/Beneficiaries

2006-2011 $ 36.14M Agriculture production development, through rainwater management, improvement to existing community based irrigation activities etc.

National Programme for Food Security

AfDB, FAO 2006-2015 $ 250M Stimulating food production by directly targeting the participation of large number of poor households; promoting social development and equity through improvement in social services addressing the needs of the most chronically food insecure populations; facilitating the establishment of an enabling long term food security policy and


79

institutional capacity for early warning, disaster management and monitoring progress on food security.

Northern Rural Growth Programme

IFAD, AfDB, Financial

institutions, Private

Investors, Government

Beneficiaries.

2008-2016 $ 103.6M The programme has four components: (i) commodity chain development; (ii) rural infrastructure including small-scale irrigation development, inland valley bottom/flood recession schemes, improving rainwater productivity, rural roads and market facilities; (iii) improved access to rural financial services; and (iv) programme coordination, management, monitoring and evaluation.

Hemang Hydro-electric Power Project.

IPP 2009-2012 $ 270M 90 MW of electricity to be produced from the project on the River Pra by an independent Power Producer (IPP).

Awisam (Pra River) Hydro-electric Power Project

IPP 2009-2012 $ 290M 50 MW to be produced from the project by an Independent Power Producer (IPP).

Tano Hydro-electric Power Project

IPP 2009-2012 $ 300M 65 MW to be produced. There is a resettlement component.

Programme for the Procurement of Basic Equipment for Maintenance of Irrigation Schemes

AfDB/GOG 2010 $ 4.0M Procure basic equipment for the maintenance

Bui Hydro-Electric Power Project China/GOG Mid 2008- 2012

$ 622.0M Construction and commissioning of 400 MW hydro-electric dam on the Black Volta.

Mapping of irrigation potential using GIS

KFW and GOG

2012 $ 7.5M Identify, collect and compile data on all potential Irrigation and drainage sites in Ghana using GIS.

Bui irrigation project (Study and implementation)

GOG 2015 $ 60M Development of irrigation infrastructures downstream Bui hydropower dam.

Road culvert diversion weirs for irrigation (study and implementation)

GOG 2012 $ 30M Identify locations during road construction for culvert diversion weirs and provide pipe networks for irrigation.

Rehabilitation of Dawhenya Irrigation Project

- - $ 3.0M Replacement of pumps and canal lining for the 260 ha project.

Small Scale Surface Water Extraction Irrigation Project

GOG 2010 $ 12.8M Construction of 2500 ha of community based surface water extraction irrigation projects in 4 regions.

Energy development and access programme; power system reinforcement project in Kumasi

ADF/VRA /ECG

2009 $ 50.83M Provision of (i) a 161/33 kV substation with a capacity of 132MVA; (ii) Reinforcement of an existing 161/33kV substation; (iii) two 33/11 kV substations each with a capacity of 40MVA; (iv) 43km of 33 kV lines; (v) 52km of 11kv lines; (vi) 731 smaller more efficient networks.

Implementation of Accra Plains Irrigation feasibility study

LIBYA/GOG 2012 Implementation of the Accra Plains feasibility study which is currently on-going and will be completed in 2009.


80

III.PIPELINE PROJECTS

Project title Funding

Partners

Time Scale Total

Budget

Description

Accra plains irrigation project Libya/GOG 2012/2017 $ 75M Implementation of the Accra Plains feasibility study which is currently on-going and will be completed in 2009

Bankable Investment Project Profile: Small-scale /Micro-scale Irrigation and Drainage Project

FAO, NEPAD 2010 $ 63.3M This project would be aimed at expanding the area under economically viable small-scale and micro-scale irrigation and the rehabilitation of existing irrigation schemes.

Dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with Emphasis on Nerica to Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana

UN Human Security Fund

2011-2014 US $ 970,415

Transfer NERICA and other improved varieties and integrated crop management systems 2. Facilitate access to and use of appropriate harvest and post-harvest equipment and tools 3. Strengthen capacities of farmer based organisations 4. facilitate access to quality seed including NERICA varieties


81

Appendix 3: Planned (i) strategies / programmes / projects, (ii) funding frameworks and (iii) frameworks of policies dialogues related

to relevant to rice development.

MATRICE 1: ON NATIONAL STRATEGIES/POLICIES- ONGOING & PLANNED WITH INPUTS FOR NRDS

Examples of Line

Ministries7

Strategies / Policies Status and Period Matching with

NDRS sub-sectors

Remarks

Agriculture8 Food and Agricultural Sector Development Policy (FASDEP II)

On-going (2007 – date)

All 7 NRDS subsectors

Comprehensive Africa Agricultural Development Program (CAADP)

On-going (2003-date)

Subsectors 1,3,4,6, and 7

Medium Term Agriculture Sector Investment Plan (METASIP)

On-going (2009-2015)

All 7 NRDS subsectors

Rice milling machine to assist paddy rice farmers in the three Northern Regions.

To commence in 2011

Subsector 3 The government to acquire about 100,000 metric tonnes capacity rice milling machine in 2011

(Rice) Irrigation in Northern Ghana, Southern agricultural zones, and the Afram Basin.

On-going (from 2007-2011)

Subsector 4 The MCA-funded programme proposes to cultivate additional 5,200 hectares of land under irrigation

Accra Plains Irrigation Projectto promote double cropping of vegetables and cereals (including rice).

To commence in 2011

Subsector 4 Projectcovers an area of about 5,000 hectares.

Dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with Emphasis on Nerica to Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana.

To commence in 2011 Period (2011- 2014)

Subsectors 1 and 6 Another planned programme slated for the period 2011-2014 is the dissemination of Improved Rice Production Systems with Emphasis on Nerica to Reduce Food Deficit and Improve Farmers Income in Ghana.

Ghana Irrigation Development Authority (GIDA)

National Irrigation Policy, Strategy and Regulatory Measures

On-going (May 2010 – date)

Subsector 4 The implementation plan for the Policy will be completed and launched in 2011

Water

Industry

Trade

Finance

Research

7 The contents and the names of the line ministriescanvaryaccording to every country

8 To include the national programme of agricultural investmentelaboratedaccording to the ComprehensiveAfrican Agricultural Development Programme (CAADP)


82

MATRICE 2: ON FUNDING FRAMEWORKS- ONGOING & PLANNED WITH INPUTS FOR NRDS

Name of funding

framework

stakeholder (s) /

(champion(s) or leaders

Coverage Category

and type

Status and

Period

Total

Budget

Matching with

NDRS sub-

sectors &

related budget

Remarks

1)National funding frameworks: A.

Medium Term Expenditure Framework (MTEF)

Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP) and all other Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs)

National

For all Programmes and projects

On-going (since 1998 to date)

Budget determined annually


2) International funding frameworks (MCA9, Donors country strategies…etc.)

A.

General Budget Support (GBS)

Ministry of Finance and Economic Planning (MOFEP) and all other Ministries, Departments, and Agencies (MDAs) & the eleven (11) Development Partners (DPs)

National For all Programmes and projects

On-going since 2003 (with 9 DPs and increased to 11 DPs in 2008) to date)



B.

Sector Budget Support (SBS)


National and Sector Ministries

For all Programmes and projects

On-going since 2003 (with 9 DPs and increased to 11 DPs in 2008) to date)



C.

Sector Wide Approach (SWAp)


National For all Programmes and projects

On-going since 2000



9 MCA : Millenium Challenge Account


83

MATRICE 3: ON FRAMEWORKS OF POLICIES DIALOGUE- ONGOING & PLANNED WITH INPUTS FOR NRDS

Name of the framework

of policies dialogue

Stakeholders

(champion(s) or leaders

Status and period Agenda Matching with NDRS sub-

sectors

Remarks

Youth in Agriculture Programme (YIAP)

Ghana Trade and Livelihoods Coalition (GTLC), Farmers, The Youth

On-going since 2009-date

Provide a platform for stakeholders to dialogue on the YIA programme in line with other related policies and programmes such as the National Youth Policy, Accra Plains Irrigation Project, and Ghana’s Comprehensive African Agriculture Development Programme (CAADP).

Subsector 1, 2, and 4

Multi-Donor Budget Support (MDBS)

Government and the eleven (11) DPs through the current 15 Sector Working Group (SWG)

On-going since 2003 to date

Representatives of Ministries, Departments and Agencies (MDAs) and DPs involved in a specific sector discuss strategic plans, performance monitoring and implementation of harmonized projects.

Not Applicable (NA)


84

MATRICE 4: ON PROJECTS/PROGRAMMES OF PARTNERS IN DEVELOPMENT- ONGOING & PLANNED WITH INPUTS FOR NRDS10

Partners in

Development

Name of Project

/Programme

Coverage Category Status11&

period

Type (loan or

grant)

Total Budget of

Project /Progr.

Matching with

NDRS sub-sectors

& related budget

Remarks

AFD

Rice Sector Support Project

Northern Region, Upper West, Upper East, Volta Region

Project Ongoing (2008 – 2014)

Grant / Loan €17.3 m Subsector 3 Subsector 7

AFD Ghana Rice Inter-professional Body (GRIB)

Northern Region, Upper West, Upper East, Volta Region


Grant €0.14 million Subsector 3

JIRCA Development of Low-Input rice cultivation system in wetland in Africa

Ashanti Region Project Ongoing (2009 – 2015)

Grant ¥150 million Subsector 6

AGRA Rice Seed production

Upper West, Upper East, Northern Region


Grant $149,973 Subsector 1

JICA Project for Sustainable Development of Rain-fed Lowland Rice Production



Grant $3.6 million Subsector 3 Subsector 7

10

Kindlysee information on site : www.inforice.org / www.inforiz.org

11

Status: Ongoing or in the pipeline.

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