Maps and ChartsMaps and Charts A map is a small-scale flat-surface representation A map is a small-scale flat-surface representation

of some portion of the earth’s surface.of some portion of the earth’s surface. A representation that is designed for plotting A representation that is designed for plotting

navigational information is called a navigational information is called a chart.chart. Often times, map and chart are used Often times, map and chart are used

interchangeably.interchangeably. Because the earth is a sphere, a map must show Because the earth is a sphere, a map must show

the portion of the earth’s surface it represents the portion of the earth’s surface it represents with some distortion.with some distortion.

Elements in Map Elements in Map ConstructionConstruction

There are four basic elements in map There are four basic elements in map construction:construction:

areas,areas,shapes,shapes,bearings, andbearings, anddistances.distances.

The mathematical bases on which maps The mathematical bases on which maps are constructed are termed are constructed are termed projections.projections.

Lambert Conformal Lambert Conformal Conic ProjectionConic Projection

Concept supposes a Concept supposes a cone superimposed cone superimposed over the surface of over the surface of a sphere.a sphere.

Meridians of longitude converge Meridians of longitude converge

toward the nearer pole.toward the nearer pole.

Parallels of latitude are curves Parallels of latitude are curves

concave toward the nearer pole.concave toward the nearer pole.

The scale is almost perfectly uniform.The scale is almost perfectly uniform.

A straight line drawn on this chart A straight line drawn on this chart

represents the arc of a represents the arc of a Great CircleGreat Circle..

Mercator Mercator ProjectionProjection

Based on the fact Based on the fact that a cylinder has that a cylinder has its tangency at the its tangency at the Equator.Equator.

Can be visualized Can be visualized as a light radiating as a light radiating out from the center out from the center of the earth of the earth projecting an projecting an image outwards image outwards onto the cone.onto the cone.

Meridians of longitude are straight and Meridians of longitude are straight and

parallel.parallel.

Parallels of latitude are straight and parallel.Parallels of latitude are straight and parallel.

There is no constant scale.There is no constant scale.

A straight line drawn on this map is a A straight line drawn on this map is a Rhumb Rhumb

LineLine.. There is extreme exaggeration of longitude There is extreme exaggeration of longitude

in northerly areas. in northerly areas. Distances shown near the equator are fairly Distances shown near the equator are fairly

precise.precise.

Transverse Mercator Transverse Mercator ProjectionProjection

Same technique as Mercator Projection Same technique as Mercator Projection except the cylinder is rotated 90º so that except the cylinder is rotated 90º so that point of tangency is a meridian of longitude point of tangency is a meridian of longitude rather than the Equator.rather than the Equator.

Chart is accurate along the selected meridian.Chart is accurate along the selected meridian.

Similar to Mercator Projection except:Similar to Mercator Projection except:

Quite accurate at depicting scale.Quite accurate at depicting scale.

Distance is accurate along the Distance is accurate along the

meridian.meridian.

Distortion occurs at the edges of the Distortion occurs at the edges of the

map.map.

Confirmation Confirmation StageStage

NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage

A

B

C

D

Mercator projection

Transverse projection

Lambert projection

Lambert conic projection

Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:

Question #1 - Name a map type.

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Mercator Mercator ProjectionProjection Based on the fact thatBased on the fact that

a cylinder has itsa cylinder has itstangency at thetangency at theEquator.Equator.

Can be visualized as aCan be visualized as alight radiating outlight radiating outfrom the center of thefrom the center of theearth projecting anearth projecting animage outwards ontoimage outwards ontothe cone.the cone.

A

B

C

D

Mercator projection

Transverse mercator projection

Lambert conformal conic projection

Transverse projection

Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:

Question #2 - Put a cone over the surface of the earth and imagine a light shining from inside the earth projecting an image outwards onto the cone. Then unroll the cone and you have a .

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Lambert ConformalLambert ConformalConic ProjectionConic Projection

Concept supposes aConcept supposes acone superimposedcone superimposedover the surface of aover the surface of asphere.sphere.

Maps have a number of Maps have a number of properties including:properties including:

represents a portion of the represents a portion of the earth,earth,

has meridians of longitude has meridians of longitude and parallels of latitude,and parallels of latitude,

scale,scale, relief,relief, isogonic lines,isogonic lines, communities, roads and communities, roads and

railways,railways, aerodromes,aerodromes, restricted areas,restricted areas, compass rose, andcompass rose, and aeronautical information.aeronautical information.

ScaleScaleScale is a relationship between a unit of Scale is a relationship between a unit of distance on the map to the distance on the distance on the map to the distance on the earth that the unit represents. Two methods earth that the unit represents. Two methods include:include:

Representative Fraction:Representative Fraction: most common method of expressing map scale.most common method of expressing map scale. expresses the ratio of a unit of length of the map to a expresses the ratio of a unit of length of the map to a

corresponding number of similar units on the earth.corresponding number of similar units on the earth. Graduated Scale:Graduated Scale:

a line drawn on some convenient part of the map a line drawn on some convenient part of the map and graduated to show the length of one mile on the and graduated to show the length of one mile on the map.map.

ReliefReliefA representation of ground A representation of ground elevation above sea level on elevation above sea level on aeronautical maps. There are aeronautical maps. There are three ways to show relief on a three ways to show relief on a map:map:

– Layer TintingLayer Tinting– Contour LinesContour Lines– Spot HeightsSpot Heights

Layer TintingLayer Tinting When the map is When the map is

coloured to coloured to represent different represent different levels of elevation.levels of elevation.

An elevation legend An elevation legend is printed on the is printed on the white border of white border of every map to show every map to show what colours are what colours are used for different used for different elevations.elevations.

Contour LinesContour Lines Lines drawn on a chart joining points of Lines drawn on a chart joining points of

equal elevation above mean sea level.equal elevation above mean sea level.

The gradient of a slope is indicated by The gradient of a slope is indicated by the horizontal distance between the the horizontal distance between the contour lines.contour lines.

Spot HeightsSpot Heights When high elevations are When high elevations are

marked by a dot with the spot marked by a dot with the spot height written beside the dot.height written beside the dot.

The highest spot height in a The highest spot height in a quadrant is usually printed in quadrant is usually printed in larger numbers than the other larger numbers than the other spot heights.spot heights.

Confirmation Confirmation StageStage

NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage

A

B

C

D

Representative fraction

Graduated scale

Spot height

Both A and B

Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:

Question #3 - What is a scale?

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ScaleScaleScale is a relationship between a unit of distanceScale is a relationship between a unit of distanceon the map to the distance on the earth that theon the map to the distance on the earth that theunit represents. Two methods include:unit represents. Two methods include:

Representative Fraction:Representative Fraction: most common method of expressing map scale.most common method of expressing map scale.

expresses the ratio of a unit of length of the map to aexpresses the ratio of a unit of length of the map to acorresponding number of similar units on the earth.corresponding number of similar units on the earth.

Graduated Scale:Graduated Scale: a line drawn on some convenient part of the map anda line drawn on some convenient part of the map and

graduated to show the length of one mile on the map.graduated to show the length of one mile on the map.

A

B

C

D

Layer tinting

Contour lines

Spot Heights

Scale

Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:

Question #4 - What joins places of equal elevation above mean sea level?

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Contour LinesContour Lines Lines drawn on a chart joining points ofLines drawn on a chart joining points of

equal elevation above mean sea level.equal elevation above mean sea level.

The gradient of a slope is indicatedThe gradient of a slope is indicatedby the horizontal distance betweenby the horizontal distance betweenthe contour lines.the contour lines.

Types of Types of NavigatioNavigation Chartsn Charts

VFR Navigation Charts (VNC)

World Aeronautical Charts (WAC)

VFR Terminal Area Charts (YTA)

Enr

oute

Cha

rts

VFR Navigation Charts VFR Navigation Charts (VNC):(VNC): replacing the CPC’s,replacing the CPC’s, depict more extensive depict more extensive

geographical areas,geographical areas, chart printed on both chart printed on both

sides,sides, chart is identified by the chart is identified by the

name of principle name of principle landmarklandmark

based on Lambert based on Lambert Conformal Projection,Conformal Projection,

Useful during flights at Useful during flights at lower altitudes and slower lower altitudes and slower speedsspeeds

scale is 1:500,000.scale is 1:500,000.

World Aeronautical World Aeronautical Charts (WAC):Charts (WAC): designed for visual designed for visual

navigation at higher navigation at higher altitudes and greater altitudes and greater speeds,speeds,

each chart depicts a each chart depicts a sizeable portion of a sizeable portion of a geographical area,geographical area,

each chart is identified each chart is identified by a letter and a by a letter and a number,number,

printed on both sides,printed on both sides, scale is 1:1,000,000.scale is 1:1,000,000.

VFR Terminal Area VFR Terminal Area Charts:Charts: large-scale charts large-scale charts

(1:250,000) published for (1:250,000) published for those airports in Canada those airports in Canada which have been which have been designated as classified designated as classified airspace for control airspace for control purposes,purposes,

based on Transverse based on Transverse Mercator Projection.Mercator Projection.

Enroute Charts :

Low altitude charts are for altitudes less than 18,000 feet and high altitude charts are for altitudes equal to or greater than 18,000 feet.

Provide information for radio navigation over designated airways system… very little visual information.

Its scale is not consistent.

Canadian Flight Canadian Flight SupplementSupplement

Supplement to A.I.P. Supplement to A.I.P. CanadaCanada

Lists all aerodromes shown Lists all aerodromes shown on VNC’s, and WAC’s. on VNC’s, and WAC’s.

It also contains all kinds of It also contains all kinds of valuable information valuable information related to aviation and is related to aviation and is absolutely absolutely invaluableinvaluable to a to a pilot.pilot.

Confirmation Confirmation StageStage

NOTE: You must use the buttons in the Confirmation Stage

A

B

C

D

1:1,000,000

1:500,000

1:250,000

None of the above

Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:

Question #5 - What is the scale of a VNC?

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VFR Navigation ChartsVFR Navigation Charts(VNC):(VNC): replacing the CPC’s,replacing the CPC’s, depict more extensivedepict more extensive

geographical areas,geographical areas, chart printed on bothchart printed on both

sides,sides, chart is identified by thechart is identified by the

name of principlename of principlelandmarklandmark

based on Lambertbased on LambertConformal Projection,Conformal Projection,

Useful during flights atUseful during flights atlower altitudes and slowerlower altitudes and slowerspeedsspeeds

scale is 1:500,000.scale is 1:500,000.

A

B

C

D

Slow speeds at low altitudes

Visual navigation at high speeds

Terminal Class C airspace

Radio navigation

Let's try a few review questions on Navigation:

Question #6 - What are WAC charts are used for?

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World AeronauticalWorld AeronauticalCharts (WAC):Charts (WAC): designed for visualdesigned for visual

navigation at highernavigation at higheraltitudes and greateraltitudes and greaterspeeds,speeds,

each chart depicts aeach chart depicts asizeable portion of asizeable portion of ageographical area,geographical area,

each chart is identifiedeach chart is identifiedby a letter and aby a letter and anumber,number,

printed on both sides,printed on both sides, scale is 1:1,000,000.scale is 1:1,000,000.

Congratulations!!

You have now completed the Projections lesson of the Navigation Module. Of course, this lesson is always available to you for future reference if required.

You are now ready to move along to the next Navigation lesson you have not completed or to any other module you wish. You can advance to the Self Test Module if you feel ready to challenge the final exam.

Good Luck!

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