Mapping of Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks of...

Mapping of Wildlife Sanctuaries and National Parks of India

A Pilot Project: Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

NRSC

Dr. C. Sudhakar Reddy Dr. V.K. Srivastava

Dr. S. Sudhakar Dr. M.S.R. Murthy

Mr. Shijo Joseph, JRF Mr. Ved Prakash Ola, Project Personnel

WII

Dr. V.B. Mathur

TNFD

Sri K. Sridharan Dr. S.K. Srivastava

SURVEY OF INDIA

December, 2008

Contents

Page no. Chapter I – Introduction 1-20

1.1 Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary 3-9

1.2 Topography 10-20

Chapter II -Vegetation type mapping 21-39 2.1 Methodology 21-26

2.2 Results and Discussion 27-39

Chapter III –Forest Crown Density Mapping 40-53 3.1 Methodology 40-41


Chapter IV –Phytosociological study 54-72 4.1 Methodology 54-57


4.3 Gradients of Diversity 67-72

CHAPTER V-LAND COVER CHANGE ASSESSMENT 73-82

5.1 Methodology 74-76

5.2 Results and Discussions 77-82

Chapter VI - Conclusions and Recommendations 83-84

References 85-93

List of Figures Figure1.1 Location Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.

Figure1.2 Infrastructure Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure1.3 Administrative Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Showing Reserve Forest & Section

Figure1.4 Administrative Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

showing Range Boundary and Beat Boundary

Figure1.5 Elevation map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure1.6 Percent Area Distribution of Elevation in Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary.

Figure1.7 Slope Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure1.8 Percent Area Distribution of Slope in Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary

Figure 1.9 Aspect Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure1.10 Percent Area Distribution of Aspect in Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary

Figure1.11 Drainage Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure2.1 False Colour Composite Image of Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary

Figure2.2 Vegetation types in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure2.3 Forest Vegetation type and Land-Use map of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure2.4 Percent Area Distribution of Vegetation type and Land-Use in

Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure2.5 Percent area Distribution of Different forest types in different

ranges.

Figure 2.6 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Manampally Range

Figure 2.7 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Manamboly Range

Figure 2.8 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Polachi Range

Figure 2.9 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Udumalaipettai Range

Figure 2.10 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Ulandy Range

Figure 2.11 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Valparai Range

Figure 2.12 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi Range

Figure3.1 Methodology Flow chart for Forest Type, Density & Bio-

Richness Maps

Figure3.2. Forest Canopy Density Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary

Figure3.3. Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure 3.4 Area Distribution of Canopy Density in different Ranges

under <40% canopy Density and >40 % canopy Density

Figure3.5 Area Distribution of different Forest Canopy Density

Categories in Different Ranges

Figure3.6 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi

Range Figure3.7 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi

Range

Figure3.8 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Manamboly

Range

Figure3.9 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Polachi Range Figure3.10 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Udumalaipettai

Range Figure3.11 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Ulandy Range Figure3.12 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Valparai

Range Figure4.1. Phytosociological sampling method

Figure4.2.1 Sample Points location in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure4.2.2 Sample Points location in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Figure4.3. CCA ordination diagram (Axis 1 by Axis 2) with plots

(scattered points) and environmental variables (lines) in

Anamalai wildlife sanctuary. Each circle represents

partitioning of vegetation communities along environmental

gradients.

Figure5.1. Flow diagram depicting the details of change detection

technique followed in the study

Figure5.2. Map showing change areas from 1973 to 2006 in Indira

Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, India.

List of Tables Table1.1 Range and Beat wise Geographical area of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary. Table1.2 Distribution of Area under different Elevation categories in

Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table1.3 Distribution of Area under different Elevation categories in

different range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table1.4 Elevation Description of different Range of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary Table1.5. Area Distribution Slope Categories in Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary Table1.6. Area Distribution of Slope Categories in different Range of

Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table1.7. Slope Description of different Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary Table1.8. Area Distribution Aspect Categories in Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary Table1.9. Area Distribution of Aspect Categories in different Range of

Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Table2.1 Forest types of Indira Gandhi Wildlife sanctuary (Champion

and Seth, 1968) Table2.2 Area Statistics of Vegetation cover types in Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq.km) Table2.3.1 Range wise area distribution of Vegetation & Land-Use type

of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq km) Table2.3.2 Range wise area distribution of Vegetation & Land-Use type

of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq km) Table3.1 Area Statistics of Forest Crown density in Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary Table3.2. Area Distribution of Canopy Density in different Ranges

under <40% canopy Density and >40 % canopy Density Table3.3.1 Range wise Forest Crown density distribution Table3.3.2 Range wise Forest Crown density distribution Table4.1 Ecological dominance of top ten species (based on IVI

values) in Sanctuary Table4.2 Top 10 dominant species in Dry deciduous forest of Indira

Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)

Table4.3 Top 10 dominant species in Moist deciduous forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)

Table4.4 Top 10 dominant species in Evergreen forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)

Table4.5 Top 10 dominant species in Semi-Evergreen forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)

Table4.6 Top 10 dominant species in Shola forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)

Table4.7 Top 10 dominant species in Scrub forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)

Table4.8. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Amaravathi Range

Table4.9. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Manampally Range

Table4.10. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Polachi Range

Table4.11 Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Udumalaipettai Range

Table4.12. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Ulandy Range

Table4.13. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Valaprai Range

Table4.14 Population structure of tree species along girth class frequencies

Table4.15 Population structure of tree species across Height class intervals

Table4.16 Endemic species of Study area Table4.17 Canonical correspondence analysis of 169 species in 206

plots in Anamalai wildlife sanctuary. Matrix presents intraset correlation between environmental variables and first three axes and weighted correlations between environmental variables.

Table4.18 Overall regression model of species richness from

environmental variables in Anamalai wildlife sanctuary (R2 – 0.50, F – 39.82, df1 – 5, df2 – 199 and p - 2.98E-28).

Table5.1 Land use/Land cover changes (area in hectare) in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary from 1973 to 2006

List of Annexure: Annexure1 Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density in all Range of

Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.

Annexure2 Area Distribution of Forest Vegetation type & Land-Use in all

Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.

Annexure3 Area Distribution of Aspect in all Range of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary.

Annexure4 Area Distribution of Elevation in all Range of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary.

Annexure5 Area Distribution of Slope in all Range of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary.

Annexure6 Beat and Section wise area distribution of vegetation type

and landuse & land cover in all Range of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary.

Annexure7 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy

Density in all Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Annexure8 Maps of Status of main Faunal Species of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary.

Annexure9 Phytosociological Sample Point Location in Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary

Acknowledgement The project team is grateful to Dr. V. Jayaraman, Director, NRSC, Dr. P.S. Roy,

Deputy Director (RS & GIS Application Area) and Dr. R.S. Dwivedi, Group

Director (LRG), NRSC for all the guidance and encouragement. We thank

Director, WII for encouragement and Tamil Nadu Forest Department for

cooperation in field studies. Thanks due to Ministry of Environment and Forests,

New Delhi for financial assistance. We are grateful to Mr. G. Rajasekhar and Mr.

Girish S. Pujar, Scientists, NRSC for their technical cooperation and continual

support.

1

Chapter - I

INTRODUCTION

India is endowed with a great variety of biological communities and is ranked

among twelve mega diversity countries in the world. But India’s green mantle

along with its heritage of biodiversity is in grave trouble today due to population

explosion, encroachment to forest land, shifting cultivation practices and

degradation caused by overgrazing, illicit felling, lopping, for fuel and folder,

forest fire, etc. The formulation of Protected Area is a regular practice for the

conservation of biodiversity from these threats. But many times Protected Area

has not been fulfil its objectives as there is no base line data about major habitats

and its species composition, ecological significance and threatening factors in the

area. Wherever little data exits, it is not in a standardized form to address the

management issues. The lack of baseline data is hampering the conservation

and management of the protected area significantly. In this context, Ministry of

Environment and Forest, Govt. of India has planned to develop a spatial

database for all Protected Areas in the country. As an initial step, Ministry has

taken up five Protected Areas for the pilot study in which Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary and National Park is one among them. National Remote Sensing

Centre has been identified as the nodal Centre for the implementation of the

project in Indira Gandhi WLS & NP in collaboration with Wildlife Institute of India

and Tamil Nadu Forest Department.

2

Objectives:

It is now realized that all the concerned departments are keenly interested to

work towards achieving sustainability through proper scientific and thereby to

reduce the adverse impacts of social changes to the environment. The main

objectives of the present study are:

1. Forest type map at 1: 25,000 scale

2. Forest Crown density map in five class as <20%, 20-40 %, 40-60 %,

60-80 % and >80 % at 1: 25,000 scale

3. Plant species richness, density and diversity map

4. Mammals richness, density and diversity map

5. Avian richness, density and diversity map

In addition to the above main objectives, spatial data was generated for

infrastructure and topography (aspect, slope, elevation).

3

I.1. INDIRA GANDHI (ANAMALAI) WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

The sanctuary (100 12’ to 100 54’N and 76 0 44’ to 770 48’E), covering an area of

about 958 sq. km., is one of the largest protected areas in Western Ghats, a

global biodiversity hotspots. Administratively it is located in Coimbatore Disrict of

Tamil Nadu (Figure 1.1). The hills is one among the 25 Micro Centers of Diversity

in the Indian Subcontinent and is one of the seven Level-II Tiger Conservation

Unit (TCU) in South East Asia. The Grass Hills in the plateau is proposed as

World Natural Heritage Site by UNESCO. The sanctuary is bordered in the south

west by Parambikulam Wildlife Sanctuary, in the south by the reserve forest of

Chalakudy Forest Division and Eravikulam national park, in south east Chinnar

Wildlife Sanctuary all in Kerala State, and in east mostly by the cultivated plains.

These sanctuaries along with the Reserve Forest of Nelliyampathi Hills form a

large conservation area for large and wide ranging species such as elephant,

gaur and tiger.

The sanctuary is a hilly terrain with the altitude ranging from 175m at the foothills

in the north-east to 2550m in the grass hills in the south. The annual rainfall

varies from 500mm in the rain shadow eastern slopes to 5000mm in the west.

The temperature varies from < 50 C in the winter at elevation above 2000 m to

nearly 400C in the eastern plain in the summer. The lower elevation areas contain

southern tropical thorn forest, the medium altitude characterized by deciduous

forests and the upper ranges (>1000m) harbours wet evergreen forests. The

mountain slopes (>1800m) supports typical shola forests, whereas the mountain

tops are characterized by extensive stretches of grasslands, making it a typical

montane habitat.

4

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY, TAMIL NADU, INDIA

0 3 61.5 Km

Legend

Boundary of IGWLS

INDIA

Participating Organizations

National Remote Sensing CentreForest Department, Tamil Nadu

Wildlife Institute of IndiaSurvey of India

Funding Agency

SC-B\NNRMS, MoEF, GoI

TAMIL NADU

Figure1.1 Location Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

5

Administrative and Infrastructure Information:

Survey of India provided digital layers on administrative boundaries and

infrastructure details of the sanctuary on 1:25,000 scale. As per the details given

by SOI the sanctuary has total geographical area (TGA) of 960.21 sq km. The

sanctuary has 7 no. of ranges 15 no. of Sections and 37 Beats. The TGA of

different ranges and corresponding beats of the ranges is given table 1.1.

S. No. RANGE S.No. BEAT Total Area of

Beat (Sq.km) 1 KALLAPURAM 44.27 2 KOMBU EAST 33.86 3 KILANAVAYAL 32.87 4 MANJANPATTI 34.12

AMARAVATHI

5 TALINGI 56.22 1

Total Geographic Area of Amaravathi Range (sq km) 201.34

1 CHINNAKALLAR 24.86 MANAMBOLY 2 PERIYA KALLAR 47.72 2 Total Geographic Area of Manamboly Range (sq km) 72.58

1 ANALI 13.37 2 MANAMPALLI 20.32 3 SHEIKALMUDI 19.05

MANAMPALLY

4 URULIKAL 13.65 3

Total Geographic Area of Manampally Range (sq km) 66.38

1 ALIYAR 19.21 2 ARTHANRIPALAYAM 16.63 3 VILLONNIE 23.34 4 MANGARAI 15.03 5 PACHATHANNIR 11.07 6 AYIRAMKAL 10.68

POLACHI

7 POTHAMADA 11.94

4

Total Geographic Area of Polachi Range (sq km) 107.91 1 EASAL THITTU EAST 40.11 2 EASAL THITTU WEST 29.38 3 KOMBU WEST 47.85 4 KARATTUR 15.61 5 KARATTUR 18.02 6 PARUTHIYUR 17.46 7 KURUMALAI 20.03 8 THIRUMURTHI MALAI 31.55

UDUMALAIPETTAI

9 VALLAKONDAPURAM 28.27

5

Total Geographic Area of Udumalaipettai Range (sq km) 248.29

6

1 TOPSLIP 27.24 2 CHINNAR 18.91 ULANDY 3 VARAGALIYAR 34.96 6

Total Geographic Area of Ulandy Range (sq km) 81.11 1 AKKAMALAI 31.87 2 GRASSHILLS 36.17 3 ATTAKATTY 3.29 4 ATTAKATTY 27.09 5 UPPER ALIYAR 33.26 6 IYERPADI 39.10

VALPARAI

7 KAVURKAL 11.82

7

Total Geographic Area of Valparai Range (sq km) 182.60 Total Geographic Area of Sanctuary (sq km) 960.21

Table1.1. Range and Beat wise Geographical area of Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary.

The infrastructure details consists of locations of forest administrative offices,

Forest Rest-House, watch towers, Check-Post, Anti-Poaching Shed, elephant

camps, Rain Gauge Locations fire lines, roads, settlements etc.

The infrastructure layers, sanctuary boundary, and administrative are

given in figure-1.2, 1.3 & 1.4.

7

VALPARAI

AMARAVATHI

UDUMALAIPETTAI

POLACHI

ULANDY

MANAMBOLY

MANAMPALLY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

INFRASTRUCTURE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

LegendForest Rest-House & Office

Forest Genetic Research Centre

Watch Tower

Elephant Camp

Anti Poaching Shed

Check Post

Rain Guage

Settlements

Roads

Fire Lines

Boundary of IGWLS

Range Boundary

Outside Sanctuary

Figure1.2. Infrastructure Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

8

ANAIMALAI RESERVED FORESTTUNAKADAVU RF

AMARAVATHI RESERVED FOREST

MANUPATTI SECTION

MANJANPATTI SECTION

DHALI SECTION

KALLAR SECTION

ALIYAR SECTION

KALLAPURAM SECTION

AKKAMALAI SECTION

ATTAKATTY SECTION

MANAMPALLY SECTION

IYERPADI SECTION

VARAGALIYAR SECTION

TOPSLIP SECTIONSETHULMADI EAST SECTION

KARATTUR SECTION

Unsurveyed

Unsurveyed

KARATTUR SECTION

SETHULMADI WEST SECTION

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Reserve Forest Boundary

Boundary of IGWLS

Amaravathi Reserve Forest

Anaimalai Reserve Forest

Tunakadavu Reserve Forest

Section Boundary

Outside Sanctuary

Figure1.3. Administrative Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary Showing Reserve Forest & Section

9

VALPARAI

AMARAVATHI

UDUMALAIPETTAI

POLACHI

ULANDY

MANAMBOLY

MANAMPALLY

TALINGI BEAT

IYERPADI BEAT

KOMBU WEST BEAT

KALLAPURAM BEAT

PERIYA KALLAR BEAT

GRASSHILLS BEAT

TOPSLIP BEAT

AKKAMALAI BEAT

VARAGALIYAR BEAT

ALIYAR BEAT

VILLONNIE BEAT

CHINNAR BEAT

ANALI BEAT

MANAMPALLI BEAT

KOMBU EAST BEAT

MANJANPATTI BEATKILANAVAYAL BEAT

UPPER ALIYAR BEAT

ATTAKATTY BEAT

EASAL THITTU EAST BEATUnsurveyedTHIRUMURTHI MALAI BEAT

CHINNAKALLAR BEAT

KURUMALAI BEAT

KARATTUR BEAT

EASAL THITTU WEST BEATVALLAKONDAPURAM BEAT

Unsurveyed

KARATTUR BEAT

SHEIKALMUDI BEAT

PARUTHIYUR BEAT

MANGARAI BEAT

URULIKAL BEAT

KAVURKAL BEAT

ARTHANRIPALAYAM BEAT

POTHAMADA BEAT

AYIRAMKAL BEAT

PACHATHANNIR BEAT

ATTAKATTY BEAT

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Range

Boundary of IGWLS

Amaravathi

Manamboly

Manampally

Polachi

Udumalaipettai

Ulandy

Valparai

Beat Boundary

Outside Sanctuary

Figure1.4. Administrative Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary showing Range Boundary and Beat Boundary

10

1.2 Topography:

Elevation:

Survey of India provided base layers in digital format on 1:25000 scale. A DEM

was prepared using line contours of 10 meter interval. While creating DEM, point

height, Drainage Map for lower and higher control, and boundary of Indira Gandhi

Sanctuary for extent, are also used.

Elevation information was derived from high resolution Digital Elevation Model

with 10 meter resolution. The whole sanctuary was classified into 5 categories

(Figure1.5 & 1.6, Table1.2, 1.3 & 1.4). Below 500 meter elevation, occurs along

with Northern boundary and North-West part of Sanctuary, and contributing 13.04

%. Area between500-1000 meter elevation occurs mostly in all direction except

Southern part of sanctuary and contributing 41.57 %. Area Between 1000-1500

meter elevation occurs mostly in central and South-East part of sanctuary and

contributing 28.01 %. Area between 1500 to 2000 meter elevations occurs mostly

in Southern and some in Eastern part and contributing 13.91 %. Area between

2000-2515 meter elevation occurring only in Southern part of sanctuary and

contributes 3.47 %

The sanctuary has 175.86 meter minimum elevation and 2514.51 meter

maximum elevation and 1120.77 meter mean elevation.

11

VALPARAI

AMARAVATHI

UDUMALAIPETTAI

POLACHI

ULANDY

MANAMBOLY

MANAMPALLY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

ELEVATION MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

Legend

Elevation ( Meters )175-500

500-1000

1000-1500

1500-2000

2000-2,515

Boundary of IGWLS

Range Boundary

Outside Sanctuary

Water

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Figure1.5. Elevation map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

12

AREA DISTRIBUTION OF ELEVATION IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

13.0441.57

28.01

13.91

3.47

175-500 Meter

500-1000 Meter

1000-1500 Meter

1500-2000 Meter

2000-2515 Meter

Figure1.6. Percent Area Distribution of Elevation in Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary.

ELEVATION (Meters) AREA In sq km % AREA

175-500 Meter 125.21 13.04 500-1000 Meter 399.20 41.57 1000-1500 Meter 268.92 28.01 1500-2000 Meter 133.58 13.91 2000-2515 Meter 33.31 3.47 Total Geographic

Area 960.21 100.00

Table1.2. Distribution of Area under different Elevation categories in Indira

Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Area Distribution of Elevation Categories (Meters)

RANGE 175-500 500-

1000 1000-1500 1500-2000

2000-2515

TOTAL AREA (sq km

) AMARAVATHI 56.16 100.20 28.82 13.49 2.67 201.34 MANAMBOLY 11.56 53.70 7.32 72.58 MANAMPALLY 53.82 11.90 0.66 66.38 POLACHI 41.82 49.36 16.46 0.26 107.90 UDUMALAIPETTAI 27.22 95.93 69.37 44.86 10.92 248.29 ULANDY 0.01 62.11 17.67 1.32 81.11 VALPARAI 0.02 150.44 106.34 68.31 19.73 344.83

Table1.3 Distribution of Area under different Elevation categories in different

range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

13

RANGE Min Elevation

Max Elevation

Mean Elevation

AMARAVATHI 321.00 2351.00 1336.00 MANAMBOLY 526.00 1936.00 1231.00 MANAMPALLY 538.00 1643.00 1090.50 POLACHI 175.00 1632.00 948.93 UDUMALAIPETTAI 320.00 2261.00 1290.50 ULANDY 446.00 1737.00 1091.50 VALPARAI 560.00 2514.00 1537.00 AT SANCTUARY

LEVEL 175.86 2514.00 1120.77

Table 1.4 Elevation Description of different Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary

Slope:

Slope information was derived from high resolution Digital Elevation Model with

10 meter resolution. The whole sanctuary was classified in 5 slope categories on

the basis of Natural Breaks (Jenks) like 0-10 degree, 10-20 degree, 20-30

degree, 30-45 degree and 45-87.14 degree (Figure 1.7 & 1.8, Table 1.5, 1.6 &

1.7). Most of the sanctuary, 76.92 % area, is lies below 45 Degree slope. Slope

>47degree is in only in 4.56 % area of whole sanctuary and covering 43.77 sq

km. In Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, 18 Degree slope having highest area

that is 32.28 sq km and 87.14 degree slope having lowest area that is 0.001.

Mean Slope of the sanctuary is 43.5 Degree.

14

VALPARAI

AMARAVATHI

UDUMALAIPETTAI

POLACHI

ULANDY

MANAMBOLY

MANAMPALLY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

SLOPE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

LegendSlope (Degree)

0-10

10-20

20-30

30-45

45-87

Water

Boundary of IGWLS

Range Boundary

Outside Sanctuary

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Figure1.7. Slope Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

15

AREA DISTRIBUTION OF SLOPE IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

21.33

29.27

26.32

18.52

4.56

0-10 Degree

10-20 Degree

20-30 Degree

30-45 Degree

45-87 Degree

Figure1.8 Percent Area Distribution of Slope in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

SLOPE (Degree) AREA (sq km) % of AREA

0-10 204.80 21.33

10-20 281.08 29.27

20-30 252.77 26.32

30-45 177.79 18.52

45-87.14 43.77 4.56

Total Geographic

Area 960.21 100.00

Table1.5. Area Distribution Slope Categories in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

SLOPE (Degree) Range 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-45 45-87.14

TOTAL

AMARAVATHI 71.38 52.88 44.54 27.28 5.27 201.34 MANAMBOLY 13.07 25.78 19.24 10.77 3.73 72.58 MANAMPALLY 11.72 24.80 18.92 9.67 1.28 66.38 POLACHI 21.22 24.66 28.60 25.68 7.76 107.90 UDUMALAIPETTAI 42.52 69.20 67.54 53.98 15.05 248.29 ULANDY 20.77 29.99 18.58 10.33 1.44 81.11 VALPARAI 24.13 53.78 55.35 40.09 9.25 182.60

Table1.6. Area Distribution of Slope Categories in different Range of Indira


16

RANGE Min Slope (Degree

Max Slope (Degree)

Mean Slope(Degree)

AMARAVATHI 0 86 43 MANAMBOLY 0 84 42 MANAMPALLY 0 76 38 POLACHI 0 86 43 UDUMALAIPETTAI 0 85 42.5 ULANDY 0 79 39.5 VALPARAI 0 87 43.5

AT Sanctuary Level 0 87 43.5

Table1.7. Slope Description of different Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary

Aspect:

Slope information was derived from high resolution Digital Elevation Model with

10 meter resolution and eight classes were extracted as North, North-East, East,

South-East, South, South-West, West, and North-West (Figure 1.9 &1.10, Table

1.8 & 1.9). There is only 10.19 sq km area that having 0 degree slope means flat

surface. Slope is almost equally divided in all aspects except North-West

direction.

17

POTHAMADA BEAT

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

ASPECT MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

LegendFlatNorthNorth EastEastSouth EastSouthSouth WestWestNorth WestBoundary of IGWLSRange BoundaryOutside Sanctuary

Figure 1.9 Aspect Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

18

AREA DISTRIBUTION OF ASPECT IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

1.0613.90

11.42

10.55

13.10 10.89

10.32

12.09

16.68

FLAT

NORTH

NORTHEAST

EAST

SOUTHEAST

SOUTH

SOUTHWEST

WEST

NORTHWEST

Figure1.10. Percent Area Distribution of Aspect in Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary

S. NO. Aspect AREA (sq

km)

% of

AREA

1 FLAT 10.19 1.06

2 NORTH 133.47 13.90

3 NORTHEAST 109.61 11.42

4 EAST 101.27 10.55

5 SOUTHEAST 125.77 13.10

6 SOUTH 104.56 10.89

7 SOUTHWEST 99.14 10.32

8 WEST 116.06 12.09

9 NORTHWEST 160.15 16.68

Total Geographic Area 960.21 100.00

Table1.8. Area Distribution Aspect Categories in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

19

Table1.9. Area Distribution of Aspect Categories in different Range of Indira


RANGE ASPECT

AMARAVATHI MANAMBOLY MANAMPALLY POLACHI UDUMALAIPETTAI ULANDY VALPARAI

FLAT 5.88 0.24 1.72 0.00 0.00 0.40 1.95

NORTH 27.19 7.18 7.12 24.14 32.69 9.49 25.65

NORTHEAST 20.77 5.26 5.03 17.81 32.54 5.58 22.62

EAST 14.09 5.71 6.45 12.99 39.03 5.68 17.31

SOUTHEAST 18.62 11.72 10.82 10.73 41.45 12.72 19.70

SOUTH 16.21 13.92 6.75 7.61 22.70 14.96 22.40

SOUTHWEST 23.58 10.26 5.51 7.61 19.59 10.73 21.88

WEST 34.99 8.14 8.70 8.44 25.27 9.10 21.42

NORTHWEST 40.00 10.16 14.28 18.57 35.02 12.45 29.67

TGA 201.34 72.58 66.38 107.90 248.29 81.11 182.60

20

VALPARAI

AMARAVATHI

UDUMALAIPETTAI

POLACHI

ULANDY

MANAMBOLY

MANAMPALLY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

DRAINAGE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Others

Water

Boundary of IGWLS

Range Boundary

Outside Sanctuary

River & River BanksWaterfalls

Legend

Canal & Canal Banks

1st Order Stream

2nd Order Stream

3rd Order Stream

4th & above Order Stream

Aqueduct on Canals

Figure1.11. Drainage Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.

21

Chapter - II

VEGETATION TYPE MAPPING

Forest type is defined as a unit of vegetation which possesses similar

characteristics of physiognomy, structure, function, floristic composition and

phenology influenced by climate and topography (Champion & Seth, 1968)). The

climatic and edaphic factors coupled with biotic disturbances in the study area

have given rise to a rich and varied flora. According to Champion & Seth, 1968

the forest types in the sanctuary were categorized into Tropical Evergreen,

Tropical Semi evergreen, Tropical moist mixed deciduous, tropical dry mixed

deciduous, Savannah-woodland forests and grasslands. An attempt has been

made to derive forest type information with reference to Champion and Seth

classification system using multi temporal satellite data and field species data

collected distributed over entire study area.

2.1 Methodology

IRS P6 LISS IV, IRS P6 LISS III satellite datasets of 2004 pertaining to

study area were procured from NRSC, Hyderabad. Remotely sensed data usually

contain both systematic and non systematic geometric errors. Some of the

important systematic errors are-scan skew, mirror scan velocity, panoramic

distortion, platform velocity, earth rotation, perspective, altitude, etc. Because of

these geometric errors, the satellite data immediately after acquisition is not

planimetrically true to the ground features.

Hence, in order to measure/estimate area from the satellite data it has to

be initially rectified from geometric errors and made planimetrically true to

available SOI topo maps. The systematic errors can be corrected through

analysis of sensors characteristics and ephemeris, these errors are corrected in

the preprocessing of data after initial data acquisition from satellite. However,

nonsystematic errors caused due to altitude (pitch, roll and yaw) can be corrected

only through the use of common Ground control points (GCP). A GCP is a point

on the surface of earth where both image coordinate and map coordinates can be

identified.

22

IRS P6 LISS III scenes were enhanced using linear contrast stretching and

histogram equalization to improve the image and help identify ground control

points in the rectification. Accordingly the coordinates of the GCPs on

georeference image data and the corresponding coordinates of the similar GCPs

on the raw satellite data have been used for transformation of the uncorrected

satellite data. This process of geometric correction of raw satellite data was

achieved using first order polynomial transformation fit. A nearest-neighbor

algorithm was used to perform the resampling procedure and the Image-to-Image

registrations, which yielded a root-mean-square error of 0.30 pixels for all data.

Images were projected to UTM projection and WGS84 datum using ERDAS

IMAGINE.

Image was enhanced using linear contrast stretching and histogram

equalization to improve the image and help to identify ground control points in the

rectification. These techniques expand the range of brightness values in an

image so that the image can be efficiently displayed in a manner desired by the

interpreter/analysts. It has also been noticed that the identification of different

forest type / density classes need thorough understanding in the field as well as

with the image signatures. After keen observation of certain known areas of

different forest categories, one can decide the optimum stretching parameters to

identify different land use / land cover including forest categories correctly. Using

such optimum stretching parameters, standard False Colour Composites (FCCs)

are to be generated for ground truth collection.

Color composites of different bands can yield varied levels of information

due to diverse reflectance pattern in bands. Mosaicing of satellite data,

corresponding to the study area was done. By using Wildlife Sanctuary boundary

as mask, study area has been extracted from IRS P6 LISS-III and LISS-IV

scenes (Figure 2). The ancillary data were from field (using GPS) and the Survey

of India (SOI) toposheets of 1:50,000 scale.

Standard FCC imagery generated by combining band 3, 2, and 1. In the

Image, the forests are appear in dark red to light red tone. The richness of the red

indicates the vigour of the leaves and their sizes. Patches of light red mottled

23

tones represent degraded forests and scrub vegetation. The light greenish to

white tones are barren lands. Water bodies were indicated in blue and black

tones. Supervised classification procedures are the most important analytical

tools used for the extraction of more information from remotely sensed digital

image data.

Prior to this, field inventory details and on the basis of tone, texture, colour,

spectral reflectance pattern, homogenous training sites for classification identified

on the satellite image. The mapping of vegetation and land cover was done at 1:

25,000 scale.

24

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

IRS P6 LISS IV FALSE COLOUR COMPOSITE IMAGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 2.5 51.25 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Boundary of IGWLS

Figure2.1. False Colour Composite Image of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

25

The vegetation type map has been prepared using IRS P6 LISS III and IRS P6

LISS IV satellite data of 2004 (Figure2.1). Care was taken in selection of optimal

season data to delineate moist and dry vegetation formations, with reference to

phenology (green wave and brown wave).

As per Transformed Divergence, best separability for vegetation classes are

achieved using IRS LISS IV data. According the overall accuracy assessment

also IRS LISS IV data classification along with MIR band of LISS III provides

good results. Classification Accuracy was assessed as 93.4%.

Revised classification system of forest types of India prepared by Champion and

Seth (1968) was consulted for mapping of forest types.

LEVEL 1 LEVEL 2 LEVEL 3

Code GROUP (16) SUBGROUP (20)

UNDER SUBGROUP (69 SUBTYPES)

1 TROPICAL WET EVERGREEN FORESTS

1A: Southern tropical wet evergreen

forests

C4 West tropical evergreen forest

C2 West Coast semievergreen forest

2 TROPICAL SEMI EVERGREEN FORESTS

2A: Southern tropical

semievergreen forests

C2: Southern moist mixed deciduous forests

3 TROPICAL MOIST DECIDUOUS FORESTS

3B: South Indian moist deciduous

forests

C3: Southern dry mixed deciduous forest

4 TROPICAL DRY DECIDUOUS FORESTS

5A: Southern tropical dry deciduous

forests

5 SUBTROPICAL BROADLEAVED FOREST

8A: Southern subtropical broadleaved hill forests

C1: Nilgiri subtropical hill forest (shola)

6 Savannah-Woodland 7 Degraded Forest 8 Scrub 9 Grassland

Table 2.1 Forest types of Indira Gandhi Wildlife sanctuary (Champion and Seth,

1968)

26

Of the 10 natural vegetation types, Savannah-woodland, degraded forest, scrub

and grassland are successional/degradational or edaphic types.

Figure2.2. Vegetation types in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

27

2.2 Results and Discussion

The land cover classes classified into 15 categories and area of each class has

been calculated (Table:2.2 ; Figure 2.3). The sanctuary is characterized by two

distinct vegetation zones, wet zone and dry zone. The wet zone is dominated by

evergreen forest and Grasslands.

Of the nine natural vegetation types, moist deciduous forests occupy higher area

followed by semi-evergreen, savannah-woodland and evergreen forests. There

are four plantations were found in the sanctuary, viz. teak, eucalyptus, tea and

cinchona.

IRS –LISS IV satellite data used for Forest and Land Use mapping provided the

advantage of deriving spatial details with better delineation. On the other hand

the temporal satellite data of IRS LISS-III and AWiFS have further provided

information on delineation of phenological formations like evergreen and

deciduous formations, grasslands. The satellite image showing, different forest

types as seen by satellite data are shown in figure2.3.

Owing to the spatial and temporal variations in rainfall and high degree of

topographic variations, the sanctuary exhibits diverse vegetation types. The

forest types include mixed species formations of evergreen and deciduous

forests, ecological unique formations like shoals and grasslands, typical

edaphically controlled, low rainfall and disturbed formations like savanna

woodlands, degraded forests and scrub areas.

28

VALPARAI RANGE

UDUMALAIPETTAI RANGE

AMARAVATHI RANGE

POLACHI RANGE

ULANDY RANGE

MANAMBOLY RANGE

MANAMPALLY RANGE

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E10

°30'

0"N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

LegendForest Type

Degraded Forest

Dry Deciduous

Evergreen

Moist Deciduous

Savannah-Woodland

Semievergreen

Shola

Non-Forest

Plantations

Administrative UnitsBoundary of IGWLSRange BoundaryOutside Sanctuary

Barren landGrasslandScrub

Water

Cinchona PlantationEucalyptus PlantationTea PlantationTeak Plantation

Figure2.3. Forest Vegetation type and Land-Use map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

29

S. NO. VEGETATION TYPE AREA ( sq km ) % of AREA

1 Evergreen 101.22 10.55 2 Semi evergreen 156.72 16.34 3 Moist Deciduous 324.76 33.85 4 Dry Deciduous 63.03 6.57 5 Shola 22.31 2.33 6 Savannah-Woodland 109.85 11.45 7 Degraded Forest 51.11 5.33 8 Scrub 71.14 7.41 9 Grassland 16.05 1.67

10 Teak Plantation 9.06 0.94 11 Eucalyptus Plantation 6.72 0.70 12 Tea Plantation 3.16 0.33 13 Cinchona Plantation 1.83 0.19 14 Barren land 10.81 1.13 15 Water 11.58 1.21

Total Geographic Area 959.36 100.00

Table: 2.2 - Area Statistics of Vegetation cover types in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq.km)

AREA DISTRIBUTION OF FOREST TYPE & LANDUSE IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

10.55

16.34

33.856.57

2.33

11.45

5.337.41

1.67

1.13

1.21

1.64

0.52

Evergreen

Semievergreen

Moist Deciduous

Dry Deciduous

Shola

Savannah-Woodland

Degraded Forest

Scrub

Grassland

Barren land

Water

Forest Plantations

Agricultural Plantation

Figure2.4 Percent Area Distribution of Vegetation type and Land-Use in Indira


30

At sanctuary level, evergreen/semi evergreen formations together constitute

26.89% of the sanctuary area and moist deciduous formations constitute 33.85%

of the total area.

Percentage Area Distribution of Different Forest Types in Different Ranges

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

Evergreen,Semievergreen

MoistDeciduous, Dry

Deciduous

Grassland,Shola

Savannah-Woodland,Degraded

Forest, Scrub

% a

rea

of T

otal

Geo

grap

hic

Are

a of

Ran

ge

Polachi Range

UdumalaipettaiRangeUlandy Range

Valparai Range

Manampally Range

Amaravathi Range

Manamboly Range

Figure2.5. Percent area Distribution of Different forest types in different ranges.

The evergreen and deciduous formations are prevalent in western and eastern

parts of the sanctuary respectively as there exists significant less rainfall in

eastern parts of the sanctuary. The percentage distribution of mixed species

formations (evergreen and deciduous), ecological unique formations and

disturbed formations in different ranges are given in Table2.2 and figures 2.4 &

2.5.Manamboly,Manampally,and Valparai, are the ranges having higher

evergreen formations. On the other hand the disturbed formations like savanna

wood lands, degraded forests and scrub are high in Polachi, Amaravathi, and

Udumalaipettai ranges. The range wise forest type and land use maps are given

in Figures-2.6 to 2.12.

31

S. No. VEGETATION TYPE POLACHI UDUMALAIPETTAI ULANDY VALPARAI 1 Evergreen 7.29 16.99 11.39 25.48 2 Semievergreen 7.97 34.37 17.07 41.65 3 Moist Deciduous 36.47 93.52 28.24 49.86 4 Dry Deciduous 6.23 21.58 1.18 3.49 5 Shola 8.87 13.44 6 Savannah-Woodland 17.20 25.71 10.75 18.23 7 Degraded Forest 9.33 15.56 0.68 2.54 8 Scrub 16.49 25.33 1.76 8.23 9 Grassland 0.04 2.45 0.02 13.32 10 Tea Plantation 0.31 11 Cinchona Plantation 12 Eucalyptus Plantation 5.48 13 Teak Plantation 8.60 14 Barren land 1.21 3.84 0.93 3.33 15 Water 0.07 0.02 0.40 2.19 Total Geographic Area (sq.

km.) 107.78 248.26 81.03 182.08

Table2.3.1. Range wise area distribution of Vegetation & Land-Use type of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq km)

S. No. VEGETATION TYPE 1 Evergreen 2 Semievergreen 3 Moist Deciduous 4 Dry Deciduous 5 Shola 6 Savannah-Woodland 7 Degraded Forest 8 Scrub 9 Grassland

10 Tea Plantation 11 Cinchona Plantation 12 Eucalyptus Plantation 13 Teak Plantation 14 Barren land 15 Water

Total Geographic Area (sq. km.)

32

MANAMPALLY AMARAVATHI MANAMBOLY 15.59 4.11 20.38 16.48 13.74 25.42 21.78 77.80 17.08 3.55 26.91 0.08

3.89 32.36 1.72 0.42 21.52 1.05 1.71 17.41 0.22

0.03 0.20 2.85 1.83 1.24

0.45 0.67 0.53 0.29 1.78 6.92 0.20

66.31 201.31 72.57

Table2.3.2. Range wise area distribution of Vegetation & Land-Use type of Indira

Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary (Area in sq km)

33

ANALI BEAT

MANAMPALLI BEAT

SHEIKALMUDI BEAT

URULIKAL BEAT

76°57'0"E76°54'0"E

76°54'0"E

76°51'0"E

76°51'0"E

10°2

4'0"

N

10°2

4'0"

N

10°2

1'0"

N

10°2

1'0"

N

FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF MANAMPALLY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km




Funding Agency


Indira Gandhi Wildlfe SanctuaryTamil NaduIndia

LegendForest Type

Non-Forest

Plantation

Administrative Units

Range Boundary

Beat Boundaries

Teak

Degraded Forest

Dry Deciduous

Evergreen

Moist Deciduous

Savannah-Woodland

Semievergreen

Barren land

Grassland

Scrub

Water

Figure 2.6 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Manampally Range

34

PERIYA KALLAR BEAT

CHINNAKALLAR BEAT

77°3'0"E

77°3'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°57'0"E

76°57'0"E

10°1

8'0"

N

10°1

8'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF MANAMBOLY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km

IndiaTamil Nadu

Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Sanctuary




Funding Agency


Non-Forest

Administrative UnitsRange BoundaryBeat Boundaries

Barren land Grassland Scrub

Water

LegendForest Type

PlantationsDegraded Forest

Dry Deciduous

Evergreen

Moist Deciduous

Savannah-Woodland

Semievergreen

Cinchona Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation Tea Plantation

Figure 2.7 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Manamboly Range

35

ALIYAR BEAT

VILLONNIE BEAT

MANGARAI BEAT


PACHATHANNIR BEAT

POTHAMADA BEAT

AYIRAMKAL BEAT

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF POLACHI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km

IndiaTamil Nadu

Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Sanctuary Participating Organizations



Funding Agency


Legend

Non- Forest


Barren land

Grassland

Scrub

Water

Range Boundary

Beat Boundaries

Forest Types

Degraded Forest

Dry Deciduous

Moist Deciduous

Savannah-Woodland

Semievergreen

Plantation

Eucalyptus

Evergreen

Figure 2.8 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Polachi Range

36

KOMBU WEST BEATKARATTUR BEAT

EASAL THITTU EAST BEATTHIRUMURTHI MALAI BEAT

KURUMALAI BEAT

EASAL THITTU WEST BEAT

VALLAKONDAPURAM BEAT

KARATTUR BEAT

PARUTHIYUR BEAT

77°18'0"E77°15'0"E77°12'0"E

77°12'0"E

77°9'0"E

77°9'0"E

77°6'0"E

77°6'0"E

77°3'0"E

77°3'0"E77°0'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

7'0"

N

10°2

7'0"

N

10°2

4'0"

N

10°2

4'0"

N

10°2

1'0"

N

10°2

1'0"

N

FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF UDUMALAIPETTAI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km




Funding Agency


India

Tamil Nadu


Legend

Forest Types

Non-Forest


Degraded Forest

Dry Deciduous

Evergreen

Moist Deciduous

Savannah-Woodland

Semievergreen

Shola

Barren land

Grassland

Scrub

Water

Range Boundary

Beat Boundaries

Figure 2.9 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Udumalaipettai Range

37

TOPSLIP BEAT

VARAGALIYAR BEAT

CHINNAR BEAT

76°57'0"E

76°57'0"E

76°54'0"E

76°54'0"E

76°51'0"E

76°51'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N10

°27'

0"N

10°2

7'0"

N

10°2

4'0"

N

10°2

4'0"

N

FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF ULANDY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km




Funding Agency


India Tamil Nadu Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Sanctuary

LegendNon-Forest

Plantations


Scrub Grassland Barren land Water

Teak Plantation

Range BoundaryBeat Boundary

Forest TypeEvergreen Semievergreen

Moist Deciduous

Dry Deciduous

Savannah-Woodland

Degraded Forest

Figure 2.10 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Ulandy Range

38

IYERPADI BEAT

GRASSHILLS BEAT

AKKAMALAI BEAT

UPPER ALIYAR BEAT

ATTAKATTY BEAT

KAVURKAL BEAT

ATTAKATTY BEAT

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E10

°25'

0"N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF VALPARAI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km

INDIA

TAMIL NADU




Funding Agency


INDIRA GANDHI WLS

LegendForest Type

Degraded Forest

Dry Deciduous

Evergreen

Moist Deciduous

Savannah-Woodland

Semievergreen

Shola

Non- Forest

Barren land

Grassland

Scrub

Water

PlantationsTea Plantation


Range Boundary

Beat Boundary

Figure 2.11 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Valparai Range

39

TALINGI BEAT

KALLAPURAM BEAT

KOMBU EAST BEAT

MANJANPATTI BEAT

KILANAVAYAL BEAT

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

FOREST TYPE & LAND-USE MAP OF AMRAVATHI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km

Legend


Non- Forest

Forest TypeEvergreen Semievergreen

Moist Deciduous

Dry Deciduous Savannah-Woodland Degraded Forest

Scrub Grassland

Barren land Water

Range BoundaryBeat Boundaries

INDIA

TAMIL NADU




Funding Agency


INDIRA GANDHI WLS

Figure 2.12 Forest Type and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi Range

The beat wise area statistics of different forest types and land sue information is

given in Annexures.

40

Chapter - III

FOREST CROWN DENSITY MAPPING

Crown density is the percentage of crown area where sunlight is blocked by

crown branches, foliage, and reproductive structures. Crown density estimates

crown condition relative to a typical tree for the site. Density also serves as an

indicator of future growth. High-density ratings (greater than 40 percent) indicate

a full, healthy, crown. Crown density is one of the primary inputs for the forest

working plan preparation.

The Crown Density data set provide an input to generation of stratification base

to understand the variability of growing stock at different forest beats and helps in

optimally designing the ground inventory for growing stock assessment.

3.1 Methodology

The crown density has been mapped at 1:25,000 scale using IRS P6 LISS IV

data with a spatial resolution of 5.6m. NDVI method is adopted for base level

information. five density classes were mapped using on screen visual

interpretation method (Very dense forest: >80%; Moderately Dense: 60-80%;

Dense forest 40-60%; Open forest 20-40%; Degraded forest with canopy 20%

canopy). (Figure3.2).

41

Figure3.1. Methodology Flow chart for Forest Type, Density & Bio-Richness

Maps

3.2 Results and Discussion

Spatial information on Forest crown density was generated using IRS-LISS IV

satellite data. The forest crown density map of the sanctuary and different ranges

is shown in figures 3.2 & 3.6 to 3.12. Range wise area statistic is given in

table3.3.1 & 3.3.2 and in figure3.5. The area statistics and distribution of different

forest crown density classes at sanctuary level is given in table 3.1 and figure3.3.

93.78% of the sanctuary area is under forest cover, with 27.99% under >20%

crown density and 32.8% under 20-40% crown density. It may be noted that

forest and agriculture plantations covering 4.01% were not considered under

crown density delineation. The remaining area is found under grasslands, water

and barren areas. Of the five density classes, 20-40% crown class occupies

32.84% of total sanctuary area and 11.78 % area of the sanctuary, having >80

crown density. Amaravathi Range having highest area below <40% followed by

Polachi and then Udumalaipettai Range. Manamboly, Manampally and Valparai

Ranges having more area under category of >80% then other ranges. The

sanctuary has 583.58 sq km area is under <40 % canopy density, 60.83 % of

total geographic area of sanctuary, and 316.47 sq km area is under category >40

% canopy density, 32.99 % of total geographic area of sanctuary. Area statistics

of percent area and total area under < 40 % canopy density and >40 % canopy

density is given in table3.2 and figure3.4.

Topographic Thematic Mapping IRS-P6- L-IV

Slope, Aspect & Elevation, Drainage Road, Settlements. Fire lines Water body

Forest Density Maps – 5 classes (<.2 .2-.4, .4-.6, .6-.8 and > .8) Forest Type maps based on Champion & Seth’s

Phytosociological Analysis (stratified random transects )- Veg. composition Animal/ Avian Density Assessment

Field Data

Forest Type, Density & Bio-Richness Maps

42

VALPARAI RANGE


AMARAVATHI RANGE

POLACHI RANGE

ULANDY RANGE

MANAMBOLY RANGE

MANAMPALLY RANGE

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

Legend

Administrative UnitsBoundary of IGWLSRange BoundaryOutside Sanctuary

Non- ForestGrass LandBarren landWater

Forest Canopy Density<20 % 20-40 %40-60 % 60-80 % >80 %

Plantations

Teak Tea Eucalyptus Cinchona

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Figure3.2. Forest Canopy Density Map of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

43

CANOPY DENSITY% & LAND-USE

AREA (sq km) % AREA

<20 % 268.57 27.99 20-40 % 315.02 32.84 40-60 % 75.29 7.85 60-80 % 128.15 13.36 >80 % 113.03 11.78 Cinchona 1.83 0.19 Eucalyptus 6.72 0.70 Tea 3.18 0.33 Teak 9.09 0.95 Grass Land 16.11 1.68 Barren land 10.77 1.12 Water 11.63 1.21 TOTAL AREA (sq km) 959.39 100.00

Table: 3.1. - Area Statistics of Forest Crown density in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

AREA DISTRIBUTION OF CANOPY DENSITY IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

27.99

32.84

7.85

13.36

11.78

1.65

0.52

4.01

<20 % Canopy Density

20-40 % Canopy Density



>80 % Canopy Density

Forest Plantations(Eucalyptus, Teak)

Agricultural Plantations(Cinchona, Tea)

Non-Forest ( Grassland,Barren land, Water )

Figure3.3. Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary

44

Percentage Area of Canopy Density of Different Range

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

70.00

80.00

90.00

Canopy Density <40 % Canopy Density >40 %

% A

rea

of T

otal

Geo

grap

hic

Are

a of

Ran

ge

Polachi Range

Udumalaipettai Range

Ulandy Range

Valpara Rangei

Manampally Range

Amaravathi Range

Manamboly Range

Figure 3.4 Area Distribution of Canopy Density in different Ranges under <40% canopy Density and >40 % canopy Density

Density Classes

Total Area under Canopy Density (sq km ) % of Area

Range <40 % Canopy D

>40% Canopy D

<40 % Canopy D

>40% Canopy D

Polachi 81.92 19.06 81.13 18.87

Udumalaipettai 167.62 74.34 69.28 30.72

Ulandy 42.78 28.27 60.21 39.79

Valparai 79.86 83.02 49.03 50.97

Manampally 28.70 34.71 45.27 54.73

Amaravathi 162.55 31.29 83.86 16.14

Manamboly 20.14 45.79 30.55 69.45

Table3.2.Area Distribution of Canopy Density in different Ranges under <40% canopy Density and >40 % canopy Density

45

Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density in Different Ranges

0.00

10.00

20.00

30.00

40.00

50.00

60.00

<20 % 20-40 % 40-60 % 60-80 % >80 %Forest Canopy Density

% A

rea

of C

anop

y D

ensi

ty

POLACHI

UDUMALAIPETTAI

ULANDY

VALPARAI

MANAMPALLY

AMARAVATHI

MANAMBOLY

Figure3.5 Area Distribution of different Forest Canopy Density Categories in

Different Ranges

CANOPY DENSITY% & LAND-

USE POLACHI UDUMALAIPETT

AI ULANDY

<20 % 52.75 79.30 15.59 20-40 % 29.17 88.32 27.19 40-60 % 7.98 24.21 1.64 60-80 % 6.94 26.88 16.20 >80 % 4.13 23.25 10.43 Cinchona Eucalyptus 5.48 Tea Teak 8.63 Grass Land 0.04 2.46 0.02 Barren land 1.21 3.83 0.93 Water 0.07 0.02 0.40

TOTAL AREA (sq km) 107.78 248.27 81.04

Table3.3.1 Range wise Forest Crown density distribution

46

CANOPY

DENSITY% & LAND-USE

VALPARAI

MANAMPALLY

AMARAVATHI

MANAMBOLY

<20 % 34.57 7.13 75.11 4.12 20-40 % 45.29 21.58 87.44 16.03 40-60 % 11.86 3.68 14.67 11.25 60-80 % 35.13 15.63 12.41 14.95 >80 % 36.03 15.40 4.21 19.59 Cinchona 1.83 Eucalyptus 1.24 Tea 0.31 2.87 Teak 0.46 Grass Land 13.36 0.03 0.21 Barren land 3.32 0.67 0.53 0.29 Water 2.21 1.79 6.93 0.21 TOTAL AREA (sq

km) 182.08 66.32 201.32 72.57

Table3.3.2. Range wise Forest Crown density distribution

47

TALINGI BEAT

KALLAPURAM BEAT

KOMBU EAST BEAT

MANJANPATTI BEAT

KILANAVAYAL BEAT

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF AMRAVATHI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km

Legend

Forest Canopy Density

Non-Forest


Beat Boundaries

Range Boundary

Water

Barren land

Grass Land

>80 %

60-80 %

40-60 %

20-40 %

<20 %

INDIA

TAMIL NADU




Funding Agency


INDIRA GANDHI WLS

Figure3.6 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi Range

48

ANALI BEAT

MANAMPALLI BEAT

SHEIKALMUDI BEAT

URULIKAL BEAT

76°57'0"E

76°57'0"E

76°54'0"E

76°54'0"E

76°51'0"E

76°51'0"E

10°2

4'0"

N

10°2

4'0"

N

10°2

1'0"

N

10°2

1'0"

N

FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF MANAMPALLY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km

LegendForest Canopy Density

20-40 %

40-60 %

60-80 %

<20 %

>80 %

Non-Forest

Barren land

Grass Land

Water

Plantation

Teak


Range Boundary

Beat Boundaries




Funding Agency


Indira Gandhi Wildlfe SanctuaryTamil NaduIndia

Figure3.7 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Amaravathi Range

49

PERIYA KALLAR BEAT

CHINNAKALLAR BEAT

77°3'0"E

77°3'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°57'0"E

76°57'0"E

10°1

8'0"

N

10°1

8'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF MANAMBOLY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km

Legend

Plantations

Tea PlantationEucalyptus PlantationCinchona Plantation

Administrative UnitsRange BoundaryBeat BoundariesNon- Forest

Forest Canopy Density<20 %20-40 %40-60 %60-80 %>80 %

GrasslandBarren LandWater

IndiaTamil Nadu





Funding Agency


Figure3.8 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Manamboly Range

50

ALIYAR BEAT

VILLONNIE BEAT

MANGARAI BEAT


PACHATHANNIR BEAT

POTHAMADA BEAT

AYIRAMKAL BEAT

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF POLACHI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km

IndiaTamil Nadu

Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Sanctuary Participating Organizations



Funding Agency


Non-Forest


Barren land

Grass Land

Water

Range Boundary

Beat Boundaries

Legend


Plantation

20-40 %

40-60 %

60-80 %

<20 %

>80 %

Eucalyptus

Figure3.9 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Polachi Range

51

KOMBU WEST BEATKARATTUR BEAT

EASAL THITTU EAST BEATTHIRUMURTHI MALAI BEAT

KURUMALAI BEAT

EASAL THITTU WEST BEAT

VALLAKONDAPURAM BEAT

KARATTUR BEAT

PARUTHIYUR BEAT

77°15'0"E77°12'0"E

77°12'0"E

77°9'0"E

77°9'0"E

77°6'0"E

77°6'0"E

77°3'0"E

77°3'0"E77°0'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

7'0"

N

10°2

7'0"

N

10°2

4'0"

N

10°2

4'0"

N

10°2

1'0"

N

10°2

1'0"

N

FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF UDUMALAIPETTAI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km

Legend


Non-Forest


20-40 %

40-60 %

60-80 %

<20 %

>80 %

Barren land

Grass Land

Water

Range Boundary

Beat Boundaries

India

Tamil Nadu





Funding Agency


Figure3.10 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Udumalaipettai Range

52

76°57'0"E76°54'0"E

76°54'0"E

76°51'0"E

76°51'0"E

10°2

7'0

"N

10°2

7'0

"N

10°2

4'0

"N

10°2

4'0

"N

TOPSLIP BEAT

VARAGALIYAR BEAT

CHINNAR BEAT

FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF ULANDY RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km




Funding Agency


India Tamil Nadu Indira Gandhi Wildlfe Sanctuary

Legend

Plantations


Non- Forest

Barren land

Grass Land

Water

Teak Plantation

Ulandy Range

Beat Boundary


20-40 %

40-60 %

60-80 %

<20 %

>80 %

Figure3.11 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Ulandy Range

53

IYERPADI BEAT

GRASSHILLS BEAT

AKKAMALAI BEAT

UPPER ALIYAR BEAT

ATTAKATTY BEAT

KAVURKAL BEAT

ATTAKATTY BEAT

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

FOREST CANOPY DENSITY & LAND-USE MAP OF VALPARAI RANGE OF INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 1 20.5 Km

INDIA

TAMIL NADU




Funding Agency


INDIRA GANDHI WLS


Non-Forest

Barren land

Grass Land

Water

Range Boundary

Beat Boundary

LegendForest Canopy Density

Plantations

Tea Plantation

20-40 %

40-60 %

60-80 %

<20 %

>80 %

Figure3.12 Forest Canopy Density and Land-Use Map of Valparai Range

54

Chapter - IV

PHYTOSOCIOLOGICAL STUDY

The ecological, social and economic roles of the forest were of great

importance. In present scenario, most of the forests are prone to high

anthropogenic disturbances, which bring out loss and extinction of valuable

species. Understanding of vegetation composition, diversity of species and their

habitats, and comparison with similar other habitats, may become a tool to

estimate the level of adaptation to the environment and their ecological

significance.

4.1 Methodology

Figure4.1. Phytosociological Sampling method

Field Sampling

Field Sampling – Line Transects with circular plot, laid in the smallest administrative unit (Beat) based on the major vegetation types, Elevation, Temperature and Precipitation.

200 m 200 m 3m

10m

Shrubs

Tree Species

Transect

55

Total no. of Beats - 32Beats covered during sampling - 14

Total no. of Transects - 19Total no. of plots - 246

Total no. of Beats - 32Beats covered during sampling - 14

Total no. of Transects - 19Total no. of plots - 246

Figure4.2.1. Sample Points location in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

56

VALPARAI RANGE


AMARAVATHI RANGE

POLACHI RANGE

ULANDY RANGE

MANAMBOLY RANGE

MANAMPALLY RANGE

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

SAMPLE POINT LOCATION IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Boundary of IGWLS

Range Boundary

Sample Points

Outside Sanctuary

Figure4.2.2. Sample Points location in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

57

The preliminary survey conducted in March, 2005. Based on the preliminary

analysis and available literature, the sampling method has been standardized.

The line transects with circular plot has been used for the main survey conducted

in February and March, 2006 (Fig: 4-6). Out of 32 beats, 14 beats were selected

for the main survey based on major vegetation types, elevation, temperature and

precipitation. A total of 19 transects (Thirteen 2km transects + Six 1km transects)

with 179 sampling plots were collected. In addition, 67 sampling plots have been

collected randomly especially in shola forest and evergreen patches in both

(preliminary and main) surveys. Map of sample point location is given in

figure4.2.1 & 4.2.2. Table of Phytosociological sample point location with

geographic coordinates is given annexure.

Data analysis:

The vegetation data were quantitatively analyzed for relative density,

relative frequency and relative dominance. The importance value index (IVI) for

the tree species was determined as the sum of the relative frequency, relative

density and relative dominance (Cottam and Curtis, 1956; Phillips, 1959).

Species diversity of each forest type was determined using Shannon-Weiner

Index. (H’) = -Sum ((ni/N) ln (ni/N)). (Shannon and Weiner, 1963; Odum, 1971)

Where ni = IVI of individual species.

N= IVI of all species.

58

4.2 Result and Discussion

FLORISTIC COMPOSITION

As typical of tropical forest ecosystem, a wide range of tree species was

inventoried in the present study. About 172 tree species were found in the

sampling. Vateria indica is the dominant species in study area, followed by

Maesa indica, Anogeissus latifolia, Nephelium longana and Croton oblongifolius.

Sl.no. Species Relative Density

Relative Frequency

Relative Dominanc

e

IVI

1 Vateria indica 1.66 1.30 7.69 10.66 2 Maesa indica 4.90 3.08 2.29 10.28 3 Anogeissus

latifolia 3.91 2.49 3.26 9.66

4 Nephelum longana

2.58 2.14 3.17 7.89

5 Croton oblongifolius

3.31 2.37 2.02 7.70

6 Syzigium cumini 1.59 1.78 2.72 6.09 7 Persea macrantha 1.79 2.49 1.75 6.03 8 Vitex leucoxylon 3.31 1.66 0.92 5.90 9 Vitex altissima 1.66 2.25 1.98 5.89

10 Syzygium caryophyllatum

2.12 1.78 1.94 5.84

Table4.1. Ecological dominance of top ten species (based on IVI values) in

Sanctuary

59

Dominant species in individual forest types (Tables 4.2 to 4.7)

Sl. No Species Relative

Density Relative

Frequency Relative

Dominance IVI

1 Anogeissus latifolia 17.02 17.65 24.67 59.34

2 Dalbergia latifolia 8.51 7.35 15.07 30.93

3 Maesa indica 9.22 5.88 4.72 19.82

4 Terminalia paniculata 6.38 2.94 9.33 18.65

5 Albizia amara 4.96 4.41 8.69 18.06

6 Albizia odoratissima 4.96 2.94 6.96 14.86

7 Zyzipus oenoplia 4.96 7.35 1.28 13.60

8 Gyrocarpus americanus 2.84 2.94 5.11 10.89

9 Barringtonia acutangula 4.96 4.41 1.13 10.50

10 Terminalia bellirica 2.84 4.41 2.61 9.86

Table4.2 Top 10 dominant species in Dry deciduous forest of Indira Gandhi WLS

(Based on IVI values)


Density Relative

Frequency Relative

Dominance IVI

1 Anogeissus latifolia 9.01 4.05 8.31 21.37

2 Maesa indica 8.07 6.08 4.53 18.69

3 Albizia odoratissima 3.73 3.38 8.14 15.25

4 Terminalia crenulata 2.48 2.70 8.67 13.86

5 Zyzipus oenoplia 6.21 3.38 2.71 12.30

6 Terminalia paniculata 1.24 1.35 9.69 12.28

7 Dalbergia paniculata 3.42 5.41 2.52 11.34

8 Tectona grandis 1.86 2.03 6.95 10.84

9 Barringtonia acutangula 4.97 3.38 1.60 9.94

10 Alstonia scholaris 5.59 2.70 1.41 9.70

Table4.3 Top 10 dominant species in Moist deciduous forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based on IVI values)

60


Density Relative

Frequency Relative

Dominance IVI

1 Vateria indica 4.15 2.44 18.14 24.73

2 Persea macrantha 4.79 5.85 3.98 14.63

3 Croton oblongifolius 6.71 4.88 1.99 13.57

4 Eugenia calophyllifolia 6.07 2.93 4.15 13.14

5 Macrantha roxburgii 6.07 4.88 1.68 12.63

6 Syzygium caryophyllatum 5.43 2.93 3.73 12.09

7 Pallaquium ellipticum 3.83 3.90 2.26 10.00

8 Mesua ferrea 2.88 3.41 3.25 9.54 9 Vitex leucoxylon 5.11 2.93 0.93 8.97

10 Nephelum longana 3.83 3.41 1.57 8.82

Table4.4 Top 10 dominant species in Evergreen forest of Indira Gandhi WLS

(Based on IVI values)


Density Relative

Frequency Relative

Dominance IVI


2 Maesa indica 6.71 3.79 3.17 13.67 3 Vateria indica 2.31 1.72 6.39 10.42

4 Terminalia bellirica 1.47 1.72 6.59 9.78

5 Vitex altissima 2.94 3.10 3.69 9.72

6 Lagerstromia microcarpa 1.05 1.72 6.60 9.37

7 Pallaquium ellipticum 2.52 1.72 3.43 7.67

8 Diospyros paniculata 3.56 2.41 1.55 7.53

9 Persea macrantha 2.52 3.10 1.80 7.42

10 Macrantha roxburgii 3.14 2.41 1.45 7.01

Table4.5 Top 10 dominant species in Semi-Evergreen forest of Indira Gandhi

WLS (Based on IVI values)

61


Density Relative

Frequency Relative

Dominance IVI

1 Vitex leucoxylon 14.19 8.96 14.19 37.34

2 Croton oblongifolius 12.26 8.96 12.26 33.47

3 Dysoxylum malabaricum 10.32 7.46 10.32 28.11

4 Syzigium cumini 7.74 7.46 7.74 22.95

5 Cinnamomum sulphuratum 6.45 7.46 6.45 20.37

6 Eugenia calophyllifolia 7.74 2.99 7.74 18.47

7 Elaecarpus recurvatus 3.23 2.99 3.23 9.44

8 Holigarna arnottiana 3.23 2.99 3.23 9.44

9 Diospyros paniculata 2.58 2.99 2.58 8.15


Table4.6 Top 10 dominant species in Shola forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based

on IVI values)


Density Relative

Frequency Relative

Dominance IVI

1 Albizia amara 13.68 10.94 29.71 54.34

2 Gyrocarpus americanus 7.37 7.81 12.98 28.17

3 Catunaregum spinosa 10.53 10.94 4.59 26.05

4 Acacia planifrons 10.53 7.81 7.61 25.95

5 Limonia crenulata 6.32 7.81 5.27 19.40

6 Ficus arnottiana 6.32 4.69 6.64 17.65 7 Euphorbia 5.26 3.13 4.95 13.33 8 Zyzipus oenoplia 5.26 4.69 3.14 13.09 9 Cordia monoica 4.21 6.25 2.02 12.48

10 Atalantia monophylla 3.16 3.13 3.98 10.26

Table4.7 Top 10 dominant species in Scrub forest of Indira Gandhi WLS (Based

on IVI values)

62

Shannon-weiner index reveals that species diversity is high in semi-evergreen

forest (6.2), followed by evergreen forests (5.7), moist deciduous forest (5.6),

dry deciduous forest 4.3) and scrub (4.2). About 26 endemic species were

recorded during sampling (Table4.16)

Range wise distribution of dominant tree species (Table4.8 to 4.13)

AMARAVATHI RANGE S.

No. Semievergreen Moist Deciduous Dry Deciduous Scrub

1 Ixora nilgiricans Anogeissus latifolia Anogeissus latifolia Acacia planifrons

2 Anogeissus latifolia Limonia crenulata Albizia amara Catunaregum

spinosa

3 Dalbergia paniculata Wrightia tinctoria Barringtonia

acutangula Albizia amara

4 Pongamia pinnata

Strychnos potatorum Gardenia turgida Gyrocarpus

americanus

5 Syzigium cumini Zyzipus oenoplia Gyrocarpus americanus Euphorbia

Table4.8. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Amaravathi Range

MANAMPALLY RANGE S.

No. Evergreen Semievergreen Moist Deciduous Dry Deciduous

1 Vateria indica Nephelum longana Ixora arborea Terminalia

paniculata

2 Persea macrantha Vateria indica Calophyllum elatum Premna

tomentosa

3 Nephelum longana Vitex altissima Syzygium

caryophyllatum Dalbergia latifolia

4 Pallaquium ellipticum Ixora arborea Eugenia

calophyllifolia Diospyros montana

5 Vitex altissima Macrantha roxburgii Gordonia obtusa Dolichandrone

spathacea

Table4.9. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Manampally Range

63

POLACHI RANGE S.

No. Semievergreen Moist Deciduous Shola

1 Diospyros foliosa Atalantia racemosa Elaecarpus recurvatus

2 Tabernaemontana dichotoma Albizia odoratissima Schefflera wallichiana

3 Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Tectona grandis Cinnamomum sulphuratum

4 Evodia lunu-ankenda Elaecarpus recurvatus Syzigium malabaricum 5 Schefflera wallichiana Terminalia crenulata Vatica chinensis

Table4.10. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Polachi Range

UDUMALAIPETTAI RANGE S.

No. Semievergreen Moist Deciduous Dry Deciduous Scrub

1 Maesa indica Alstonia scholaris Maesa indica Albizia amara

2 Catunaregum spinosa Maesa indica Anogeissus

latifolia Ficus arnottiana

3 Diospyros paniculata Zyzipus oenoplia Bassia longifolia Zyzipus

oenoplia

4 Hibiscus surattensis

Barringtonia acutangula

Catunaregum spinosa

Ficus microcarpa

5 Mesua ferrea Anogeissus latifolia Terminalia bellirica Maesa indica

Table4.11.Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Udumalaipettai

Range

ULANDY RANGE S.

No. Evergreen Semievergreen Moist Deciduous

1 Alseodaphne semecarpifolia

Alseodaphne semecarpifolia Anogeissus latifolia

2 Polyalthia coffeiodes Cinnamomum sulphuratum Terminalia crenulata

3 Vatica chinensis Diospyros foliosa Terminalia paniculata

4 Aglaia tamilnadensis Aglaia roxburghiana Homalium zeylanicum

5 Tetrameles nudiflora Diospyros paniculata Tectona grandis

Table4.12. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Ulandy Range

64

VALPARAI RANGE

S. No. Evergreen Semievergreen Moist Deciduous Shola

1 Croton oblongifolius Maesa indica Ixora arborea Vitex leucoxylon

2 Eugenia calophyllifolia Croton oblongifolius Maesa indica Croton

oblongifolius

3 Macrantha roxburgii Holigarna arnottiana Albizia

odoratissima Dysoxylum malabaricum

4 Vitex leucoxylon Macrantha roxburgii Syzygium caryophyllatum

Eugenia calophyllifolia

5 Syzygium caryophyllatum

Semecarpus anacardium

Pterocarpus marsupium Syzigium cumini

Table4.13. Five Dominant Species in different Forest Type of Valaprai Range

65

FOREST STRUCTURE OF STUDY AREA

Population density of tree species across girth class interval shows that

around 34.3% of individuals belong to 30-60 cm gbh (Table4.14). The study area

represents typical mature stands with good regeneration. The mean tree height is

15m with a height range from 1 to 35m. Tree distribution by height intervals

shows that around 48.3% of individuals are in the height of 10-20 m (Table4.15).

Girth Class

GBH class (cm)

No. of Species

No. of Individuals

% of individuals

1 <30 96 135 8.9 2 30-60 125 518 34.3 3 60-90 99 363 24.1 4 90-120 74 170 11.3 5 120-150 61 111 7.4 6 150-180 48 85 5.6 7 180-210 30 42 2.8 8 210-240 22 28 1.9 9 240-270 11 14 0.9

10 >270 24 43 2.8 Grand Total 172 1509 100

Table4.14. Population structure of tree species along girth class frequencies

Height class

Height class (m)

No. of Species

No. of Individuals

% of individuals

1 <10 102 424 28.1 2 10-20 126 729 48.3 3 20-30 68 171 11.3 4 30-40 56 134 8.9 5 >40 28 51 3.4

Grand Total 172 1509 100

Table4.15. Population structure of tree species across Height class intervals

66

Sl. No. Species Name

1 Aglaia tamilnadensis 14 Hydnocarpus pentandra 2 Artocarpus hirsutus 15 Lagerstromia microcarpa 3 Baccaurea courtallensis 16 Litsea wightiana 4 Diospyros bourdilloni 17 Manilkara roxburghiana 5 Diospyros paniculata 18 Myristica malabarica 6 Drypetes wightii 19 Pallaquium ellipticum 7 Dysoxylum beddomei 20 Polyathia fragrans 8 Dysoxylum malabaricum 21 Symplocos candolleana 9 Glochidion ellipticum 22 Syzigium densiflorum 10 Glochidion tomentosum 23 Syzigium malabaricum

11 Gordonia obtusa 24 Syzigium zeylanicum var. ellipticum

12 Holigarna arnottiana 25 Vateria indica 13 Hopea parviflora 26 Vernonia travancorica

Table4.16. Endemic species of Study area

67

4.3 Gradients of Diversity

The analysis of species/community–environment relationship has always

been a central issue in ecology. The importance of climate to explain animal and

plant distribution was recognized early on (De Candolle 1855). Climate in

combination with other environmental factors has been much used to explain the

main vegetation patterns around the world (Holdridge 1967; Ashton 1969;

Mcarthur 1972; Tilman 1982). More recently, studies have revealed species’

associations with topography, water and nutrient availability on local scales in

tropical forest worldwide (Clark et al. 1998; Cannon and Leighton 2004; Valencia

et al. 2004). These observations led to a variety of hypotheses to account for

high diversity at local scales (Hubbell et al. 2001; Wright 2002); many of these

hypotheses invoke density and frequency dependent mechanisms. The

fundamental principle to these hypothesis are resource allocation and thereby

niche differentiation with respect to available resources. The climate on a broad

scale and topography on a fine scale are two dependent parameters which

decides the resource availability and structure of climax community. Therefore,

efforts have been made to characterize the vegetation communities in response

to different environmental gradients and to identify the most important predictors

of diversity in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary.

The temperature and rain fall data collected from WORLDCLIM website (Hijmans

et al. 2005) were used to analyze the role of rainfall and temperature gradients in

the distribution of species diversity. The altitude, slope and aspect were

generated from SRTM (Shuttle Radar Topographic Mission) data. The

temperature and rain fall data collected from WORLDCLIM website (Hijmans et

al. 2005) were used to analyze the role of rainfall and temperature gradients in

the distribution of species diversity. In order to investigate the relationships

between species richness and environmental variables, a canonical

correspondence analysis (CCA) was employed (ter Braak 1987), using the

software PC-ORD 4.0 (McCune and Mefford 1999). As required by CCA, we set

the data into two distinct matrices: the species matrix and the matrix of

environment variables. The species matrix contained number of species per plot.

68

The environmental variables matrix included are elevation, slope, aspect,

temperature and precipitation (Fig: 2). Multiple linear regression analysis was

conducted to identify the best predictor of diversity. A stepwise backward

elimination approach was adopted in which the analysis started with all the

continuous variables and eliminated the least significant variable in each

progressive step. The variables were removed if the probability of ‘F’ exceeds

0.05. The species richness was the dependent variable and elevation, slope,

aspect, rainfall and temperature were the independent variables.

Canonical correspondence analysis was performed for 169 species on 206 plots

with 5 environmental variables (Fig: 3). The eigenvalues for the first three CCA

axes were 0.749, 0.523 and 0.304 respectively. The cumulative percentage

variance accounted for those axes was 4.0% (1.9, 1.3 and 0.8 respectively),

indicating that a considerable amount of ‘noise’ still remained unexplained.

However, ter Braak (1995) considers low percentage of unexplained variance as

normal in vegetation data, and this fact does not weaken the significance of

species–environment relationships. In fact, the CCA produced high correlations

between species and environmental variables for these axes (0.943, 0.883, and

0.740 respectively). The first ordination axis was highly correlated, in descending

sequence, with precipitation, temperature, elevation and slope (Table: 1). The

second ordination axis has shown high correlation with elevation and

temperature while the third ordination axis is correlated with slope. The weighted

correlations between environmental variables showed strong interrelationships,

especially between elevation and climatic variables (temperature and

precipitation). Segregation of vegetation communities along the noted gradients

was also observed. The left side of the ordination space is dominated with

communities which are primarily evergreen species whereas the right side is

occupied by deciduous species (Fig: 3). The details of the communities are

further explained below.

69

Figure4.3. CCA ordination diagram (Axis 1 by Axis 2) with plots (scattered points)

and environmental variables (lines) in Anamalai wildlife sanctuary. Each circle represents partitioning of vegetation communities along environmental gradients. Variable Axis 1 Axis 2 Axis 3 Elevation Slope Aspect Precipitation Temperature

Elevation -0.662 0.734 0.063 1 0.422 0.181 0.757 -0.946

Slope -0.542 0.016 0.806 0.422 1 0.027 0.48 -0.436

Aspect -0.186 0.268 -0.123 0.181 0.027 1 0.186 -0.175

Precipitation -0.986 0.139 -0.052 0.757 0.48 0.186 1 -0.805

Temperature 0.715 -0.619 -0.131 -0.946 -0.436 -0.175 -0.805 1

Table4.17. Canonical correspondence analysis of 169 species in 206 plots in

Anamalai wildlife sanctuary. Matrix presents intraset correlation between environmental variables and first three axes and weighted correlations between

environmental variables.

P1

P2

P3

P4

P7

P8

P9

P10

P11

P12

P13

P14

P15

P16

P17

P18

P19

P20

P21

P22

P23 P24

P25

P26

P27

P28

P29

P30P31

P32

P33

P34

P35

P36

P37

P38

P39

P40

P41P42

P43

P44P45P46

P47P48

P49

P50

P51

P52

P53 P54

P55

P56

P57

P58

P59

P60

P61

P62

P63

P64

P66P67

P68

P69P70

P71

P72

P73

P74

P75P76P77

P78

P79P80

P81

P82P84P85

P86P89

P91

P92

P93

P94

P96

P97

P98

P100

P101

P102

P103

P105

P106

P107

P109

P110

P111

P112

P113

P114

P115P116

P117

P119 P120P121

P122P123P124P125

P126

P127

P128

P129

P130

P131P132

P133P134

P135

P136

P137P138

P139

P140

P141P142

P143

P145P146

P147

P148P149

P150

P151P152

P153P154

P155

P156

P157

P159P160

P161

P162

P163P164

P165

P167

P168

P169 P170P171

P172

P174

P175

P176

P178P179

P180

P181P182

P183

P184

P185P186

P188P189

P192

P193

P194P195P196

P197

P198

P199

P200

P201P202

P203

P204

P205

P206

P207P208

P209

P222P225

P227

P228

P229

P230

P231

P232

P233

P234

P235

P236

P237P238

P239

P240

P241

Elevatio

Slope

Precipit

Temperat

Axis 1

Axi

s 2

Evergreen communities

Montane shola forest communities

Semi-evergreen communities

Moist deciduous communities

Dry deciduous communities

Scrub forest communities

P1

P2

P3

P4

P7

P8

P9

P10

P11

P12

P13

P14

P15

P16

P17

P18

P19

P20

P21

P22

P23 P24

P25

P26

P27

P28

P29

P30P31

P32

P33

P34

P35

P36

P37

P38

P39

P40

P41P42

P43

P44P45P46

P47P48

P49

P50

P51

P52

P53 P54

P55

P56

P57

P58

P59

P60

P61

P62

P63

P64

P66P67

P68

P69P70

P71

P72

P73

P74

P75P76P77

P78

P79P80

P81

P82P84P85

P86P89

P91

P92

P93

P94

P96

P97

P98

P100

P101

P102

P103

P105

P106

P107

P109

P110

P111

P112

P113

P114

P115P116

P117

P119 P120P121

P122P123P124P125

P126

P127

P128

P129

P130

P131P132

P133P134

P135

P136

P137P138

P139

P140

P141P142

P143

P145P146

P147

P148P149

P150

P151P152

P153P154

P155

P156

P157

P159P160

P161

P162

P163P164

P165

P167

P168

P169 P170P171

P172

P174

P175

P176

P178P179

P180

P181P182

P183

P184

P185P186

P188P189

P192

P193

P194P195P196

P197

P198

P199

P200

P201P202

P203

P204

P205

P206

P207P208

P209

P222P225

P227

P228

P229

P230

P231

P232

P233

P234

P235

P236

P237P238

P239

P240

P241

Elevatio

Slope

Precipit

Temperat

Axis 1

Axi

s 2

Evergreen communities

Montane shola forest communities

Semi-evergreen communities

Moist deciduous communities

Dry deciduous communities

Scrub forest communities

70

Evergreen communities: This group is characterized by the species such as

Vateria indica, Persea macrantha, Pallaquium ellipticum, Eugenia calophyllifolia

and Macrantha roxburgii. This species assemblage is more or less corresponds

to west coast tropical evergreen forest (1A/C4) of Champion and Seth’s (1967)

classification of Indian forests. This forest occurs in relatively undisturbed area at

an altitude of 950-1800 msl. They are enmarked by higher humidity, lower

temperature, lower understory, low canopy openings and high leaf litter.

Montane shola forest communities: The major species in shola forests are

Syzigium cumini, Vitex leucoxylon, Dysoxylum malabaricum, Cinnamomum

sulphuratum and Eugenia calophyllifolia. This group corresponds to southern

montane wet temperate forest (11A/C1) as per Champion and Seth’s

classification. It occurs at an elevation of more than 1800m. Annual precipitation

in these areas is about 5000 mm while annual temperature is approximately 5oC.

Geographically the area can be distinguished from the steep slopes and

mountain folding.

Semi-evergreen communities: These formations are distinguished by species

such as Nephelum longana, Pallaquium ellipticum, Vateria indica, Terminalia

bellirica and Vitex altissima and correspond to west coast tropical semi-evergreen

forest (2A/C2). This is found on an altitudinal range of 600 - 900 m and relatively

high precipitation areas.

Moist deciduous communities: They are characterized by the presence of

species such as Anogeissus latifolia, Maesa indica, Albizia odoratissima,

Terminalia crenulata and Zyzipus oenoplia and match up with Champion and

Seth’s southern moist mixed deciduous forest (3B/C2). This forest community

occurs at an altitude of 500 - 800 msl with relatively low rainfall zones.

Dry deciduous communities: This group is a composition of Anogeissus

latifolia, Dalbergia latifolia, Albizia amara, Maesa indica, and Terminalia

paniculata and corresponds to southern dry mixed deciduous forest (5A/C3). This

is found on areas where altitude ranges of 400 - 600 m with very low

precipitation.

71

Thorny Scrub forest communities: This community is formed in those areas

where human disturbance is maxima and rainfall is less. This is occurring in lower

altitudes (<400 m) with thorny species such as Albizia amara, Gyrocarpus

americanus, Catunaregum spinosa, Acacia planifrons and Limonia crenulata. It

corresponds to southern thorn scrub as per Champion and Seth’s (1967)

classification of Indian forest. Canopy openings and open spaces are

characteristics of the area. Cattle grazing and firewood collection is frequent in

the area.

The assessment of species richness from environmental variables yielded the

following model (Table: 2). The model fit was 0.50 (F – 39.82, p < 0.05). Though,

the overall model was significant, the values of “t” and its significance indicate

that each of these variables is not significantly contributing to the overall model.

Therefore, the variable having the least partial correlation coefficient (in this case

aspect) is eliminated from the model. The model is then refitted with all other

variables and this procedure is repeated until only statistically significant

variables are left in the model. In this case only one variable was found to be a

significant predictor of species number, i.e., precipitation (equation: 1). Because

of the strong correlation among variables (Table 1), this is not surprising, but it

also means that it is difficult to disentangle the separate effects of the

independent variables. The model fit was 0.485 (F – 192.91, p < 0.05).

1.311.-ion precipitat*0.004 Richness Species = ------------ (1)

72

Variable Coefficient Std. Error t Significance

Intercept 3.354 4.857 0.690 0.491

Elevation -0.002 0.001 -1.737 0.084

Slope 0.026 0.023 1.126 0.262

Aspect 0.001 0.001 0.628 0.531

Precipitation 0.004 0.000 8.248 0.000

Temperature -0.135 0.134 -1.003 0.317

Table4.18. Overall regression model of species richness from environmental variables in Anamalai wildlife sanctuary (R2 – 0.50, F – 39.82, df1 – 5, df2 – 199

and p - 2.98E-28).

73

CHAPTER – V

LAND COVER CHANGE ASSESSMENT

Land cover change is one of the most critical dynamic elements of ecosystems.

Tropical forests, which play critical roles as repositories of biological diversity and

regulators of global biogeochemical and hydrological cycles (Houghton 1999;

Cairns et al. 2000; Myers et al. 2000) have undergone rapid land cover changes

especially in the last few decades. (Bockstael et al. 1995; Pijanowski et al. 2000).

Global estimates show that deforestation in the tropics during 1990-2000 was

14.2 million hectares per year while reforestation was 1.9 million hectares, which

resulted in a net loss of 12.3 million hectares of forest per year (FAO 2001).

South Asia experienced a negative rate (0.13 percent per annum) of forest cover

change, which was approximately half the negative rate of change in the world

(0.22 percent per annum) and double the negative rate of change for the whole

Asian region (0.07 percent per annum). These trends point out the prevalence of

complex and multidirectional changes in forest cover dynamics which could be

attributed to local level management measures. Therefore, a study has been

undertaken in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary with the aim of critically evaluating

the effectiveness of conservation measures since it was declared as protected

area in 1976. The key question was whether the declaration of a protected area

was sufficient to conserve biodiversity at local scales. Specific objectives were to

locate vulnerable areas of land cover change and to identify probable proximate

and underlying causes of land cover change in the area in order to refine and

priorities future conservation actions.

74

5.1 Methodology

Two suitable cloud-free images were available for this study, spanning the

period from before the designation of protected area status to the present. A

Landsat Multi Spectral Scanner (MSS) image dated 9th February, 1973 was

downloaded from the Global Land Cover Facility (http://glcf.umiacs.umd.edu/)

and an IRS P6 LISS III image dated 8th March, 2006 was acquired from National

Remote Sensing Agency (NRSA) Data Center, Hyderabad, India. The Landsat

MSS data had a spatial resolution of 80m and four wavebands (0.5 – 0.6, 0.6 –

0.7, 0.7 – 0.8 and 0.8 – 1.1µm) while the LISS-III image had a spatial resolution

of 24m and four bands (0.52 – 0.59, 0.62 – 0.68, 0.77 – 0.86 and 1.55 – 1.70µm).

The imagery were geometrically corrected based on Ist order polynomial

regression between ground control points (RMSE<0.5 pixel) to compute the

coefficients for two co-ordinate transformation equations, and registered to the

UTM projection. The digital number (DN) values of the Landsat MSS and IRS P6

LISS III data were converted into radiance values using the corresponding

satellite sensor parameters.

75

Geocorrected MSS Data

Image Regression

Delineation of Forest/Non forest area by ThresholdingTechniques.

Mask (Binary Map) for Time T1


T2 > T1

Boolean AND

No Change Areas

(Mask (T1) – No change Area) > 0 (Mask (T2) – No change Area) > 0

Negative Change (Vegetation àother landcover)

Positive Change (other landcoverà Vegetation)

Change Map

NDVI MSS

Geocorrected LISS III Data

MSS DN to Radiance Conversion

LISS III DN to Radiance Conversion

MSS comparable radiance with respect to LISS III radiance

NDVI LISS III

Geocorrected MSS Data

Image Regression

Delineation of Forest/Non forest area by ThresholdingTechniques.



T2 > T1

Boolean AND

No Change Areas

(Mask (T1) – No change Area) > 0 (Mask (T2) – No change Area) > 0

Negative Change (Vegetation àother landcover)

Positive Change (other landcoverà Vegetation)

Change Map

NDVI MSS

Geocorrected LISS III Data

MSS DN to Radiance Conversion

LISS III DN to Radiance Conversion

MSS comparable radiance with respect to LISS III radiance

NDVI LISS III

Figure5.1. Flow diagram depicting the details of change detection technique

followed in the study.

The first stage of the change analysis was to perform a radiometric

intercalibration of the first three bands of the Landsat MSS and IRS P6 LISS III

images. This was done by identifying spatially homogenous calibration sites in

both the images where no land cover changes had taken place. For the

calibration sites, radiance values were collected from the two images and a least

square regression was performed. The radiance values of the entire MSS image

were transformed based on the regression model. The LISS III data, having a

spatial resolution of 24m, was resampled to 80 m, the original spatial resolution of

MSS data, for further analysis. Since the objective was to study the vegetation

condition changes over a period of time, Normalized Differential Vegetation Index

76

(NDVI) images were generated from the Landsat MSS and IRS P6 LISS III data.

The NDVI images were examined, mean and standard deviation values were

calculated and a thresholding technique (Tunf Fung and Ellesworth 1988) was

applied to separate vegetation from other land cover. Threshold values of ‘k’

standard deviations from the mean was iteratively selected. The ‘k’ value was 0.1

in the first iteration, which was increased in increments of 0.1 in subsequent

iterations, until an acceptable ‘k’ value of 0.7 was reached and this was applied to

both images. Binary images having values of 0 and 1 representing non-

vegetation and vegetation respectively were generated for the two different years.

A boolean operation ‘AND’ was applied between the two binary images to identify

the unchanged areas. Change due to conversion of vegetation to non-vegetation

was defined as a negative change while non-vegetated area converted into

vegetated area was defined as positive change. The positive change area was

determined by subtracting the unchanged areas from the 2006 dataset and

subtracting the same area from the 1973 data produces negative change. The

detailed methodology is explained in Fig. 2. The derived positive and negative

change images were filtered using neighborhood majority function through a 3x3

kernel in order to reduce errors from geometric correction. The filtered images

were overlaid on the original images in order to visually confirm the changes in

land cover from one category to other. A vector layer depicting land cover change

was generated and area statistics calculated.

77

5.2 Results and Discussions

The land cover change map and area matrix are given in Fig. 4 and Table 2,

respectively. An area of 1046 ha undisturbed (intact) forest formations was

converted into disturbed forest formations between 1973 and 2006. Other

important transitions were from undisturbed forest to non forest categories, with

19 ha being converted into plantations, 28 ha to agriculture/fallow/barren lands

and 91 ha to water bodies. A significant positive change was also observed from

1973 to 2006, as an area of 1183 ha disturbed forest formations was converted

to intact/undisturbed forest formations. The term intact/undisturbed forest

formation is relative here. Actually it is a successional stage recovering from a

previous disturbances or secondary forest. Grasslands have undergone several

transitions, with 1558 ha being converted into plantations and another 29 ha

converted into agriculture and fallow lands. Some of the plantations (197 ha)

were converted to fallow lands while the inverse (104 ha) has happened in some

other areas.

Undisturbed/Intact Forest Formation

Disturbed/Secondary Forest Formations

Grasslands Plantations

Agriculture/Fallow/Barren Lands

Water bodies

Undisturbed/Intact Forest Formation

- 1046 0 19 28 91

Disturbed/Secondary Forest Formations

1183 - 0 0 0 0

Grasslands 0 155 - 1558 29 0 Plantations 0 0 0 - 197 29 Agriculture/ Fallow/Barren Lands

0 0 0 104 - 0

Water Bodies 0 0 0 0 0 -

Table5.1. Land use/Land cover changes (area in hectare) in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary from 1973 to 2006.

The result indicated that the natural forest cover in the area during the study

period was degrading at a rate of 0.07% annually while regenerating at a rate of

0.03% per year. This resulted a negative rate of change of 0.04% per year. This

was far lower than previous estimates available for the region. For example, Menon

78

and Bawa (1997) estimated an annual rate of decline of 0.57% in the whole

Western Ghats during 1920 – 1990 and Jha et al. (2000) estimated a decline of

1.16% per year during the period of 1973–1995 in southern Western Ghats.

Prasad et al. (1998) estimated an amount of 0.9% (during 1961–1988) in the

Kerala part of Western Ghats (an adjacent area near to study area). These

studies, conducted on a regional basis, incorporated largely unprotected areas.

Hence, the present results demonstrate that designation of protected area status

has been effective in reducing rates of degradation and deforestation, though

current conservation strategies within the Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary may be

in need of some refinement.

The next step was to understand the proximate and underlying causes of

land cover change. Broadly speaking, two major and divergent trends,

degradational and successional, were observed in the study. The degradational

trend indicators are the transformation of undisturbed forest to disturbed forest

and other non-forest land covers. The spatial location of land cover change

indicated that most of these transformations have occurred on the fringes of the

sanctuary or near to settlements inside the sanctuary. These changes could

generally be attributed to four clusters of causes: livelihood dependence of local

people, infrastructure development, agricultural expansion and forestry

operations, at the proximate level.

A number of villages on the fringes of the sanctuary mainly depend on the

sanctuary for their livelihood. The population in these villages is over one

hundred thousand and the main occupation is agriculture. In addition, there are

about 36 tribal settlements, two privately owned tea plantations and one area of

revenue land inside the sanctuary. It has been observed that there is a high

population growth rate in these settlements and their economic condition is far

below satisfactory (Sajeev et al. 2002). The major demands of the population on

the forest of the sanctuary are timber for building construction, small timber for

agricultural implements, huts and fencing purposes, firewood for domestic

consumption, grasses for rearing goats and cattle and for roofing of houses. In

addition, infrastructure developments like construction and maintenance of roads

and buildings for the support of people who are residing inside the sanctuary and

79

associated movement of machinery are contributing to the degradation of a

system which was already under pressure. Another major threat is grazing. The

tribes settled in the dry forests on the eastern side maintain large stocks of cattle,

buffalo, sheep, goats, horses and ass. There has been an alarming increase in

the number of livestock that graze in the forests (Kumar et al. 2002) and this is

probably playing an important role in the degradation of undisturbed or intact

forest.

Agriculture is the most common occupation of the villagers. Towards

higher elevation in the Valparai region, people are more occupied with the

plantation crops of tea, coffee and cardamom, whereas the north-eastern portion

in the lower reaches is dominated by rice (Oryza sativa), ground nut (Arachis

hypogaea), sorghum (Zea mays), ragi (Eleusine coracana), tapioca (Manihot

esculenta) and banana (Musa acuminata) cultivation. Before the declaration of

protected area status, villagers used to cultivate millet and tubers using a shifting

cultivation method. The restriction on shifting cultivation has caused an

expansion of cultivation near to settlements, observed in the present study as an

area increment of 0.6 km2 in agriculture/fallow/barren lands since 1973 at the

expense of forest and grasslands. Geist and Lambin (2002) made a similar

observation that agricultural expansion is, by far, the most important land use

change associated with deforestation globally.

80

Figure5.2. Map showing change areas from 1973 to 2006 in Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary, India.

Underlying driving forces often underpin the more obvious or proximate

causes of tropical deforestation (Geist and Lambin 2001). In this respect, the land

cover change in Anamalai Hills can be seen as resulting from a complex set of

social, political, economic and cultural variables. The high population growth rate

and the associated pressure on the sanctuary is one of the major reasons for

land cover change in the area. It has been widely recognized that population

growth or pressure is a significant driver and often the primary underlying cause

of deforestation (Wibowo and Byron 1999; Sandler 1993; Vanclay 1993).

However, within the sanctuary a whole series of other factors have been

influential in modifying patterns of land use, such as the drastic changes have

taken place in tribal social customs (Sajeev et al. 2002). Importantly, there have

been uncoordinated development policies of the various government agencies

which have conflicted with conservation efforts. Notable examples are the

81

provision of grants for goat grazing and lemon grass collection while these

activities are prohibited within the sanctuary.

Positive land cover changes or successional trends in vegetation at the

study site were indicated by the conversion of disturbed forests and plantations to

the undisturbed forest category which was observed particularly in the western

part of the sanctuary. The abandonment of teak and coffee plantations and the

efforts of the forest department to plant indigenous species as well as natural

regeneration, a high level of protection and favourable climatic conditions might

have contributed to the positive land cover changes. This provides some

indication of the natural resilience of the system even after the prolonged human

disturbances.

Conservation Implications

There is a need to support successional indicators while controlling

degradational indicators. Increasing the level of protection especially in

vulnerable areas should be a priority for conservation. Increasing the pace of

planting of indigenous species in abandoned plantations could considerably

enhance the positive land cover changes. At the same time, it is essential to

reduce the livelihood over-dependence of people from outside and inside the

sanctuary on forest. Small scale encroachments and agriculture expansion

should be prevented. Sustainable infrastructure development by different

government agencies should be coordinated and monitored by a single nodal

agency.

82

Conclusion

This study has demonstrated that remotely-sensed based assessments of land

cover dynamics can have an important contribution to monitoring the

consequences of land management strategies and deepening our understanding of

the processes that underpin land use changes. Land cover change assessment for

a period of 33 years helped to identify the rates and characteristics of land cover

transformations. Two major and divergent trends, degradational and successional,

were observed in the study. The degradational trend was indicated by the

transformation of undisturbed forest to disturbed forest and other non-forest

categories. These changes can be attributed to a number of causes, principally

livelihood dependence, agricultural expansion and infrastructure development

resulting from population growth in and around the area and uncoordinated policies

of the different government agencies. The positive successional changes resulting

from protection of the area showed the resilience of the system even after

prolonged disturbances on vegetation cover. The observed degradational

transitions exceed the rates of successional changes. Hence, the sanctuary

appears susceptible to continuing disturbances under the current management

regime, however, the impacts of such processes are substantially lower than in

surrounding unprotected areas.

83

Chapter VI

Conclusions and Recommendations

The tropical rain forests are the most species rich terrestrial environments with

multi-layered arrangement. In recent times the forest are being destroyed through

forest cutting for fire wood or to make away for agriculture leading to high

fragmentation of forest of virgin areas. Such forest fragmentation not only leaves

the organisms that remain within them a smaller habitat but also exposes them to

stressful environment conditions, particularly at the forest edge, that differ from

those deeper within the forest.

The Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary, Tamil nadu was selected for the study due

to its high biological richness having distribution in variety of vegetation types

such as Evergreen, Shola, Semi-evergreen, Moist, Dry deciduous to scrub

forests.

Study has developed forest type map, crown density map and other land cover

details on 1:25,000 scale using IRS P6 LISS IV data. Spatially explicit database

developed would stand as baseline for subsequent monitoring and assessment.

The sanctuary is a main wildlife corridor in Western Ghats fulfilling Species and

Ecosystem based criteria to be considered as one of the Ecologically Sensitive

Area. Covering the entire Wildlife Sanctuary, stratified transect method data was

collected from 210 plots. It was observed that the biodiversity index derived from

Shannon and Weiner index was high in Tropical semi evergreen forests followed

by evergreen forests. The high value of Shannon-weiner index in case of semi

evergreen forest was likely due to the association of various species of

evergreen, deciduous and riparian elements.

Forest fires were limited to only deciduous forests and scrub areas mainly in

eastern part of sanctuary. Besides the sanctuary is experiencing very high

anthropogenic activities in eastern part thereby high fragmentation and

disturbances were observed. Hence such areas need to be understood to

84

prioritize potential areas for conservation and prepare management plans for

restoration and rehabilitation of endangered species. Further the degraded areas

are to be restored through intensive afforestation programmes by introducing

locally growing plant species thereby protecting biodiversity and also restore the

ecological stability to the area under study.

Phytosociological data (forest type-wise), topographical variables (elevation,

slope, aspect), infrastructure data and drainage can be used as baseline

information for further studies in this protected area, through suitably average

weighted approach using RS & GIS techniques.

It is recommended for regular geospatial monitoring system integrating spatial

datasets with bio-physical, socio-economic, meteorological, ecological

observations along with forest management prescriptions, would pave the way for

a state-of-the-art decision support system for regular and contingent decision

making, in the context of increasing concerns about biotic pressures and

vulnerability to global changes.

85

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Annuxre1

Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

48.95 27.07

7.416.443.835.081.22






Forest Plantation

Non-Forest

Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

31.94

35.57

9.75

10.839.362.54






Non-Forest

Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

19.23

33.562.02

19.99

12.87

10.65 1.67






Forest Plantation

Non-Forest

Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Valparai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

18.99

24.88

6.51 19.30

19.79

0.1710.37







Non-Forest

Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

10.75

32.53

5.54

23.57

23.223.71 0.69






Forest Plantation

Non-Forest

Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

37.31

43.43

7.296.162.093.72






Non-Forest

Area Distribution of Canopy Density in Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

5.67

22.09

15.51 20.60

26.99

6.48

1.71

0.96







Forest Plantation

Non-Forest

Annuxre2

Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

7.127.79

35.656.09

16.81

9.13

16.12

0.04

1.19

0.07

5.36

Evergreen

Semievergreen

Moist Deciduous

Dry Deciduous

Savannah-Woodland

Degraded Forest

Scrub

Grassland

Barren land

Water

Forest Plantation

Area Distribution of Vegetation Type & Land-Use in Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary

6.8413.85

37.678.69

3.57

10.36

6.2710.20

0.99

1.55

0.01

Evergreen

Semievergreen

Moist Deciduous

Dry Dec iduous

Shola

Savannah-Woodland

Degraded Forest

Scrub

Grassland

Barren land

Water

Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

15.73

23.5738.99

1.6414.84

0.94

2.43

0.02

1.28

0.55

11.88

Evergreen

Semievergreen

Moist Deciduous

Dry Deciduous

Savannah-Woodland

Degraded Forest

Scrub

Grassland

Barren land

Water

Forest Plantation

Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Valparai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

14.02

22.92

27.431.92

7.39

10.03

1.40

4.537.33

1.83

1.21

0.17 Evergreen

Semievergreen

Moist Deciduous

Dry Dec iduous

Shola

Savannah-Woodland

Degraded Forest

Scrub

Grassland

Barren land

Water


Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

23.66

25.02

33.08

5.39 5.90

0.63

2.59

0.00

1.02

2.70

0.69

Evergreen

Semievergreen

Moist Deciduous

Dry Dec iduous

Savannah-Woodland

Degraded Forest

Scrub

Grassland

Barren land

Water

Forest Plantation

Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

2.04 6.82

38.65

13.37

16.07

10.698.65

0.01

0.26

3.44

Evergreen

Semievergreen

Moist Deciduous

Dry Deciduous

Savannah-Woodland

Degraded Forest

Scrub

Grassland

Barren land

Water

Area Distribution of Vegetation type & Land-Use in Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

30.58

38.15

25.62

0.13

2.57

1.58

0.33

0.29

0.44

0.31

7.02 1.87

Evergreen

Semievergreen

Moist Deciduous

Dry Deciduous

Savannah-Woodland

Degraded Forest

Scrub

Grassland

Barren land

Water


Forest Plantation

Annuxre3

Area Distribution of Aspect in Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

2.9213.51

10.31

7.00

9.258.0511.71

17.38

19.87

FLAT

NORTH

NORTHEAST

EAST

SOUTHEAST

SOUTH

SOUTHWEST

WEST

NORTHWEST

Area Distribution of Aspect in Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

0.33 9.907.25

7.86

16.15

19.18

14.13

11.21

14.00

FLAT

NORTH

NORTHEAST

EAST

SOUTHEAST

SOUTH

SOUTHWEST

WEST

NORTHWEST

Area Distribution of Aspect in Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

2.59 10.72

7.58

9.72

16.2910.17

8.30

13.11

21.51

FLAT

NORTH

NORTHEAST

EAST

SOUTHEAST

SOUTH

SOUTHWEST

WEST

NORTHWEST

Area Distribution of Aspect in Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

22.37

16.51

12.049.957.06

7.05

7.82

17.21

NORTH

NORTHEAST

EAST

SOUTHEAST

SOUTH

SOUTHWEST

WEST

NORTHWEST

Area Distribution of Aspect in Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

13.17

13.11

15.72

16.709.14

7.89

10.18

14.10

NORTH

NORTHEAST

EAST

SOUTHEAST

SOUTH

SOUTHWEST

WEST

NORTHWEST

Area Distribution of Aspect in Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

0.49 11.70

6.88

7.01

15.68

18.45

13.22

11.22

15.35

FLAT

NORTH

NORTHEAST

EAST

SOUTHEAST

SOUTH

SOUTHWEST

WEST

NORTHWEST

Area Distribution of Aspect in Valparai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

1.07 14.05

12.39

9.48

10.7912.27

11.98

11.73

16.25

FLAT

NORTH

NORTHEAST

EAST

SOUTHEAST

SOUTH

SOUTHWEST

WEST

NORTHWEST

Annuxre4

Area Distribution of Elevation in Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

27.89

49.77

14.326.70 1.32

175-500 Meter

500-1000 Meter

1000-1500 Meter

1500-2000 Meter

2000-2514 Meter

Area Distribution of Elevation in Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

15.92

73.99

10.09 500-1000 Meter

1000-1500 Meter

1500-2000 Meter

Area Distribution of Elevation in Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuar

81.08

17.92 1.00 500-1000 Meter

1000-1500 Meter

1500-2000 Meter

Area Distribution ofElevation in Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

38.76

45.75

15.26 0.24175-500 Meter

500-1000 Meter

1000-1500 Meter

1500-2000 Meter

Area Distribution of Elevation in Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

10.96

38.64

27.94

18.074.40 175-500 Meter

500-1000 Meter

1000-1500 Meter

1500-2000 Meter

2000-2514 Meter

Area Distribution of Elevation in Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

0.01

76.57

21.79

1.63

175-500 Meter

500-1000 Meter

1000-1500 Meter

1500-2000 Meter

Area Distribution of Elevation in Valparai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

43.63

30.84

19.81

5.72500-1000 Meter

1000-1500 Meter

1500-2000 Meter

2000-2514 Meter

Annuxre5

Area Distribution of Slope in Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

35.45

26.26

22.12

13.55 2.62 0-10 Degree

10-20 Degree

20-30 Degree

30-45 Degree

45-87 Degree

Area Distribution of Slope in Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

18.00

35.5126.51

14.845.14 0-10 Degree

10-20 Degree

20-30 Degree

30-45 Degree

45-87 Degree

Area Distribution of Slope in Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

17.66

37.3528.50

14.57 1.920-10 Degree

10-20 Degree

20-30 Degree

30-45 Degree

45-87 Degree

Area Distribution in Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

19.66

22.85

26.50

23.79

7.190-10 Degree

10-20 Degree

20-30 Degree

30-45 Degree

45-87 Degree

Area Distribution of Slope in Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

17.12

27.87

27.20

21.74

6.06 0-10 Degree

10-20 Degree

20-30 Degree

30-45 Degree

45-87 Degree

Area Distribution of Slope in Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

25.60

36.97

22.91

12.74 1.78

0-10 Degree

10-20 Degree

20-30 Degree

30-45 Degree

45-87 Degree

Annuxre6 6.1 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary

Range: Polachi

Section Name ALIYAR SETHULMADI EAST SETHULMADI WEST

Beat Name ALIYA

R ARTHANRIPALAYA

M VILLONNI

E MANGARA

I PACHATHANNI

R AYIRAMKA

L POTHAMAD

A Vegetation Type & Land-Use

Evergreen 0.06 0.10 2.53 1.63 2.65 0.32 0.01 Shola Semievergreen 0.20 0.32 2.86 2.39 1.67 0.48 0.05 Moist Deciduous 4.31 3.63 9.22 7.11 5.26 4.10 2.85 Dry Deciduous 1.99 0.72 1.71 0.32 0.07 0.38 1.04 Savannah-Woodland 4.88 4.71 2.17 1.55 0.88 1.20 1.82 Teak Plantation Grassland 0.01 0.03 Degraded Forest 3.03 3.38 1.58 1.21 0.02 0.02 0.10 Scrub 4.57 3.69 2.76 0.61 0.11 0.51 4.24 Barren land 0.12 0.06 0.45 0.14 0.01 0.13 0.29 Water 0.04 0.03 Tea Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation 0.39 3.55 1.54 Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 19.21 16.62 23.34 15.03 11.07 10.69 11.94

6.2 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary

Range : Udumalaipettai Section Name MANUPATTI KARATTUR DHALI

Beat Name

EASAL THITTU EAST

EASAL THITTU WEST

KOMBU WEST KARATTUR KARATTUR PARUTHIYUR KURUMALAI THIRUMURTHI

MALAI VALLAKONDAPURAM

Vegetation Type & Land-Use

Evergreen 0.11 0.62 2.73 0.78 5.19 0.11 2.14 4.26 1.03 Shola 2.50 3.00 0.01 3.36 Semievergreen 3.39 4.29 11.22 0.82 6.22 0.22 3.04 3.73 1.44 Moist Deciduous 18.65 16.45 14.74 6.58 1.66 3.79 9.48 9.74 12.42 Dry Deciduous 6.25 2.14 2.77 2.98 1.98 1.30 1.70 2.47 Savannah-Woodland 4.25 2.48 5.69 1.11 0.26 2.71 1.80 3.80 3.59 Teak Plantation Grassland 0.02 1.07 1.08 0.29 Degraded Forest 3.86 1.68 5.15 1.03 0.08 0.82 0.56 1.16 1.22 Scrub 3.55 1.53 1.70 2.27 0.44 7.20 1.56 3.25 3.83 Barren land 0.03 0.13 0.27 0.04 0.09 0.63 0.13 0.26 2.27 Water 0.02 Tea Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 40.11 29.39 47.85 15.61 18.02 17.46 20.03 31.55 28.27

6.3 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of ValparaiRange of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Range: Valparai Section Name AKKAMALAI ATTAKATTY IYERPADI

Beat Name AKKAMALAI GRASSHILLS ATTAKATTY ATTAKATTY UPPER ALIYAR IYERPADI KAVURKAL

Vegetation Type & Land-Use

Evergreen 3.18 9.66 0.01 3.13 1.47 6.48 1.55 Shola 7.57 4.25 1.62 Semievergreen 2.35 9.65 0.15 7.36 3.34 15.36 3.44 Moist Deciduous 2.27 2.76 1.38 13.27 14.92 10.28 4.99 Dry Deciduous 0.88 0.05 2.56 0.00 0.00 Savannah-Woodland 5.26 3.42 0.33 1.23 5.20 2.36 0.44 Teak Plantation Grassland 8.85 3.59 0.10 0.79 Degraded Forest 0.54 0.32 0.03 0.17 1.11 0.19 0.19 Scrub 0.97 0.78 0.52 0.86 3.97 0.75 0.38 Barren land 0.89 1.43 NIL 0.01 0.05 0.24 0.70 Water 0.65 0.53 1.01 Tea Plantation 0.31 Eucalyptus Plantation Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 31.86 36.17 3.29 27.10 33.26 39.10 11.82

6.4 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Range: Amaravathi Section Name KALLAPURAM MANJANPATTI

Beat Name KALLAPURAM KOMBU EAST KILANAVAYAL MANJANPATTI TALINGI

Vegetation Type & Land-Use Evergreen 0.07 0.02 2.74 1.23 0.05 Shola Semievergreen 2.42 1.15 3.78 3.73 2.66 Moist Deciduous 18.75 10.13 13.77 12.76 22.39 Dry Deciduous 4.60 1.95 5.26 5.35 9.75 Savannah-Woodland 6.43 4.72 3.54 6.05 11.63 Teak Plantation Grassland 0.02 0.01 Degraded Forest 6.95 6.97 1.09 0.97 5.54 Scrub 4.46 2.64 2.67 3.70 3.94 Barren land 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.30 0.11 Water 0.57 6.22 0.13 Tea Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 44.27 33.87 32.87 34.12 56.22

6.5 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Range:Ulandy Sections Name TOPSLIP VARAGALIYAR

Beat Name TOPSLIP CHINNAR VARAGALIYAR

Vegetation Type & Land-Use Evergreen 1.95 0.25 9.19 Shola Semievergreen 4.44 1.48 11.16 Moist Deciduous 13.94 4.78 9.52 Dry Deciduous 0.73 0.33 0.13 Savannah-Woodland 3.80 4.02 2.93 Teak Plantation 1.38 6.79 0.44 Grassland 0.02 Degraded Forest 0.31 0.09 0.28 Scrub 0.54 0.67 0.56 Barren land 0.14 0.12 0.68 Water 0.00 0.40 Tea Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 27.24 18.91 34.96

6.6 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of

Manamboly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Range: Manamboly Section Name KALLAR Beat Name CHINNAKALLAR PERIYA KALLAR Vegetation Type & Land-Use Evergreen 0.56 19.82 Shola Semievergreen 9.43 16.00 Moist Deciduous 11.91 5.17 Dry Deciduous 0.08 0.01 Savannah-Woodland 1.30 0.41

Range: Manamboly Section Name KALLAR Beat Name CHINNAKALLAR PERIYA KALLAR Vegetation Type & Land-Use Teak Plantation Grassland 0.09 0.11 Degraded Forest 1.02 0.04 Scrub 0.16 0.06 Barren land 0.20 0.09 Water 0.07 0.13 Tea Plantation 0.03 2.82 Eucalyptus Plantation 1.24 Cinchona Plantation 1.83 Total Area (sq km) 24.86 47.72

6.7 Beat and Section Wise area Distribution of Landuse & Landcover of

Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Range: Manampally Section Name MANAMPALLY Beat Name ANALI MANAMPALLI SHEIKALMUDI URULIKAL Vegetation Type & Land-Use

Evergreen 3.31 2.23 3.77 6.28 Shola Semievergreen 6.59 3.42 3.87 2.60 Moist Deciduous 2.55 7.89 7.06 4.29 Dry Deciduous 1.50 1.85 0.19 Savannah-Woodland 0.38 2.44 0.90 0.17 Teak Plantation 0.45 Grassland Degraded Forest 0.07 0.29 0.05 0.01 Scrub 0.16 0.95 0.51 0.08 Barren land 0.26 0.08 0.32 0.01 Water 1.06 0.71 Tea Plantation Eucalyptus Plantation Cinchona Plantation Total Area (sq km) 13.37 20.32 19.05 13.65

Annuxre7 7. 1 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Polachi Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife

Sanctuary

Range POLACHI

Section ALIYAR SETHULMADI EAST SETHULMADI WEST Forest Crown Density Levels

Beat ALIYAR ARTHANRIPALAYAM VILLONNIE MANGARAI PACHATHANNIR AYIRAMKAL POTHAMADA

<20 % 13.99 13.13 9.11 5.40 2.65 2.16 6.31

20-40 % 2.48 1.45 7.12 5.80 4.76 4.10 3.45

40-60 % 2.37 1.65 2.51 0.49 0.42 0.23 0.30

60-80 % 0.17 0.29 2.36 2.19 1.47 0.41 0.04

CANOPY PERCENTAGE

>80 % 0.01 0.04 1.70 0.92 1.36 0.10 0.01

Cinchona

Eucalyptus 0.39 3.55 1.54

Tea PLANTATIONS

Teak Grass Land 0.01 0.03

Barren land 0.13 0.06 0.45 0.14 0.01 0.13 0.29 NON-FOREST

Water 0.05 0.02 Total Geographic Area (sq

km) 19.21 16.62 23.29 14.97 11.07 10.69 11.94

7.2 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Udumalaipettai Range of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary

Range UDUMALAIPETTAI Section MANUPATTI KARATTUR DHALI Forest Crown

Density Levels Beat

EASAL THITT

U EAST

EASAL THITTU WEST

KOMBU WEST

KARATTUR

KARATTUR

PARUTHIYUR

KURUMALAI

THIRUMURTHI MALAI

VALLAKONDAPURAM

<20 % 12.91 8.67 13.62 6.03 2.02 11.50 4.74 9.98 9.83 20-40 % 21.28 11.58 15.90 5.80 0.76 3.48 8.64 8.82 12.07 40-60 % 2.67 5.62 1.54 2.84 3.21 1.66 2.02 2.38 2.30 60-80 % 3.12 2.79 10.38 0.74 3.54 0.18 2.48 2.74 0.92

CANOPY PERCENTAG

E >80 % 0.10 0.56 5.08 0.17 7.32 0.02 2.03 7.08 0.89 Cinchona Eucalyptus

Tea

PLANTATIONS

Teak Grass Land 0.02 1.07 1.08 0.29

Barren land 0.03 0.13 0.27 0.04 0.09 0.62 0.12 0.26 2.27

NON-FOREST

Water 0.02 Total Geographic Area

(sq km) 40.10 29.38 47.85 15.60 18.02 17.46 20.03 31.55 28.27

7. 3 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Valparai Range of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary

Range VALPARAI

Section AKKAMALAI ATTAKATTY IYERPADI Forest Crown Density Levels

Beat AKKAMALAI GRASSHILLS ATTAKATTY ATTAKATTY UPPER ALIYAR IYERPADI KAVURKAL

<20 % 7.55 6.19 0.96 2.85 11.54 4.19 1.28 20-40 % 2.02 2.51 1.43 11.98 13.53 9.35 4.47 40-60 % 0.66 0.84 0.77 2.16 3.54 3.13 0.77 60-80 % 1.69 8.77 0.13 6.12 2.69 12.78 2.95

CANOPY PERCENTAGE

>80 % 10.18 12.54 0.00 2.94 1.26 7.57 1.53

Cinchona

Eucalyptus Tea 0.31

PLANTATIONS

Teak

Grass Land 8.87 3.59 0.10 0.80

Barren land 0.89 1.42 0.01 0.05 0.24 0.70

NON-FOREST

Water 0.65 0.55 1.02

Total Geographic Area (sq km) 31.86 36.17 3.29 26.71 33.26 39.08 11.70

7.4 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Amaravathi Range of Indira Gandhi

Wildlife Sanctuary

Range AMARAVATHI Section KALLAPURAM MANJANPATTI Forest Crown

Density Levels Beat KALLAPURAM KOMBU EAST KILANAVAYAL MANJANPATTI TALINGI <20 % 19.04 14.81 8.63 10.96 21.66 20-40 % 19.06 11.36 14.13 15.49 27.40 40-60 % 3.21 0.27 4.19 3.00 4.00 60-80 % 2.29 1.12 2.90 3.39 2.71

CANOPY PERCENTAGE

>80 % 0.06 0.01 2.99 0.96 0.19 Cinchona Eucalyptus Tea

PLANTATIONS

Teak Grass Land 0.02 0.01 Barren land 0.03 0.07 0.02 0.31 0.11 NON-FOREST Water 0.57 6.23 0.13

Total Geographic Area (sq km) 44.27 33.86 32.86 34.12 56.21

7.5 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of Manampally Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

7.6 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of

Ulandy Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Range ULANDY Section TOPSLIP VARAGALIYAR Forest Crown

Density Levels Beat TOPSLIP CHINNAR VARAGALIYAR <20 % 5.54 5.21 4.84 20-40 % 13.72 4.80 8.67 40-60 % 0.93 0.15 0.55 60-80 % 4.00 1.28 10.92

CANOPY PERCENTAGE

>80 % 1.50 0.14 8.79 Cinchona Eucalyptus Tea

PLANTATIONS

Teak 1.38 6.80 0.45 Grass Land 0.02 Barren land 0.14 0.12 0.67 NON-FOREST Water 0.00 0.40

Total Geographic Area (sq km) 27.24 18.91 34.89

Range MANAMPALLY Section MANAMPALLY

Forest Crown Density Levels

Beat ANALI MANAMPALLI SHEIKALMUDI URULIKAL <20 % 0.79 4.23 1.66 0.45 20-40 % 2.38 8.00 7.28 3.91 40-60 % 0.15 1.11 1.79 0.63 60-80 % 6.46 3.25 3.51 2.41

CANOPY PERCENTAGE

>80 % 3.28 2.11 3.77 6.24 Cinchona Eucalyptus Tea

PLANTATIONS

Teak 0.46 Grass Land

Barren land 0.26 0.07 0.33 0.01 NON-FOREST

Water 1.08 0.71 Total Geographic Area (sq

km) 13.32 20.32 19.05 13.64

7.7 Beat and Section Wise Area Distribution of Forest Canopy Density of

Manambolly Range of Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Range MANAMBOLY Section KALLAR

Forest Crown Density Levels

Beat CHINNAKALLAR PERIYA KALLAR <20 % 2.48 1.63 20-40 % 11.19 4.84 40-60 % 10.00 1.25 60-80 % 0.23 14.72

CANOPY PERCENTAGE

>80 % 0.55 19.03 Cinchona 1.83 Eucalyptus 1.24 Tea 0.03 2.84

PLANTATIONS

Teak Grass Land 0.10 0.11 Barren land 0.20 0.09 NON-FOREST Water 0.07 0.14

Total Geographic Area (sq km) 24.85 47.72

Annuxre8

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL

UPPER ALIYAR EASAL THITTU EAST

KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI

EASAL THITTU WESTVALLAKONDAPURAM

MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA

AYIRAMKALARTHANRIPALAYAM

PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF BARKING DEER IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Barking Deer

Encounter Rate (Animal/km)

Boundary of IGWLS

Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

High (5)

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL


KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI


MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA


PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF CHITAL IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Chital


Boundary of IGWLS

Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

High (5)

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL


KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI


MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA


PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF ELEPHANT IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Elephant


Boundary of IGWLS

Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

High (5)

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL


KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI


MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA


PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF GAUR IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Boundary of IGWLS

Gaur


Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL


KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI


MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA


PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF HARE IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Hare


Boundary of IGWLS

Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL


KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI


MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA


PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF LEOPARD IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Leopard


Boundary of IGWLS

Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

High (5)

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL


KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI


MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA


PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF SAMBAR IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Boundary of IGWLS

Sambar


Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

High (5)

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL


KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI


MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA


PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF SLOTH BEAR IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Sloth Bear


Boundary of IGWLS

Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

High (5)

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL


KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI


MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA


PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF TIGER IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Tiger


Boundary of IGWLS

Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

High (5)

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL


KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI


MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA


PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF ALL PREY OF TIGER IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

All Prey of Tiger


Boundary of IGWLS

Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

High (5)

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL


KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI


MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA


PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF WILD BOAR IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Wild Boar


Boundary of IGWLS

Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

High (5)

TALINGI

IYERPADIKOMBU WEST

KALLAPURAM

TOPSLIP

PERIYA KALLAR

GRASSHILLS

AKKAMALAI

ALIYAR

VARAGALIYAR

ANALI

VILLONNIE

CHINNAR

MANAMPALLI

KOMBU EAST

MANJANPATTI

ATTAKATTY

KILANAVAYAL


KARATTUR

KURUMALAI

CHINNAKALLAR

KARATTUR

THIRUMURTHI MALAI


MANGARAI

URULIKAL

SHEIKALMUDI

PARUTHIYUR

KAVURKAL

POTHAMADA


PACHATHANNIR

ATTAKATTY

77°20'0"E

77°20'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°15'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°10'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°5'0"E

77°0'0"E

77°0'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°55'0"E

76°50'0"E

76°50'0"E

10°3

0'0"

N

10°3

0'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

5'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°2

0'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

10°1

5'0"

N

STATUS OF WILD DOG IN INDIRA GANDHI WILDLIFE SANCTUARY

0 3 61.5 Km

INDIA




Funding Agency


TAMIL NADU

Legend

Wild Dog


Boundary of IGWLS

Absent

Low (1-2)

Medium (3-4)

High (5)

Annuxre9 Phytosociological Sample Point Location in Indira Gandhi Wildlife Sanctuary

Sl. No. Uniq_no. Vegetation type Longitude Latitude Elevation (m)

1 1 Moist Deciduous 76.8521 10.4441 693 2 2 Semievergreen 76.8876 10.3569 798 3 3 Evergreen 76.8883 10.3570 828 4 4 Evergreen 76.8876 10.3531 879 5 7 Semievergreen 76.8951 10.3576 804 6 8 Semievergreen 76.8346 10.4766 792 7 9 Semievergreen 76.8365 10.4733 780 8 10 Semievergreen 76.8317 10.4753 780 9 11 Semievergreen 76.8299 10.4794 810

10 12 Semievergreen 76.8302 10.4838 837 11 13 Semievergreen 76.8479 10.4900 486 12 14 Shola 76.8351 10.5024 1205 13 15 Shola 76.8340 10.5016 1237 14 16 Shola 76.8363 10.5011 1187 15 17 Moist Deciduous 76.8462 10.4849 635 16 18 Moist Deciduous 76.8431 10.4809 709 17 19 Semievergreen 76.8355 10.4615 699 18 20 Evergreen 76.8324 10.4267 799 19 21 Evergreen 76.8355 10.4268 786 20 22 Semievergreen 76.8371 10.4258 786 21 23 Moist Deciduous 76.8391 10.4271 774 22 24 Evergreen 76.8313 10.4214 735 23 25 Semievergreen 76.8311 10.4219 753 24 26 Evergreen 76.8276 10.4205 744 25 27 Evergreen 76.8277 10.4210 723 26 28 Moist Deciduous 76.8777 10.3570 605 27 29 Evergreen 76.8751 10.3605 609 28 30 Semievergreen 76.8761 10.3634 590 29 31 Semievergreen 76.8781 10.3662 613 30 32 Semievergreen 76.8711 10.3636 622 31 33 Evergreen 76.8794 10.3665 627 32 34 Evergreen 76.8769 10.3657 603 33 35 Semievergreen 76.8766 10.3721 590 34 36 Semievergreen 76.8764 10.3568 604 35 37 Semievergreen 76.8778 10.3569 600 36 38 Semievergreen 76.8794 10.3565 611 37 39 Moist Deciduous 76.8792 10.3556 631


38 40 Semievergreen 76.8751 10.3571 600 39 41 Evergreen 76.8742 10.3578 623 40 42 Semievergreen 76.8741 10.3593 627 41 43 Evergreen 77.0241 10.3299 1668 42 44 Evergreen 77.0249 10.3286 1660 43 45 Evergreen 77.0270 10.3286 1668 44 46 Evergreen 77.0298 10.3296 1725 45 47 Evergreen 77.0323 10.3297 1783 46 48 Semievergreen 77.0431 10.3330 1857 47 49 Semievergreen 77.0469 10.3321 1916 48 50 Semievergreen 77.0405 10.3314 1820 49 51 Semievergreen 77.0405 10.3313 1766 50 52 Shola 77.0353 10.3296 1690 51 53 Shola 77.0259 10.3278 1643 52 54 Evergreen 76.9822 10.4129 1468 53 55 Moist Deciduous 76.9875 10.4308 1186 54 56 Moist Deciduous 76.9889 10.4318 1073 55 57 Semievergreen 76.9847 10.4391 936 56 58 Moist Deciduous 76.9839 10.4384 972 57 59 Moist Deciduous 76.9835 10.4376 981 58 60 Moist Deciduous 76.9707 10.4549 410 59 61 Dry Deciduous 76.9720 10.4520 468 60 62 Moist Deciduous 76.9698 10.4528 450 61 63 Moist Deciduous 76.9916 10.3749 1306 62 64 Scrub 77.3093 10.4232 355 63 66 Scrub 77.3074 10.4202 360 64 67 Scrub 77.3068 10.4184 362 65 68 Scrub 77.3061 10.4171 366 66 69 Scrub 77.3057 10.4151 382 67 70 Scrub 77.3047 10.4144 380 68 71 Scrub 77.3035 10.4126 399 69 72 Scrub 77.3016 10.4124 397 70 73 Scrub 77.3000 10.4118 430 71 74 Scrub 77.2982 10.4119 433 72 75 Dry Deciduous 77.2731 10.4168 346 73 76 Moist Deciduous 77.2739 10.4152 354 74 77 Scrub 77.2749 10.4135 359 75 78 Scrub 77.2756 10.4120 362 76 79 Scrub 77.2763 10.4105 364 77 80 Scrub 77.2775 10.4087 357 78 81 Scrub 77.2784 10.4074 356 79 82 Scrub 77.2794 10.4061 360 80 84 Scrub 77.2813 10.4030 367


81 85 Scrub 77.2825 10.4012 376 82 86 Scrub 77.2215 10.3595 470 83 89 Scrub 77.2261 10.3568 457 84 91 Dry Deciduous 77.2295 10.3553 451 85 92 Scrub 77.2310 10.3544 447 86 93 Scrub 77.2326 10.3535 443 87 94 Dry Deciduous 77.2344 10.3528 436 88 96 Semievergreen 77.2379 10.3529 431 89 97 Scrub 77.2541 10.3028 561 90 98 Dry Deciduous 77.2551 10.3016 566 91 100 Scrub 77.2567 10.2985 606 92 101 Dry Deciduous 77.2570 20.2975 659 93 102 Dry Deciduous 77.2582 10.2960 659 94 103 Scrub 77.2596 20.2948 631 95 105 Scrub 77.2606 20.2909 663 96 106 Scrub 77.2613 10.2892 692 97 107 Dry Deciduous 77.2616 10.2874 709 98 109 Scrub 77.2599 10.3062 563 99 110 Scrub 77.2618 10.3072 582

100 111 Scrub 77.2632 10.3079 665 101 112 Scrub 77.2648 10.3096 690 102 113 Scrub 77.2655 10.3108 716 103 114 Dry Deciduous 77.2729 10.2594 745 104 115 Dry Deciduous 77.2748 10.2602 736 105 116 Moist Deciduous 77.2763 10.2608 737 106 117 Semievergreen 77.2781 10.2613 721 107 119 Dry Deciduous 77.2811 10.2630 749 108 120 Dry Deciduous 77.2861 10.2764 661 109 121 Moist Deciduous 77.2880 10.2784 680 110 122 Moist Deciduous 77.2882 10.2786 676 111 123 Dry Deciduous 77.2896 10.2798 678 112 124 Moist Deciduous 77.2899 10.2823 685 113 125 Moist Deciduous 77.2902 10.2832 687 114 126 Dry Deciduous 77.2914 10.2854 721 115 127 Moist Deciduous 77.2923 10.2868 729 116 128 Dry Deciduous 77.2932 10.2883 728 117 129 Dry Deciduous 77.2943 10.2901 746 118 130 Dry Deciduous 77.2945 10.2919 772 119 131 Dry Deciduous 77.1518 10.4651 431 120 132 Scrub 77.1501 10.4649 452 121 133 Scrub 77.1483 10.4648 475 122 134 Scrub 77.1464 10.4645 532 123 135 Scrub 77.1452 10.4640 547


124 136 Dry Deciduous 77.1433 10.4636 592 125 137 Semievergreen 77.1526 10.4424 674 126 138 Scrub 77.1515 10.4415 682 127 139 Moist Deciduous 77.1508 10.4392 706 128 140 Moist Deciduous 77.1501 10.4375 733 129 141 Moist Deciduous 77.1492 10.4358 750 130 142 Dry Deciduous 77.1496 10.4344 778 131 143 Moist Deciduous 77.1504 10.4306 832 132 145 Dry Deciduous 77.1498 10.4292 871 133 146 Semievergreen 77.1488 10.4278 946 134 147 Moist Deciduous 77.1488 10.4262 1016 135 148 Semievergreen 77.1303 10.4333 1048 136 149 Dry Deciduous 77.1288 10.4349 1052 137 150 Moist Deciduous 77.1291 10.4368 1065 138 151 Dry Deciduous 77.1269 10.4373 1087 139 152 Dry Deciduous 77.1280 10.4396 1106 140 153 Dry Deciduous 77.1275 10.4413 1116 141 154 Moist Deciduous 77.1278 10.4431 1133 142 155 Moist Deciduous 77.1280 10.4451 1170 143 156 Dry Deciduous 77.1284 10.4466 1183 144 157 Semievergreen 77.1287 10.4484 1168 145 159 Moist Deciduous 77.1237 10.4450 1177 146 160 Semievergreen 77.1235 10.4433 1182 147 161 Dry Deciduous 77.1231 10.4415 1169 148 162 Semievergreen 77.1218 10.4403 1175 149 163 Moist Deciduous 77.1209 10.4389 1176 150 164 Moist Deciduous 77.1193 10.4377 1181 151 165 Semievergreen 77.1176 10.4368 1181 152 167 Moist Deciduous 77.1159 10.4343 1188 153 168 Moist Deciduous 77.1148 10.4326 1216 154 169 Dry Deciduous 77.1146 10.4310 1226 155 170 Moist Deciduous 77.0977 10.4506 1015 156 171 Scrub 77.0975 10.4523 1024 157 172 Scrub 77.0973 10.4540 1020 158 174 Dry Deciduous 77.0958 10.4571 1034 159 175 Scrub 77.0952 10.4586 1028 160 176 Semievergreen 77.0130 10.4435 902 161 178 Moist Deciduous 77.0164 10.4423 893 162 179 Semievergreen 77.0186 10.4420 886 163 180 Moist Deciduous 77.0204 10.4415 902 164 181 Semievergreen 77.0213 10.4415 882 165 182 Semievergreen 77.0236 10.4408 868 166 183 Semievergreen 77.0253 10.4406 875


167 184 Semievergreen 77.0269 10.4402 819 168 185 Semievergreen 77.0286 10.4396 850 169 186 Moist Deciduous 77.0304 10.4390 867 170 188 Dry Deciduous 77.0063 10.4334 886 171 189 Dry Deciduous 77.0071 10.4318 899 172 192 Dry Deciduous 77.0075 10.4262 980 173 193 Semievergreen 76.9960 10.3690 1362 174 194 Evergreen 76.9979 10.3673 1335 175 195 Evergreen 76.9979 10.3673 1345 176 196 Semievergreen 76.9980 10.3672 1397 177 197 Evergreen 76.9999 10.3668 1355 178 198 Evergreen 76.9998 10.3668 1480 179 199 Evergreen 77.0020 10.3655 1425 180 200 Semievergreen 77.0024 10.3651 1392 181 201 Moist Deciduous 77.0045 10.3633 1405 182 202 Semievergreen 77.0054 10.3625 1424 183 203 Semievergreen 77.0054 10.3624 1410 184 204 Evergreen 76.9944 10.3709 1393 185 205 Evergreen 76.9910 10.3724 1306 186 206 Evergreen 76.9929 10.3726 1378 187 207 Evergreen 76.9912 10.3719 1253 188 208 Evergreen 76.9895 10.3735 1212 189 209 Evergreen 76.9893 10.3736 1210 190 222 Shola 77.0733 10.3227 1910 191 225 Shola 77.0790 10.3223 1977 192 227 Shola 77.0807 10.3220 1981 193 228 Shola 77.0756 10.3303 1924 194 229 Shola 77.0829 10.3216 2002 195 230 Shola 77.0832 10.3218 2011 196 231 Semievergreen 76.8413 10.3326 1138 197 232 Evergreen 76.8413 10.3326 1044 198 233 Evergreen 76.8413 10.3326 1047 199 234 Semievergreen 76.8794 10.3592 599 200 235 Semievergreen 76.8797 10.3606 604 201 236 Semievergreen 76.8801 10.3624 635 202 237 Dry Deciduous 76.8810 10.3643 672 203 238 Dry Deciduous 76.8814 10.3656 666 204 239 Semievergreen 76.8811 10.3663 662 205 240 Semievergreen 76.8413 10.3326 1131 206 241 Semievergreen 76.9966 10.3559 1274

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