Maquetación 1 - CIRCABC - Welcome€¦ · Apart from guidelines for management plans,this manual...

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Published by: SEO/BirdLifeCover photos: © Carlos Dávila and © Juan Carlos AtienzaTexts: © SEO/BirdLife and the authorsTranslated by: Almudena Sainz, Antonio Martín and Jesús ContrerasPhotos: © SEO/BirdLife and the authorsLayout by: SimétricaPrinted by: Netaigraf

The spreading is authorized and appreciates, provided that the source is cited correctly. Recommended citation: Íñigo,A., O. Infante,V. López, J.Valls and J.C. Atienza. 2010. Guidelines for drafting Natura 2000 Management Plans and specialmeasures to be carried out in SPAs. SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.

D. L.: M-3340-2009Printed: august 2010

Printed on recycled paper

Any comment to this manual will be very much appreciated. Please send your contribution to be included in next editions:[email protected]

List of contributors

Agustín Alcalde Lorenzo (SGHN),AlbertoVelando (Universidad deVigo),Alejandro Martínez-Abraín (IMEDEA-CSIC), Álvaro Barros,Ana Carricondo(SEO/BirdLife),Andrés Barbosa (MNCN-CSIC),Andy Green (EBD-CSIC), Ángel Hernández (Universidad de Valladolid), Ángel Herrero Calva (BHS-consultores ambientales),Antoni Curcó Masip (Generalitat de Catalunya),Antoni Margalida (Grupo de Estudio y Protección del Quebrantahuesos),Antonio Sandoval Rey (Terranova Interpretación y Gestión Ambiental S.L.), Beatriz Arroyo (IREC-UCLM-CSIC), Beatriz Sánchez (SEO/BirdLife),Beneharo Rodríguez (SEO/BirdLife), Bernardo Arroyo, Blas Molina (SEO/BirdLife), Bosco Dies Jambrino (Generalitat Valenciana), Carlos A. Martín(IREC-UCLM-CSIC),Carlos Palacín (MNCN-CSIC),Carlos Ponce (MNCN-CSIC),Carmen Martínez (MNCN-CSIC),Claudine de le Court (EGMASA),Concha Raya, Covadonga Viedma Gil (Generalitat Valenciana), Cristina Barros, Cristina González (SEO/BirdLife), Cristina Sánchez (SEO/BirdLife),Daniel Oro (Universidad de Barcelona), David Álvarez (Universidad de Oviedo), David Giralt (CentreTecnològic Forestal de Catalunya), David Howell(SEO/BirdLife), David P. Padilla (IPNA-CSIC), David Palomino (SEO/BirdLife), Diana Pérez-Aranda (COIE), Domingo Trujillo, Eladio L. García de laMorena (SECIM), Enrique Pelayo Zueco (SODEMASA-Gobierno de Aragón), Eulalia Moreno Mañas (EEZA-CSIC), Felipe González (SEO/BirdLife),Felipe Rodríguez Godoy (Gobierno de Canarias), Felipe Siverio, Félix Manuel Medina (Cabildo Insular de La Palma), Fernando Ibáñez (EBD-CSIC),Fernando Jubete (Fundación Global Nature), Francisco Hortas Rodríguez-Pascual (Universidad de Cádiz), Francisco Purroy (Universidad de León),Francisco RobledanoAymerich (Universidad de Murcia), Francisco Suárez (UniversidadAutónoma de Madrid), Gerard Bota Cabau (CentreTecnològicForestal de Catalunya), Gerardo Báguena (Fundación Quebratahuesos), Germán López (Universidad de Alicante), Guillermo Blanco (MNCN-CSIC),Guillermo Doval, Gustavo A. Ballesteros Pelegrín (Centro de Investigación de Humedales "Las Salinas", Murcia), Ignacio Munilla Rumbao (Universidadde Santiago de Compostela), Íñigo Zuberogoitia (Ícarus), Hugo Robles Díaz (Universidad de La Coruña), Jacob González-Solís Bou (Universitat deBarcelona), Javier Prieta (SEO-Cáceres), Javier Purroy Balda (SEO/BirdLife), Javier Sampietro (SODEMASA-Gobierno de Aragón), JavierViñuela (IREC-UCLM-CSIC), Jesús Domínguez (Universidad de Santiago de Compostela), Jesús María Lekuona, Jesús Miguel Avilés Regodón (EEZA-CSIC), JesúsPalacios Alberti (Junta de Castilla y León), Jesús T. García (IREC-UCLM-CSIC), Joan Real (Universidad de Barcelona), Jonathan Rubines (DiputaciónForal de Navarra), Jordi Canut Bartra (Generalitat de Catalunya), Jorge Lozano (SEO/BirdLife), Jorge Mouriño (ARCEA-Xestión de Recursos NaturaisS.L.), José A. Masero Osorio (Universidad de Extremadura),José Antonio Donazar (EBD-CSIC), José Antonio Lorenzo (SEO/BirdLife), José AntonioOñate (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), José Antonio Sánchez Zapata (Universidad Miguel Hernández), José Luis Echevarrías Escuder (GeneralitatValenciana), José Luis Rivas (SODEMASA-Gobierno de Aragón), José Luis Tella (EBD-CSIC), José Luis Tellería (Universidad Complutense de Madrid),José Manuel Arcos (SEO/BirdLife), José Manuel de los Reyes (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), José María Fernández García (IKT SA Álava), JoséRamón Obeso (Universidad de Oviedo), Juan Aguilar Amat (EBD-CSIC), Juan Antonio Gómez López (Generalitat Valenciana), Juan Antonio Lorenzo(SEO/BirdLife), Juan Bécares (SEO/BirdLife), Juan Carlos Albero (SODEMASA-Gobierno de Aragón), Juan Carlos Alonso (MNCN-CSIC), Juan Carlosdel Moral (SEO/BirdLife), Juan Carlos Illera (IPNA-CSIC), Juan López-Jamar del Castillo (Consultor ambiental), Juan Luis Hernández (SEO-Soria), JuanLuis Rodríguez Luengo (Gobierno de Canarias), Juan Navedo (Universidad de Extremadura), Juan Prieto, Keith Emmerson, Lluís Brotons (CentreTecnològic Forestal de Catalunya), Luis Santiago Cano (Universidad Complutense de Madrid), Maite Louzao (Helmholtz Centre for EnviromentalResearch-UFZ), Manuel B. Morales (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid), Manuel Máñez (EBD-CSIC), Manuel Nogales (IPNA-CSIC), Manuel Siverio,Manuela G. Forero (EBD-CSIC), María Vidal (Universidad de Santiago de Compostela), Mariajo Bañuelos (ICAB-Universidad de Oviedo), MarianoRodríguez Alonso (Junta de Castilla y León), Mario Díaz (CCMA-CSIC), Mario Giménez (SEO/BirdLife), Mario Quevedo (ICAB-Universidad deOviedo), Miguel Ángel Gómez (VAERSA), Miguel Ángel Peña Estévez (Cabildo de Gran Canaria), Óscar Rivas, Pablo Farinós Celdrán (Universidad deMurcia), Pascual López López (Universidad de Valencia), Pere Pons (Universidad de Girona), Rafael Riera (GESPLAN), Rafael Salvadores (ARCEA-Xestión de Recursos Naturais), Ramón J.Antor, Raquel Ibáñez (Parque Natural del Alto Tajo), Ricard Gutiérrez (Generalitat de Catalunya), RobertoGonzález (SEO/BirdLife), Rubén Barone Tosco, Rubén Moreno-Opo (TRAGSEGA), Sara Cabezas (SEO/BirdLife), Sergio Couto (Fundación Gypaetus),Teresa Gil (TRAGSATEC),Vicente Garza (Universidad Autónoma de Madrid) and Xulio Valeiras (GIAM).

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GGUUIIDDEELLIINNEESS FFOORR DDRRAAFFTTIINNGG NNAATTUURRAA 22000000 MMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT PPLLAANNSS.......................................................................................... 55IInnttrroodduuccttiioonn......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 55HHooww ttoo ddrraafftt aanndd pprroocceessss aa MMaannaaggeemmeenntt PPllaann...................................................................................................................................................................... 1100BBaassiicc ccoonntteenntt ffoorr aa MMaannaaggeemmeenntt PPllaann.............................................................................................................................................................................................. 1122TThhee ppaarrttiiccuullaarr ccaassee ooff ssiitteess lliinnkkeedd ttoo wwaatteerr .............................................................................................................................................................................. 1155

SSPPEECCIIAALL MMEEAASSUURREESS TTOO CCAARRRRYY OOUUTT IINN SSPPAAss .......................................................................................................................................................... 1177AAssppeeccttss ttoo bbee ccoonnssiiddeerreedd aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo hhaabbiittaattss tthhaatt aarree pprreesseenntt iinn aa SSPPAA ........................................................................................ 1177AAssppeeccttss ttoo bbee ccoonnssiiddeerreedd aaccccoorrddiinngg ttoo tthhee ssppeecciieess pprreesseenntt iinn aa SSPPAA ........................................................................................................ 1177SSppeecciiaall ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn mmeeaassuurreess ffoorr aaqquuaattiicc bbiirrddss ................................................................................................................................................................ 1199SSppeecciiaall ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn mmeeaassuurreess ffoorr bbiirrddss iinn aallppiinnee aanndd nnoonn--ffoorreesstt mmoonnttaannee eennvviirroonnmmeennttss ............................................ 2266SSppeecciiaall ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn mmeeaassuurreess ffoorr bbiirrddss iinn ssccrruubbllaanndd eennvviirroonnmmeennttss.......................................................................................................... 2288SSppeecciiaall ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn mmeeaassuurreess ffoorr bbiirrddss iinn tthhee CCaannaarryy IIssllaannddss.......................................................................................................................... 2299SSppeecciiaall ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn mmeeaassuurreess ffoorr bbiirrddss iinn sstteeppppee eennvviirroonnmmeennttss .................................................................................................................. 3344SSppeecciiaall ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn mmeeaassuurreess ffoorr ffoorreesstt bbiirrddss .................................................................................................................................................................... 3399SSppeecciiaall ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn mmeeaassuurreess ffoorr mmaarriinnee aanndd ccooaassttaall bbiirrddss .............................................................................................................................. 4466SSppeecciiaall ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn mmeeaassuurreess ffoorr cclliiffff--nneessttiinngg bbiirrddss .................................................................................................................................................... 5500SSppeecciiaall ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn mmeeaassuurreess ffoorr rruurraall aanndd uurrbbaann bbiirrddss ........................................................................................................................................ 5544SSppeecciiffiicc mmeeaassuurreess ffoorr iinnffoorrmmaattiioonn aanndd aawwaarreenneessss ............................................................................................................................................................ 5555KKnnoowwlleeddggee ooff tthhee ssppeecciieess lliisstteedd oonn AAnnnneexx II ooff DDiirreeccttiivvee 22000099//114477//CCEE aanndd rreegguullaarrllyy ooccccuurrrriinngg mmiiggrraattoorryybbiirrddss.......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 5566RReeffeerreenncceess......................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................................... 6633RReeffeerreenncceess ffoorr hhuunnttiinngg ssppeecciieess .................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 7722

AANNNNEEXX:: BBiirrddLLiiffee ppoossiittiioonn oonn SSPPAA mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ppllaannss ............................................................................................................................................ 7744

CONTENTS

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GUIDELINES FOR DRAFTING NATURA 2000 MANAGEMENT PLANS AND SPECIAL MEASURES TO BE CARRIED OUT IN SPAs

Guidelines for draftingNatura 2000Management PlansINTRODUCTION

Since Spain entered the EEC in 1986 it has been obliged todeclare and protect a network of areas named SpecialProtection Areas for Birds (SPAs), aiming to achieve theconservation of migratory species as well as those speciesconsidered as a conservation priority, and as such included inAnnex I of the Birds Directive1. Furthermore, this Directiveobliges Member States to carry out special conservationmeasures regarding the habitats of these birds, aiming toensure their survival and reproduction within their distributionarea. Later, in 1992, a second Directive, usually known as theHabitats Directive2, was approved, requiring the creation of aEuropean network of areas for the conservation of naturalvalues: this is the ‘Natura 2000’ network, made up of newareas called Sites of Community Importance (SCIs) andSpecial Areas of Conservation (SACs) which includes the SPAnetwork. Therefore, since 1992, to the existing duty of theBirds Directive must be added those of the HabitatsDirective, and especially the obligation to maintain these areasin a favourable condition, to approve management plans orother agreements and to ensure that neither plans norprojects have a negative effect on these areas. Last, theNatural Heritage and Biodiversity Law3 transposed fully bothDirectives into Spanish law including some importantobligations. One of these is the approval of management plansfor all Natura 2000 sites within 3 years.

At present, although the SPA designation process has notyet finished, and the required adoption of of the SCIs asSACs is currently taking place, it is necessary to dedicatefurther efforts to the management of individual areas andto the network as a whole. These circumstances and alsothe requirement for drafting and approving plans andmanagement tools for all areas under the Natura 2000network, have motivated SEO/BirdLife to draft someguidelines which set out some minimum requirements forsuch management.

Many areas of the Natura 2000 network in Spain insome way coincide with existing Natural ProtectedAreas, and therefore Spanish law already requires themto have a Management Plan for Natural Reserves (‘Plan deOrdenación de los Recursos Naturales’, ‘PORN’) and/or aManagement and Use Plan (‘Plan Rector de Uso y Gestión,‘PRUG’).

Therefore, there is little experience of these matters inSpain and guidelines are needed to facilitate the drafting andapproval of management plans. This text aims to summari-se concisely all the important issues to bear in mind whendrafting a management plan for a Natura 2000 protectedarea. Although in Spain the Autonomous Communitiesare legally responsible for drafting and approving Natura2000 site management plans, the Natura 2000 network isan EU-wide concept and the species protected by thenetwork may use different sites during their life-cycles.

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1. Council Directive 79/409/EEC, on the conservation of wild birds, as modified by Directive 2009/147/EC to reflect the incorporation of new EU memberstates since 1979.

2. Council Directive 92/43/EEC, on the conservation of natural habitats and of wild fauna and flora.3. Spanish Law 42/2007, December 13, on Natural Heritage and Biodiversity.

Photo: Felipe González

Management measures help to achieve the conservation objectivesof Natura 2000 sites

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For this reason, good coordination between public autho-rities is necessary as well as a coherent structure of theplans regarding their contents, the conservation measuresto be adopted, and in the monitoring and evaluation ofthe management measures. Nevertheless, taking intoaccount the different regulations, resources and ways ofworking of the different Autonomous Communities, theseguidelines do not describe the way in which particularmeasures should be carried out, but they do highlight theneed to tackle each question in order to maintain somedegree of coherence in the management of Natura 2000protected areas.

In December 2008, within the context of the ‘Important BirdAreas’ (‘IBA’) programme, and with a grant from theMinistry for Environment and Rural and Marine Affairs,SEO/BirdLife published ’Guidelines for drafting plans ormanagement tools for SPAs’. This piublication proposedsome basic guidelines for drafting SPA management plans,including an Annex regarding the kind of measures to betaken into account for each bird species in Annex I ofthe Birds Directive. Subsequently, during 2009, meetingswere held with technical staff from the AutonomousCommunities of Andalucía, Castilla-La Mancha, Castilla y Leónand Extremadura, involved in the drafting of Natura 2000Management Plans, under the auspices of the HorizontesNatura 2000 campaing (www.horizontesnatura2000.org).In these meetings, the guidelines proposed by SEO/BirdLifein 2008 were revised and some modifications weresuggested in order to improve them and make them moregenerally applicable to the entire Natura 2000 network. Asa result of these meetings the guidelines composing the firstpart of this manual have been corrected and extended forthe entire Natura 2000 network.

Apart from guidelines for management plans, this manualalso includes the management measures which should beconsidered, depending on the bird species in the protectedarea. Measures have not been included for those speciesfrom other groups of fauna or flora, nor for habitats ofcommunity importance, but this exercise must be carriedout by the responsible authorities when drafting manage-ment plans for SCIs in order for them to be declared asSACs. SEO/BirdLife held six technical workshops betweenMay and September 2009 for the compilation and evalua-tion of such measures and more than 150 experts andscientists have collaborated in revising and commenting onthe proposed measures.

Obligations of the European Directivesand Law 42/2007The Directives, Management Plans and SACsAs required by Article 4.4 of the Habitats Directive, whendeclaring SCIs as SACs Member States will have to establishpriorities for the maintenance or re-establishment of afavourable conservation condition of relevant Annex I habi-tat types or Annex II species, as well as for maintaining theecological coherence of the Natura 2000 network, accor-ding to their risk of suffering deterioration or destruction.Moreover, Article 6.1 requires that “For special areas of con-servation, Member States shall establish the necessary conser-vation measures involving, if need be, appropriate managementplans specifically designed for the sites or integrated into otherdevelopment plans, and appropriate statutory, administrative orcontractual measures which correspond to the ecological requi-rements of the natural habitat types in Annex I and the speciesin Annex II present on the sites”. Therefore, the obligation todraft Management Plans for SACs derives directly from theEuropean DIrective.

The Directives, Management Plans and SPAsHowever, the Habitats Directive does not mention SPAswhen including the obligation for management plans. It istherefore necessary to consult the Birds Directive andcase law of the European Court of Justice in order toanalyse Spain’s or other members states duties regardingmanagement plans for SPAs and the measures to be carryout within them.

The Birds Directive requires Member States to provideSPAs with a legal protection regime, specific and reinfor-ced, which is capable of guaranteeing the survival andreproduction of bird species listed in Annex I, as well asthe breeding, moulting and overwintering of the migratoryspecies regularly visiting the area, even if they are not lis-ted in Annex I.

Article 4 of the Birds Directive obliges Member States toadopt special conservation measures in SPAs with theobjective of ensuring the survival and reproduction of thewild bird species protected within the site. The EuropeanCourt has made clear that these measures can not be of avoluntary or merely coercive nature, such as agrienviro-ment measures, and neither can sectoral regulations beconsidered special conservation measures if their mainaim is not SPA conservation4. Measures must be linked to


4. Judgement Case C-96/98 Commission v France ‘the Poitevin Marsh‘.

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each SPA. Furthermore, a directive’s requirements must becarried out with undisputable imperative forcer, with thespecificity, accuracy and clarity required to meet the needfor absolute legal certainty5.The principle of legal certaintydemands that adequate publicity is given to the nationalmeasures adopted in the application of EU law, in orderthat those parties affected by the legal measures know theextent of their rights and obligations within the specific fieldgoverned by EU law6.

For all these reasons, although the Birds Directive does notname them, those documents with sufficient legal authority toensure their compliance, approved with adequate publicparticipation and public information and which include,at least, the special conservation measures for maintainingthe areas in a favourable conservation condition to bemanagement plans.Therefore without formally naming them,the Directive also requires management plans to be approvedin the case of SPAs.

Spanish case: the Natural Heritage andBiodiversity LawIn the light of these EU obligations, Spain decided to includein its basic legislation the requirement to prepare manage-ment plans which would comply with both Directives. TheNatural Heritage and Biodiversity Law 42/2007 bindsAutonomous Communities to establish the necessary con-servation measures in Natura 2000 protected areas, whichcorrespond to the environmental requirements of thenatural habitats and species present in such areas.This willalso imply the approval of adequate management plans orinstruments specific to these areas or integrated in otherdevelopment plans.They should include at least the conser-vation objectives for the site and the appropriate measuresfor in order to maintain the areas in a favourable conserva-tion condition.

This Law defines conservation objectives as “the populationlevels of the different species as well as the extent and quality ofthe habitats which an area must hold in order to reach afavourable conservation condition”. Therefore, for each speciesand each of the habitats defined in both Directives andregularly present in the site, the population size, abundaceindex or occuped surface which is considered to correspondto favourable conservation condition should be defined, thusbecoming the site´s conservation objectives.

The Natural Heritage and Biodiversity Law interprets Article6 of the Habitats Directive more broadly, since it includes theduty to prepare management plans for all protected areaswithin the Natura 2000 network, even SPAs.The intention isto have management plans which define the means to meetobjectives and plan the site´s conservation on a long-termbasis and which, together with other plans and contractualmeasures can prevent any deterioration of these sites andeven restore them.

Management plan obligations which derive fromthe Directives and the Natural Heritage andBiodiversity LawThe Law includes the minimum contents of managementplans, but in reality, these plans must include all the contentsrequired to ensure compliance with both Directives and theLaw 42/2007.This is the reason why it is necessary to developdetailed regulations for the Law (such as guidelines for theconservation of the Natura 2000 network) to include allthose aspects which might make management plans aneffective tool for guaranteeing compliance with the primarylegislation.

Photo:

Gab

rielS

ierra

The activities carried out in Natura 2000 must take into account theconservation of species.

5. Judgement Case C-159/99 Commission v Italy.6. Judgement Case C-313/99.

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Favourable Conservation StatusIn general terms a Natura 2000 site can be considered tobe in favourable conservation status, if the bird species ofAnnex I of the Birds Directive, or migratory species withregular presence in that site, or the non-bird species andhabitats described in Annex I, II and IV of HabitatsDirective, are above a predetermined ‘favourable referen-ce value’ (FRV). These values must be established by thespecific conservation objectives for each area, and mustbe expressed through population parameters (populationsize or some other population measure), or extent orquality of the habitat. If only one of the species for whichthe site was designated were not to reach its favourablereference value, the conservation status of the site wouldbe regarded as ‘unfavourable’.

In fact, favourable reference values are closely related to thepopulation levels of each species for which each protectedarea is designated. Therefore, it is essential in the long term,to regularly monitor the population of each of the speciesusually present in the area, as well as their habitat, since theseelements will determine if the site is in a favourable conserva-tion status.

The reference population size is that which existed in a Natura2000 network protected area or an area which is a candidateto become so,when the Member State had the obligation todesignate it as such, in compliance with the Birds Directiveand the Habitats Directive, as long as the area was in afavourable conservation status at that time. Therefore, thereference date for Spain has to be 1986 for SPAs, which is thedate of Spain’s incorporation to the EEC, and 1998 for SACsunless the SCI which gave rise to this designation waspreviously identified by the Member State.

If the population size of the species in a site is not known atthe reference date, the simplest option is to consider as areference value the population size in that site when itspopulation is already known and it is accepted that it was ina favourable conservation status, bearing in mind the naturalfluctuations of that species or its habitat. In all cases, thereference population size must be justified by scientificallyguaranteed data.

Conservation objectives must be established at a differentlevel to those existing on the reference date, should there bereasons to think that, at that moment the species was not ina favourable conservation status. In the following circumstan-ces higher population objectives (reference population size)or habitat objectives must be established:

1. The species population has increased from the referen-ce date.

2. Historical data indicate that the species was decliningbefore the reference date.

3. There are factors in the site, e.g. hunting or disturbance,which diminish the population density of the species forwhich the site was designated.

4. Scientific research shows that the carrying capacity of thesite is higher than the present population level.

5. Conservation objectives at a higher level require the esta-blishment of more ambitious objectives in the site.Thesehigher level objectives may be related, for example, to thecoherence of the Natura 2000 network, national objecti-ves, and EU or European objectives regarding conserva-tion of the environment.

Other considerations• In the event that, due to an irreversible loss of habitat, the

population size of some species population has irrever-sibly diminished from the reference date, it can be consi-dered that the site is in a permanent unfavourable conser-vation status for such species. In such cases, the MemberState is obliged to compensate the irreversible loss of thespecies from that site, restoring its population to similarfavourable levels. This can be done in some other site if itis proven that it is not possible to do it in the orginal site.

• In the event that the population has been reduced due tonatural factors outside the site, e.g. a general change inthe distribution of the species due to climate factors ordue to a high winter mortality elsewhere, the site may bein a favourable conservation status for the species (interms of habitat quality and quantity) although the speciesis reduced in number or even absent. In this case, it willbe necessary to carry out specific investigations in orderto check if these factors are present.

• Although there could be differences between the objec-tives and the existing population in the site, it can be con-sidered that conservation objectives are being met if suchdifferences are due to fluctuations in terms of populationlevels or habitat area, which are attributable to the natu-ral dynamics of the species or the habitat.

• Population objectives may be established as: recommen-ded populations, population density or some otherpopulation variable (e.g. mortality rate or reproductivesuccess).

• Conservation objectives and favourable reference valuesmay be established for species which are non-migratory,not listed in Annex I of the Birds Directive and/or notregularly present in the site. However, it is suggested that


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these species are not taken into account when definingthe general conservation condition of the site.

What should a management plan be?

– It should be a document prepared under the responsibilityand control of the autonomous communities, since theyare the authorities responsible for the application of theBirds and Habitats Directives, with the aim of complyingwith Spain’s commitments in ths site7.

– It should be a tool which gives coherence to the publicand private actions which produce an impact on thespecies and habitats of the site.

– It should be a reference document as well as an aid todecision-making for the stakeholders with interests in thesite.

– It should be a document agreed with the local stakehol-ders present in the site or with interests in it.

– It should be a process designed to secure agreement onthe site’s conservation objectives, and on who, how andwith what resources these will be means to do it.

– It should be a document which helps to communicate tosociety the site´s value, the need to protect it, and theobjectives and measures proposed for this purpose. Thedocument must be public and the local inhabitants shouldknow about it.

– The environmental inventory of the document should bea reference for the area.

– It should be a concise document which responds to thefundamental questions it must deal with (Box 1).

– It must be a document with enough legal force toensure the plan’s prevalence over other urban andland-use planning considerations. When existing planninginstruments for land use, urban development and naturalresources contradict Natura 2000 site management plans,these sectoral plans will have to adapt to Natura 2000requirements.Whilst this adaptation is not carried out,the requirements of the Natura 2000 managementplan decisions will apply, prevailing over such sectoralinstruments8.

– It should not be conditioned by the fear of compensationcosts arising for the public authorities (Box 2).

7. In the case of marine SPAs designated by the national authorities, these authorities will bear the responsibility for drafting and approval managementinstruments.

8. Article 2f of the Law 42/2007.

Photo: Juan Carlos Atienza

The suitable livestock management is essential in a large number of sites

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What should a management plan not be?

– It should not be a scientific study of the environment buta document which analyses the situation and proposesmeasures accordingly.

– It should not be PORN9 or a subsitute for General UrbanPlans.

– It should not be a legal document with rules imposed bythe State or Europe, but an agreement between all partiesin order to comply with the environmental commitmentsof our country.

HOW TO DRAFT AND PROCESS AMANAGEMENT PLAN

A management plan is more than a recipe of measures tocarry out, but it should be an agreement between publicadministrations and society, in order to maintain protectedareas under Natura 2000 network in a favourable conserva-tion status. That is why the contents of the plan are as impor-tant as the way it is processed and approved.

How should a plan or managementtool be processed?The aim of these guidelines is not to propose a specificmethodology to draft and approve a plan or manage-ment tool, since there are already appropriate manuals.Nevertheless, due to the importance of these subjects, itoutlines the main characteristics that such procedureshould have.

1. Process based on experts’ recommendations.Since management plans have the aim of maintainingdifferent bird species population, it is necessary thatexperts and scientists in those species should give the

BBooxx 11.. Main aspects of a Natura 2000 site mana-gement plan:

• To identify the species and habitats which are to bethe subject of management measures.

• To have a detailed knowledge of the location of thespecies and habitats to be protected.

• To determine the ecological requirements of the spe-cies and habitats for which the site was designated.

• To assess the conservation status of each species andhabitat.

• To define the conservation objective (population orarea and optimum quality) of these species and habi-tats.

• To identify the threats which cause or may causedeterioration in these habitats or populations.

• To identify the economic, social and cultural requi-rements present in the site in order to anticipatepossible problems with owners or users within thesite.

• To determine appropriate measures to avoid theidentified threats.

• To determine the types of management which willallow the maintenance of the site´s species and habi-tats in a favourable conservation status.

• To establish a procedure for the assessment of theenvironmental impact of plans and/or projects whichmight cause the deterioration of the site.

• To set out a public awareness plan which explains toowners and users the value of the site.

• To identify the cost of the measures required tomaintain the site in a favourable conservation status.

• To establish a monitoring system of the conservationstatus of the site´s species and habitats, consistentwith the monitoring taking place within and outsidethe network of Natura 2000 sites.

• To establish a system for monitoring the plan’s imple-mentation.

BBooxx 22.. Restrictions in management plans do notimply an obligation for compensation.

Management plans should not be conditioned by thetheoretical need compensate for limits imposed on aparticular activity given that, above all else, it is necessaryto comply with two EU directives and Spanish law hasthe necessary procedures for resolving conflicts betweenindividual interests and the first implementation of newlegislation.

That said, it also the case that in some circumstances aperson may claim compensation for an individualrestriction which should be compensated. However, it isnot necessary to provide compensation in all cases asthe claimant must be able to demonstrate clearly thatspecific damage or loss has been caused, with mereexpectations not being elegible for compensation. Forexample, within a particular site it may be necessary toprohibit in a particular location the construcción of newbuildings on ground already identified as land fordevelopment and even so, not be required to paycompensation if the development in question is notalready taking place.


9. In Spain: Plan for Natural Reserves.

11

range of possible measures for the area in order to achieveit. It is necessary that these experts should contribute withmore measures than required, indicating which are theessential ones and their different alternatives, so that localactors would adapt these measures to the plan as much aspossible.

2. Large participation. There is a tendency together citi-zens to believe that including an area into Natura 2000network means a halt for the economic development ofthe community which implies some resistance from thepopulation to the approval of management plans.Participation is usually an excellent opportunity to gene-rate a social network in favour of environmental conser-vation. Participation is essential so that the different actorscommit to the plan through the development of a senseof belonging and identification with their environment. Itis known that people tend to assume responsibilities forwhich they consider their own. In the western world, citi-zens tend to consider alien everything they do not run.Besides, participation facilitates that people’s interests aretaken into account, correcting technocratic trends.

For that purpose, it is necessary to count on the followingactors:

a. Coordinator. He/she should be a technical expertcivil servant from the environmental administration.His/her role is to ensure that the process counts on allthe resources to be carried out within the establishedperiod.

b. Facilitator(s). It may be technical assistance and its dutyis to conduct all the process, guaranteeing each stepand that all groups of actors are able to easily contri-bute with their ideas and concerns.

c. Experts Committee. It should be as large as necessary,depending on the species and habitats of the area.Their duty is to propose the required measures tocomply with the conservation objectives of the area.

d. Committee for the agreement on the area. All rele-vant administrations in the area (local and sectorial,should be represented, as well as other social agents(all those related to the area who could be negativelyaffected by some measures of the plan) and environ-ment NGO’s.

Participation should last throughout the drafting processalthough it has to be public before its approval and issue.

3. To inform the actors on the values accordingly.The only way to achieve that the different actors,especially those not related with environmental mana-

gement, may understand, not only the obligation ofenvironment rules but the opportunity that a propermanagement involves, is giving them training and infor-mation. Without that any agreement would be morecomplicated. Part of this training will be carried outbefore the agreement.

4. Consensus in the selected measures. Obviously,in a management plan there will be essential measuresto comply with its specific objectives that would no bepossible to agree upon. Nevertheless there will be manyof them that may be modulated with the public partici-pation. In order to minimise or avoid certain threats in thearea some different measures might be established thatcan be chosen and agreed by all actors. All agents will feelmore involved in the plan if they have been able to par-ticipate defining some part of it. Besides, this is a way toensure that the optional measures included are the mostbeneficial ones for the area’s owners and users. Anyway,it will be indispensable that the administrations count onthe report of a scientific committee regarding the feasibi-lity of the suggestions and allegations contributed duringthe process of public information.

5. Hearing for concerned parties. Due to the factthat, in most of the cases management plans will implythe incorporation of measures that could change themanagement of these areas, it is essential to listen wellto concerned parties. The truth is that many of theseprotected areas’ extension make the hearing verycomplicated to perform. That is why the administra-tions should assess case by case, the feasibility to carryout such hearings. Should it not be possible due to theextension, the administration should establish all possi-ble reasonable mechanisms to inform concerned par-ties, giving them the chance to make allegations, clearlystating the impossibility of carrying out an individualhearing. These mechanisms would count on public sta-tements in all municipalities, local press and radio adver-tisements, etc. Traditional public information might notbe enough to ensure the right of concerned parties toa hearing.

6. Public information. As previously stressed, publicparticipation is fundamental when drafting and approvinga management plan for an area included in the Natura2000 network. Due to this network’s characteristic,formed by large areas where people live, work anduse, it is necessary to count on them. For this reason,besides public qualified participation carried out duringthe drafting process of the plan, it will be necessary toestablish a large period for official public information with

12

enough dissemination. It would be very advisable thatthese periods should be after or in coincidence with andawareness and dissemination campaign on Natura 2000network, and specifically on that area, throughout allaffected municipalities. For this purpose, the EuropeanCommission has set up a series of communication toolson the internet: (http://www.natura.org/toolkit.html)known as Green Days Toolkit.

The aim of following all these steps is that the approvedplans are possible to be complied and complied with. Thatis to say, that the proposed measures to achieve the con-servation objectives should be realistic from the social andeconomical point of view as well.The objective of a mana-gement plan is not to be approved, but to be useful for thesite´s conservation, to avoid its damage and to improve itsconservation status.

BASIC CONTENT FORA MANAGEMENT PLAN

Essential items that must appear in amanagement planBox I highlights what should be the characteristics of a Natura2000 site management plan. This section sets out a series ofsections which a plan should contain. Plans could, for example,have the following structure:

1. Introduction. In which there is an explanation of theobjectives of the plan and a description of the processof building agreement and support which led to thefinally aproved document. This section should alsoinclude the site’s name, SPA identifier (number/code),location, size, boundaries, administrative region andother characteristics as geology, hydrology, climate, etc.

2. Basic relevant legislation. In which the main rele-vant legislation which governs the site´s management ispresented.

3. Description of the current situation of the site.This description should centre on the species andhabitats at which the plan’s measures are directed. Itshould also include the relevant trends since the sitewas designated as SPAs or SACs in each memberstate, except for the date at which the public authoritieshave the obligation to prevent deterioration of thesite, and the threats which are present in the site orwhich might arise in the future. A socioeconomicanalysis will also be needed to help to establish correctlythe management measures.

4. Favourable conservation status/Conservationobjectives. For each migratory bird species, andAnnex I species of the Birds Directive regularly pre-sent in the site, and for the important habitats forthese species, there should be a clear statement of thepopulation size, the abundance index or the surface

Photo: Juan Carlos Atienza

The lack of information and public participation can make the population against sites


13

occupied which corresponds in each case to thefavourable conservation status of the species/habitat inquestion, and which as such will become the site’s con-servation objectives. This section should be presentedin the form of a table, with each decision being justi-fied by arguments based on previous knowledge andthe species population trends of the site, e.g. based onprior knowledge and on the historical bird populationtrends within the site, or in higher population numberswhere research indicates that the site could supportmore individuals.

5. Zonification. Zonification may be appropriate inmany sites in order to apply different measures to diffe-rent parts of the site, attending to the particular needsof the species found within it. Many sites include diffe-rent habitat types, and not in all of these will it be appro-priate to apply particular measures or limitations, inwhich case zonification will be required. This strategymust be elaborated on the basis of the fauna and floracommunities and the measures to be implemented.There will probably be some areas in favourable con-servation status in which it will be necessary to avoidthreats and maintain current management, and others ina worse condition that will require a change in currentmanagement, or even restoration, so that it can bepossible to achieve favourable conservation status. Thepublished site maps must be clear and public, both inprinted paper and digital versions (and at public landregister scale).

6. Measures to be carried out according to spe-cies and habitats. This is one of the most importantsections of the plan and as such, it is specifically dealtwith in a later section of this manual. This part of amanagement plan should include all those necessarymeasures for the maintenance in favourable conser-vation status of every species protected within thesite. All measures needed for each one of the speciesand habitats must be included; but an analysis shouldalso be carried out to avoid any possible incoherencewhich might arise from incompatible measures arisingfrom the presence of species or habitats with differentrequirements (e.g. a site designated for Spanish juniperand Dupont´s Lark). Each measure should have itsown objectives (e.g. the maximum surface area requi-red for a particular agricultural crop), indicators formeasuring its progress, the priority for its implemen-tation and the target species which it will affect in apositive or negative manner. These measures shouldbe organized around different thematic action plans

(e.g. an action plan for the restoration of a particularhabitat which will also include several specific measu-res). In the case of sites designated for species or habi-tats which require the use of resources outside thesite, it will be also necessary to define the measuresthat must be carried out outside the site’s boundaries;otherwise it will not be possible to guarantee complian-ce with the site’s objectives. These measures may varyaccording to the site’s zonification. Funding schemesshould also be established for sustainable initiativeswhich support the plan’s objectives.

7. Sectoral guidelines. Because in the great majority ofcases, the success of the plan objectives will depend onactions beyond the legal competency of the authoritycharged with the management of the site, it will benecessary to establish sectoral guidelines that ensurethe unifed action of the public authorities. Furthermore,an analysis should be carried out of the use of publicfunds in order to check that this is coherent with theplan’s conservation objectives which should serve as abasis for the sectoral guidelines.

8. Regulation of uses and public activities.Although the main regulations and limitations (e.g.regarding urban development, industrial use, agricultu-re, recreation, hunting...) necessary for achieving theconservation objectives will be already set out in themeasures to be carried out for the specific species andhabitats, it will be also useful to present them togetherin one section, which will make it easier for the peoplewho make use of the site to understand the plan.Theway in which the diffferent uses will be regulated mustalso be clearly stated, as in most cases absolute prohi-bition will not be necessary. It is also possible that itmay be necessary to include some particular restric-tion that does not feature in the specific managementmeasures or regular uses and activities outside the site.Finally, the economic implications of regulating usesand activities should be analysed.

9. Environmental assessment. Although each countryhas specific environmental impact assessment legisla-tion, it is necessary to make clear the need for all pro-cedures to include a report from the responsibleauthority for the site about the impact of any projectsassessed within it, in its immediate surroundings orwhich otherwise might affect it. A mechanism mustalso be incluided which ensures that any plans, pro-grammes or projects developed at the site or whichmight otherwise affect it do not have a negative

14

impact on the site, even in cases when the normalenvironmental assessment procedures would not apply.Therefore, in accordance with Article 6 of the HabitatsDirective an assessment and decision-making procedu-re should be established for these cases and for types ofproject which should not be authorised in the site, thosewhich should be assessed and those which will not havean adverse effect on the site and as such will not requi-re this type of prior assessment.

10. Contractual agreements. Article 6.1 (Directive92/43/EEC) requires the establishment of contractualagreements in parallel with site management plans. It istherefore necessary to include in the management planthe main elements of these agreements, or at least, thepriorities of the public authorities for implementingthem. These agreements must be in line with the mea-sures proposed in the management plan.

11. Research and censuses. The management planshould include a programme of census for estimatingspecies population sizes for the full plan period whichwill enable the compliance with conservation objetivesto be verified, and, if necessary, to guide future reviewsof the plan. The census programme should include allthe species regularly present in the site and must have afrequency which allows the information obtained to befed back into the implementation of the plan. The planshould also include a research programme on thoseimportant aspects for species and habitat managementwhere there is insufficient knowledge, as well as a scien-tific programme for evaluating the effectiveness of theadopted management measures.

12. Plan review period. The duration of the plan and thetimetable for its review should be established accordingto the conservation objectives, the trends observed inthe site and the measures adopted. As a general rule,plan duration should never be more than 10 years andit should be reviewed about every five years. An officialreview mechanism should also be included should newcircumstances arise which require the plan to be revie-wed outside the normal review timetable.

13. Public awareness and education. Proper imple-mentation of the management plan will depend on theunderstanding and acceptance of the site’s protectedstatus and the measures and restrictions imposed onlandowners at and around the site. To this end, in mostof the cases, it is essential to carry out public aware-ness activities which should also include environmentaleducation programmes for schools in particular and

the public in general. The site management plan shouldinclude a public awareness programme, as well as adetailed visitor management plan to maximise thebenefits and minimise the risks of any demonstrationactivities at the site.

14. Management authority.The authority in charge ofthe site management plan must be clearly identified andcapable of guaranteeing the plan’s implementation. As aminimum each site must have a named person withassigned responsibility for its management plan and whomay, depending on the circumstances, be responsible formore than one site.

15. Financial memorandum. All plans should have afinancial memorandum with sufficient detail, which inclu-des the budget identified for each of the measuresincluded in the plan, and the budgetary origin of therequired funds. The memorandum should identify bothone-off investments as well as ongoing costs of sitemanagement, protection, monitoring and education acti-vities. It should also provide a comprehensive overviewof existing and potential sources of income to coverthe costs of maintaining the site in favourable status.

Management evaluationThe management plan should include measures for checkingits effectiveness and checking compliance with the site´sconservation objectives and the specific objectives of eachmeasure; these will determine the success of the plan.

The management evaluation programmes are a tool forevaluating the effectiveness of site management, and forassessing a site´s conservation status by examining the diffe-rent biological indicators chosen. Each species and habitatshould have its own specific conservation objective (favoura-ble reference value) which will act as an indicator and eachmeasure should have an associated indicator which allows itsimplementation and success to be evaluated.

The evaluation process should be carried out in a plannedand structured manner, analyzing various monitoring pro-grammes according to the different groups of objectives(conservation and measures).

Also it is worth considering monitoring certain socioecono-mic variables (e.g. changes in land use or hunting exploita-tion) thus making it easier to evaluate the need to modifysome of the proposed measures prior to the formal planreview process. These programmes are an essential comple-ment to the biological monitoring programmes, as they willprove very useful in interpreting the biological data.


As the Natura 2000 network is a Europe-wide conceptand the species that it protects may use different protec-ted sites during their life cycles, it is useful, as far as possi-ble, to establish common methodologies and protocolswhich make it easier to arrive at a wider interpretation ofthe results obtained.

Spanish case: Sites which neighbourother autonomous regionsIn many cases, the habitat of Natura 2000 sites whichneighbour other autonomous regions continues into theneighbouring region. On many occasions such habitats areeven designated as Natura 2000 sites in both sides of theregional border. In such cases, collaboration between publicauthorities is essential for drawing up and approving sitemanagement plans. Coordinated action is vital, as is the overallcoherence of the adopted measures and the types ofmanagement.

SPAs smaller than IBAsSince 198910 there exists an inventory of Important BirdAreas (IBA) used by the European Commision and theEuropean Court of Justice as a reference document for insis-ting that Member States designate Special Protection Areas.The last European IBA inventory was published in 2000.

Article 4 of the Birds Directive, as well as requiring MemberStates to designate SPAs, also requires them to adoptappropriate measures to avoid the pollution or deteriorationof the habitats within these sites, to avoid disturbance whichmight affect the birds, and to make efforts to avoid pollutionor deterioration of bird habitats outside these sites. On thisparticular point, the European Commision and the EuropeanCourt have indicated that these efforts referred to by theDirective as “outside SPAs”, should be an obligation if the areais catalogued as an IBA.

On many occasions the SPAs which were finally designatedoccupy a smaller area then the original IBAs, so that in manyof SPAs there are neighbouring areas at the site boundarywhich have been catalogued as IBAs.

Management plans must consider these circumstances, andinclude the catalogued IBA areas within the SPA planzonification, and establish measures and controls which willprevent the piollution and deterioration of habitats importantfor birds.

THE PARTICULAR CASEOF SITES LINKED TO WATER

It is necessary to make special mention of wetland sitesand aquatic species, as in these cases the WaterFramework Directive (‘WFD’ - 2000/60/EC) is also of par-ticular relevance. This Directive bases its objectives onecological criteria recognising the natural diversity of theaquatic environment (chemical, physical and biological–plants, invertebrates and fish) which is the basis for theconservation of a great number of species. The timetablefor WFD implementation and for the approval of Natura2000 site management plans is shown in figure 1, and therelationship between the WFD and site managementplans is shown in box 3.

The great influence that water management has on themanagement of wetlands and species associated with water,means that efforts should be coordinated in all those siteswhich have an important wetland, whether the site is in itselfan important wetland for Birds Directive Annex I species, orfor the migration of bird species linked to these habitats, orfor species and/or habitats of Annexes I, II and IV of theHabitats Directive.

Because the WFD’s river basin management plans, as realinstruments for water management, should have beenaproved by December 2009, the preparation of manage-ment plans for water-dependent Natura 2000 sites is espe-cially urgent.

For this reason the following steps are essential:

1. Identify the sites affected by the WaterFramework Directive. Identify all the sites with aregular presence of species or habitats linked to theaquatic environment. These sites are to be included inWFD implementation and for that reason the relevantauthorities should be informed about these sites assoon as possible so that they can be taken into accountin WFD river basin management plans.

2. Site descriptions. In the describing phase, both sitemanagement plans and river basin management plans,should identify the following aspects: a) How and whenthe birds use the water, b) the water quality require-ments for the different species, c) the seasonal waterlevels and regimes, d) the surface area which wetlands

15

10. Grimmett, R.F.A. and Jones, T.A. (1989) Important Birds Areas in Europe. Cambridge. U.K.: International Council for Bird Preservation (Techn. Publ. 9).

should occupy and e) the appropriate physical conditionsfor the water margins, bearing in mind the way that theseareas are used by species for breeding and nesting, restingand as refuges. These aspects must be considered bothfor the bird species and for the species of plants and ani-mals which they feed on.

3. Coordination among competent authorities. Ashere there are parallel processes being carried out in the

majority of cases by different public authorities, it is essen-

tial to ensure good coordination. For this reason, public

authorities with responsibilities for water management

must be included in stakeholder meetings and in the pre-

paration of Natura 2000 site management plans and

those responsible for Natura 2000 sites should be inclu-

ded in the ‘Committee of Competent Authorities’ set up

by the river basin management authority.

16


FFiigguurree 11.. Timetable for the approval of SPA management plans and the implementation of the Water Framework Directive.

BBooxx 33.. Why is important the Water Framework Directive (WFD’ - 2000/60/EC) for the management of SPAs?

– The objectives on Protected Areas of the Natura 2000 network of water-dependent are specific objectives to the WFD,therefore, the maintenance of aquatic bird species (and prey) with a regular presence in the SPAs is essential.

– The plans should have been classified in 2009, one by one, all the water sites in the basin according to its ecological status,and the aim on 2015 will be to achieve a good ecological status. According to the WFD only is possible to postpone this goodecological status in the situations well justified by the economic costs, technical difficulties, or to be projects with generalinterest as long as there are no alternatives.

– The ecological status of water sites are classified according to:

• The physical-chemical status of water (flow, level of pollution, etc.).

• The physical quality of habitat (basin, deep, bank, riversides, etc.).

• Biological aspects: plants (including algae), invertebrates and fish.

– The WFD establishes five categories to identify the ecological status of water sites, according to their natural state, requiringthat in 2015 will be in a good ecological status.

– The aquifers are classified only in two categories according to their physical-chemical status.

– The modified or artificial water areas should obtain a good ecological potential.

ECOLOGICALSTATUS

Special measures to becarried out in SPAs

ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDEREDACCORDING TO HABITATS THATARE PRESENT IN A SPA

It is very important to identify the habitats that are presentthat are essential for guaranteeing the favourable conservationstatus of the site and of the species for which the site wasdesignated, and for ensuring that appropriate measures areestablished.

This manual does not include detailed accounts for each ofthese habitats, but a useful reference source for this purposeis ’Habitats for birds in Europe: a conservation strategy for thewider environment’ published by BirdLife International (Tuckerand Evans, 1997)11. This manual describes the main birdhabitats, and thanks to the collaboration of numerousscientists and experts, it proposes the main types of measureswhich should be carried out in order to maintain thesehabitats in good conservation condition.

ASPECTS TO BE CONSIDEREDACCORDING TO THE SPECIESPRESENT IN A SPA

As it has already been commented, an SPA is in favourableconservation status when each of the migratory bird speciesor those listed in Annex I of the Birds Directive that areregularly present in the site, are in favourable conservationstatus. With the aim of being able to establish in themanagement plans or instruments, the measures which willensure that each species reaches its required population level,tables have been prepared which present the main groups ofmeasures according to the threats which bird species face,and which should therefore be borne in mind preparing a sitemanagement plan.

These groups of measures have been established for groupsof birds which share ecological characteristics, and thus aremainly found in one type of habitat. However, it will be onthe basis of these groups of measures that more specificmeasures will be established according to the habitat typespresent, the species and their conservation condition, prio-ritising those species which are in less favourable conserva-tion status.

17

Photo: Ram

ón Elósegui

Many birds are directly dependent on water management

11. Tucker, G.M. and Evans, M.I. 1997. Habitats for birds in Europe: a conservation strategy for the wider environment. BirdLife International. BirdLife Conservation SeriesNo. 6. Cambridge.

Accordingly, the measures suggested here have been pro-posed and agreed by technical and scientific experts foreach species group. Nevertheless it will always be essentialto consult a scientific committee which can prioritise andvalidate these measures, as well as the local stakeholderswho will often be the people principally responsible forcarrying out the measures identified for the site.

In addition, for each species included in Annex I of the BirdsDirective and for the migratory species, a table is includedwhich summarises the measures required to minimize oreliminate the main threats the species faces (these are themeasures suggested in this manual), as well as the level ofknowledge available for topics of particular importance for amanagement plan (habitat use, ecology/biology and threats).This information is especially important in recognizing thelimitations that a management plan may have due to suchknowledge gaps. For this reason, the plan should also includethose measures that allow this information to be obtainedfor each topic, with the inclusion of measures for researchbeing essential for all those aspects considered to be ‘poor’

or ‘insufficient’. In this manual knowledge about species is

considered to be ppoooorr: when there is no information or it is

very scarce, not allowing management measures to be

established; iinnssuuffffiicciieenntt:: when there is information about this

topic, but it is still not enough to establish appropriate

management measures; aacccceeppttaabbllee:: when there exists some

minimal information about the main aspects sufficient for

establishing management measures; ggoooodd:: when existing

information is good for establishing management measures;

eexxcceelllleenntt: when all the necessary aspects are well-understood

for establishing management measures.

All on Birds Directive Annex I species present in Spain have

been considered, as well as the migratory species, as for both

and the Annex I species the Directive establishes the obliga-

tion to put in place management measures. However it will

also be useful if these SPA management plans or instruments

consider measures for other catalogued (i.e. endangered)

species or those in an unfavourable conservation status that

are present in the site.

18

GUIDELINES FOR DRAFTING NATURA 2000 MANAGEMENT PLANS AND SPECIAL MEASURES TO BE CARRIED OUT IN SPAsPhoto: Jo

sé Ram

ón Cancer

In some areas the proximity of human populations make essential to suitable management

This considers the Iberian species (including non-marine aquatic species, waders and marshland birds) included on Annex I of Directive2009/147/CE (Birds Directive) (in blue) and the regular migratory species (in orange) that rely on aquatic habitats. In some cases, the latterhave been grouped by family since they include many species:

Little grebe (Tachybaptus ruficollis), great crested grebe (Podiceps cristatus), black-necked grebe (Podiceps nigricollis), great cormorant(Phalacrocorax carbo), great bittern (Botaurus stellaris), little bittern (Ixobrychus minutus), night heron (Nycticorax nycticorax), squaccoheron (Ardeola ralloides), little egret (Egretta garzetta), great white egret (Egretta alba), grey heron (Ardea cinerea), purple heron (Ardeapurpurea), glossy ibis (Plegadis falcinellus), Eurasian spoonbill (Platalea leucorodia), greater flamingo (Phoenicopterus rubber), greylag goose(Anser anser), ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea), common shelduck (Tadorna tadorna), Eurasian wigeon (Anas penelope), gadwall (Anasstrepera), common teal (Anas crecca), Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), Pintail (Anas acuta), Garganey (Anas querquedula), northern shoveler(Anas clypeata), marbled duck (Marmaronetta angustirostris), red-crested pochard (Netta rufina), common pochard (Aythya farina),ferruginous duck (Aythya nyroca) tufted duck (Aythya fuligula), white headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala), marsh harrier (Circus aeruginosus),osprey (Pandion haliaetus), water rail (Rallus aquaticus), spotted crake (Porzana porzana), little crake (Porzana parva), baillon’s crake(Porzana pusilla), purple swamp-hen (Porphyrio porphyrio), red-knobbed coot (Fulica cristata), common crane (Grus grus), oystercatcher(Haematopus ostralegus), blackwinged stilt (Himantopus himantopus), avocet (Recur virostra avosetta), collared pratincole (Glareolapratincola), little ringed plover (Charadrius dubius), great ringed plover (Charadrius hiaticula), kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus),European golden plover (Pluvialis apricaria), grey plover (Pluvialis squatarola), northern lapwing (Vanellus vanellus), red knot (Calidriscanutus), sanderling (Calidris alba), little stint (Calidris minuta), curlew sandpiper (Calidris ferruginea), purple sandpiper (Calidris maritima),dunlin (Calidris alpina), ruff (Philomachus pugnax), jack snipe (Lymnocryptes minimus), common snipe (Gallinago gallinago), black tailedgodwit (Limosa limosa), bar-tailed godwit (Limosa lapponica), whimbrel (Numenius phaeopus), Eurasian curlew (Numenius arquata), marshsandpiper (Tringa stagnatilis), spotted redshank (Tringa erythropus), common redshank (Tringa tetanus), greenshank (Tringa nebularia),green sandpiper (Tringa ochropus), wood sanpiper (Tringa glareola), common sandpiper (Actitis hypoleucos), turnstone (Arenaria interpres),Mediterranean gull (Larus melanocephalus), black-headed gull (Larus ridibundus), gull-billed tern (Sterna nilotica), Caspian tern (Sternacaspia), sandwich tern (Sterna sandvicensis), common tern (Sterna hirundo), little tern (Sterna albifrons), whiskered tern (Chlidonias hybrida),white-winged black tern (Chlidonias leucopterus), common kingfisher (Alcedo atthis), sand martin (Riparia riparia), grey wagtail (Motacillacinerea), pied wagtail (Motacilla alba), grasshopper warbler (Locustella naevia), Savi’s warbler (Locustella luscinioides), moustached warbler(Acrocephalus melanopogon), aquatic warbler (Acrocephalus paludicola), sedge warbler (Acrocephalus schoenobaenus), reed warbler(Acrocephalus scirpaceus), great reed warbler (Acrocephalus arundinaceus), penduline tit (Remiz pendulinus), golden oriole (Oriolus oriolus),reed bunting (Emberiza schoeniclus).

19

SPECIAL CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR AQUATIC BIRDS(including non-marine aquatic species, waders and marshland birds)

TTHHRREEAATTSS MMEEAASSUURREESS FFAAVVOOUURREEDD SSPPEECCIIEESS WWOORRSSTT AAFFFFEECCTTEEDDSSPPEECCIIEESS PPRRIIOORRIITTYY

11.. HHAABBIITTAATT LLOOSSSSAANNDDAALLTTEERRAATTIIOONN

Prevent urban development around wetlandsand increase control over illegal building.

Respect restrictions in protected riparian andcoastal zones.

Prepare and carry out a management plan fornative marsh vegetation aiming to maintainand/or restore vegetation so that it is adequatefor breeding or wintering of most of the species,giving priority to the most threatened in eachwetland. All of the measures proposed in thisplan should be included in the SPA ManagementPlan.

Prevent and control the dumping of waste anddebris around wetlands and eliminate existingtipped waste.

Guarantee the protection of feeding and restingareas of nesting and migrating species around theSPA.

Establish regulations or management plans forpastoral systems (density, territorial grazingunits, rotation systems, grazing intensity, etc) toadapt conservation objectives with habitatmanagement through grazing.

Establish technical guidelines for cross-com-pliance in cultivated land around wetlands.

ALL SPECIES CONSIDERED

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH


20

MMEEAASSUURREESS FFAAVVOOUURREEDD SSPPEECCIIEESS WWOORRSSTT AAFFFFEECCTTEEDDSSPPEECCIIEESS PPRRIIOORRIITTYY

11.. HHAABBIITTAATT LLOOSSSSAANNDDAALLTTEERRAATTIIOONN

22.. WWAATTEERRPPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN

Manage rice paddies in order to benefit thosespecies linked to such environments. Promoteorganic rice production. Monitor annually thestrict compliance with agri-environment measu-res and cross-compliance requirements.

Put in place the action required to guaranteefood availability around the most importantcolonies (preventing pollution, regulating waterlevels).

Design and implement management plans foractive and abandoned commercial saltpans,which determine a water regime –flooding anddrying cycle– suitable for each situation and themeasures for harmonising their use (productive,educational, interpretative) with bird conserva-tion.

Maintain uncultivated fringes at least 1.5 metreswide between cultivated land and wetlandswhere the use of agrochemicals is prohibited.

Guarantee the maintenance and restoration ofwoods, riverbank bushes (willows, poplars,tamarisks…) with special reference to theirconservation and restoration in protected ripa-rian zones.

Take measures to avoid eutrophication and non-natural siltation of wetlands.

Ensure all wastewater effluents are treated pro-perly.

Prohibit and monitor the dumping and depositof substances and compounds (manures, insec-ticides, pesticides, organochlorines, heavy metals,polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, radioisotopes,olive pressing effluent, etc.) which may affect thewetland environment due to their dangerous-ness, persistency or bioaccumulation.

ALL SPECIES CONSIDEREDEXCEPT PODICIPEDIDAE

FAMILY

Botaurus stellarisIxobrychus minutusNycticorax nycticoraxArdeola ralloidesEgretta garzettaEgretta albaArdea purpureaGlareola pratincolaSterna niloticaSterna caspiaSterna sandvicensisSterna hirundoSterna albifronsChlidonias hybridaChlidonias nigerEmberiza schoeniclus

Phoenicopterus roseusHimantopus himantopusRecurvirostra avosettaCharadrius alexandrinusPhilomachus pugnaxLimosa lapponicaTringa glareolaLarus melanocephalusSterna niloticaSterna caspiaSterna sandvicensisSterna hirundoSterna albifronsChlidonias hybridaChlidonias nigerAnatidaeHaematopodidaeCharadriidaeScolopacidaeLaridae

Emberiza schoeniclus

Alcedo atthisAcrocephalus melanopogonAcrocephalus paludicolaMotacillidaeSylvidaeEmberizidae

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH


TTHHRREEAATTSS

21


22.. WWAATTEERRPPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN

33.. PPOOOORR WWAATTEERRMMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT

Encourage the use of agrochemical productswhich are selective and low toxicity (AAA) forland and aquatic fauna and avoid the use of pre-treated seeds in the surrounding farmland.

Assess wetland pollution levels and carry outwater quality improvement programmes, aslong as this does not involve serious habitatalterations and a risk for the species’ conserva-tion.

Encourage organic production in the surroun-ding farmland.

Monitor the use of agrochemical products,penalising the use of higher doses than thoserecommended by the manufacturers.

Establish security measures and inspectionsfor petrol stations; stores and depots and pro-cessing stations for fuel, oil, pesticides and otherchemicals that could affect the wetland due tobad practices, negligence or accidents.

Establish limits on the direct use of animal wasteas fertilisers around wetlands, to adapt the use tothe absorption capacity of the soil.

Prepare a plan to avoid botulism and a contin-gency plan for botulism outbreaks.

Introduce warning systems and protocols forthe early detection of toxic algae outbreaksassociated with eutrophication and establishingthe necessary measures to prevent and containthem.

Encourage measures to avoid desiccation andsudden artificial changes in the wetland’s waterregime.

Establish the SPA’s water needs, including thewater’s origin and quality in order to inform theriver basin management authority with the aimof ensuring compliance with the site’s conserva-tion objectives.

Ensure compliance with the Water Law in thecase of the exploitation of aquifers through ille-gal boreholes.

Ensure that the natural water cycle is compatiblewith agricultural requirements and avoid over-exploitation.

In reservoirs establish measures to guaranteethat the management regime does not involve arisk for the site’s conservation objectives.

In the case of reservoirs, an annual plan shouldbe drafted regarding the use of water in theprotected area. This should be agreed betweenthe managing authorities of the protected areaand the reservoir and the corresponding riverbasin management authority, to ensure that itwill not have a negative impact on the site’s con-servation objectives.


ALL SPECIES CONSIDERED,EXCEPT PASSERIFORM

ORDER


NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH


22


33.. PPOOOORR WWAATTEERRMMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT

44.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYYDDUUEE TTOO WWAATTEERR,,TTRRAANNSSPPOORRTTAANNDD OOTTHHEERRIINNFFRRAASSTTRRUUCCTTUU--RREE

55.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYY AANNDDDDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEEBBYY IINNVVAASSIIVVEEEEXXOOTTIICC SSPPEECCIIEESSAANNDD PPRREEDDAATTOORRSS

In general water infrastructure projects inwetlands and channel clearance works should beprohibited unless they are necessary for the site’smanagement. Any exception must require thepermission of the protected area´s managementauthority.

Generally prohibit the authorisation of any newirrigation.

Implement the principles of the WaterFramework Directive in wetlands and establishan action programme to achieve the proposedquality objectives. Incorporate wetland require-ments and monitoring measures in each riverbasin management plan.

Establish measures to reduce the risk of animalsbeing run over in all transport corridors within100 metres of watercourses or water bodiesincluded in critical or sensitive areas: speedreduction, warning signs, etc.

Reduce the likelihood of roads, canals, waterchannels and irrigation ditches acting as traps orbarriers for wetland fauna.

Forbid the installation of new fences (unlessneeded for the area’s management), remove allunnecessary fences and adapt the essential onesto designs which pose less collision risk.

Adapt water infrastructure (irrigation canals,storage ponds, etc.) so that they do not becomea trap for juvenile aquatic birds.

Establish action plans to control and eradicateinvasive exotic vegetation in wetlands

Detect and eliminate non-wild aquatic birds(escapes, releases).

Avoid activities that may cause rodents to increa-se, especially rats (Rattus sp.) and study the appli-cation of control measures where it is proven thatthey affect negatively the breeding of threatenedspecies.

Encourage information exchange between mana-gers and scientists regarding invasive species

Assess the effect of generalist predators on thespecies to be preserved and take the necessaryactions (eradication, control, prevention, etc.)

Maintain prevention and early detection measu-res against invasive or potentially invasive spe-cies, in order to avoid their establishment. If theyare already established, evaluate their effectsand take the appropriate measures for theireradication or control




BREEDING SPECIES

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

23


55.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYY AANNDDDDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEEBBYY IINNVVAASSIIVVEEEEXXOOTTIICC SSPPEECCIIEESSAANNDD PPRREEDDAATTOORRSS

66.. AARRIISSIINNGGFFRROOMM HHUUNNTTIINNGGAACCTTIIVVIITTYY

77.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYY IINNFFIISSHHIINNGG GGEEAARR

Establish detection and eradication protocolsfor non-wild birds such as ruddy duck Oxyurajamaicensis, and hybrids of jamaicensis xleucocephala, or those due to escapes, releases,etc.

Create islands which allow high predation ratesto be reduced and breeding success to beincreased in artificial and semi-natural wetlands.

Cooperation between Natural EnvironmentOfficers and SEPRONA. against poaching

Prohibit hunting two hours prior to sunset andafter dawn.

Prohibit the use of bait for ducks.

Adapt the hunting season to make it compatiblewith the Birds Directive (dates should be setaccording to the species present)

Establish reserve areas during the huntingseason, in areas critical for birds, depending onthe wetland size, the concentration of sensitivespecies, etc.

Forbid the use of lead ammunition in SPAs.

Involve hunters in conservation through infor-mation and awareness-raising measures.

Prohibit hunting of common coot in areas wherered-knobbed coot is present.

Use fish-traps which avoid catching birds acci-dentally.


NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

Oxyura leucocephala

Marmaronetta angustirostrisAythya nyrocaOxyura leucocephalaPorzana porzanaPorzana parvaPorzana pusilaPorphyrio porphyrioFulica cristataHimantopus himantopusRecurvirostra avosettaCharadrius alexandrinusCharadrius morinellusLarus melanocephalusSterna niloticaSterna sandvicensisSterna hirundoSterna albifronsChlidonias hybridaChlidonias nigerAnatidaeHaematopodidaeCharadriidaeScolopacidaeLaridae

Podiceps auritusNycticorax nycticoraxPorzana pusilaPorphyrio porphyrioPodicipedidae

Fulica cristata


24


77.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYY IINNFFIISSHHIINNGG GGEEAARR

88.. HHUUMMAANNDDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEE

99.. DDIIRREECCTT SSPPEECCIIEESSCCOONNSSEERRVVAATTIIOONNAACCTTIIOONN

Require any fish farm nets causing birdmortalities to be adapted. Avoid installing anystructures in fish farms which might cause birdmortalities.

With the Air Force, manage the limitation of lowaltitude flights as well as hang gliding, flying modelairplanes, etc. over critical areas for species orwhere there are large concentrations of birds.

Approve visitor and public use plans whichprohibit access to reserve areas (breedingcolonies, sensitive resting or feeding areas)regulating activities with disturbance potential:fishing, birdwatching, tourist activities, etc. bymeans of zonification, setting up time schedulesor other strategies. Monitor plan compliance.

Inform and establish agreements with federa-tions, societies and groups responsible for activetourism pursuits with the aim of avoiding birddisturbance.

Establish exclusion zones for aeroplanes withinthe aquatic birds’ main breeding colonies androosting areas, with a minimum permitted altitu-de of 3500 feet, excluding official State aircraftwhen this is required to comply with their duty,or for emergency reasons.

Create artificial islands with different substratesand vegetation, especially in active saltpans andnew or restored wetlands.

In reservoirs, construct small embankments toguarantee water levels for shoreline vegetationduring the breeding period

Egretta garzettaPlegadis falcinellusPhoenicopterus roseusAnser erythropusBranta leucopsisMarmaronetta angustirostrisAythya nyrocaOxyura leucocephalaPandion haliaetusHimantopus himantopusRecurvirostra avosettaGlareola pratincolaCharadrius alexandrinusLimosa lapponicaSterna caspiaSterna sandvicensisSterna hirundoSterna albifronsArdeidaeAnatidaeScolopacidaeLaridae

Himantopus himantopusCharadrius morinellusPluvialis apricariaPhilomachus pugnaxLimosa lapponicaTringa glareolaLarus melanocephalusScolopacidaeLaridae

Botaurus stellarisIxobrychus minutusNycticorax nycticoraxArdeola ralloidesEgretta garzettaEgretta albaArdea purpureaHimantopus himantopusArdeidae

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM


25

Photo: G

abrie

l Sierra

An appropriate management near to aquatic habitats (for example wetlands) is essential


1100.. LLAACCKK OOFFSSCCIIEENNTTIIFFIICCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGEE,,MMOONNIITTOORRIINNGGAANNDDMMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTTOOFF TTHHEE BBIIRRDDPPOOPPUULLAATTIIOONNSSIINN TTHHEE SSIITTEE

Carry out a water quality monitoring program-me.

Carry out yearly bird population monitoring toimprove the knowledge of population trends.

Monitor threats and the efficacy of the manage-ment measures carried out.

Encourage specific studies on trophic ecology.

Monitor the health and the accumulation ofpollutants in the fauna.

Monitor hunting activity and assess its impact onthe aquatic bird population.

Identify all the areas of dispersal, feeding andconcentration which are important for the spe-cies’ conservation.

Encourage studies to determine which agricul-tural practices are most advisable in order toassess the effectiveness and success of suchmeasures and improve or modify farming prac-tice.

Monitor demographic parameters (at least sur-vival and breeding success) especially for specieswith a negative trend.

Carry out specific research to assess the impactof aquatic birds on commercially exploitedresources (fish and shellfish) and establish mea-sures to harmonise site conservation objectiveswith the activities of the affected sectors.

Carry out specific research to assess the impactof aquatic birds on the surrounding farmland,especially rice paddies, establishing measures toharmonise site conservation objectives with theactivities of the affected sectors.


Podiceps auritusBotaurus stellarisIxobrychus minutusNycticorax nycticoraxArdeola ralloidesEgretta garzettaEgretta albaArdea purpureaPodicipedidae PhalacrocoracidaeScolopacidae

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE LOW


BREEDING SPECIES


26

SPECIAL CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR BIRDS IN ALPINEAND NON-FOREST MONTANE ENVIRONMENTS

This considers the Iberian species included on Annex I of Directive 2009/147/CE (Birds Directive) (blue coloured) and the regular migra-tory species (orange coloured) that rely on alpine and non-forest montane habitats:

Rock ptarmigan (Lagopus mutus), grey partridge (Perdix perdix), Eurasian dotterel (Charadrius morinellus), water pipit (Anthus spinoletta),northern wheatear (Oenanthe oenanthe), snow bunting (Plectrophenax nivalis).


11.. HHAABBIITTAATT LLOOSSSSAANNDD HHAABBIITTAATTDDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEE

22.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYYDDUUEE TTOOPPRREEDDAATTOORRSS

33.. HHUUNNTTIINNGGAACCTTIIVVIITTYY

44.. DDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEEDDEERRIIVVEEDD FFRROOMMHHUUMMAANNAACCTTIIVVIITTIIEESS

55.. LLAACCKK OOFFSSCCIIEENNTTIIFFIICCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGEE

Limit infrastructure that causes irreversible lossfor nesting, feeding and resting and/or migratorystages. In particular, prevent the authorization ofnew tracks, roads, or other linear infrastructurecausing habitat fragmentation.

Prohibit mining exploitation in nesting andbreeding areas for endangered species.

Limit the proliferation of skiing trails at existingski resorts, and the installation of new skiing trailsin areas where especially sensitive species arepresent.

Remove features that attract generalist preda-tors (for example, rubbish dumps), replacingthem or building physical barriers to preventpredators gaining access. Such measures mustbe compatible with the species’ conservation.

If necessary, carry out timely control of generalistpredators capable of negatively affecting thereproductive success of affected species.

Maximize vigilance, coordinated with otherGovernment security bodies, for preventingpoachers and loss or destruction of nests, withspecial effort in critical areas and in seasonswhen the species are most sensitive.

Avoid re-stocking with partridges from geneti-cally inappropriate European populations. Ifstrictly necessary, this must be undertaken byqualified people.

Regulate any activity and visits, in particularNordic skiing and cross-country skiing, in criticalareas, for example, vehicular traffic (snowmo-biles, etc), during the most sensitive seasons(reproduction and chick-rearing). Where possi-ble, totally prohibit such traffic in the most sen-sitive areas.

Undertake the necessary surveys for establis-hing, as soon as possible, the current populationsize of these species, using a repeatable methodthat enables their population trends to be mea-sured.

Track and monitor known threats, and ensurethe effectiveness of the chosen managementmeasures.

Perdix perdix

Lagopus mutusPerdix perdixOenanthe oenanthePlectrophenax nivalis

Perdix perdixLagopus mutus

Lagopus mutusPerdix perdix

Lagopus mutusPerdix perdix

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH




27

Photo: Ju

an Bécares

Ptarmigan, vulnerable species very susceptible to habitat destruction and disturbances resulting from human activities



Monitor populations to detect possible pro-blems between moult and winter plumage, forexample by setting up an early warning systemso that, if breeding fails due to adverse condi-tions, protective measures can be implemented.

Carry out studies into the effect of climatechange on rock ptarmigan populations.

Study the effect of sport hunting on grey par-tridge populations.

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

Lagopus mutus

Perdix perdix


28

SPECIAL CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR BIRDSIN SCRUBLAND ENVIRONMENTS

This considers the Iberian species included on Annex I of Directive 2009/147/CE (Birds Directive) (blue coloured) and the regular migratoryspecies (orange coloured) that rely on scrubland habitats and habitats in the Balearic Isles:

Dunnock (Prunella modularis), bluethroat (Luscinia svecica), whinchat (Saxicola rubetra), common stonechat (Saxicola torquatus), melodiouswarbler (Hippolais polyglotta), Balearic warbler (Sylvia balearica), Dartford warbler (Sylvia undata), spectacled warbler (Sylvia conspicillata),subalpine warbler (Sylvia cantillans), western orphean warbler (Sylvia hortensis), common whitethroat (Sylvia communis), red-backed shrike(Lanius collurio), ortolan bunting (Emberiza hortulana).


11.. AALLTTEERRAATTIIOONNAANNDD LLOOSSSSOOFF HHAABBIITTAATT

22.. FFIIRREESS

33.. PPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN

44.. DDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEEBBYY HHUUMMAANNAACCTTIIVVIITTIIEESS


Limit infrastructures that cause irreversible lossof breeding, food and/or migratory habitat.Especially prevent the authorisation of newpaths, roads and other linear infrastructures thatcause the fragmentation of habitats.

Avoid indiscriminate afforestation of scrublandand guarantee the conservation of woodedzones while restoring these habitats if in poorcondition.

Encourage traditional agro-livestock practicesincluding the avoidance of over-grazing, in orderto maintain the same vegetation structure whichfavours these species.

Vigilance for and penalising of illegal burning ofwoody scrub.

Strict regulation of the burning of scrub basedon the requirements of the present targetspecies.

Reduce the usage of insecticides and herbicides.If necessary (due to a lack of viable alternatives),allow the use of less toxic and less persistentbiocides but only outside the birds’ breedingperiod.

Regulate visits and activities (hiking, climbing, raf-ting, uncontrolled camping, paragliding, hunting,photography, wildlife observation, circulation ofmotorbikes and four-wheel vehicles, cross-country skiing and hiking, etc) in critical zonesduring periods of highest sensitivity (reproduc-tion and chicken breeding), with total prohibi-tion in the most sensitive areas.

Annual monitoring of populations to wouldallow trends to be documented.

Monitor the threats and the effectiveness of on-going management measures.

Establish a programme to monitor populationtrends in the Dartford warbler at a local level,both in the breeding season and in winter.

Luscinia svecicaSylvia balearicaSylvia undataEmberiza hortulanaPrunella modularisSaxicola rubetraSaxicola torquataSylvia conspicillataSylvia cantillansSylvia hortensisSylvia communis

Sylvia balearicaSylvia undataEmberiza hortulana

Sylvia balearicaSylvia undataEmberiza hortulana

Sylvia undata

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

Depending on theconditions in each

area.HIGH

Depending on theconditions in each

area.MEDIUM

SOME STEPPEBIRDS

HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

ALL CONSIDERED SPECIES




29

SPECIAL CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR BIRDSIN THE CANARY ISLANDS

This considers the resident species in Canary Islands that are on Annex I of Directive 20099/147/CE (Birds Directive) (blue coloured)or are regular migratory species on the islands (orange coloured):

Bulwer´s Petrel (Bulweria bulwerii), Atlantic Cory´s shearwater (Calonectris diomedea borealis), Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus), littleshearwater (Puffinus assimilis baroli), white-faced storm-petrel (Pelagodroma marina hypoleuca), European storm-petrel (Hydrobatespelagicus), Madeiran storm-petrel (Oceanodroma castro), ruddy shelduck (Tadorna ferruginea), Canarian Egyptian vulture (Neophronpercnopterus majorensis), Canarian sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus granti), barbary falcon (Falco pelegrinoides), osprey (Pandion haliaetus),houbara bustard (Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae), cream-coloured courser (Cursorius cursor), kentish plover (Charadrius alexandrinus),black-winged stilt (Himantopus himantopus), stone curlew (Burhinus oedicnemus sbspp. distinctus e insularum), roseate tern (Sterna dougallii),common tern (Sterna hirundo), black-bellied sandgrouse (Pterocles orientalis), Bolle´s laurel pigeon (Columba bollii), laurel pigeon (Columbajunoniae), Tenerife great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos major canariensis), Canarian great spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos majorthanneri), Fuerteventura stonechat (Saxicola dacotiae), red-billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax barbarus), El Hierro chaffinch (Fringillacoelebs ombriosa), Tenerife blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea teydea), Gran Canaria blue chaffinch (Fringilla teydea polatzeki), trumpeter finch(Bucanetes githagineus amantum).


11.. HHAABBIITTAATTDDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEE,,FFRRAAGGMMEENNTTAA--TTIIOONNAANNDD LLOOSSSSOOFF HHAABBIITTAATT

Assess the compatibility of every activity thatcould affect actual or potential feeding, resting,nesting and breeding areas, including migrationareas for species (for example, golf complexes,sand and gravel extraction projects, majorinfrastructural developments, etc.) which mighthave a negative impact on the species for whichthese sites were classified as SPA.

Support agricultural and livestock practices whenthese are compatible with the species and theirhabitat conservation.

Prioritise the prevention of forest fires in themost sensitive areas used by the species.

After a fire, develop an action plan for habitatrestoration, incorporating existing SPA conser-vation goals, involving both public and privatelands.

Provide the regional fire-prevention coordinatorswith detailed information about conservationpriorities for the different areas, for referencewhen a fire affects the site.

Reconcile Forestry Anti-fire Plans with theecological requirements of the species, in orderto minimise the effects of the plans on habitatquality.

ALL CONSIDEREDSPECIES,especially:Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventuraeCursorius cursorBurhinus oedicnemus distinctusBurhinus oedicnemus insularumBucanetes githagineus

Accipiter nisus grantiColumba bolliiColumba junioniaeDendrocopos major canariensisDendrocopos major thanneriFringilla coelebs ombriosaFringilla teydea teydeaFringilla teydea polatzeki, especially

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

ALL CONSIDEREDSPECIES


30


11.. HHAABBIITTAATTDDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEE,,FFRRAAGGMMEENNTTAA--TTIIOONNAANNDD LLOOSSSSOOFF HHAABBIITTAATT

22.. MMAARRIINNEEPPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN

33.. AARRTTIIFFIICCIIAALL--LLIIGGHHTTPPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN

44.. LLEEAADDPPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN

55.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYY AANNDDDDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEEBBYY PPRREEDDAATTOORRSS

Manage the use of forest products (pines, brokenbranches, etc.) in a manner compatible withspecies conservation, reduce the removal fromthe forest of timber for agricultural purposes, andpromote the use of alternative materials.

Implement the restoration of degraded environ-ments to enable the recolonisation by and/orpopulation increase of the species in the habitatsin question.

Develop restoration plans for authorizedextractive activities so as to meet the standardsof existing management plans, to be implemen-ted over the period of resource exploitation.

Draw up and approve an action plan to tackle apotential oil spill in or adjacent to an SPA. Includein this plan a detailed action protocol fortreatment, management and recovery ofindividuals of the affected species.

Develop programmes for the improvement andnatural extension of Canary pine forests, laurisil-va and warm temperate woodlands, includingthe provision of connecting corridors in areasthat have priority for conservation.

Increase vigilance for and control over seapollution from the coast and from ships, includingillegal fuel-tank flushing.

Mitigate light-pollution effects in coastal loca-tions where there is a recorded bird impact(disorientation on juveniles), putting in placemechanisms to reduce emission sources, lightbarriers, low-intensity lights, etc.

Urge professional consultants to promote thecorrective measures for light pollution whenpreparing projects.

Continue, if necessary, to strengthen the rescueprogrammes of individuals injured and/ordisorientated by light pollution.

Replace lead pellets with other inert materials.

Develop all required controls (ship access,physical measures, etc.) to prevent the introduc-tion of invasive species at nesting and breedingplaces, especially on islets and “rocks”. Monitorand evaluate the measures taken.


ALL CONSIDERED SPECIES, specially marine ones.

NONEMEDIUM/HIGHdepending ofpresent species

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

Accipiter nisus grantiColumba bolliiColumba junioniaeDendrocopos major canariensisDendrocopos major thanneriFringilla coelebs ombriosaFringilla teydea teydeaFringilla teydea polatzeki

Accipiter nisus grantiColumba bolliiColumba junioniaeDendrocopos major canariensisDendrocopos major thanneriFringilla coelebs ombriosaFringilla teydea teydeaFringilla teydea polatzeki

Bulweria bulweriiCalonectris diomedea borealisPuffinus assimilis baroliPelagodroma marina hypoleucaHydrobates pelagicusOceanodroma castroPandion haliaetusCharadrius alexandrinus Sterna dougalliiSterna hirundoPuffinus puffinus

Bulweria bulweriiCalonectris diomedea borealisPuffinus assimilis baroliPelagodroma marina hypoleucaHydrobates pelagicusOceanodroma castroPuffinus puffinus

Neophron percnopterus majorensis

31


55.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYY AANNDDDDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEEBBYY PPRREEDDAATTOORRSS

66.. HHUUNNTTIINNGGAACCTTIIVVIITTYY AANNDDIILLLLEEGGAALL TTRRAAPPSS

77.. IILLLLEEGGAALL UUSSEEOOFF PPOOIISSOONN

88.. DDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEEFFRROOMM OOTTHHEERRHHUUMMAANNAACCTTIIVVIITTIIEESS


Evaluate the impact of invasive species on nestingand breeding birds and eradicate or controlthese invasives, especially on islets and “rocks”when they pose a threat.

Avoid impacts from native predators that canpose a high risk to the conservation objectivesfor any of the species for which the site has beenprotected. Establish measures to limit thepresence of native predators, for example bycontrolling garbage dumps that may attract feraldogs and cats into the area.

Update, track and promote an Action Plan forthe elimination of illegal use of poisoned baits.

Regulate, and if necessary restrict, hunting activity,included falconry practices, and monitor theeffects of hunting on birds.

Greatly increase the effort to stop poaching andthe loss and destruction of nests, illegal trappingand trade in species, especially in critical areasand at the most sensitive seasons.

Plan the elimination of rats, taking special care toavoid any negative impacts on the target species.

Regulate human activities that can result insignificant disturbance at nesting and breedingareas, as well as those for resting and feeding,according to species phenology, restricting and/orbanning such activities during the most criticalperiods (nesting and chick-rearing).

Survey the threats and ensure more efficientmanagement measures are developed.

Use standardised monitoring at sufficiently regu-lar periods to enable population trends to bemeasured

Establish inventories of actual and potential nes-ting and breeding areas, as well as foraging androosting areas.

ALL CONSIDERED SPECIES, specially marine ones.





NONE

NONE

HIGH

MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

Neophron percnopterus majorensisAccipiter nisus grantiFalco pelegrinoidesPandion haliaetusChlamydotis undulata fuertaventuraeCursorius cursorBurhinus oedicnemus distinctusBurhinus oedicnemus insularumPterocles orientalisColumba bolliiColumba junioniaeDendrocopos major canariensisDendrocopos major thanneriSaxicola dacotiaePyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax barbarusFringilla coelebs ombriosaFringilla teydea teydeaFringilla teydea polatzekiBucanetes githagineus


32



1100.. TTHHRREEAATTSS FFRROOMMSSTTRRUUCCTTUURREESSAANNDD BBUUIILLDDIINNGGSSIINN NNOONN--UURRBBAANNAARREEAASS

Monitor demographic parameters (at leastsurvival and productivity) with priority for thosespecies most threatened in the Canary Islands.

Promote studies into the effects of poison usedfor agricultural uses, for example the control ofrodent plagues, and other pollutants (e.g. lead)on birds and their habitats.

Prohibit the installation of new electricity andtelephone lines, except in cases where there isminimum risk and impact, in line with therequirements of national legislation.

Protect birds from the electricity and phonelines, altering their course, burying them orreplacing the wires by “dry twisted wire” or atleast marking them with “birds warning signals”.


NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

Bulweria bulweriiCalonectris diomedea borealisPuffinus assimilis baroliPelagodroma marina hypoleucaHydrobates pelagicusOceanodroma castroTadorna ferrugineaNeophron percnotperus majorensisAccipiter nisus grantiFalco pelegrinoidesPandion haliaetusChlamydotis undulata fuertaventuraeCursorius cursorCharadrius alexandrinusHimantopus himantopusBurhinus oedicnemus distinctusBurhinus oedicnemus insularumSterna dougalliiSterna hirundoPterocles orientalisColumba bolliiColumba junioniaeDendrocopos major canariensisDendrocopos major thanneriSaxicola dacotiaePyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax barbatusFringilla coelebs ombriosaFringilla teydea teydeaFringilla teydea polatzekiBucanetes githagineus

Neophron percnotperus majorensisAccipiter nisus grantiFalco pelegrinoidesPandion haliaetusChlamydotis undulata fuertaventuraeCursorius cursorBurhinus oedicnemus distinctusBurhinus oedicnemus insularumPterocles orientalisColumba bolliiColumba junioniaeDendrocopos major canariensisDendrocopos major thanneriSaxicola dacotiaePyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax barbatusFringilla coelebs ombriosaFringilla teydea teydeaFringilla teydea polatzekiBucanetes githagineus

33

Photo: Pep

Arcos

Management plans must ensure the establishment of a sustainable fisheries policy, to make compatible the conservation of fishery resourceswith the protection of seabird populations


1100.. TTHHRREEAATTSS FFRROOMMSSTTRRUUCCTTUURREESSAANNDD BBUUIILLDDIINNGGSSIINN NNOONN--UURRBBAANNAARREEAASS

Install measures to minimise accidents byelectrocution and/or entanglement, using theappropriate isolation elements for example.

Prohibit the construction or enlargement ofwind-power stations and solar-energy stations inareas especially sensitive for the target species.

Identify and implement corrective measures at“black spots” where birds are subject to regularroad traffic collisions.


There exist isolated data foraffected marine and steppebirds in the Canary islands.Potentially, it also affects

to other species.

ALL CONSIDERED SPECIES, specially steppe birds

and raptors.

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM


34


11.. AALLTTEERRAATTIIOONNAANNDD HHAABBIITTAATTLLOOSSSS DDUUEE TTOOAAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURRAALLIINNTTEENNSSIIFFIICCAA--TTIIOONN

Maintain and enhance a landscape mosaic indryland areas of non-woody cultivation, includingdryland and rotation legumes.

Maintain and enhance connective corridors andpatches, between natural non-cultivated vegeta-tion patches including non-productive scatteredwoodland.

Conserve, create and promote fallow land withan adequate vegetation structure for species inthe area.

Maintain or increase an adequate non-cultivatedboundary extension of at least 0.5 metres(ideally 1.5 metres).

Prevent cultivation under plastic in areas whereit would result in the loss of such species habi-tat.

Prevent creation of irrigated land or other majorchanges, or an increase in the average size ofsuch plots.

Limit, when possible, irrigated areas. Where notpossible, promote legume cultivation (alfalfapreferably).

Avoid sowing seeds during the nesting period.

Avoid the general use of direct sowing (whichincreases the use of herbicides).

Encourage rotating dryland legume cultivation.

Keep stubble until February and prohibit stubbleburning.


NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONEMEDIUM/HIGH

dependingon species

NONE MEDIUM

ALL CONSIDERED SPECIESespecially Tetrax tetrax

SPECIAL CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR BIRDSIN STEPPE ENVIRONMENTS

This considers the Iberian and Balearic species included on Annex I of Directive 2009/147/CE (Birds Directive) (blue coloured) and theregular migratory species (orange coloured) that rely on steppe habitats:

Black-shouldered kite (Elanus caeruleus), pallid harrier (Circus cyaneus), northern harrier (Circus pygargus), lesser kestrel (Falco naumanni),merlin (Falco columbarius), common quail (Coturnix coturnix), little bustard (Tetrax tetrax), great bustard (Otis tarda), stone curlew (Burhinusoedicnemus), black-bellied sandgrouse (Pterocles orientalis), pin-tailed sandgrouse (Pterocles alchata), short-eared owl (Asio flammeus),European bee-eater (Merops apiaster), European roller (Coracias garrulus), Dupont’s lark (Chersophilus duponti), calandra lark(Melanocorypha calandra), short-toed lark (Calandrella brachydactyla), lesser short-toed lark (Calandrella rufescens), thekla lark (Galeridatheklae), sky lark (Alauda arvensis), tawny pipit (Anthus campestris), meadow pipit (Anthus pratensis), yellow wagtail (Motacilla flava), rufous-tailed scrub-robin (Cercotrichas galactotes), black-eared wheatear (Oenanthe hispanica), desert wheatear (Oenanthe leucura), lesser greyshrike (Lanius minor), rook (Corvus frugilegus), trumpeter finch (Bucanetes githagineus), yellowhammer (Emberiza citrinella), corn bunting(Emberiza calandra).

35


22.. CCOONNTTAAMMIINNAA--TTIIOONN DDUUEE TTOOAAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURRAALLPPRROODDUUCCTTSS

33.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYYDDUUEE TTOOIIRRRRIIGGAATTIIOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTUURREESSAANNDDAAGGRRIICCUULLTTUURRAALLMMAACCHHIINNEESS

44.. AALLTTEERRAATTIIOONNAANNDD HHAABBIITTAATTLLOOSSSS DDUUEE TTOOLLAANNDD--UUSSEECCHHAANNGGEESS

Reduce the use of agricultural chemicals; applyless toxic and persistent ones.

Ban use of sewage sludge and compost fromurban solid waste.

Regulate dates for the application of herbicidesdepending on the species’ phenology, avoidingtheir use within critical periods, as well as theuse of aerial spraying during the breeding sea-son.

Produce a control plan (quality, quantity, etc.) forthe use of cattle dung as fertilizer.

Adjust agricultural calendar to the species bree-ding on the ground: avoid working fallow landor vegetables during breeding (no ploughingfrom May to July always assessing first the useof herbicides in order to select the most bene-ficial measure for the species present).

Avoid installing permanent raised sprinklers, witha preference for temporary systems or pivots.

Encourage organic agriculture.

Make harvesting compatible with the speciesbiology, encouraging cereal varieties which canbe harvested later.

Avoid industrial and urban expansion.

Prohibit afforestation of steppe areas particularlyagricultural lands, pasture and wasteland.

Prevent irrigation in traditional dryland cultiva-tion areas.

Restrict the installation of trellises for vine gro-wing. Assess the impact on species presentbefore approval.

Prevent dryland herbaceous cultivation frombeing transformed into wood cultivation.




NONE HIGH

NONE

NONE

HIGH

HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

Falco naumanniCoracias garrulusOenanthe oenantheOenanthe hispanica

HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

Coracias garrulus,in some cases

MEDIUM/HIGHdependingon speciesappear

Circus cyaneusCircus pygargusTetrax tetraxOtis tardaMelanocorypha calandraCalandrella brachydactylaGalerida theklaeCoturnix coturnix

Tetrax tetraxOtis tardaPterocles orientalisPterocles alchata

Circus cyaneusCircus pygargusTetrax tetrax

Circus pygargusTetrax tetraxOtis tardaBurhinus oedicnemusGlareola pratincolaPterocles orientalisPterocles alchata


36


44.. AALLTTEERRAATTIIOONNAANNDD HHAABBIITTAATTLLOOSSSS DDUUEE TTOOLLAANNDD--UUSSEECCHHAANNGGEESS

55.. LLOOSSSS AANNDDDDAAMMAAGGEE OOFFBBRREEEEDDIINNGG AANNDDFFLLOOCCKKIINNGGAARREEAASS

66.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYYAANNDD OOTTHHEERRIIMMPPAACCTTSS FFRROOMMPPRREEDDAATTOORRSS

77.. IIMMPPAACCTTSS DDUUEETTOO HHUUNNTTIINNGG

Generally avoid abandoning cultivated land.

Maintain stubble management at an adequatelevel in those areas where it has been traditio-nally done.

Guarantee the maintenance of critical breedingareas for sensitive species.

Allow for breeding species associated with buil-dings when restoring old buildings and creatingnew ones, and take measures to avoid theirdisappearance.

Take measures to ensure lack of disturbance inflocking areas (breeding, wintering, drinking androosting areas).

Prohibit work in buildings during the breedingperiod [egg-laying to chick-rearing], betweenFebruary 15 and August 15.

Encourage extensive stock breeding in areas atrisk of developing too many bushes. Regulate thegrazing schedule in case livestock become athreat during some species nesting

Install artificial nests.

Control poaching of non-hunted species.

Control cat and feral dog population.

Avoid creating artificial attractive spots for gene-ral predators (rubbish dump, debris dump).

Monitor and avoid illegal capture and nest des-truction.




Chersophilus dupontiCalandrella rufescens

MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE

MEDIUM/HIGHdependingon presentspecies

NONE MEDIUM

Falco naumanniTetrax tetraxOtis tardaBurhinus oedicnemusGlareola pratincolaPterocles orientalisPterocles alchataAnthus campestrisOenanthe leucuraLanius minorBucanetes githagineusOenanthe oenantheOenanthe hispanica

Tetrax tetraxChersophilus dupontiMelanocorypha calandraCalandrella brachydactylaGalerida theklaeLanius minor

Falco naumanniCoracias garrulusOenanthe leucura

Falco naumanniCoracias garrulus

Falco naumanniCoracias garrulus

Falco naumanniTetrax tetraxOtis tardaBurhinus oedicnemusPterocles orientalisPterocles alchataCoracias garrulus

Circus cyaneusCircus pygargusFalco naumanniTetrax tetraxOtis tardaPterocles orientalisPterocles alchata

Circus cyaneusCircus pygargusFalco naumanniBucanetes githagineus

37


77.. IIMMPPAACCTTSS DDUUEETTOO HHUUNNTTIINNGG

88.. IIMMPPAACCTTSS FFRROOMMOOTTHHEERR HHUUMMAANNAACCTTIIVVIITTIIEESS


1100.. TTHHRREEAATTSS FFRROOMMSSTTRRUUCCTTUURREESSAANNDD BBUUIILLDDIINNGGIINN NNOONN--UURRBBAANNAARREEAASS

Regulate partridge release and limit the area inwhich intensive releases are made.

Temporarily restrict hunting in flocking areas,especially during mid-close season.

Prohibit the use of motor vehicles off-roadexcept for those on stock-breeding and agricul-tural properties (quad and motorbikes).

Avoid low flights over the area and prohibitlandings (paragliders, light planes and balloons).

Encourage scientific studies to improveknowledge of some species.

Avoid new building outside of towns and res-trict intensive stock-breeding.

Avoid filming and photographing nests, whenmay be necessary regulate authorisations.

Control bird tourist activities that could involvedisturbance.

Prohibit new extractive activities and assess theneed to limit extraction already permitted.Rehabilitation plans must be addressed tocomply with the management plan for the area.

Prohibit solar farms on steppe habitats.

Guarantee the security of birds in relation towires, burying them, changing their course, orsubstituting them with pleated wire or at leastinstalling bird protectors.

Prohibit the installation of wind farms.

Adapt the installation of new elevated electricitywiring to comply with national regulation.

Avoid steppe habitat fragmentation due to linearstructures.




NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE MEDIUM

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

Tetrax tetraxOtis tardaBurhinus oedicnemusPterocles orientalisPterocles alchata

Burhinus oedicnemusGlareola pratincolaPterocles orientalisPterocles alchataCoracias garrulusChersophilus dupontiMelanocorypha calandraCalandrella brachydactylaGalerida theklaeAnthus campestrisOenanthe leucuraLanius minorBucanetes githagineusCoturnix coturnixCalandrella rufescensOenanthe oenantheOenanthe hispanica


38

Photo: O

ctavio In

fante

Maintaining a landscape mosaic allows steppe species to use the area throughout their life cycle


1100.. TTHHRREEAATTSS FFRROOMMSSTTRRUUCCTTUURREESSAANNDD BBUUIILLDDIINNGGIINN NNOONN--UURRBBAANNAARREEAASS

Prohibit new fencing and eliminate all unneces-sary fences, or adapt the latter to make themless dangerous as well as marking them morestrongly.

Identify and manage areas where bird road killsare high.

NONE HIGH

NONE MEDIUM

Tetrax tetraxOtis tardaBurhinus oedicnemusPterocles orientalisPterocles alchata

Tetrax tetraxBurhinus oedicnemusCoracias garrulusChersophilus duponti

This considers Iberian species, including those from the Balearic Islands, listed on Annex I of Directive 2009/147/CE (Birds Directive)(blue) and the regular migratory species (orange) that rely on forest areas:

Black stork (Ciconia nigra), honey buzzard (Pernis apivorus), black kite (Milvus migrans), red kite (Milvus milvus), black vulture (Aegypiusmonachus), short-toed eagle (Circaetus gallicus), sparrowhawk (Accipiter nisus), common buzzard (Buteo buteo), Spanish Imperial eagle (Aquilaadalberti), booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus), Bonelli’s eagle (Aquila fasciata), hobby (Falco subbuteo), Cantabrian capercaillie (Tetrao urogalluscantabricus), Pyrenean capercaillie (Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus), woodcock (Scolopax rusticola), stock dove (Columba oenas), turtledove(Streptopelia turtur), great spotted cuckoo (Clamator glandarius), common cukoo (Cuculus canorus), scops owl (Otus scops),Tengmalm’s owl(Aegolius funereus), nightjar (Caprimulgus europaeus), red-necked nightjar (Caprimulgus ruficollis), hoopoe (Upupa epops), wryneck (Jynxtorquilla), black woodpecker (Dryocopus martius), middle spotted woodpecker (Dendrocopos medius), white-backed woodpecker(Dendrocopos leucotos), wood lark (Lullula arborea), tree pipit (Anthus trivialis), robin (Erithacus rubecula), nightingale (Luscinia megarhynchos),redstart (Phoenicurus phoenicurus), black redstart (Phoenicurus ochruros), fieldfare (Turdus pilaris), song thrush (Turdus philomelos), redwing(Turdus iliacus), mistle thrush (Turdus viscivorus), blackcap (Sylvia atricapilla), garden warbler (Sylvia borin), Bonelli`s warbler (Phylloscopusbonelli), chiffchaff (Phylloscopus collybita), Iberian warbler (Phylloscopus ibericus), willow warbler (Phylloscopus trochilus), goldcrest (Regulusregulus), firecrest (Regulus ignicapilla), spotted flycatcher (Muscicapa striata), pied flycatcher (Ficedula hypoleuca), woodchat shrike (Laniussenator), chaffinch (Fringilla coelebs), brambling (Fringilla montifringilla), serin (Serinus serinus), greenfinch (Carduelis chloris), goldfinch (Cardueliscarduelis), siskin (Carduelis spinus), linnet (Carduelis cannabina), bullfinch (Pyrrhula pyrrhula), hawfinch (Coccothraustes coccothraustes), rockbunting (Emberiza cia).

39


11.. AALLTTEERRAATTIIOONN,,FFRRAAGGMMEENNTTAA--TTIIOONN AANNDDLLOOSSSS OOFFHHAABBIITTAATT

Prohibit new urban projects, including thescattered settlements, in forest habitats significantfor reproduction, foraging, resting or wintering ofthese species.

Prohibit new linear infrastructure (roads, elec-tricity lines, gas and oil pipelines, etc) with nopurpose related to forestry activities but whichfragment forest habitats.

Prohibit new extractive activities (quarries andmining) in forest habitats and their bufferzones, and evaluate the need to limit on-goinglicences.

Promote the connectivity of forests with nativetrees.

Prohibit new forest clearance which results in areduction of forest extent and a change in landuse.


Ciconia nigraAegypius monachusTetrao urogallus cantabricusTetrao urogallus aquitanicusAegolius funereusDryocopus martiusDendrocopos mediusDendrocopos leucotosAccipiter nisusJynx torquillaAnthus trivialisPhoenicurus phoenicurusSylvia atricapillaPhylloscopus bonelliPhylloscopus collybitaPhylloscopus ibericusPhylloscopus trochilusRegulus regulusRegulus ignicapillaFicedula hypoleuca

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

Dependingon scale

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

SPECIAL CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR FOREST BIRDS


40


22.. FFOORREESSTTMMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTT

22..11.. FFOORREESSTTMMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTTIINN TTHHEEEEUURROO--SSIIBBEERRIIAANNBBIIOOGGEEOOGGRRAAPPHHII--CCAALL RREEGGIIOONN

Obtain statutory endorsement of management,conservation and restoration criteria for birdconservation in technical forestry and huntingplans. Both technical hunting plans and regionalforest plans (regional and annual plans of usage)are to be considered together prior to theirapproval by the zone authorities.

Match the forestry work to the biology of thespecies present to avoid disturbance duringthe most critical periods for those species(breeding).

Prohibit authorisation of forestry activities closeto occupied nests (less than 300m) betweenFebruary and September. Such activities shouldbe carried out between November and Januaryas October is also a sensitive month. Only themost urgently needed activities should be per-mitted.

Close off forest tracks along which traffic andwork would have negative effects on the birds,except those that are essential for conservationactivities, forest fire prevention or access todwellings or agricultural premises.

Prohibit the construction of new forest tracksexcept where there are no feasible alternativesand which are necessary for fire prevention. Inthis case they should be subject to full justifica-tion and an Environmental Impact Assessment.

Create new or improve existing land manage-ment agreements that will benefit habitat quality.

Establish forest conservation guardhouses andpreserve at least 10 huge and/or old native treeswith at least 40 cm diameter per hectare.

Progressively replace forests of exotic species(eucalyptus and pine) with native trees.

Ensure that any form of forest exploitation, insignificant forest areas for critical birds, is certi-fied by FSC.

Promote the creation of Integral Reserves in thebest forests where there is a policy of “non-action”. Especially establish these reserves in cli-max forests (where these are identified).

Preserve and increase the extent of native forestwhile seeking the highest levels of structural andspecific diversity in line with the ecological re-quirements of the majority of species.

Promote forest management which favours theheterogeneity of the forests. Tree felling in forestsor tree plantations should be limited in area andclose to other stands which are not felled.



NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM-HIGH

MEDIUM-HIGH

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

LOW

LOW

HIGH

HIGH

41


22..11.. FFOORREESSTTMMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTTIINN TTHHEEEEUURROO--SSIIBBEERRIIAANNBBIIOOGGEEOOGGRRAAPPHHII--CCAALL RREEGGIIOONN

22..22.. FFOORREESSTTMMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTTIINN TTHHEEMMEEDDIITTEERRRRAA--NNEEAANN BBIIOOGGEEOO--GGRRAAPPHHIICCAALLRREEGGIIOONN

Maintain a minimum of 66 oaks of at least 37 cmdiameter per hectare.

Maintain a minimum of 30 trees per hectarewhich are appropriate for hole-nesting (takinginto account its state of decay, diameter, the pre-vious holes and tree species).

Respect the undergrowth in exploited forests inorder to maintain the avifauna of this environ-ment in its totality.

Limit the livestock and hunting pressure to levelswhich do not affect the forest structure and re-generation of the tree and undergrowth.

Encourage the preservation of well-structureddehesas with large trees suitable for breeding.

Take into account the habitat needs for rabbitand partridge in the forest management.

Individually assess the need to increase forest soilby planting species native to Mediterranean for-est, mainly oaks, in order to promote a higher nat-ural capacity for forest birds of prey.

Thin dense young Quercus pubescens forestsin order to increase the trees` maturity anddiameter as well as promote the forest’s ope-ning up.

Dendrocopos medius

Aegolius funereusDryocopus martiusDendrocopos mediusDendrocopos leucotosOtus scopsJynx torquillaPhoenicurus phoenicurusFicedula hypoleuca

Tetrao urogallus cantabricusTetrao urogallus aquitanicusCoccothraustes coccothraustesSylvia borinSylvia atricapillaPyrrhula pyrrhula

Tetrao urogallus cantabricusTetrao urogallus aquitanicusAegolius funereusDendrocopos medius Scolopax rusticolaAnthus trivialisPhoenicurus phoenicurusSylvia atricapillaSylvia borinPhylloscopus bonelliPhylloscopus collybitaPhylloscopus ibericusPhylloscopus trochilusRegulus regulusRegulus ignicapillaMuscicapa striataFicedula hypoleucaCarduelis spinusPyrrhula pyrrhula

Ciconia nigraMilvus milvusMilvus migransAegypius monachusCircaetus gallicusAquila adalbertiHieraaetus pennatusDendrocopos medius*

Phoenicurus phoenicurusFicedula hypoleucaPhylloscopus bonelli

Milvus milvusMilvus migransAquila adalbertiHieraaetus pennatusAquila fasciata

Milvus migransMilvus milvusDendrocopos mediusJynx torquillaPhoenicurus phoenicurusSylvia atricapillaSylvia borinPhylloscopus bonelliRegulus regulusRegulus ignicapillaMuscicapa striataFicedula hypoleuca

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM-HIGH

MEDIUM


42


33.. FFOORREESSTT FFIIRREESS


Promote forest use by bird species after a fire inaccordance with compulsory requirements:leaving some burnt trees per hectare, stacking oftree felling residues, further pruning at the onsetof leaf and scrub regeneration, strictly controlledusage of heavy machinery, operations outsidethe breeding period and so on.

After a fire, publish and implement a habitatrestoration plan in order to achieve the con-servation goals of the SPA, both on public andprivate estates. This plan may include non-inter-vention if the regeneration capacity of theecosystem requires it.

In case of fire, use a heterogeneous manage-ment of the burned forest to accomplish forestheterogeneity, involving the preservation of tinyintact tracts and forests in different states owingto different land-use strategies.

Provide fire brigade regional coordinators withinformation on the conservation priority ofdifferent zones.

Reduce the use of insecticides and herbicides intrees. If necessary and in the absence of alterna-tives, use should be fully justified and only the leasttoxic and persistent used and then only outsidethe breeding period. Specifically prohibit theaerial spraying during reproduction period inbreeding areas of these species.

Prohibit the usage of rodent control chemicalsin open fields and develop systems to detectearly evidence of mammal plagues and environ-mentally optimal ways to tackle them.


Pernis apivorusTetrao urogallus cantabricusTetrao urogallus aquitanicusDryocopus martiusDendrocopos medius Dendrocopos leucotosUpupa epopsJinx torquillaAnthus trivialisPhoenicurus phoenicurusSylvia atricapillaSylvia borinPhylloscopus bonelliPhylloscopus collybitaPhylloscopus ibericusPhylloscopus trochilusRegulus regulusRegulus ignicapillaMuscicapa striataFicedula hypoleucaCarduelis spinusPyrrhula pyrrhulaCoccothraustes coccothraustes

Ciconia nigraPernis apivorusMilvus migransMilvus milvusAegypius monachusCircaetus gallicusAquila adalbertiHieraaetus pennatusAquila fasciataAegolius funereusAccipiter nisusButeo buteoFalco subbuteoOtus scops

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

HIGH

HIGH

43


55.. SSTTEEMMMMIINNGGFFRROOMMHHUUNNTTIINNGGAACCTTIIVVIITTIIEESS

66.. IILLLLEEGGAALL UUSSEEOOFF PPOOIISSOONN

77.. PPRREEDDAATTIIOONNAANNDD CCOOMMPPEETTII--TTIIOONN AAMMOONNGGSSPPEECCIIEESS

Prohibit hunting close to breeding areas fromJanuary 1st and establish an exclusion zone (de-pending on species) around the nests.

Exclude hunting around critical zones for thesurvival of the threatened birds

Prohibit hunting of rabbits or establish tempo-rary restrictions in places where their popula-tion density may be low. Implement measuresfor the restoration of habitats and the rabbitpopulations in natural ways (e.g. deployment ofartificial rabbit holes and other protective struc-tures).

Enhance surveillance, coordinated with otherlaw enforcement state corps, to eliminate illegalhunting and nest destruction, above all in criticalzones and the most sensitive periods for thesespecies.

Prohibit the use of lead ammunition.

Promote methods of hunting without killing ofthe species for woodcock

Improve knowledge about the use of poisonand the harm it does to protected species.

Update, implement and publish an action planfor the elimination of illegal use of poisonedbaits.

Establish local inventories of critical poisoningzones (key areas where poisoning is a majorproblem).Increase surveillance efforts and prosecution forthis offence, especially in critical areas.

Prohibit the intensive hunting of species otherthan birds on estates.

Eliminate unfenced dumps and waste fills, inorder to prevent an increase in populations ofpredators.

Secure a sufficient number of breeding platformsto reduce competition between potential users.

Milvus milvusAegypius monachus Aquila adalbertiAquila fasciata

Tetrao urogallus cantabricus Tetrao urogallus aquitanicus

Milvus milvusMilvus migransAegypius monachus Aquila adalbertiAquila fasciataHieraaetus pennatus

Ciconia nigraPernis apivorusMilvus migransMilvus milvusAegypius monachus Circaetus gallicusAquila adalbertiHieraaetus pennatusAquila fasciata Tetrao urogallus cantabricusTetrao urogallus aquitanicusFalco subbuteo

Milvus migransMilvus milvusAegypius monachusAquila adalbertiHieraaetus pennatusAquila fasciata

Scolopax rusticola

Milvus migransMilvus milvusAegypius monachusAquila adalbertiAquila fasciata

Pernis apivorusTetrao urogallus cantabricusTetrao urogallus aquitanicusScolopax rusticola

Aegypius monachusAquila fasciata

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

Gyps fulvus

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

MEDIUM


44


88.. DDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEEFFRROOMM OOTTHHEERRHHUUMMAANNAACCTTIIVVIITTIIEESS

99.. DDIIRREECCTT CCOONN--SSEERRVVAATTIIOONNAACCTTIIOONNSS


Regulate visits and activities (hiking, climbing, raf-ting, uncontrolled camping, paragliding, hunting,photography, wildlife observation, use of motor-bikes and four-wheel vehicles, cross-countryskiing and hiking, etc.) in critical zones during theperiods of highest sensitivity (reproduction andchick rearing), with total restriction in the mostsensitive areas.

Set up agreements with federations, associationsand groups involved in active sports affectingwildlife in order to avoid disturbance of the birds.

Agree with civil aviation authorities to restrictlow flying by small planes, paragliders and delta-wing machines over critical bird areas.

Provide food for scavenging birds based onGuideline 664 of 2007 based on an evaluation ofthe density of birds which the ecosystem wouldnaturally support.

Improve the rabbit and partridge populations inthose territories with low food availability.

Protect and restore traditional dovecotes, andpreserved and rehabilitated in existing ones.

Provide supplementary feeding to those pairs ofbreeding bird with low productivity.

Use standardised annual monitoring to enablepopulation trends to be measured.

Monitor threats to and the effectiveness of on-going management measures.

Promote studies of habitat selection and disper-sive movements by juvenile birds.

Produce an inventory of actual and potentialbreeding areas.

Monitor demographic parameters (at least, sur-vival and reproduction success) with priority forthose birds showing population declines.

Identify all migration, foraging and concentrationzones important for the birds` conservation.

Ciconia nigraPernis apivorusMilvus migransMilvus milvusAegypius monachusCircaetus gallicusAquila adalbertiHieraaetus pennatusAquila fasciataTetrao urogallus cantabricusTetrao urogallus aquitanicusAegolius funereusAccipiter nisusButeo buteoFalco subbuteoOtus scops


Ciconia nigraAegypius monachusCircaetus gallicusAquila adalbertiHieraaetus pennatusAquila fasciata

Milvus migransMilvus milvusAegypius monachusAquila adalberti

Milvus milvusMilvus migransAegypius monachusAquila adalbertiHieraaetus pennatus Aquila fasciata

Aquila fasciata

Milvus milvusAquila adalbertiAquila fasciata



NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

45



1111.. DDEEAATTHHBBYY WWIINNDDGGEENNEERRAATTOORRSS,,EELLEECCTTRRIICC LLIINNEESS,,FFEENNCCEESS AANNDDIIRRRRIIGGAATTIIOONNSSTTRRUUCCTTUURREESS

Promote specific studies on trophic ecology.

Determine the levels of biocides and otherpollutants in eggs and the birds themselves, andtheir influence on reproductive success andmortality.

Determine optimal densities of wild ungulates(fallow deer, deer and especially boar) compati-ble with the conservation of capercaillie.

Prohibit the use of windfarms in especiallysensitive areas. Encourage the local use of windgenerators that have low collision risk.

Oppose approval of new electricity lines. If indis-pensable, they must comply with all conditionsset by national legislation.

Guarantee the birds` security in relation toexisting electricity lines through re-routing lines,burying them, substituting by non-dangerouscable (for example dry cable) or, at least, markingthem with bird protectors.

Prohibit the installation of new fences or wiredfences, eliminating all unnecessary ones andupgrading those considered indispensable byuse of ones less prone to collision.

Install measures to prevent drowning in irriga-tion pools and canals.

Pernis apivorusMilvus migransMilvus milvusAegypius monachusCircaetus gallicusAquila adalbertiHieraaetus pennatusAquila fasciataTetrao urogallus cantabricusTetrao urogallus aquitanicusAegolius funereusDryocopus martiusDendrocopos mediusDendrocopos leucotosAccipiter nisusButeo buteoFalco subbuteoOtus scops

Ciconia nigra Milvus milvusMilvus migrans Aquila adalberti Hieraaetus pennatusAquila fasciata

Tetrao urogallus cantabricusTetrao urogallus aquitanicus


Tetrao urogallus cantabricusTetrao urogallus aquitanicus

Hieraaetus pennatusAquila fasciata

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

HIGH/MEDIUMaccording

to the species

MEDIUM


to the presentspecies

HIGH


to the presentspecies

HIGH

MEDIUM

* for the present populations in dehesas of Quercus pubescens.


46


11.. HHAABBIITTAATTLLOOSSSS AANNDDAALLTTEERRAATTIIOONN

22.. AALLTTEERRAATTIIOONNAANNDD LLOOSSSSOOFF TTRROOPPHHIICCRREESSOOUURRCCEESS

Limit all activities causing habitat loss in presentand potential feeding,migrating and resting areas.Prohibit such activities in sensitive areas so thatthe properties for which they have been nomi-nated remain.

Prohibit urban and infrastructure developmentwhich can reduce habitat irreversibly in presentand potential breeding areas.

Develop specific measures for protecting andlimiting the uses in order to ensure the mainte-nance and restoration of existing colonies aswell as the recovery of former and develop-ment of potential ones.

Limit livestock activities during the breeding pe-riod in those cases when the activity could be athreat in breeding areas.

Avoid overfishing, establish appropriate measures(e.g. catch quotas, temporal and spatial morato-ria, etc.)

Protect and if necessary improve the species’foraging habitats.


Calonectris diomedeaPuffinus mauretanicusPuffinus yelkouanHydrobates pelagicusPhalacrocorax aristotelisdesmarestiiLarus geneiLarus audouiniiSterna sandvicensisSterna hirundoSterna albifronsChlidonias nigerUria aalge ibericusLarus ridibundusLarus fuscusLarus marinus Rissa tridactyla

Larus melanocephalusLarus geneiLarus audouiniiSterna sandvicensisSterna hirundoSterna albifronsLarus ridibundusLarus fuscusLarus marinus


NONE

NONE

DEPENDINGON THEACTION

NONE

Larus audouinii

NONE

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

HIGH

HIGH

This considers the Iberian and Balearic marine and coastal species included on Annex I of Directive 2009/147/CE (Birds Directive) (bluecoloured) and the regular migratory species (orange coloured):

Red-throated diver (Gavia stellata), black-throated diver (Gavia arctica), great northern diver (Gavia immer), Cory´s shearwater (Calonectrisdiomedea), great shearwater (Puffinus gravis), sooty shearwater (Puffinus griseus), Manx shearwater (Puffinus puffinus), Balearic shearwater(Puffinus mauretanicus), Levantine shearwater (Puffinus yelkouan), European storm-petrel (Hydrobates pelagicus), Madeiran strom-petrel(Oceanodroma castro), northern gannet (Morus bassanus), Mediterranean cormorant (Phalacrocorax aristotelis desmarestii), common scoter(Melanitta nigra), velvet scoter (Melanitta fusca), Mediterranean gull (Larus melanocephalus), little gull (Larus minutus), black-headed gull(Larus ridibundus), slender-billed gull (Larus genei), Audouin´s gull (Larus audouinii), common gull (Larus canus), black-backed gull (Larusfuscus), herring gull (Larus argentatus), greater black-backed gull (Larus marinus), kittiwake (Rissa tridactyla), sandwich tern (Sterna sandvicensis),common tern (Sterna hirundo), little tern (Sterna albifrons), black tern (Chlidonias niger), Iberian guillemot (Uria aalge ibericus), razorbill (Alcatorda), little auk (Alle alle), Atlantic puffin (Fratercula arctica), rock pipit (Anthus petrosus).

SPECIAL CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR MARINEAND COASTAL BIRDS

47


33.. MMAARRIINNEEEENNVVIIRROONNMMEENNTTCCOONNTTAAMMIINNAA--TTIIOONN

44.. LLIIGGHHTTPPOOLLLLUUTTIIOONN

55.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYYDDUUEE TTOO FFIISSHHIINNGGMMEETTHHOODDSS

Prohibit or limit the traffic of vessels transportingdangerous substances, including those carrying oiland its derivatives, over the whole of Natura 2000Network.

Include Spain in contingency plans for oil-spills.

Forbid new oil prospecting in Spanish waters andconduct an assessment of authorised explorationin relation to its impact on birds.

Approve a plan of action for possible hydrocar-bon spillage within Spain and surrounding areas,involving emergency plans in the event of acatastrophe.

Initiate surveillance for spillage of other wasteproducts (plastic, bottles, fishing waste, etc.) aswell as illegal cleaning of oil tanks.

Counteract light pollution in coastal areas wherebirds are being affected (e.g. disorientation inyoungsters), by reducing emission focus and pro-viding light barriers, low intensity lights, etc.

Develop awareness campaigns implement pro-grammes for moving disoriented birds, especiallyin critical seasons (when chicks begin flying).

Limit the use of certain fishing methods (includingrecreational fishing) which produce an impact onbirds and if necessary prohibit some methods insensitive areas.

Insist on the modification of nets and otherstructures that cause death of birds in fish farms.


Calonectris diomedeaPuffinus mauretanicusPuffinus yelkouanHydrobates pelagicus

Gavia stellataGavia arcticaGavia immerPuffinus yelkouanCalonectris diomedeaPhalacrocorax aristotelisdesmarestiiLarus melanocephalusLarus audouiniiUria aalge ibericusFulmarus glacialisPuffinus gravisPuffinus griseusPuffinus puffinusMorus bassanusMelanitta nigraMelanitta fuscaRissa tridactylaAlca tordaFratercula arctica

Phalacrocorax aristotelisdesmarestiiLarus melanocephalusLarus minutusLarus geneiLarus audouiniiSterna sandvicensisSterna hirundoSterna paradisaeaSterna albifronsChlidonias nigerLarus ridibundusLarus sabiniLarus canusLarus argentatusLarus fuscusLarus marinusRissa tridactyla

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

NONE

HIGH

MEDIUM


48


66.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYYAANNDD TTRROOUUBBLLEEDDUUEE TTOOPPRREEDDAATTOORRSS

77.. HHUUMMAANNAACCTTIIVVIITTIIEESSDDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEE

88.. LLAACCKKOOFF SSCCIIEENNTTIIFFIICCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGEE

Eliminate non-native predators in the area, surveynew aliens and initiate actions to prevent theirarrival.

Approve a plan to identify possible present andpotential predators, and to eradicate non-nativeones.

Develop actions to prevent native predatorsfrom causing such an impact that would put atrisk any of the species for which the SPA wasnominated, restricting their access to thebreeding areas or controlling their populations.

Limit access (through land, sea or air) to thebreeding colonies and other critical areas, atleast during the period when birds are using thearea. If necessary, draw up a management planto regulate human activities in the area.

Carry out annual monitoring of the species inorder to assess population trends.

Monitor threats and the effectiveness of mana-gement measures.

Encourage specific studies on trophic ecology anddistributions, conduct censuses on land, at seaand from the air and monitor through differentloggers.

Calonectris diomedeaPuffinus mauretanicusPuffinus yelkouanHydrobates pelagicusPhalacrocorax aristotelisdesmarestiiLarus geneiLarus audouinii Sterna sandvicensisSterna hirundoSterna albifronsChlidonias nigerUria aalge ibericusLarus ridibundusLarus fuscusLarus marinusRissa tridactyla

Calonectris diomedeaPuffinus mauretanicusPuffinus yelkouanHydrobates pelagicusPhalacrocorax aristotelisdesmarestiiLarus melanocephalusLarus minutusLarus geneiLarus audouiniiSterna sandvicensisSterna hirundoSterna albifronsChlidonias nigerUria aalge ibericusMergus serratorLarus ridibundusLarus canusLarus argentatus Larus fuscusLarus marinusRissa tridactyla



NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH,in breedingcolonies

MEDIUM,in other

critical areas

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

49


88.. LLAACCKKOOFF SSCCIIEENNTTIIFFIICCKKNNOOWWLLEEDDGGEE

99.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYYDDUUEE TTOOWWIINNDDTTUURRBBIINNEESS// WWIINNDD FFAARRMMSS

Make an inventory of current and potentialbreeding areas.

Monitor demographic parameters (at least, sur-vival and breeding success) especially for thosespecies whose populations are declining.

Identify all resting, foraging and flocking areaswhich are important for the conservation ofbreeding colonies.

Study interactions between birds and fishingmethods and investigate potential mitigationmeasures.

Encourage studies to assess light pollution inrelation to marine birds and determine howsensitivities differ with species and location.

Prohibit the installation of new windfarms. Con-tinue studying bird deaths related to windfarms.

Calonectris diomedeaPuffinus mauretanicusPuffinus yelkouanHydrobates pelagicusPhalacrocorax aristotelisdesmarestiiLarus geneiLarus audouiniiSterna sandvicensisSterna hirundoSterna albifronsChlidonias nigerUria aalge ibericusLarus ridibundusLarus fuscusLarus marinusRissa tridactyla

Gavia stellataGavia arcticaGavia immerCalonectris diomedeaPuffinus mauretanicusPuffinus yelkouanCalonectris diomedeaPuffinus mauretanicusPhalacrocorax aristotelisdesmarestiiLarus melanocephalusLarus audouinii Uria aalgeFulmarus glacialisPuffinus gravisPuffinus griseusPuffinus puffinusMorus bassanusMelanitta nigraMelanitta fuscaRissa tridactylaAlca tordaFratercula arctica

Calonectris diomedeaPuffinus mauretanicusPuffinus yelkouanHydrobates pelagicus


NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

HIGH

MEDIUM

HIGH


50


11.. AALLTTEERRAATTIIOONNAANNDD LLOOSSSSOOFF HHAABBIITTAATT


33.. DDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEEFFRROOMMFFOORREESSTTRRYY

Prohibit any activity causing alterations to thebreeding and feeding habitat of these species.

Prohibit the construction of isolated housesoutside urban areas in breeding zones.

Prohibit unauthorised paths along the tops andbases of cliffs and other rocky structures wherethe considered birds breed.

Limit the establishment of quarries and otherindustrial extractive facilities and infrastructuresin breeding areas.

Monitor the nesting-sites of swifts and hirundinesand if necessary install artificial nests for them.

Enhance the viability of isolated populations byincreasing the size of existing ones and improvingconnectivity with larger populations.

Reduce the use of insecticides, nitrogenous fer-tilizers and other toxic substances in foragingareas of cliff-nesting species, especially theinsect-eating species.

Avoid intensive herbicides which reduce biodi-versity (food species) and bio-accumulating agri-cultural treatments which generate secondarypoisoning of some birds (encouraging traditionalagricultural practices, avoiding uncontrolled andintensive pest-control measures).

Promote maximum precaution in avoidingsecondary poisoning from rodent and other pestcontrol programmes commissioned by publicinstitutions.

Limit forestry practices (spraying in airplanes,pruning…) to periods outside the bird breedingperiods.





Apus cafferPtyonoprogne rupestrisHirundo daurica

Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax

Falco peregrinusApus cafferFalco tinnunculusApus melbaPtyonoprogne rupestrisHirundo dauricaMonticola saxatilis

Gypaetus barbatusNeophron percnopterusGyps fulvusBubo buboFalco peregrinus

Gypaetus barbatusNeophron percnopterusGyps fulvusBubo buboFalco peregrinus

Aquila chrysaetosBubo bubo

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

MEDIUM

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

This considers the Iberian and Balearic species included on Annex I of Directive 2009/147/CE (Birds Directive) (blue coloured) and theregular migratory species (orange coloured) that rely on rocky habitats in which to breed:

Bearded vulture (Gypaetus barbatus), Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus), griffon vulture (Gyps fulvus), golden eagle (Aquila chrysaetos),common kestrel (Falco tinnunculus), Eleonora’s falcon (Falco eleonorae), peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus), eagle owl (Bubo bubo), alpineswift (Tachymarptis melba), white-rumped swift (Apus caffer), crag martin (Ptyonoprogne rupestris), red-rumped swallow (Hirundo daurica),rock thrush (Monticola saxatilis), red-billed chough (Pyrrhocorax pyrrhocorax).

SPECIAL CONSERVATION MEASURES FOR CLIFF-NESTING BIRDS

51


44.. AALLTTEERRAATTIIOONNOOFF TTRROOPPHHIICCRREESSOOUURRCCEESS

55.. IINNAADDEEQQUUAATTEEMMAANNAAGGEEMMEENNTTOOFF QQUUAARRRRIIEESS

66.. IILLLLEEGGAALL UUSSAAGGEEOOFF PPOOIISSOONN

77.. DDEERRIIVVEEDD FFRROOMMHHUUNNTTIINNGGAACCTTIIVVIITTIIEESS

Provide food for scavenging birds based onRegulation 1069/2009 after evaluation of thebirds’ density.

Declare the SPAs with scavenging birds andextensive livestock as Important carrion feedingbirds Areas in order to become part of theguidelines to feeding necrofagous birds outsidefeeding stations

Maintain waterbodies (according to standardsestablished by the Water Frame Guidelines) inareas with aerial insectivores.

Consider the actual and potential occupation ofquarries by cliff-nesting birds, initiating protectionmeasures in active quarries and restorative actionin disused ones.

In disused quarries without restoration plansmake inventories of their ecological values inorder to obtain baseline information for theirproper management in the future.

Provide information on the use of poison and itseffects on protected species.

Update, implement and publicise an action planfor the elimination of illegal use of poisonedbaits.

Identify and document areas where the use ofpoison is a critical issue.

Increase vigilance for and the prosecution of thisoffence, above all in critical areas.

Prohibit the usage of lead ammunition in allzones in which the hunted species are food forthese birds.

Encourage surveillance coordination with otherlaw enforcement bodies with the aim of elimi-nating illegal hunting and nest despoliation, par-ticularly in critical zones and during the mostsensitive periods for these species.

Restrict the issuance of permits and the controlmethods relating to predator species, especiallyunauthorised control of ravens (Corvus corax) inareas with chough.

Prohibit rabbit hunting or set up temporaryrestrictions in low-density areas.

Implement measures such as the establishmentof artificial feeding sites (“restaurants”) withinhunting areas so that the carcases can be usedby scavenging species.

Gypaetus barbatusNeophron percnopterusGyps fulvusAquila chrysaetos


Apus cafferApus melbaPtyonoprogne rupestrisHirundo dauricaMonticola saxatilis

Neophron percnopterusGyps fulvusFalco peregrinusPyrrhocorax pyrrhocoraxFalco tinnunculus



Gypaetus barbatusGyps fulvusNeophron percnopterusAquila chrysaetosBubo bubo

Gypaetus barbatusNeophron percnopterusAquila chrysaetos

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM


52


88.. DDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEEBBYY OOTTHHEERRHHUUMMAANNAACCTTIIVVIITTIIEESS


Regulate visits and activities (hiking, climbing,rafting, uncontrolled camping, paragliding, hunting,photography, wildlife observation, motorbikesand four-wheel vehicles, cross-country skiing andhiking, etc) in critical zones during periods ofhighest sensitivity (nesting and rearing ofoffspring), with total prohibition in the mostsensitive areas.

Prohibit climbing close to nests and any othersuch activity which might affect the breedingspecies. Climbing access must require authorisa-tion.

Set up agreements with federations, associationsand groups involved in active outdoor sports inorder to avoid disturbance to the birds.

Monitor threats and the effectiveness of themanagement measures used.

Set up specific studies on potential occupation ofquarries by cliff-nesting birds once they aredisused, in order to determine optimal conditionsfor their management and to identify appropriatepreventive, corrective and/ or compensatorymeasures.

Establish a schedule for coordinated censuswork.

Create an inventory of real and potentialbreeding areas.

Monitor demographic parameters (at least, sur-vival and reproduction success) with priority forthose birds with declining populations.

Identify all flying, foraging and flocking areasimportant for the birds’ conservation.

Promote specific ecological studies.

Determine the levels of biocides and otherpollutants in eggs and the birds themselves, aswell as their influence on reproduction successand mortality.



ALL BREEDING SPECIESGypaetus barbatusNeophron percnopterusGyps fulvusAquila chrysaetosFalco peregrinusBubo buboApus cafferPyrrhocorax pyrrhocoraxFalco tinnunculusApus melbaPtyonoprogne rupestrisHirundo dauricaMonticola saxatilis

Gypaetus barbatusNeophron percnopterusGyps fulvusAquila chrysaetosFalco peregrinesBubo buboPyrrhocorax pyrrhocoraxFalco tinnunculus

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

HIGH

53


1100.. MMOORRTTAALLIITTYYAANNDD DDIISSTTUURR--BBAANNCCEE FFRROOMMIINNFFRRAASSTTRRUUCC--TTUURREESS IINNNNOONN--UURRBBAANNAARREEAASS

Oppose the installation of new windfarms inzones near breeding and foraging areas or inareas used by the birds as corridors.

During the planning of energy transmissioninfrastructures monitor proposals for thepositioning of electricity lines, and remain vigilantfor unauthorised lines intended for importantairspace for the birds in question, including areasbetween the nesting and foraging zones.

Prevent the authorisation of new electric lineswhich do not comply with all measures esta-blished under national legislation.

Make it compulsory to mitigate all electricity linesthat comply with national legislation but stillproduce high mortality rates of birds.

Develop a specific programme of actionsconcerning electricity lines in order to reducemortality by electrocution or collision, andidentify the lines to be improved and thetechnical features which will guarantee theirfuture safety.

Periodically monitor the improved electricity linesin order to assess the effectiveness of themeasures taken.

ALL SPECIES CONSIDERED NONE

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

HIGH


54

This considers the Iberian species, including those from the Balearics Islands, listed on Annex I of Directive 2009/147/CE (Birds Directive)(blue coloured) and regular migratory birds (orange coloured) that rely on rural and urban environments:

White stork (Ciconia ciconia), common swift (Apus apus), pallid swift (Apus pallidus), barn swallow (Hirundo rustica), house martin(Delichon urbica), spotless starling (Sturnus vulgaris).


11.. HHAABBIITTAATT LLOOSSSSAANNDD HHAABBIITTAATTDDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEE


33.. IIMMPPAACCTTSSOONN FFOOOODDAAVVAAIILLAABBIILLIITTYY

44.. PPRREEDDAATTIIOONN

55.. OOTTHHEERR HHUUMMAANNDDIISSTTUURRBBAANNCCEE


Ban the destruction of occupied nests and de-termine specific nesting places for target species.

Evaluate the need to restore specific nestingplaces for target species, and if appropriate,carry out restoration and maintenance.

Promote new building designs compatible withnesting species, and provide nesting places inrecently built areas where there are no breedingpossibilities for traditional urban birds.

Guarantee availability of food resources byappropriate maintenance of areas adjacent tobreeding sites.

Avoid insecticide uses, for example compoundscapable of affecting birds, and promote the useof harmless products.

If necessary, install bird-feeders at places withoutnatural feeding habitats where a significantdecline in population has been detected.

Evaluate possible measures for the control ofcommon predators, for example cats, rats andabandoned dogs.

Adapt public buildings to the biology of thespecies in question, so that they can be free of dis-turbance during the breeding season.

Track and monitor threats and the effectivenessof the management measures taken.

Use standardized population monitoring at suffi-ciently regular periods to enable populationtrends to be measured.

Establish inventory of breeding sites (actual andpotential), and feeding and flocking places.

Carry out localised population and breedingproductivity surveys following the closure ofgarbage dumps, to evaluate the consequencesand thus to be able to initiate measures with thepotential to improve habitat.

Study possible effects of new technologies (mo-bile telephone antennas) on the reproductiveparameters of these species.


Ciconia ciconiaApus apusApus pallidusHirundo rusticaDelichon urbica

Ciconia ciconiaApus apusApus pallidusHirundo rusticaDelichon urbica

Ciconia ciconia


Ciconia ciconia




Ciconia ciconia

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

HIGH

SPECIAL CONSERVATION MEASURESFOR RURAL AND URBAN BIRDS

55

This section presents measures designed to raise public awareness of the existence and importance of SPAs in our country, and of thebird species which live in these areas.

MMEEAASSUURREESS FFAAVVOOUURREEDD SSPPEECCIIEESS WWOORRSSTT AAFFFFEECCTTEEDDSSPPEECCIIEESS PPRRIIOORRIITTYY

MMEEAASSUURREESSTTOO IIMMPPRROOVVEETTHHEE LLAACCKK OOFFIINNFFOORRMMAATTIIOONNAANNDD AAWWAARREENNEESSSSOOFF TTHHEE SSPPAA

Information campaigns directed specifically atthe economic sectors which carry out theiractivities in the protected areas (fishermen,hunters, farmers, business and general tourismand spare activities, etc.).

Information campaigns, environmental educa-tion, raising social awareness of the Natura 2000network and the importance of the SPA and itsspecies.

To promote awareness of the environmentalservices of the SPAs and prioritize conservationin programmes for public use of these areas.

Promote a responsible and organized use ofSPAs in those areas that are not significantlyaffecting target species.

Develop an awareness program directed at themain sectors operating in the forests: forestry,hunting, adventure tourism, agro-livestock, etc.

Promote environmental and economic sustaina-bility of the uses of the area and those traditio-nal uses compatible with maintenance of thefunctionality of wetlands and their biodiversity.

Carry out special environmental education andpublic awareness campaigns about steppe zones,their species and the importance of their con-servation in order to avoid undervaluing thesehabitats.

Special campaigns directed at the economic sec-tors involved in farming activity in SPAs


FOREST SPECIES

AQUATIC & WETLANDSPECIES

STEPPE SPECIES

STEPPE SPECIES

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

NONE

HIGH

HIGH

MEDIUM

MEDIUM

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

HIGH

SPECIFIC MEASURES FOR INFORMATIONAND AWARENESS

56


KNOWLEDGEOFTHESPECIESLISTEDONANNEXIOFDIRECTIVE2009/147/CE

ANDREGULARLYOCCURRINGMIGRATORYBIRDS

KN

OW

LED

GE

AVAIL

ABLE

SSCCIIEENNTTIIFFIICC NN

AAMMEE

TTYYPPEE

OOFF HHAABBIITTAATT

HHAABBIITTAATT UU

SSEEEECC

OOLLOO

GGYY//BBIIOO

LLOOGGYY

TTHHRREEAA

TTSS

RREEFFEERR

EENNCCEESS

GGaavviiaa sstteellllaattaa

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 154

GGaavviiaa aarrccttiiccaa

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 154

GGaavviiaa iimmmmeerr

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 154

, 238

Tachybaptus ruficollis

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

248

Podiceps cristatus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

248

Podiceps nigricollis

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

238, 248

BBuullwweerriiaa bbuullwweerriiii

Canary island habitats

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 237

, 238

, 250

CCaalloonneeccttrriiss ddiioommeeddeeaa

Marine and coastal &


Goo

dGoo

dGoo

d45

, 154

, 204

, 239

, 250

, 266

, 370

, 371

Puffinus gravis

Marine and coastal

Insufficient

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 154

, 370

Puffinus griseus

Marine and coastal

Insufficient

Accep

table

Accep

table

38, 45, 370

Puffinus puffinus



Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

237, 238

, 370

PPuuffffiinnuuss mmaauurreettaanniiccuuss

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

5, 45, 46, 146

, 154

, 161

, 203

, 238

, 260

, 319

, 366

, 370

, 371

PPuuffffiinnuuss yyeellkkoouuaann

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

248

PPuuffffiinnuuss aassssiimmiilliiss


Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

154, 237

, 238

, 250

PPeellaaggooddrroommaa mmaarriinnaa


Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

237, 238

, 250

HHyyddrroobbaatteess ppeellaaggiiccuuss



Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 99, 154

, 191

, 288

, 325

, 345

, 370

OOcceeaannooddrroommaa ccaassttrroo


Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 237

, 238

, 250

, 313

Morus bassanus

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

154, 366

, 370

, 371

Phalacrocorax carbo

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

248

PPhhaallaaccrrooccoorraaxx aarriissttootteelliiss ddeessmmaarreessttiiii

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 146

, 154

, 238

, 266

, 366

, 371

BBoottaauurruuss sstteellllaarriiss

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 114

, 238

, 281

IIxxoobbrryycchhuuss mmiinnuuttuuss

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 72, 224

, 248

NNyyccttiiccoorraaxx nnyyccttiiccoorraaxx

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 72, 224

, 248

AArrddeeoollaa rraallllooiiddeess

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 224

, 238

, 248

EEggrreettttaa ggaarrzzeettttaa

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 97

EEggrreettttaa aallbbaa

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45

Ardea cinerea

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

248

AArrddeeaa ppuurrppuurreeaa

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 72, 97, 226

CCiiccoonniiaa nniiggrraa

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Goo

d45

, 238

, 248

CCiiccoonniiaa cciiccoonniiaa

Rural and

urban

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

248, 269

PPlleeggaaddiiss ffaallcciinneelllluuss

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

238

P Pl la at ta al le ea a l le eu uc co or ro od di ia a

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 97, 72, 226

, 238

P Ph ho oe en ni ic co op pt te er ru us s r ru ub be er r

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

238, 248

Anser anser

Aqu

atic

Goo

dGoo

dGoo

d45

T Ta ad do or rn na a f fe er rr ru ug gi in ne ea a


Insufficient

Insufficient

Accep

table

238

Tadorna tadorna

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

238

Anas penelope

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

45

57

KN

OW

LED

GE A

VAIL

ABLE


AAMMEE

TTYYPPEE

OOFF HHAABBIITTAATT

HHAABBIITTAATT UU

SSEEEECC

OOLLOO

GGYY//BBIIOO

LLOOGGYY

TTHHRREEAA

TTSS

RREEFFEERR

EENNCCEESS

Anas strepera

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

248

Anas crecca

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

238

Anas platyrhynchos

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Goo

dAccep

table

248

Anas acuta

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

238, 248

Anas querquedula

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

238, 248

Anas clypeata

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

238, 248

MMaarrmmaarroonneettttaa aanngguussttiirroossttrriiss

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

34, 45, 73, 134

, 180

, 182

, 185

, 238

, 278

, 347

, 348

, 365

, 372

Netta rufina

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

238, 248

Aythya ferina

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

248

Aythyna nyroca

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

Aythya fuligula

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

248

Melanitta nigra

Marine and coastal and

coastal

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

36, 154

OOxxyyuurraa lleeuuccoocceepphhaallaa

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Goo

dGoo

d37

, 45, 181

, 183

, 202

, 224

, 238

, 277

, 347

, 348

PPeerrnniiss aappiivvoorruuss

Forest

Poor

Insufficient

Insufficient

55, 97, 192

, 238

, 253

EEllaannuuss ccaaeerruulleeuuss

Step

peInsufficient

Poor

Poor

55, 97, 143

, 192

, 238

, 331

MMiillvvuuss mmiiggrraannss

Forest

Insufficient

Accep

table

Accep

table

42, 44, 55, 97, 175

, 192

, 199

, 238

, 248

, 293

, 346

, 364

, 383

, 384

, 385

MMiillvvuuss mmiillvvuuss

Forest

Insufficient

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 55, 71, 97, 100

, 192

, 199

, 238

, 248

, 276

, 327

, 382

GGyyppaaeettuuss bbaarrbbaattuuss

Rocky

Accep

table

Goo

dGoo

d15

, 45, 55, 78, 90, 91, 97, 112

, 125

, 144

, 192

, 194

, 197

, 198

, 199

,24

4, 245

, 246

, 247

, 248

, 289

NNeeoopphhrroonn ppeerrccnnoopptteerruuss

Rocky

Accep

table

Goo

dAccep

table

43, 45, 55, 79, 83, 84, 85, 86, 89, 97, 102

, 120

, 121

, 122

, 123

, 126

, 127

,13

1, 132

, 155

, 157

, 158

, 165

, 175

, 179

, 192

, 199

, 209

, 228

, 238

, 248

, 296

, 351

NNeeoopphhrroonn ppeerrccnnoopptteerruuss mmaajjoorreennssiiss


Goo

dGoo

dGoo

d43

, 45, 55, 97, 102

, 129

, 130

, 147

, 148

, 149

, 150

, 165

, 175

, 192

,20

9, 238

, 237

, 248

, 250

, 351

GGyyppss ffuullvvuuss

Rocky

Goo

dGoo

dGoo

d45

, 55, 83, 97, 101

, 119

, 124

, 136

, 138

, 155

, 156

, 192

, 199

, 238

, 248

AAeeggyyppiiuuss mmoonnaacchhuuss

Forest

Goo

dGoo

dAccep

table

45, 55, 77, 97, 98, 128

, 192

, 196

, 200

, 238

, 274

, 320

, 353

, 354

, 355

CCiirrccaaeettuuss ggaalllliiccuuss

Forest

Poor

Poor

Insufficient

45, 55, 67, 97, 192

, 238

, 242

, 248

CCiirrccuuss aaeerruuggiinnoossuuss

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 55, 97, 166

, 192

, 238

, 248

, 265

, 270

, 276

, 373

CCiirrccuuss ccyyaanneeuuss

Step

peAccep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

2, 10, 14, 16, 45, 55, 97, 135

, 151

, 152

, 192

, 238

, 248

, 267

, 311

, 356

CCiirrccuuss ppyyggaarrgguuss

Step

peAccep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

12, 13, 16, 45, 55, 97, 82, 152

, 192

, 238

, 248

, 291

, 302

, 364

Accipiter nisus

Forest

Insufficient

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 248

AAcccciippiitteerr nniissuuss ggrraannttii


Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 55, 97, 192

, 238

, 248

Buteo buteo

Forest

Insufficient

Accep

table

Insufficient

45,55,97

A Aq qu ui il la a a ad da al lb be er rt ti i

Forest

Goo

dGoo

dGoo

d45

, 55, 97, 142

, 143

, 167

, 173

, 175

, 176

, 177

, 178

, 190

, 192

, 199

, 238

, 248

, 322

, 328

AAqquuiillaa cchhrryyssaaeettooss

Rocky

Accep

table

Goo

dAccep

table

6, 45, 55, 83, 97, 104

, 137

, 192

, 199

, 225

, 230

, 238

, 248

, 336

, 368

HHiieerraaaaeettuuss ppeennnnaattuuss

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 50, 51, 55, 56, 73, 97, 108

, 113

, 164

, 175

, 192

, 199

, 206

, 207

, 238

, 248

, 252

,25

6, 261

, 262

, 263

, 276

, 290

, 294

, 338

7, 11, 22, 55, 56, 57, 58, 59, 60, 62, 75, 76, 97, 175

, 192

, 199

,AAqquuiillaa ffaasscciiaattaa

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

225, 227

, 229

, 230

, 231

, 232

, 234

, 235

, 238

, 241

, 243

, 248

, 257

, 258

, 294

,30

5, 306

, 307

, 309

, 310

, 312

, 335

P Pa an nd di io on n h ha al li ia ae et tu us s

Aqu

atic & C

anary island habitats

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

1, 28, 45, 55, 80, 97, 107

, 160

, 168

, 175

, 192

, 199

, 238

, 248

, 332

, 358

, 359

,36

0, 361

, 365

, 379

, 381

58


KN

OW

LED

GE A

VAIL

ABLE


AAMMEE

TTYYPPEE

OOFF HHAABBIITTAATT

HHAABBIITTAATT UU

SSEEEECC

OOLLOO

GGYY//BBIIOO

LLOOGGYY

TTHHRREEAA

TTSS

RREEFFEERR

EENNCCEESS

FFaallccoo nnaauummaannnnii

Step

peGoo

dGoo

dGoo

d19

, 24, 29, 45, 55, 92, 192

, 238

, 248

, 279

, 280

, 316

, 349

, 350

, 369

Falco tinnunculus

Rocky

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

55, 83, 248

FFaallccoo ccoolluummbbaarriiuuss

Step

pePo

orPo

orPo

or45

, 55, 192

, 194

Falco subbuteo

Forest

Poor

Poor

Insufficient

55, 238

, 248

FFaallccoo eelleeoonnoorraaee

Rocky

Accep

table

Accep

table

Poor

48, 103

, 55, 83, 115

, 192

, 233

, 238

, 259

, 276

, 363

, 386

, 387

, 388

FFaallccoo ppeerreeggrriinnuuss

Rocky

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 55, 73, 83, 192

, 193

, 233

, 258

, 378

, 390

, 391

, 392

FFaallccoo ppeelleeggrriinnooiiddeess


Goo

dAccep

table

Accep

table

105, 237

, 238

, 250

, 332

LLaaggooppuuss mmuuttuuss

Alpine and no

n-Forest and

woo

dland

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 55, 68, 69, 238

, 248

TTeettrraaoo uurrooggaalllluuss ccaannttaabbrriiccuuss

Forest

Goo

dAccep

table

Accep

table

23, 87, 88, 68, 238

, 248

, 303

, 314

TTeettrraaoo uurrooggaalllluuss aaqquuiittaanniiccuuss

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

23, 87, 88, 68, 238

, 248

, 303

, 315

PPeerrddiixx ppeerrddiixx

Alpine and no

n-Forest and

woo

dland

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

68, 238

, 248

Coturnix coturnix

Step

peAccep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

238

Rallus aquaticus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

55, 248

Porzana porzana

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

55, 92, 192

, 238

, 248

, 364

, 365

Porzana parva

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

55, 92, 192

, 238

, 248

, 364

, 366

Porzana pusilla

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

55, 92, 192

, 238

, 248

, 364

, 367

PPoorrpphhyyrriioo ppoorrpphhyyrriioo

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

17, 45, 55, 97, 112

, 138

, 192

, 240

, 271

, 323

, 324

, 364

, 377

FFuulliiccaa ccrriissttaattaa

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 55, 97, 139

, 140

, 184

, 192

, 238

, 374

, 375

GGrruuss ggrruuss

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Goo

dGoo

d21

, 97, 110

, 321

TTeettrraaxx tteettrraaxx

Step

peGoo

dAccep

table

Goo

d52

, 55, 97, 218

, 238

, 248

, 273

, 317

, 326

CChhllaammyyddoottiiss uunndduullaattaa ffuueerrttaavveennttuurraaee


Goo

dGoo

dGoo

d55

, 195

, 236

, 237

, 238

, 248

, 250

OOttiiss ttaarrddaa

Step

peGoo

dGoo

dGoo

d52

, 55, 97, 208

, 216

, 218

, 238

, 248

, 292

, 298

, 299

, 340

, 344

, 357

Haematopus ostralegus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

25, 45, 55, 238

, 248

HHiimmaannttooppuuss hhiimmaannttooppuuss

Aqu

atic & C


Accep

table

Accep

table

Goo

d25

, 26, 27, 73, 189

, 248

, 264

, 303

RReeccuurrvviirroossttrraa aavvoosseettttaa

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Goo

d25

, 26, 27, 73, 189

, 248

, 264

, 304

BBuurrhhiinnuuss ooeeddiiccnneemmuuss

Step

peInsufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

52, 55, 97, 237

, 238

, 248

BBuurrhhiinnuuss ooeeddiiccnneemmuuss ddiissttiinnccttuuss


Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

52, 55, 97, 237

, 238

, 249

, 250

BBuurrhhiinnuuss ooeeddiiccnneemmuuss iinnssuullaarruumm


Goo

dAccep

table

Accep

table

52, 55, 97, 237

, 238

, 250

CCuurrssoorriiuuss ccuurrssoorr


Goo

dInsufficient

Accep

table

55, 74, 172

, 37, 238

, 248

, 250

GGllaarreeoollaa pprraattiinnccoollaa

Aqu

atic & Stepp

eAccep

table

Insufficient

Accep

table

45, 55, 63, 64, 65, 66, 116

, 167

, 118

, 224

, 238

, 248

, 318

Charadrius dubius

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Accep

table

25, 248

Charadrius hiaticula

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Accep

table

25, 55

CChhaarraaddrriiuuss aalleexxaannddrriinnuuss

Aqu

atic & C


Accep

table

Accep

table

Goo

d24

, 25, 27, 55, 73, 189

, 238

, 249

, 303

, 318

CChhaarraaddrriiuuss mmoorriinneelllluuss

Alpine and no

n-Forest and

woo

dland

Accep

table

Poor

Insufficient

238

Vanellus vanellus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

25, 45, 55

Calidris canutus

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Poor

Poor

55, 92, 192

, 238

, 364

, 366

Calidris alba

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

25, 45, 55

Calidris minuta

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

25, 45, 55

Calidris ferruginea

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

55, 92, 192

, 238

, 364

, 366

Calidris maritima

Aqu

atic

Poor

Poor

Insufficient

25, 45, 55

59

KN

OW

LED

GE A

VAIL

ABLE


AAMMEE

TTYYPPEE

OOFF HHAABBIITTAATT

HHAABBIITTAATT UU

SSEEEECC

OOLLOO

GGYY//BBIIOO

LLOOGGYY

TTHHRREEAA

TTSS

RREEFFEERR

EENNCCEESS

Calidris alpina

Aqu

atic

Goo

dGoo

dAccep

table

25, 45, 55

Lymnocryptes minimus

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

25, 55

Gallinago gallinago

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

25, 31, 238

, 248

Scolopax rusticola

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Limosa limosa

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Goo

dAccep

table

25, 45, 238

LLiimmoossaa llaappppoonniiccaa

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

25, 45

Numenius phaeopus

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

25, 45

Numenius arquata

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

25, 45, 55, 238

, 248

Tringa stagnatilis

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

25, 45, 55

Tringa erythropus

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

25, 45, 55

Tringa totanus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

25, 238

, 248

Tringa nebularia

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

25, 45, 55

Tringa ochropus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

25, 45, 55

TTrriinnggaa ggllaarreeoollaa

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Accep

table

25, 27, 30, 55, 300

, 376

Actitis hypoleucos

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

25, 45, 55, 248

Arenaria interpres

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

25, 45, 55

LLaarruuss mmeellaannoocceepphhaalluuss


Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

4, 45, 154

, 203

LLaarruuss mmiinnuuttuuss

Marine and coastal

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45

Larus ridibundus


Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

LLaarruuss ggeenneeii

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 238

, 248

, 289

LLaarruuss aauuddoouuiinniiii

Marine and coastal

Excellent

Excellent

Excellent

45, 55, 146

, 154

, 216

, 238

, 295

, 304

, 366

, 370

, 371

Larus canus

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

33, 45, 55

Larus fuscus

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

Larus argentatus

Marine and coastal

Insufficient

Accep

table

Accep

table

32, 45, 55

Larus marinus

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 55

Rissa tridactyla

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 154

, 238

, 248

, 366

, 370

, 371

SStteerrnnaa nniilloottiiccaa

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 55, 97, 238

SStteerrnnaa ccaassppiiaa

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 55

SStteerrnnaa ssaannddvviicceennssiiss


Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 55, 97, 238

SStteerrnnaa ddoouuggaalllliiii


Poor

Poor

Poor

45, 55

SStteerrnnaa hhiirruunnddoo

Marine and coastal, A

quatic &

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 55, 97, 238


SStteerrnnaa aallbbiiffrroonnss


Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 55, 238

C Ch hl li id do on ni ia as s h hy yb br ri id da a

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 55, 97, 238

CChhlliiddoonniiaass nniiggeerr

Marine and coastal

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 55, 97, 239

Chlidonias leucopterus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 55, 97

UUrriiaa aaaallggee iibbeerriiccuuss

Marine and coastal

Insufficient

Accep

table

Accep

table

154, 238

, 248

, 366

, 283

, 370

, 371

Alca torda

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 55, 154

Alle alle

Marine and coastal

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 55

Fratercula arctica

Marine and coastal

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 55, 154

60


KN

OW

LED

GE A

VAIL

ABLE


AAMMEE

TTYYPPEE

OOFF HHAABBIITTAATT

HHAABBIITTAATT UU

SSEEEECC

OOLLOO

GGYY//BBIIOO

LLOOGGYY

TTHHRREEAA

TTSS

RREEFFEERR

EENNCCEESS

PPtteerroocclleess oorriieennttaalliiss

Step

pe & C


Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 52, 55, 97, 201

, 238

, 248

, 342

PPtteerroocclleess aallcchhaattaa

Step

peInsufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 52, 55, 96, 97, 201

, 238

, 248

, 342

Columba oenas

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 55, 238

, 248

CCoolluummbbaa bboolllliiii


Goo

dGoo

dGoo

d16

9, 237

, 238

, 248

, 249

, 250

CCoolluummbbaa jjuunnoonniiaaee


Goo

dGoo

dGoo

d16

9, 237

, 238

, 248

, 250

Streptopelia turtur

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 55, 238

Clamator glandarius

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 55, 248

Cuculus canorus

Forest

Poor

Goo

dInsufficient

45, 55, 248

Otus scops

Forest

Poor

Poor

Insufficient

45, 55, 248

BBuubboo bbuubboo

Rocky

Accep

table

Goo

dInsufficient

83, 248

, 251

, 254

, 255

AAssiioo ffllaammmmeeuuss

Step

peInsufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

238, 248

AAeeggoolliiuuss ffuunneerreeuuss

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

238, 248

CCaapprriimmuullgguuss eeuurrooppaaeeuuss

Forest

Goo

dGoo

dInsufficient

248

Caprimulgus ruficollis

Forest

Poor

Poor

Poor

248

Apus unicolor


Insufficient

Poor

Insufficient

45, 248

Apus apus

Rural and

urban

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 248

Apus pallidus

Rural and

urban

Poor

Poor

Poor

45, 248

Tachymarptis melba

Rocky

Poor

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 83

AAppuuss ccaaffffeerr

Rocky

Poor

Poor

Poor

45, 83, 238

, 248

AAllcceeddoo aatttthhiiss

Aqu

atic

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 238

, 248

Merops apiaster

Step

peInsufficient

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

CCoorraacciiaass ggaarrrruulluuss

Step

peInsufficient

Accep

table

Insufficient

40, 97, 238

, 318

Upupa epops

Forest

Poor

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 248

Jynx torquilla

Forest

Poor

Poor

Insufficient

45, 238

, 248

DDrryyooccooppuuss mmaarrttiiuuss

Forest

Poor

Insufficient

Poor

45, 68, 70, 248

DDeennddrrooccooppooss mmaajjoorr ccaannaarriieennssiiss


Goo

dAccep

table

Accep

table

170, 171

, 237

, 238

, 248

DDeennddrrooccooppooss mmaajjoorr tthhaannnneerrii


Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

170, 171

, 237

, 238

, 248

DDeennddrrooccooppooss mmeeddiiuuss

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

18, 238

, 248

, 315

DDeennddrrooccooppooss lleeuuccoottooss

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 238

, 248

CChheerrssoopphhiilluuss dduuppoonnttii

Step

peGoo

dInsufficient

Goo

d41

, 45, 55, 97, 159

, 210

, 211

, 212

, 213

, 214

, 215

, 238

, 248

, 282

, 341

, 343

, 352

MMeellaannooccoorryypphhaa ccaallaannddrraa

Step

peInsufficient

Poor

Poor

97, 110

, 211

, 248

, 299

CCaallaannddrreellllaa bbrraacchhyyddaaccttyyllaa

Step

pePo

orPo

orPo

or97

, 110

, 211

, 238

, 248

, 299

, 329

, 339

Calandrella rufescens

Step

pePo

orPo

orPo

or97

, 110

, 211

, 238

, 248

GGaalleerriiddaa tthheekkllaaee

Step

pePo

orPo

orPo

or97

, 211

, 248

, 317

L Lu ul ll lu ul la a a ar rb bo or re ea a

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

97, 248

Alauda arvensis

Step

pePo

orPo

orPo

or45

, 97, 248

Riparia riparia

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Accep

table

45, 248

Ptyonoprogne rupestris

Rocky

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 83, 248

Hirundo rustica

Rural and

urban

Goo

dAccep

table

Insufficient

45, 248

Hirundo daurica

Rocky

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 83, 248

61

KN

OW

LED

GE A

VAIL

ABLE


AAMMEE

TTYYPPEE

OOFF HHAABBIITTAATT

HHAABBIITTAATT UU

SSEEEECC

OOLLOO

GGYY//BBIIOO

LLOOGGYY

TTHHRREEAA

TTSS

RREEFFEERR

EENNCCEESS

Delichon urbica

Rural and

urban

Goo

dAccep

table

Accep

table

55, 92, 192

, 238

, 248

364

, 366

AAnntthhuuss ccaammppeessttrriiss

Step

peInsufficient

Poor

Poor

97, 106

, 110

, 248

, 337

Anthus trivialis

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Anthus pratensis

Step

peInsufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 97

Anthus spinoletta

Alpine and no

n-Forest and

woo

dland

Accep

table

Poor

Poor

45, 248

Anthus petrosus

Marine and coastal

Poor

Poor

Poor

45

Motacilla flava

Step

peAccep

table

Accep

table

Poor

45, 248

Motacilla cinerea

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 248

Motacilla alba

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Prunella modularis

Scrubland

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Cercotrichas galactotes

Step

peInsufficient

Poor

Poor

45, 238

, 248

Erithacus rubecula

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

Luscinia megarhynchos

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

LLuusscciinniiaa ssvveecciiccaa

Scrubland

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

97, 248

Phoenicurus ochruros

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

Phoenicurus phoenicurus

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

238, 248

Saxicola rubetra

Scrubland

Accep

table

Insufficient

Poor

45, 248

SSaaxxiiccoollaa ddaaccoottiiaaee


Goo

dGoo

dGoo

d97

, 205

, 237

, 238

, 250

Saxicola torquata

Scrubland

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 248

Oenanthe oenanthe

Alpine and no

n-Forest and

woo

dland

Insufficient

Poor

Poor

45, 248

Oenanthe hispanica

Step

pePo

orInsufficient

Poor

45, 248

OOeennaanntthhee lleeuuccuurraa

Step

peInsufficient

Accep

table

Insufficient

97, 248

, 308

Monticola saxatilis

Rocky

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 83, 248

Turdus pilaris

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 248

Turdus philomelos

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 248

Turdus iliacus

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Turdus viscivorus

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Locustella naevia

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 248

Locustella luscinioides

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 238

, 248

AAccrroocceepphhaalluuss mmeellaannooppooggoonn

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

81, 238

, 248

AAccrroocceepphhaalluuss ppaalluuddiiccoollaa

Aqu

atic

Poor

Insufficient

Insufficient

20, 145

, 238

, 394

Acrocephalus schoenobaenus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

Acrocephalus scirpaceus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 248

Acrocephalus arundinaceus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

Hippolais polyglotta

Scrubland

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

SSyyllvviiaa bbaalleeaarriiccaa

Scrubland

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

97, 248

, 380

S Sy yl lv vi ia a u un nd da at ta a

Scrubland

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

97, 133

, 248

, 330

Sylvia conspicillata

Scrubland

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Sylvia cantillans

Scrubland

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Sylvia hortensis

Scrubland

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

62


KN

OW

LED

GE A

VAIL

ABLE


AAMMEE

TTYYPPEE

OOFF HHAABBIITTAATT

HHAABBIITTAATT UU

SSEEEECC

OOLLOO

GGYY//BBIIOO

LLOOGGYY

TTHHRREEAA

TTSS

RREEFFEERR

EENNCCEESS

Sylvia communis

Scrubland

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Sylvia atricapilla

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Sylvia borin

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Phylloscopus bonelli

Forest

Poor

Poor

Insufficient

45, 248

Phylloscopus collybita

Forest

Poor

Poor

Insufficient

45, 248

Phylloscopus ibericus

Forest

Poor

Poor

Insufficient

45, 248

Phylloscopus trochilus

Forest

Poor

Poor

Insufficient

45

Regulus regulus

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Regulus ignicapilla

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Muscicapa striata

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Ficedula hypoleuca

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Remiz pendulinus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Oriolus oriolus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

LLaanniiuuss ccoolllluurriioo

Scrubland

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

97, 217

, 248

, 333

LLaanniiuuss mmiinnoorr

Step

peAccep

table

Goo

dAccep

table

97, 162

, 163

, 217

, 238

, 248

Lanius senator

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 238

, 248

PPyyrrrrhhooccoorraaxx ppyyrrrrhhooccoorraaxx

Rocky

Insufficient

Insufficient

Accep

table

83, 97, 238

, 248

eerryytthhrroorrhhaammpphhuuss

PPyyrrrrhhooccoorraaxx ppyyrrrrhhooccoorraaxx bbaarrbbaarruuss


Goo

dGoo

dInsufficient

97, 237

, 238

, 248

Corvus frugilegus

Step

peGoo

dGoo

dInsufficient

45, 238

, 248

Sturnus vulgaris

Rural and

urban

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

Fringilla coelebs

Forest

Goo

dAccep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

FFrriinnggiillllaa ccooeelleebbss oommbbrriioossaa


Accep

table

Insufficient

Insufficient

248, 237

, 238

FFrriinnggiillllaa tteeyyddeeaa


Excellent

Goo

dAccep

table

145, 237

, 238

, 248

, 250

Fringilla montifringilla

Forest

Insufficient

Poor

Poor

45

Serinus serinus

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

Carduelis chloris

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

Carduelis carduelis

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

Carduelis spinus

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Carduelis cannabina

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 248

BBuuccaanneetteess ggiitthhaaggiinneeuuss

Step

pe & C


Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

97, 237

, 238

, 248

Pyrrhula pyrrhula

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Coccothraustes coccothraustes

Forest

Insufficient

Insufficient

Insufficient

45, 248

Plectrophenax nivalis

Alpine and no

n-Forest and

woo

dland

Poor

Poor

Poor

45

Emberiza citrinella

Step

peInsufficient

Insufficient

Poor

45, 248

Emberiza cia

Forest

Accep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 248

EEmmbbeerriizzaa hhoorrttuullaannaa

Scrubland

Poor

Poor

Poor

95, 97, 248

, 301

Emberiza schoeniclus

Aqu

atic

Accep

table

Accep

table

Accep

table

45, 238

, 248

Emberiza calandra

Step

peAccep

table

Accep

table

Insufficient

45, 224

8

63

REFERENCES

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22.. AAmmaarr,, AA.. aanndd RReeddppaatthh,, SS.. 22000022.. Determining the cause of the henharrier decline in Orkney Islands: an experimental test of twohypotheses. Animal Conservation, 5: 21-28.

33.. AAmmaatt,, JJ..AA.. 22000033.. http://www.vertebradosibericos.org/aves/chaale.html

44.. AArrccooss,, JJ..MM.. 22000055.. Distribución de aves marinas en la costa medi-terránea ibérica durante la época otoñal/invernal: resultados pre-liminares de las campañas ECOMED 2003 y ECOMED 2004.Informe para el Instituto Español de Oceanografía, IEO.

55.. AArrccooss,, JJ..MM..,, LLoouuzzaaoo MM..,, aanndd OOrroo DD.. 22000088.. Fishery EcosystemImpacts and Management in the Mediterranean: Seabirds Point ofView. Pp. 1471-1479, In: J.L. Nielsen, J.J. Dodson, K. Friedland, T.R.Hamon, J. Musick, and E. Verspoor (Eds): Reconciling Fisheries withConservation: Proceedings of the Fourth World Fisheries Congress.American Fisheries Society, Symposium 49, Bethesda, Maryland.

66.. AArrrrooyyoo,, BB..,, FFeerrrreeiirroo,, FF.. aanndd GGaarrzzaa,, VV.. 11999900.. El águila real (Aquilachrysaetos) en España. Censo, distribución, reproducción y conser-vación. ICONA. Madrid.

77.. AArrrrooyyoo,, BB..,, FFeerrrreeiirroo,, EE.. aanndd GGaarrzzaa,, VV.. 11999955.. El Águila Perdicera(Hieraaetus fasciatus) en España. Censo, reproducción y conserva-ción. Colección Técnica. ICONA. Ministerio de Agricultura, Pesca yAlimentación. Madrid.

88.. AArrrrooyyoo,, BB.. 11999966.. Reproductive success of Montagu’s harrier (Circuspygargus) and hen harrier (Circus cyaneus) in agricultural habitats.In: J. Muntaner and J. Mayol (Eds). Biology and conservation of Medi-terranean raptors, pp. 459-463. Monografías SEO/BirdLife 4, Madrid.

99.. AArrrrooyyoo,, BB..EE..,, 11999988.. Effect of diet on the reproductive success ofMontagu’s Harriers Circus pygargus. Ibis, 140: 690- 693.

1100.. AArrrrooyyoo,, BB.. aanndd GGaarrccííaa,, JJ..TT.. 11999999.. Los aguiluchos cenizo (C. pygargus)y pálido (C. cyaneus) en las áreas cerealistas del Jarama: resumen deocho años de estudio. Anuario Ornitológico de Madrid 1998: 14-25.

1111.. AArrrrooyyoo,, BB.. aanndd FFeerrrreeiirroo,, EE.. ((EEddss..)) 22000011.. European Union SpeciesAction Plan for Bonelli´s Eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus). En, N. Schäffer& U. Gallo-Orsi (Eds.): European Union action plans for eight prioritybird species. Comisión Europea. Bruselas.

1122.. AArrrrooyyoo,, BB..,, GGaarrccííaa,, JJ..TT.. aanndd BBrreettaaggnnoollllee,, VV.. 22000022.. Conservation ofMontagu’s Harrier Circus pygargus in agricultural areas. AnimalConservation, 5: 283-290.

1133.. AArrrrooyyoo,, BB..EE..,, GGaarrcciiaa,, JJ..TT.. aanndd BBrreettaaggnnoollllee,, VV.. 22000044.. Montagu’s Harrier.Bwp update 6: 41-55.

1144.. AArrrrooyyoo,, BB..,, LLeecckkiiee,, FF.. aanndd RReeddppaatthh,, SS.. 22000066.. Habitat use and rangemanagement on priority areas for hen harriers: Final report.Scottish Natural Heritage, Edinburgh, UK.

1155.. AArrrrooyyoo,, BB.. aanndd RRaazziinn,, MM.. 22000066.. Effects of Human Activities onBearded Vulture Behaviour and Breeding Success in the FrechPyrenees. Biological Conservation 128: 276-284.

1166.. AArrrrooyyoo,, BB.. aanndd GGaarrccííaa,, JJ.. 22000077.. El aguilucho cenizo y el aguiluchopálido en España. Población en 2006 y método de censo.SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

1177.. AAsseennssiioo,, JJ.. MM.. 11999911.. Impacto de la captura del Cangrejo Rojosobre otras poblaciones de animales del Brazo del Este. J. ZonasHúmedas Andaluzas 1190: 107-115.

1188.. AAssoocciiaacciióónn EErrrroottuuzz.. 22000088.. Caracterización del hábitat del picomediano en el marojal de Izki. Implicaciones de la dinámica fores-tal y la gestión tradicional. Informe inédito.

1199.. AAttiieennzzaa,, JJ..CC..,, BBaannddaa,, EE.. aanndd CCoorrrroottoo,, MM.. 11999999.. Estatus del CernícaloPrimilla (Falco naumanni) en España y medidas de conservación lle-vadas a cabo. Biología y Conservación del Cernícalo Primilla: Actas delIV Congreso Nacional sobre Cernícalo Primilla. Consejería de MedioAmbiente, Madrid.

2200.. AAttiieennzzaa,, JJ..CC..,, PPiinniillllaa,, JJ.. aanndd JJuussttrriibbóó,, JJ..HH.. 22000011.. Migration and conser-vation of the aquatic warbler Acrocephalus paludicola in Spain.Ardeola, 48 (2): 197-208.

2211.. AAvviillééss,, JJ..MM.. 22000044.. Common cranes (Grus grus) and habitat mana-gement in holm oak dehesas of Spain. Biodiversity and Conservation,13 (11): 2015-2025.

2222.. BBaallbboonnttíínn,, JJ..,, PPeenntteerriiaannii,, VV.. aanndd FFeerrrreerr,, MM.. 22000000.. Situación del ÁguilaPerdicera (Hieraaetus fasciatus) en Andalucía. Estación Biológica deDoñana-CSIC. Informe inédito para Consejería de MedioAmbiente. Junta de Andalucía.

2233.. BBaalllleesstteerrooss,, FF.. aanndd RRoobblleess,, LL.. ((EEddss..)) 22000055.. Manual de conservación yManejo del Hábitat del Urogallo cantábrico. Dirección General parala Biodiversidad. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente. Madrid.

2244.. BBaannddaa,, EE.. aanndd AAttiieennzzaa,, JJ..CC.. 22000044.. Manual para la conservación delCernícalo Primilla en la Comunidad de Madrid. SEO/BirdLife,Madrid.

2255.. BBaarrbboossaa,, AA.. ((CCoooorrdd..)) 11999977.. Las aves limícolas en España.Conservación de aves limícolas. pp. 229-237. Ministerio de MedioAmbiente. Colección Técnica. Madrid.

2266.. BBaarrbboossaa,, AA.. 22000000.. Importancia de los arrozales para las aves limí-colas en los humedales mediterráneos: el caso del Delta del Ebro.Actas de las XII Jornadas Ornitológicas. SEO BirdLife.

2277.. BBaarrbboossaa,, AA.. 22000011.. Hunting impact of waders in Spain: effects ofspecies protection measures. Biodiversity and Conservation 10:1703-1709.

2288.. BBeerrnniiss,, FF.. 11998800.. La migración de las aves en el Estrecho deGibraltar. Vol. I. Aves planeadoras. Universidad Complutense.Madrid.

2299.. BBiibbeerr,, JJ..PP.. 11999966.. International Action Plan for the Lesser Kestrel Falconaumanni. BirdLife International, Cambridge.

3300.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000044.. Birds in Europe: population estimates,trends and conservation status. Cambridge, UK: BirdLifeInternational (BirdLife Conservation Series No. 12).

3311.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 2008. Species factsheet: Gallinago gallinago.<http://www.birdlife.org> [Consulta: 20 de octubre de 2008].

3322.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000088.. Species factsheet: Larus argentatus.<http://www.birdlife.org> [Consulta: 16 de octubre de 2009].

3333.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000088.. Species factsheet: Larus canus.<http://www.birdlife.org> [Consulta: 16 de octubre de 2009].

3344.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000088.. Species factsheet: Marmaronettaangustirostris. <http://www.birdlife.org> [Consulta: 1 de junio de2008].

3355.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000088.. Species factsheet: Melanitta fusca.<http://www.birdlife.org> [Consulta: 16 de octubre de 2009].

3366.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000088.. Species factsheet: Melanitta nigra.<http://www.birdlife.org> [Consulta: 16 de octubre de 2009].

3377.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000088.. Species factsheet: Oxyura leucocepha-la. <http://www.birdlife.org> [Consulta: 1 de junio de 2008].

3388.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000088.. Species factsheet: Puffinus griseus.<http://www.birdlife.org> [Consulta: 16 de octubre de 2009].

3399.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000088.. Species factsheet: Somateria mollissima.<http://www.birdlife.org> [Consulta: 19 de octubre de 2009].

4400.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000088.. European Union Species Action Planfor the European Roller Coracias garrulus.

4411.. BBiirrddLLiiffee IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000088.. Species Action Plan for the Dupont’sLark Chersophilus duponti in the European Union.

4422.. BBllaannccoo,, GG.. 11999977.. Role of refuse as food for migrant, floater andbreeding Black Kites Milvus migrans. Journal of Raptor Research, 31:71-76.

4433.. BBllaannccoo,, GG..,, LLeemmuuss,, JJ..AA..,, GGrraannddee,, JJ..,, GGaannggoossoo,, LL..,, GGrraannddee,, JJ..MM..,, DDoo--nnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA..,, AArrrrooyyoo,, BB..,, FFrriiaass,, OO.. aanndd HHiirraallddoo,, FF.. 22000077.. Geographicalvariation in cloacal microflora and bacterial antibiotic resistance ina threatened avian scavenger in relation to diet and livestock far-ming practices. Environmental Microbiology 9:1738-1749.

4444.. BBllaass,, JJ.. 22000022.. Edad y reproducción en el Milano Negro (Milvusmigrans). Tesis Doctoral. Universidad de Sevilla. Sevilla.

4455.. BB..OO..EE.. 11999900.. Real Decreto 439/1990, de 30 de marzo, reguladorde Catálogo Nacional de Especies Amenazadas. Boletín Oficial delEstado nº 82, 5 de abril de 1990.

4466.. BB..OO..II..BB.. 22000044.. Decreto 65/2004, de 2 de julio, por el cual se aprue-ba el Plan de Recuperación de la Pardela balear, Puffinus spss, en lasIlles Balears. Butlletí Oficial de les Illes Balears nº 97, 13 julio de 2004.

4477.. BB..OO..NN.. 11999966.. Decreto Foral 15/1996, de 15 de enero, por el quese aprueba el Plan de Recuperación del Águila perdicera enNavarra. Boletín Oficial de Navarra nº 13, 29 de enero de 1996.

4488.. BBoonnnniinn,, JJ.. 22000055.. Recompte i paràmetres reproductors de la pobla-ció balear de Falco eleonorae a l’any 2004. Anuari Ornitològic de lesBalears 2004, 19: 1-9. GOB. Palma.

4499.. BB..OO..RR.. 11999999.. Decreto 19/1999, de 28 de mayo, por el que seaprueba el Plan de recuperación del Águila-azor perdicera en LaRioja. Boletín Oficial de La Rioja nº 67, 1 de junio de 1999. Ar. 137.

5500.. BBoosscchh,, JJ.. 22000033.. Fenología y parámetros reproductivos del AguilillaCalzada Hieraaetus pennatus en Cataluña central (España). Ardeola,50 (2): 181-189.

5511.. BBoosscchh,, JJ..,, BBoorrrraass,, AA.. aanndd FFrreeiixxaass,, JJ.. 22000055.. Nesting habitat selectionof booted eagle Hieraaetus pennatus in Central Catalonia. Ardeola,52 (2): 225-233.

5522.. BBoottaa,, GG..,, MMoorraalleess,, MM.. BB..,, MMaaññoossaa,, SS.. aanndd CCaammpprrooddoonn,, JJ.. ((EEddss..))..22000055.. Ecology and conservation of steppe-land birds. Lynx Edicions& Centre Tecnològic Forestal de Catalunya, Barcelona.

5533.. BB..OO..TT..HH..AA.. Orden Foral 612/2001, de 28 de septiembre, por laque se aprueba el Plan de Gestión de ave “Águila de Bonelli oáguila-azor perdicera” (Hieraaetus fasciatus) en Álava. Boletín Oficialdel Territorio Histórico de Álava nº 120, 22/10/2001.

5544.. BBoouurrggeeooiiss,, KK.. aanndd VViiddaall,, EE.. (en prensa) The Mediterranean ende-mic Yelkouan Shearwater Puffinus yelkouan population, distributionand threats: a review and a plea for new data. Oryx.

5555.. BBuurrffiieelldd,, II.. aanndd VVaann BBoommmmeell,, FF.. ((CCoommppss..)) 22000044.. Birds in Europe:Population Estimates, Trends and Conservation Status. ConservationSeries nº 12, BirdLife International, Cambridge.

5566.. BBuussttaammaannttee,, JJ.. aanndd SSeeooaannee,, JJ.. 22000044.. Predicting the distribution of fourspecies of raptors (Aves: Accipitridae) in southern Spain: statisticalmodels work better than existing maps. Journal of Biogeography, 31:295-306.

5577.. CCaaddaahhííaa,, LL..,, UUrriiooss,, VV.. aanndd NNeeggrroo,, JJ.. JJ.. 22000055.. Survival and move-ments of satellite-tracked Bonelli’s Eagles Hieraaetus fasciatusduring their first winter. Ibis 147: 415-419

5588.. CCaaddaahhííaa,, LL..,, NNeeggrroo,, JJ..JJ.. aanndd UUrriiooss,, VV.. 22000077.. Low mitochondrialDNA diversity in the endangered Bonelli’s Eagle (Hieraaetus fascia-tus) from SW Europe (Iberia) and NW Africa. Journal ofOrnithology, 148: 99-104.

5599.. CCaaddaahhííaa,, LL..,, LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, UUrriiooss,, VV.. aanndd NNeeggrroo,, JJ..JJ.. 22000088..Estimating the onset of dispersal in endangered Bonelli’s EagleHieraaetus fasciatus tracked by satellite telemetry: a comparisonamong methods. Ibis, 150: 416-420.

6600.. CCaaddaahhííaa,, LL..,, LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, UUrriiooss,, VV..,, NNeeggrroo,, JJ..JJ.. aanndd SSoouuttuulllloo,, AA..22000088.. Águila perdicera: hacia una estrategia de conservación glo-bal. Quercus, 264: 12-17.

6611.. CCaaddaahhííaa,, LL..,, LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, UUrriiooss,, VV.. aanndd NNeeggrroo,, JJ..JJ.. 22000099.. Nataldispersal and recruitment of two Bonelli’s Eagles Aquila fasciata: afour year satellite tracking study. Acta Ornithologica 44: 193-198.

6622.. CCaaddaahhííaa,, LL..,, LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, UUrriiooss,, VV.. aanndd NNeeggrroo,, JJ..JJ.. 22001100.. Satellitetelemetry reveals individual variation in juvenile Bonelli’s eagle dis-persal areas. European Journal of Wildlife Research (en prensa).

6633.. CCaallvvoo,, BB.. 11999933.. Nota breve sobre la población nidificante deGlareola pratincola en la provincia de Sevilla. Ecología, 7: 455-456.

6644.. CCaallvvoo,, BB.. 11999944.. Effects of agricultural land use on the breeding ofCollared pratincole (Glareola pratincola) in southwest Spain.Biological Conservation, 70: 77-83.

6655.. CCaallvvoo,, BB.. aanndd FFuurrnneessss,, RR..WW.. 11999955.. Colony and Nest-site Selectionby Collared pratincole (Glareola pratincola) in Southwest Spain.Colonial Waterbirds, 18: 1-10.

6666.. CCaallvvoo,, BB.. 11999966.. Feeding habitats of breeding collared pratincoles(Glareola pratincola) in southern Spain. Colonial Waterbirds, 19: 75-77.

6677.. CCaammppiióónn,, DD.. 11999966.. La fragmentación de los ecosistemas medite-rráneos y su repercusión en las rapaces. Quercus, 122: 23-24.

6688.. CCaammpprrooddoonn,, JJ.. aanndd PPllaannaa,, EE.. ((EEddss..)) 22000011.. Conservación de la biodiver-sidad, fauna vertebrada y gestión forestal. Universidad de Barcelona,Barcelona.

6699 CCaannuutt,, JJ.. aanndd AAffoonnssoo,, II.. ((CCoooorrddss..)).. 22000066.. El lagópodo alpino (Lago-pus muta pyrenaica) en el Parque Nacional de Aigüestortes i Estanyde Sant Maurici. Organismo Autónomo Parques Nacionales, Minis-terio de Medio Ambiente, Madrid.

7700.. CCáárrccaammoo,, SS.. 22000066.. Evolución de las poblaciones de pito negro ypico dorsiblanco en los montes de Quinto Real (Navarra) y surelación con la gestión forestal. Pirineos, 161: 133-150.

7711.. CCaarrddiieell,, II.. EE.. 22000066.. El milano real en España. II Censo Nacional(2004). SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

7722.. CCAARRMM.. 22000066.. Libro Rojo de los Vertebrados de la Región de Murcia.pp. 104-105. Consejería de Agricultura, Agua y Medio Ambiente dela Región de Murcia.

7733.. CCaarrrraassccaall,, LL..MM.. aanndd SSaallvvaaddoorr,, AA.. ((EEddss..)).. Enciclopedia Virtual de losVertebrados Españoles. Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales,Madrid. <http://www.vertebradosibericos.org> [Consulta: 5 deoctubre de 2008].

7744.. CCaarrrraassccaall,, LL..MM..,, SSeeooaannee,, JJ..,, PPaalloommiinnoo,, DD.. aanndd AAlloonnssoo,, CC..LL.. 22000066.. Elcorredor sahariano en España. I Censo Nacional (2005-2006).SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.

7755.. CCaarrrreettee,, MM..,, SSáánncchheezz--ZZaappaattaa,, JJ.. AA..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ.. EE..,, PPaallaazzóónn,, JJ.. AA.. aannddCCaallvvoo,, JJ..FF.. 22000011.. Distribución espacial del Águila-Azor Perdicera(Hieraaetus fasciatus) y del Águila Real (Aquila chrysaetos) en laRegión de Murcia. Ardeola, 48(2): 175-182.

7766.. CCaarrrreettee,, MM.. 22000022.. El Águila Real y el Águila Perdicera en ambien-tes mediterráneos semiàridos: distribución, ocupación territorial,éxito reproductor y conservación. Tesis Doctoral. Universidad deMurcia. Murcia.

7777.. CCaarrrreettee,, MM.. aanndd DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. 22000055.. Application of central-placeforaging theory shows the importance of Mediterranean dehesasfor the conservation of the Cinereous Vulture. Biological Conservation126:582-590.

7788.. CCaarrrreettee,, MM..,, DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. aanndd MMaarrggaalliiddaa,, AA.. 22000066.. Density-depen-dent productivity depression in Pyrenean Bearded Vultures: impli-cations for conservation. Ecological Applications, 16: 1674-1682.

7799.. CCaarrrreettee,, MM..,, GGrraannddee,, JJ..MM..,, TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL..,, SSáánncchheezz--ZZaappaattaa,, JJ..AA..,, DDoonnáázzaarr,,JJ..AA..,, DDííaazz--DDeellggaaddoo,, RR.. aanndd RRoommoo,, AA.. 22000077.. Habitat, human pressu-re, and social behaviour: Partialling out factors affecting large-scaleterritory extinction in an endangered vulture. Biological Conservation136:143-154.

8800.. CCaassaaddoo,, EE.. 11999999.. Viabilidad de la reintroducción del Águila pescado-ra (Pandion haliaetus) en costas, estuarios y pantanos de Andalucía.Estación de Doñana-CSIC. Informe inédito. Consejería de MedioAmbiente. Junta de Andalucía.

8811.. CCaassttaannyy,, JJ.. aanndd LLóóppeezz,, GG.. 22000066.. El carricerín real en España. I CensoNacional (2005). SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

8822.. CCaassttaaññoo,, JJ.. PP.. 11999966.. Ecología reproductiva del aguilucho cenizoCircus pygargus en el Campo de Montiel. Ph. D. thesis. UniversidadComplutense, Madrid.

8833.. CCaassttiilllloo,, II..,, EElloorrrriiaaggaa,, JJ..,, ZZuubbeerrooggooiittiiaa,, II..,, AAzzkkoonnaa,, AA..,, HHiiddaallggoo,, SS..,,AAssttoorrkkiiaa,, LL..,, IIrraaeettaa,, AA.. aanndd RRuuiiss,, FF.. 22000088.. Importancia de las cante-ras sobre las aves rupícolas y problemas derivados de su gestión.Ardeola, 55 (1): 103-110.

8844.. CCeebbaallllooss,, OO.. aanndd DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. 11998888.. Selección del lugar de nidifi-cación por el Alimoche (Neophron percnopterus) en Navarra.Munibe 40: 3-8.

8855.. CCeebbaallllooss,, OO.. aanndd DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. 11998888.. Actividad, uso del espacio ycuidado parental en una pareja de alimoches (Neophron percnop-terus) durante el periodo de dependencia de los pollos. Ecología 2:275-291.

8866.. CCeebbaallllooss,, OO.. aanndd DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ.. AA.. 11998899.. Factors influencing thebreeding density and nest-site selection by the Egyptian Vulture(Neophron percnopterus). Journal für Ornithologie, 130: 353-359.

8877.. CCoommiissiióónn NNaacciioonnaall ddee PPrrootteecccciióónn ddee llaa NNaattuurraalleezzaa.. 22000044..Estrategia para la Conservación del Urogallo Cantábrico (Tetraourogallus cantabricus) en España. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente,Madrid.

8888.. CCoommiissiióónn NNaacciioonnaall ddee PPrrootteecccciióónn ddee llaa NNaattuurraalleezzaa.. 22000055..Estrategia para la Conservación del Urogallo Pirenaico (Tetrao uro-gallus aquitanicus) en España. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente,Madrid.

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8899.. CCoorrttééss--AAvviizzaannddaa,, AA..,, CCeebbaallllooss aanndd OO..,, DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. iinn pprreessss.. LLoonngg--tteerrmm ttrreennddss ((11998899--22000077)) in population size and breeding successin the Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus) in the BardenasReales Natural Park (Northern Spain). Journal of Raptor Research.

9900.. CCoouuttoo,, SS..,, GGuuttiiéérrrreezz,, JJ.. EE.. aanndd RRuuiizz,, AA.. 22000055.. Impacto potencialdel uso ilegal de cebos envenenados en la reintroducción delquebrantahuesos (Gypaetus barbatus) en Andalucía. FundaciónGypaetus. Jaén.

9911.. CCoouuttoo,, SS..,, RRuuiizz,, CC.. aanndd GGuuttiiéérrrreezz,, JJ.. EE.. 22000077.. Manual para la con-servación preventiva del quebrantahuesos y su hábitat. Criteriospara la evaluación de impactos de actividades e infraestructuraspara la conservación del quebrantahuesos (Gypaetus barbatus) ysu hábitat. Fundación Gypaetus. Jaén.

9922 CCrraammpp,, SS.. aanndd SSiimmmmoonnss,, KK..EE..LL.. 11999988.. The Complete Birds of theWestern Palearctic. Oxford University Press, Oxford.

9933.. CCuueennccaa,, DD.. aanndd HHoorrttaass,, FF.. 11999988.. Primeros datos sobre la interac-ción hombre-aves en áreas intermareales estuarinas del suroestede la Península Ibérica. Proceedings of the 1st InterdisciplinarySymposium on Estuarine Processes: 13-15.

9944.. CCuueennccaa,, DD..,, HHoorrttaass,, FF.. aanndd AArrrrooyyoo,, GG..MM.. 22000022.. Waders distribu-tion in a southwest Iberian peninsula estuary: relationships withsediments. The Ring, 24, 1: 25.32.

9955.. DDaallee,, SS.. aanndd OOllsseenn,, BB.. FF.. 22000011.. Use of farmland by Ortolan Buntings(Emberiza hortulana) nesting on a burned forest area. Journal ofOrnithology, 143: 133-144.

9966.. DDee BBoorrbbóónn;; BBaarrrrooss;; GGuuaaddaallffaajjaarraa;; DDee JJuuaannaa aanndd HHeerrrraannzz.. 11999999..Parámetros reproductivos de la ganga ibérica y la ganga ortega. InLas Gangas en España. Colección Técnica. Ministerio de MedioAmbiente. pp. 239-259.

9977.. DDee llaa CCoonncchhaa,, II..,, HHeerrnnááeezz,, CC..,, PPiinniillllaa,, JJ..,, RRiippoollll,, II..,, CCaarrrriiccoonnddoo,, AA..,,HHoowweellll,, DD.. aanndd ÍÍññiiggoo,, AA.. 22000077.. Medidas beneficiosas para las avesligadas a medios agrícolas. Sugerencias para su diseño y aplicaciónen Natura 2000, en el marco de la programación de desarrollorural 2007-2013. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

9988.. DDee llaa PPuueennttee,, JJ..,, MMoorreennoo--OOppoo,, RR.. aanndd DDeell MMoorraall,, JJ..CC.. 22000077.. El bui-tre negro en España. Censo Nacional (2006). SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

9999.. DDee LLeeóónn,, AA.. aanndd MMíínngguueezz,, EE.. 22000033.. Occupancy rates and nestingsuccess of European storm-petrels breeding inside artificial nest-boxes. In Mínguez, E., Oro, D., De Juana, E. and Martínez-Abraín, A.(eds.) Mediterranean seabirds and their conservation. Scientia Marina,67 (Suppl. 2): 109-112.

110000.. DDee PPaabblloo,, FF.. aanndd TTrriiaayy,, RR.. 11999966.. Ecología de una población insularde Milano Real (Milvus milvus). In: J. J. Muntaner and J. Mayol (Eds.):Actas del VI Congreso de Biología y Conservación de las RapacesMediterráneas, pp. 441-450. Palma de Mallorca.

110011.. DDeell MMoorraall,, JJ..CC.. aanndd MMaarrttíí,, RR.. ((EEddss..)) 22000011.. El Buitre Leonado en laPenínsula Ibérica. Monografía nº 7. SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.

110022.. DDeell MMoorraall,, JJ..CC.. aanndd MMaarrttíí,, RR.. ((EEddss..)) 22000022.. El Alimoche Común enEspaña y Portugal. Monografía nº 8. SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.

110033.. DDeell MMoorraall,, JJ.. CC.. ((EEdd..)) 22000088.. El halcón de Eleonora en España.Población en 2004-2007 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife.Madrid.

110044.. DDeelliibbeess,, MM..,, CCaallddeerróónn,, JJ.. aanndd HHiirraallddoo,, FF.. 11997755.. Selección de presay alimentación en España del águila real. Ardeola, 21: 285-303.

110055.. DDeellggaaddoo,, GG..,, CCoonncceeppcciióónn,, DD..,, SSiivveerriioo,, MM..,, HHeerrnnáánnddeezz,, EE..,, QQuuiilliiss,, VV..aanndd TTrruujjiilllloo,, DD.. 11999999.. Datos sobre la distribución y biología delHalcón de Berbería (Falco peregrinus pelegrinoides) en las islasCanarias. (Aves: Falconidae). Vieraea, 27: 287-298.

110066.. DDeellggaaddoo,, AA.. aanndd MMoorreeiirraa,, FF.. 22000000.. Bird assemblages of an Iberiancereal steppe. Agriculture, ecosystems and environment, 78 (1): 65-76.

110077.. DDííaazz,, GG.. TTrruujjiilllloo,, OO.. aanndd HHeerrnnáánnddeezz,, EE.. 11998866.. Situación del águi-la pescadora (Pandion haliaetus) en Canarias. Bol. Est. Centr. Ecol.,15: 67-72.

110088.. DDííaazz,, JJ.. 22000055.. La vida privada del águila calzada. Quercus, 227: 14-21.

110099.. DDííaazz,, JJ.. ((ccoooorrdd..)) 22000066.. El Águila Calzada y su conservación en laComunidad de Madrid. Fondo para la Investigación y Conservaciónde los Animales Salvajes y su Hábitat FICAS, Madrid.

111100.. DDííaazz,, MM..,, BBaaqquueerroo,, RR..AA..,, CCaarrrriiccoonnddoo,, AA..,, FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, FF..,, GGaarrccííaa,, JJ.. aannddYYeellaa,, JJ..LL.. 22000066.. Bases ecológicas para la definición de las prácticasagrarias compatibles con las Directivas de Aves y de Hábitats.Convenio Ministerio de Medio Ambiente-Universidad de Castilla-La Mancha. Informe inédito.

111111.. DDííeess JJaammbbrriinnoo,, BB.. 11999955.. El calamón en la C. Valenciana, situaciónactual. Consellería de Agricultura y Medio Ambiente. GeneralitatValenciana. Informe inédito.

111122.. DDiirreecccciióónn GGeenneerraall ddee CCoonnsseerrvvaacciióónn ddee llaa NNaattuurraalleezzaa.. 22000022..Estrategia para la Conservación del Quebrantahuesos (Gypaetus bar-batus) en España. Madrid. MIMAM.

111133.. DD..OO..EE.. OOrrddeenn ddee 66 ddee jjuunniioo ddee 22000055,, por la que se aprueba elPlan de Conservación del Hábitat del Águila Perdicera enExtremadura. Diario Oficial de Extremadura. nº 71, de 21 de juniode 2005.

111144.. DD..OO..GG..CC.. 22000044.. Decreto 259/2004, de 13 de abril, por el que sedeclara especies en peligro de extinción de la gaviota de Audouiny se aprueban los planes de recuperación de distintas especies.Diari Oficial de la Generalitat de Catalunya nº 4112, de 15 de abrilde 2004. pp. 6940.

111155.. DDoollzz,, JJ..CC.. aanndd DDiieess,, NN.. 11998877.. El halcón de Eleonor Falco eleonoraeen las I. Columbretes. In Mantilla, A., Carretera, J.L. and GarcíaCarrascosa, A.M. (Eds.): Islas Columbretes, contribución al conocimien-to de su medio natural, pp. 241-262. Generalitat Valenciana. Valencia.

111166.. DDoollzz,, JJ..CC.. aanndd MMaarrttíínneezz,, AA.. 11998877.. Propuesta para la realización de uncenso estatal de las colonias de cría de Canastera (Glareola pratinco-la). Comunicación a I Jornadas de Estudio de Limícolas. EstaciónOrnitológica de La Albufera, Valencia.

111177.. DDoollzz,, JJ..CC..,, DDiieess,, II.. aanndd BBeelllliiuurree,, JJ.. 11998899.. Las colonias de Canastera(Glareola pratincola, Linn. 1766) en la Comunidad Valenciana.Medinatural, 1: 69-80.

111188.. DDoollzz,, JJ..CC..,, GGiimméénneezz,, MM.. aanndd HHuueerrttaass,, JJ.. 11999911.. Status of some threa-tened Anatidae species in the Comunidad Valenciana, East Spain.IWRB Threatened Waterfowl Research Group Newsletter, 1: 7-8.

111199.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. 11998877.. Apparent increase in a Griffon Vulture (Gypsfulvus) population in Spain. Journal of Raptor Research 21: 112-115.

112200.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ.. AA.. aanndd CCeebbaallllooss,, OO.. 11998888.. Alimentación y tasas repro-ductoras del Alimoche (Neophron percnopterus) en Navarra.Ardeola, 35: 3-14.

112211.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ.. AA.. aanndd CCeebbaallllooss,, OO.. 11998899.. Growth rates of nestlingEgyptian Vultures Neophron percnopterus in relation to brood size,hatching order and environmental factors. Ardea, 77: 217-226.

112222.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ.. AA..,, CCeebbaallllooss,, OO.. aanndd FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, CC.. 11998899.. Factorsinfluencing the distribution and abundance of seven cliffnestingraptors: a multivariate study. In: B.U. Meyburg and R. Chancellor(Eds.): Raptors in the Modern World, pp. 545-552. World WorkingGroup on Birds of Prey. Berlin.

112233.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ.. AA.. aanndd CCeebbaallllooss,, OO.. 11999900.. Post-fledging dependenceperiod and development of flight and foraging behaviour in theEgyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus. Ardea, 78: 387-394.

112244.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. aanndd FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, CC.. 11999900.. Population trends ofGriffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus) in northern Spain between 1969and 1989 in relation to conservation measures. BiologicalConservation 53: 83-91.

112255.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ.. AA..,, HHiirraallddoo,, FF.. aanndd BBuussttaammaannttee,, JJ.. 11999933.. Factors influen-cing nest site selection, breeding density and breeding success inthe Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus). Journal of Applied Ecology30: 504-514.

112266.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ.. AA..,, CCeebbaallllooss,, OO.. aanndd TTeellllaa,, JJ.. LL.. 11999944.. Copulation beha-viour in the Egyptian Vulture Neophron percnopterus. Bird Study,41: 37-41.

112277.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ.. AA..,, CCeebbaallllooss,, OO.. aanndd TTeellllaa,, JJ.. LL.. 11999966.. Communal roostsof Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus): dynamics andimplications for the species conservation. En, J. Muntaner & J. Mayol(Eds): Biología y Conservación de las Rapaces Mediterráneas, 1994,pp. 189-201. Monografía nº 4, SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

112288.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA..,, BBllaannccoo,, GG..,, HHiirraallddoo,, FF..,, SSoottoo--LLaarrggoo,, EE.. aanndd OOrriiaa,, JJ.. 22000022..Effects of forestry and other land-use practices on the conserva-tion of Cinereous Vultures. Ecological Applications 12:1445-1456.

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112299.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA..,, PPaallaacciiooss,, CC..JJ..,, GGaannggoossoo,, LL..,, CCeebbaallllooss,, OO..,, GGoonnzzáálleezz,,MM..JJ.. aanndd HHiirraallddoo,, FF.. 22000022.. Conservation status and limiting factorsof the endangered population of Egyptian Vulture (Neophron perc-nopterus) in the Canary Islands. Biological Conservation 107:89-98.

113300.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA..,, NNeeggrroo,, JJ..JJ..,, PPaallaacciiooss,, CC..JJ..,, GGooddooyy,, JJ..AA..,, CCeebbaallllooss,, OO..,,HHiirraallddoo,, FF.. aanndd CCaappoottee,, NN.. 22000022.. Description of a new subspeciesof the Egyptian Vulture (Accipitridae: Neophron percnopterus) fromthe Canary Islands. Journal of Raptor Research 36:17-23.

113311.. DDoonnáázzaarr JJ..AA.. aanndd BBeenníítteezz,, JJ..AA.. 22000077.. La industria eólica, otra ame-naza para el alimoche en el sur de Cádiz. Quercus 226:68-69.

113322.. DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA..,, CCoorrttééss--AAvviizzaannddaa,, AA..,, CCeebbaallllooss,, OO.. aanndd UUrrmmeenneettaa,, AA..22000088.. Las Bardenas Reales pierden sus alimoches por culpa delveneno. Quercus 266:60-61.

113333.. EEnnccaallaaddoo,, JJ.. JJ.. RR.. 22000077.. In BirdLife International (2008) Speciesfactsheet: Sylvia undata. in litt. <http://www.birdlife.org> [Consul-ta: 29 de septiembre de 2008].

113344.. EEcchheevvaarrrrííaass,, JJ.. LL.. 22000033.. Restauración ecológica de la finca El Rincón(Parque Natural El Hondo, Crevillente, Alicante): creación de unhábitat idóneo para la cerceta pardilla Marmaronetta angustirostris.In: Ecología, manejo y conservación de los humedales. ColecciónActas Nº 49. (Ed. by Paracuellos, M.), pp. 139-149. Almería: Institutode Estudios Almerienses, Diputación de Almería.

113355.. EEtthheerriiddggee,, BB..,, SSuummmmeerrss,, RR..WW.. aanndd GGrreeeenn,, RR..EE.. 11999977.. The effects ofillegal killing and destruction of nests by humans on the populationdynamics of the hen harrier Circus cyaneus in Scotland. Journal ofApplied Ecology, 34, 1081-105.

113366.. FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, CC.. aanndd DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. 11999911.. Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus)occupying eyries of other cliff-nesting raptors. Bird Study 38: 42-44.

113377.. FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, CC.. 11999933.. Sélection des falaises pour la nidification chezláigle royal. Alauda, 61: 105-110.

113388.. FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, CC..,, AAzzkkoonnaa,, PP.. aanndd DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. 11999988.. Density depen-dent effects on productivity in the Griffon Vulture Gyps fulvus: therole of interference and habitat heterogeneity. Ibis 140:64-69.

113399.. FFeerrnnáánnddeezz--PPaallaacciiooss,, JJ..MM.. aanndd RRaayyaa,, CC.. 11999911.. Biología de la fochacornuda (Fulica cristata) en Cádiz y otros humedales del BajoGuadalquivir. In Fernández Palacios, J.M. and M.J. Martos (Eds.): Planrector de uso y gestión de las reservas naturales de las lagunas deCádiz. Agencia de Medio Ambiente. Sevilla.

114400.. FFeerrrreerr,, XX.. 11998811.. Sobre la situación de la Focha cornuda enCataluña (Fulica cristata) en Cataluña. Misc. Zool., 7: 221-222.

114411.. FFeerrrreerr,, MM.. 11999933.. El Águila Imperial Ibérica (Aquila adalberti).Quercus, Madrid.

114422.. FFeerrrreerr,, MM.. 22000022.. Informe para la Comisión Mixta de Gestión sobrela situación del Águila Imperial en Doñana. Organismo AutónomoParques Nacionales, Madrid.

114433.. FFeerrrreerroo,, JJ.. JJ.. 22000000.. El ciclo reproductivo del Elanio Común enExtremadura. Memoria del Trabajo de Investigación. Área deBiología Animal. Universidad de Extremadura. Badajoz.

114444.. FFuunnddaacciióónn GGyyppaaeettuuss.. 22000055.. Plan de acción de la FundaciónGypaetus contra los cebos envenenados. Fundación Gypaetus.Jaén.

114455.. GGaalllloo--OOrrssii,, UU.. ((EEddss..)).. 22000011.. Saving Europe’s most threatened birds:progress in implementing European Species Action Plans. BirdLifeInternational, Wageningen, The Netherlands.

114466.. GGaalllloo--OOrrssii,, UU.. 22000033.. Species Action Plans for the conservation ofseabirds in the Mediterranean Sea: Audouin´s gull, Balearic shear-water and Mediterranean shag. In Mínguez, E., Oro, D., De Juana,E. and Martínez-Abraín, A. (eds.) Mediterranean seabirds and theirconservation. Scientia Marina, 67 (Suppl. 2): 47-55.

114477.. GGaannggoossoo,, LL.. aanndd PPaallaacciiooss CC..JJ.. 22000022.. Endangered Egyptian vulture(Neophron percnopterus) entangled in power line ground-wire sta-bilizer. Journal of the Raptor Research 36: 328-329.

114488.. GGaannggoossoo,, LL.. aanndd PPaallaacciiooss CC..JJ.. 22000055.. Ground nesting by Egyptian vul-tures (Neophron percnopterus) in the Canary Islands. Journal of theRaptor Research 39 (2): 186-187.

114499.. GGaannggoossoo,, LL..,, DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA..,, PPaallaacciiooss,, HHiirraallddoo,, FF.. aanndd SScchhoollzz,, SS.. 22000055..Contradiction in conservation of island ecosystems: plants, intro-duced herbivores and avian scavengers in the Canary islands. Bio-diversity and Conservation 15:2231-2248.

115500.. GGaannggoossoo,, LL..,, ÁÁllvvaarreezz--LLLLoorreett,, PP.. RRooddrríígguueezz--NNaavvaarrrroo,, AA..,, MMaatteeoo,, RR..,,HHiirraallddoo,, FF.. aanndd DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. iinn pprreessss.. Long-term effects of leadpoisoning on bone mineralization in vultures exposed to ammuni-tion sources. Environmental Pollution.

115511.. GGaarrccííaa,, JJ..TT.. aanndd AArrrrooyyoo,, BB..EE.. 22000011.. Effect of abiotic factors onreproduction in the centre and periphery of breeding ranges: acomparative analysis in sympatric harriers. Ecography, 24, 393-402.

115522.. GGaarrccííaa,, JJ..TT.. aanndd AArrrrooyyoo,, BB.. 22000022.. Population trends and conservationof Montagu’s Harrier in Spain. Ornithologischer Anzeiger, 41: 183-190.

115533.. GGaarrccííaa DDiiooss,, II.. SS.. aanndd VViiññuueellaa,, JJ.. 22000000.. Efectos de la gestión fores-tal sobre el éxito reproductivo del aguililla calzada (Hieraaetus pen-natus) en el valle del Tiétar. Ardeola, 47 (2): 183-190.

115544.. GGaarrccííaa,, LL..,, VViiaaddaa,, CC..,, MMoorreennoo--OOppoo,, RR..,, CCaarrbboonneerraass,, CC..,, AAllccaallddee,, AA..aanndd GGoonnzzáálleezz,, FF.. 22000033.. Impacto de la marea negra del “Prestige”sobre las aves marinas. SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.

115555.. GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC..,, PP.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz aanndd GGaarrccííaa--LLóóppeezz FF.... 22000044..Management and monitoring of a vulture restaurant in CastellónProvince, Spain. Vulture News, 50:5-14.

115566.. GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC..,, LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, GGaarrccííaa--LLóóppeezz,, FF..,, AAgguuiillaarr JJ.. MM..aanndd VVeerrddeejjoo,, JJ.. 22000055.. Modelling nesting habitat preferences ofEurasian Griffon vulture Gyps fulvus in eastern Iberian Peninsula.Ardeola, 52(2): 287-304.

115577.. GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC.. aanndd LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP.. 22000066.. Population size andbreeding performance of Egyptian Vulture (Neophron percnopterus)in the East of Iberian Peninsula. Journal of Raptor Research, 40(3):217-221.

115588.. GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC..,, SSuurrrrooccaa,, MM..,, LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP.. aanndd JJiimméénneezz,, JJ..22000077.. El alimoche se recupera en la Comunidad Valenciana. Censo,tendencia y parámetros reproductores de una población enexpansión. Quercus, 255: 26-29.

115599.. GGaarrzzaa,, VV..,, SSuuáárreezz,, FF..,, HHeerrrraannzz,, JJ..,, TTrraabbaa,, JJ..,, GGaarrccííaa ddee llaa MMoorreennaa,, EE.. LL..,,MMoorraalleess,, MM.. BB..,, GGoonnzzáálleezz,, RR.. aanndd CCaassttaaññeeddaa,, MM.. 22000055.. Space use andhabitat selection of Dupont´s Lark (Chersophilus duponti) during thebreeding and postbreeding periods. Ardeola, 52: 133-146.

116600.. GGEENNAA 22000000.. Control y seguimiento de los ecosistemas del RefugioNacional de Caza de las Islas Chafarinas. Informe inédito.Organismo Autónomo de Parques Nacionales. Ministerio deMedio Ambiente.

116611.. GGeennoovvaarrtt,, MM..,, OOrroo,, DD..,, JJuussttee,, JJ.. aanndd BBeerrttoorreellllee,, GG.. 22000077.. Whatgenetics tell us about the conservation of the critically endangeredBalearic Shearwater? Biological Conservation, 137: 283-293.

116622.. GGiirraalltt,, DD..,, BBrroottoonnss,, LLll..,, VVaalleerraa,, FF.. aanndd KKrriissttîînn AA..,, 22000088.. The role ofnatural habitats in agricultural systems for bird conservation: thecase of the threatened Lesser Grey Shrike. Biodiversity andConservation, 17 (8): 1997-2012.

116633.. GGiirraalltt,, DD..,, RRiivvaass,, JJLL.. aanndd AAllbbeerroo,, JJ..CC.. 22000088.. Situación límite delAlcaudón chico en España. Quercus 270: 14-21.

116644.. GGóómmaarraa,, BB..,, FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, MM.. AA..,, BBaaooss,, RR..,, HHeerrrreerroo,, LL..,, JJiimméénneezz,, BB..,,AAbbaadd,, EE..,, HHiirraallddoo,, FF..,, FFeerrrreerr,, MM..,, RRiivveerraa,, JJ.. aanndd GGoonnzzáálleezz,, MM.. JJ.. 22000022..Presence of organochlorine pollutants (PCDDs, PCDFs, PCBs, andDDTs) in eggs of predatory birds from Doñana National Park,Spain. Organohalogen Compounds, 58: 441-444.

116655.. GGóómmaarraa,, BB..,, RRaammooss,, LL..,, GGaannggoossoo,, LL..,, DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. aanndd GGoonnzzáálleezz,, MM..JJ..22000044.. Levels of polychlorinated biphenyls and organochlorine pes-ticides in serum samples of Egyptian Vultures (Neophron percnop-terus) from Spain. Chemosphere 55:577-583.

116666.. GGoonnzzáálleezz,, JJ..LL.. 11999911.. El Aguilucho Lagunero Circus aeruginosus (L.1784) en España. Situación, biología de la reproducción, alimentacióny conservación. Colección Técnica. ICONA - Ministerio deAgricultura, Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid.

116677.. GGoonnzzáálleezz,, LL..MM.. 11999911.. Historia natural del Águila Imperial Ibérica(Aquila adalberti Brehm, 1861). ICONA Ministerio de Agricultura,Pesca y Alimentación, Madrid.

116688.. GGoonnzzáálleezz,, GG..,, SSaannttiiaaggoo,, JJ..MM.. aanndd FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, LL.. 11999922.. El águila pes-cadora (Pandion haliaetus) en España. ICONA. Madrid.

116699.. GGoonnzzáálleezz,, CC.. ((EEdd..)).. 11999955.. Action Plan for the Dark-tailed LaurelPigeon (Columba bollii). SEO/BirdLife International, Tenerife.

117700.. GGoonnzzáálleezz,, CC.. ((EEdd..)).. 11999999.. Management Statement. Gran CanariaGreat Spotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major thanneri.SEO/BirdLife International, Tenerife.


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117711 GGoonnzzáálleezz,, CC.. ((EEdd..)).. 11999999.. Management Statement. Tenerife GreatSpotted Woodpecker Dendrocopos major canariensis. SEO/BirdLifeInternational, Tenerife.

117722 GGoonnzzáálleezz,, CC.. ((EEdd..)).. 11999999.. Species Action Plan for the Cream-Coloured Courser Cursorius cursor in Europe. BirdLifeInternational, U.K.

117733 GGoonnzzáálleezz,, LL..MM.. aanndd OOrriiaa,, JJ.. 22000011.. La frágil recuperación del ÁguilaImperial Ibérica. Quercus, 190: 20-28.

117744.. GGoonnzzáálleezz aanndd MM.. CCaassttaaññeeddaa.. 22000055.. Space use and habitat selectionof Dupont’s lark (Chersophilus duponti) during the breeding andpostbreeding periods. Ardeola, 52: 133-146.

117755.. GGoonnzzáálleezz,, LL..MM.. aanndd SSaann MMiigguueell,, AA.. ((CCoooorrddss..)) 22000055.. Manual de bue-nas prácticas de gestión en fincas de monte mediterráneo de la RedNatura 2000. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad. Ministeriode Medio Ambiente. Madrid.

117766.. GGoonnzzáálleezz,, LL..MM..,, AArrrrooyyoo,, BB..EE..,, MMaarrggaalliiddaa,, AA..,, OOrriiaa,, JJ.. aanndd SSáánncchheezz,, RR..22000066.. Effect of human activities on behaviour and success of bre-eding Spanish imperial eagles Aquila adalberti. Animal Conservation,9: 85-93.

117777.. GGoonnzzáálleezz,, LL..MM..,, MMaarrggaalliiddaa,, AA..,, SSáánncchheezz,, RR.. aanndd OOrriiaa,, JJ.. 22000066..Supplementary feeding as an effective tool for improving breedingsuccess in the Spanish imperial eagle (Aquila adalberti). BiologicalConservation 129: 477-486.

117788.. GGoonnzzáálleezz,, LL..MM..,, MMaarrggaalliiddaa,, AA..,, MMaaññoossaa,, SS..,, SSáánncchheezz,, RR..,, OOrriiaa,, RR..,,MMoolliinnaa,, JJ..II..,, AArraannddaa,, AA..,, CCaallddeerraa,, JJ.. aanndd PPrraaddaa,, LL.. 22000077.. Causes andspatio-temporal variations of non-natural mortality in theVulnerable Spanish Imperial Eagle (Aquila adalberti) during a reco-very period. Oryx 41: 495-502.

117799.. GGrraannddee,, JJ..MM..,, SSeerrrraannoo,, DD..,, TTaavveecccchhiiaa,, GG..,, CCaarrrreettee,, MM..,, CCeebbaalllloo,, OO..,,DDííaazz--ddeellggaaddoo,, RR..,, TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL.. aanndd DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. ((eenn pprreennssaa)) Survivalin a long-lived territorial migrant: effects of life-history traits andecological conditions in wintering and breeding areas. Oikos.

118800.. GGrreeeenn,, AA.. JJ.. 11999933.. The status and conservation of the Marbled TealMarmaronetta angustirostris. Slimbridge, U.K.: WetlandsInternational (IWRB Spec. Publ. 23).

118811.. GGrreeeenn,, AA..JJ.. aanndd HHuugghheess,, BB.. ((CCoommpp..)) 11999966.. Action Plan for the White-headed duck (Oxyura leucocephala) in Europe. Wildfowl andWetlands Trust, U.K.

118822.. GGrreeeenn,, AA..JJ.. 22000000.. The habitat requirements of the Marbled Teal(Marmaronetta angustirostris), Ménétr., a review. Pp: 147-163. In:Comín, F.A., Herrera, J.A. and Ramírez, J. (Eds.) Limnology andaquatic birds. monitoring, modelling and management. Proceedings ofthe 2nd International Symposium on Limnology and Aquatic Birds.Universidad Autónoma de Yucatán, Mérida.

118833.. GGrreeeenn,, AA..JJ.. aanndd HHuugghheess,, BB.. 22000011.. Oxyura leucocephala White-headed Duck. BWP Update, 3(2): 79-90.

118844.. GGrreeeenn,, AA.. JJ..,, EEll HHaammzzaaoouuii,, MM..,, EEll AAggbbaannii,, MM.. AA.. aanndd FFrraanncchhiimmoonntt,, JJ..22000022..The conservation status of Moroccan wetlands with particu-lar reference to waterbirds and to changes since 1978. BiologicalConservation, 104: 71-82.

118855.. GGrreeeenn,, AA..JJ.. 22000055.. Marbled Teal Marmaronetta angustirostris. In J.Kear (Ed.) Ducks, geese and swans. Volume 2. Oxford UniversityPress, Oxford. pp. 625-628.

118866.. GGrreeeenn,, AA..JJ..,, FFuueenntteess,, CC..,, FFiigguueerroollaa,, JJ..,, VViieeddmmaa,, CC.. aanndd RRaammóónn,, NN..22000055.. Survival of Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris) relea-sed back into the wild. Biological Conservation, 121: 595-601.

118877.. GGrreettttoonn,, AA.. ((EEdd..)).. 11999966.. International Action Plan for the Slender-billed Curlew (Numenius tenuirostris). BirdLife International, U.K.

118888.. GGrruuppoo AArrddeeiiddaass.. 11999955.. Censo de nidificación de ardeidas colonialesy otras aves ligadas a carrizales en Toledo occidental. DelegaciónProvincial de Medio Ambiente de Toledo. Informe inédito.

118899.. GGrruuppoo ddee CCoonnsseerrvvaacciióónn ddee HHuummeeddaalleess CCoosstteerrooss.. 22000022..Cartografiado de las aves invernantes y reproductoras del ParqueNatural Bahía de Cádiz. Año 2002. Informe inédito. Universidad deCádiz-Consejería de Medio Ambiente de la Junta de Andalucía.

119900.. GGrruuppoo ddee TTrraabbaajjoo ddeell ÁÁgguuiillaa IImmppeerriiaall IIbbéérriiccaa.. 22000011.. Resumen deproyectos y estado actual del Águila Imperial Ibérica. Informe inéditopara las Comunidades Autónomas y el Ministerio de MedioAmbiente.

119911.. GGuuttiiéérrrreezz,, RR..,, LLóóppeezz,, FF..,, RRaammaall,, AA.. aanndd GGuuiinnaarrtt,, EE.. 22000066 CoastalMediterranean Storm-Petrel Hydrobates pelagicus populations:isolated small breeding sites or outlying subcolonies of larger bre-eding colonies? Atlantic Seabirds, 8(1/2): 31-40.

119922.. HHeeaatthh,, MM..;; BBoorrggggrreevvee,, CC.. aanndd PPeeeett,, NN.. 22000011.. European bird popula-tions: estimates and trends. Conservation Series nº 10, BirdLifeInternational, Cambridge.

119933.. HHeerreeddiiaa,, BB..,, HHiirraallddoo,, FF..,, GGoonnzzáálleezz,, LL..MM.. aanndd GGoonnzzáálleezz JJ..LL.. 11998888..Status, ecology and conservation of the peregrine falcon in Spain.In T.J. Cade et al. (Eds.): Peregrine falcon populations: their manage-ment and recovery, pp. 219-226. The Peregrine Foundation. Boise.

119944.. HHeerreeddiiaa,, RR.. aanndd HHeerreeddiiaa,, BB.. ((EEddss..)) 11999911.. El Quebrantahuesos(Gypaetus barbatus) en los Pirineos. Características ecológicas y bio-logía de la conservación. Colección Técnica. ICONA. Ministerio deAgricultura, Pesca y Alimentación. Madrid.

119955.. HHeerreeddiiaa,, BB.. ((EEdd..)).. 11999955.. Action Plan for the Houbara Bustard in theCanary Islands (Chlamydotis undulata fuertaventurae). BirdLifeInternational, U.K.

119966.. HHeerreeddiiaa,, BB..,, LLaauurreennccee,, RR.. aanndd PPaaiinntteerr,, MM.. 11999966.. Globally threatenedbirds in Europe. Action Plans. Council of Europe Publishing Editionsdu Conseil de l’Europe.

119977.. HHeerreeddiiaa,, RR.. aanndd RRaazziinn,, MM.. 11999999.. Ecology and Conservation of thebearded Vultures: The case of the Spanish and French Pyrenees. En,A. Sakoulis, M. Probonas y S. Xirouchakis (Eds.): Proceedings of the4th Bearded Vulture Workshop 1998, Irakleio.

119988.. HHeerreeddiiaa,, RR.. aanndd HHeerreeddiiaa,, BB.. 22000011.. European Union Species ActionPlan for the Lammergeier (Gypaetus barbatus). En, N. Schäffer y U.Gallo-Orsi (Eds.): European Union action plans for eight priority birdspecies. European Commission. Bélgica.

119999.. HHeerrnnáánnddeezz,, MM.. 22000011.. Informe sobre los niveles de intoxicación en lafauna española. Informe inédito para la Dirección General deConservación de la Naturaleza. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.

220000.. HHeerrnnáánnddeezz,, MM.. aanndd MMaarrggaalliiddaa,, AA.. 22000088.. Pesticide abuse in Europe:effects on the Cinereous vulture (Aegypius monachus) populationin Spain. Ecotoxicology 17: 264-272.

220011.. HHeerrrraannzz,, JJ.. aanndd SSuuáárreezz,, FF.. ((EEddss..)) 11999999.. La Ganga Ibérica (Pteroclesalchata) y la Ganga Ortega (Pterocles orientalis) en España.Distribución, abundancia, biología y conservación. Ministerio de MedioAmbiente, Madrid.

220022.. HHuugghheess,, BB..,, RRoobbiinnssoonn,, JJ..AA..,, GGrreeeenn,, AA.. JJ..,, LLii,, ZZ..WW..DD.. aanndd MMuunnddkkuurr,, TT..((CCoommpp..)) 22000055.. International Single Species Action Plan for theConservation of the White-headed Duck Oxyura leucocephala.

220033.. IICCEESS,, 22000088.. Report of the Working Group on Seabird Ecology (WGSE).

<http://www.ices.dk/reports/LRC/2008/WGSE/WGSE2008.pdf >.

220044.. IIgguuaall,, JJ.. MM..,, FFoorreerroo,, MM.. GG..,, GGoommeezz,, TT..,, OOrruueettaa,, JJ.. FF.. aanndd OOrroo,, DD.. 22000066..Rat control and breeding performance in Cory’s Shearwaters:effects of poisoning effort and habitat features. Animal Conservation,9: 59-65.

220055.. IIlllleerraa,, JJ.. CC.. ((CCoommpp..)).. Plan de acción de la Tarabilla Canaria.SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

220066.. IIrriibbaarrrreenn,, JJ.. JJ.. 11997755.. Biología del Águila Calzada (Hieraaetus penna-tus) durante el período de nidificación en Navarra. Ardeola, 21:305-330.

220077.. IIrriibbaarrrreenn,, JJ.. JJ.. aanndd RRooddrríígguueezz AArrbbeeoollaa,, AA.. 11998888.. Sobre la biología delÁguila Calzada Hieraaetus pennatus (Gmelin, 1788) en Navarra.Publ. Biol. Univ. Navarra, Ser. Zool., 17: 1-27.

220088.. KKoollllaarr,, HH.. PP.. ((EEddss)).. 11999966.. Action Plan for the Great Bustard (Otistarda) in Europe.

220099.. KKrreettzzmmaannnn,, MM..BB..,, CCaappoottee,, NN..,, GGaauuttsscchhii,, BB..,, GGooddooyy,, JJ..AA..,, DDoonnáázzaarr,,JJ..AA.. aanndd NNeeggrroo,, JJ..JJ.. 22000033.. Genetically distinct island populations ofthe Egyptian vulture (Neophron percnopterus). ConservationGenetics 4: 697-706.

221100.. LLaaiioolloo,, PP.. aanndd TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL.. 22000066.. Landscape bioacoustics: combininglandscape ecology and call variability to detect the effects of habi-tat fragmentation on population structure. Ecology, 87:1203-1214.

221111.. LLaaiioolloo,, PP.. aanndd TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL.. 22000066.. The fate of unproductive and unaes-thetic habitats: recent changes in Iberian steppes and their endan-gered avifauna. Environmental Conservation, 33:223-232.

221122.. LLaaiioolloo,, PP.. aanndd TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL.. 22000077.. Erosion of animal cultures in frag-mented landscapes. Frontiers in Ecology and Environment, 5:68-72.

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221133.. LLaaiioolloo,, PP..,, VVööggeellii,, MM..,, SSeerrrraannoo,, DD.. aanndd TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL.. 22000077.. Testing acous-tic versus physical marking: two complementary methods for indi-vidual-based monitoring of elusive species. Journal of Avian Biology,38:672-681.

221144.. LLaaiioolloo,, PP.. aanndd TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL.. 22000088.. Demographic determinants of bird-song activity, conspecific attraction, and implications for the persis-tence of small populations. Animal Conservation (en prensa).

221155.. LLaaiioolloo,, PP..,, VVööggeellii,, MM..,, SSeerrrraannoo,, DD.. aanndd TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL.. 22000088.. Song diversitypredicts population viability in fragmented populations of birds. PLoSONE 3(3): e1822. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0001822.

221166.. LLaammbbeerrttiinnii,, MM.. 11999966.. International action plan for Audouin’s Gull(Larus audouinii). In B. Heredia, L. Rose, and Painter (Eds.): GloballyThreatened Birds in Europe, pp. 289-301. Council of Europe,Strasbourg.

221177.. LLeeffrraanncc,, NN.. aanndd WWoorrffoollkk,, TT.. 11999977.. Shrikes. A Guide to the Shrikes ofthe World. Pica Press. Sussex.

221188.. LLeeiittããoo,, DD..,, JJoolliivveett,, CC..,, RRooddrríígguueezz,, MM.. aanndd TTaavvaarreess,, JJ.. PP.. ((EEddss)).. 22000066..Bustard conservation in Europe in the last 15 years: current trends,best practice and future priorities. Sandy, U.L.:RSPB/BirdLife.

221199.. LLiimmiiññaannaa,, RR.. aanndd UUrriiooss,, VV.. 22000055.. Evolución poblacional y paráme-tros reproductivos del aguilucho cenizo en el interior de la provin-cia de Castellón (NE España). Cuadernos de Biodiversidad, 18: 13-18.

222200.. LLiimmiiññaannaa,, RR..,, SSoouuttuulllloo,, AA..,, UUrriiooss,, VV.. aanndd SSuurrrrooccaa,, MM.. 22000066..Vegetation height selection in Montagu’s harriers Circus pygarguswithin a natural habitat. Ardea 94(2): 280-284.

222211.. LLiimmiiññaannaa,, RR..,, SSuurrrrooccaa,, MM..,, MMiirraalllleess,, SS..,, UUrriiooss,, VV.. aanndd JJiimméénneezz,, JJ.. 22000066.Population trend and breeding biology of Montagu’s Harrier Circuspygargus in a natural vegetation site in northeast Spain. Bird Study,53 (2): 126-131.

222222.. LLiimmiiññaannaa,, RR..,, SSoouuttuulllloo,, AA.. aanndd UUrriiooss,, VV.. 22000077.. Autumn migration ofMontagu’s Harriers tracked by satellite telemetry. Journal ofOrnithology, 148: 517-523.

222233.. LLiimmiiññaannaa,, RR..,, SSoouuttuulllloo,, AA..,, LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP.. aanndd UUrriiooss,, VV.. 22000088.. Pre-migratory movements of adult Montagu’s Harriers Circus pygargus.Ardea, 96(1): 91-90.

222244.. LLóóppeezz ddee CCaarrrriióónn,, MM..,, DDííaazz,, MM..,, CCaarrbboonneellll,, RR.. aanndd BBoonnaall,, RR.. 22000066..Libro rojo de los vertebrado se Castilla-La Mancha. Consejería deMedio Ambiente y Desarrollo Rural. Castilla-La Mancha.

222255.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC..,, GGaarrccííaa--LLóóppeezz,, FF..,, AAgguuiillaarr,, JJ.. MM..aanndd VVeerrddeejjoo,, JJ.. 22000044.. Patrón de distribución del Águila Real (Aquilachrysaetos) y del Águila-azor perdicera (Hieraaetus fasciatus) en laprovincia de Castellón. Ardeola, 51(2): 275-283.

222266.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC.. aanndd VVeerrddeejjoo,, JJ.. 22000044.. Popula-tion status and reproductive performance of Eurasian Griffons (Gypsfulvus) in Eastern Spain. Journal of Raptor Research, 38(4): 350-356.

222277.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC..,, AAgguuiillaarr,, JJ.. MM..,, GGaarrccííaa--LLóóppeezz,, FF..aanndd VVeerrddeejjoo,, JJ.. 22000066.. Modelling breeding habitat preferences ofBonelli’s eagle (Hieraaetus fasciatus) in relation to topography, dis-turbance, climate and land use at different spatial scales. Journal ofOrnithology, 147(1): 97-107.

222288.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP.. aanndd GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC.. 22000077.. Tamaño poblacionaly parámetros reproductores del Alimoche Común (Neophronpercnopterus) en la provincia de Castellón, Este de la PenínsulaIbérica. Dugastella, 4: 49-52.

222299.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC..,, SSoouuttuulllloo,, ÁÁ..,, CCaaddaahhííaa,, LL.. aannddUUrriiooss,, VV.. 22000077.. Are Important Bird Areas and Special ProtectedAreas enough for conservation? The case of Bonelli’s eagle in aMediterranean area. Biodiversity and Conservation, 16: 3755–3780.

223300.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC..,, SSoouuttuulllloo,, AA..,, CCaaddaahhííaa,, LL.. aannddUUrriiooss,, VV.. 22000077.. Identifying potentially nesting habitat for goldeneagles (Aquila chrysaetos) applied to Important Bird Areas design.Animal Conservation, 10(2): 208-218.

223311.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC.. aanndd UUrriiooss,, VV.. 22000077.. Population size,breeding performance and territory quality of Bonelli´s eagle (Hieraaetusfasciatus) in eastern Iberian Peninsula. Bird Study, 54: 335-342.

223322.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP.. 22000088.. La clave para la conservación de las águilasperdiceras, en las áreas de dispersión. Quercus, 270: 11.

223333.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, BBaarrbbaa,, EE.. aanndd VVeerrddeejjoo,, JJ.. 22000099.. The role of pigeonconsumption in the population dynamics and breeding performan-ce of a peregrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) population: conservationimplications. European Journal of Wildlife Research, 55(2): 125-132.

223344.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, SSoouuttuulllloo,, AA..,, GGaarrccííaa--RRiippoollllééss,, CC..,, UUrriiooss,, VV..,,CCaaddaahhííaa,, LL.. aanndd FFeerrrreerr,, MM.. 22000099.. Markov models of territory occu-pancy: implications for the management and conservation of com-peting species. Biodiversity and Conservation, 18:1389–1402.

223355.. LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP.. aanndd UUrriiooss,, VV.. ((eenn pprreennssaa)) Use of digital trail came-ras to study Bonelli’s eagle’s diet during the nestling season. ItalianJournal of Zoology.

223366.. LLoorreennzzoo,, JJ..AA..,, GGoonnzzáálleezz,, CC..,, HHeerrnnáánnddeezz,, MM..AA.. aanndd DDeellggaaddoo,, JJ..DD..22000077.. La avutarda hubara en España. Población en 2004-2006 ymétodo de censo. SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.

223377.. LLoorreennzzoo,, JJ..AA.. ((EEdd)) 22000077.. Atlas de las Aves Nidificantes en el Archipié-lago Canario (1997-2003). Dirección General de Conservación dela Naturaleza – SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.

223388.. MMaaddrrooññoo,, AA..,, GGoonnzzáálleezz,, CC.. aanndd AAttiieennzzaa,, JJ..CC.. ((EEddss..)) 22000044.. Libro Rojode las Aves de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad-SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

223399.. MMaalllloorryy,, MM..LL.. 22000066.. The Northern Fulmar (Fulmarus glacialis) inArctic Canada: ecology, threats, and what it tells us about marineenvironmental conditions. Environmenal Reviews 14 (3): 187-216.

224400.. MMááññeezz,, MM.. 11999911.. Estado actual en el Parque Nacional de Doñanade aves incluidas en la “Lista Roja de los vertebrados de España”dentro de las categorías de “En peligro” y “Vulnerable”. J. ZonasHúmedas Andaluzas, 1990: 41-49.

224411.. MMaaññoossaa,, SS..,, RReeaall,, JJ.. aanndd CCooddiinnaa,, JJ.. 11999988.. Selection of settlementareas by juvenile Bonelli’s Eagle in Catalonia. J. Raptor Res., 32(3):208-214.

224422.. MMaaññoossaa,, SS.. 22000011.. Strategies to identify dangerous electricity pylonsfor birds. Biodiversity and Conservation, 10: 1997-2012.

224433.. MMaaññoossaa,, SS.. aanndd RReeaall,, JJ.. 22000011.. Potential negative effects of collisionswith transmission lines on a Bonelli’s Eagle population. Journal ofRaptor Research, 35(3): 247-252.

224444.. MMaarrggaalliiddaa,, AA..,, GGaarrccííaa,, DD..,, BBeerrttrraann,, JJ.. aanndd HHeerreeddiiaa,, RR.. 22000033.. Breedingbiology and success of the Bearded Vulture (Gypaetus barbatus) inthe eastern Pyrenees. Ibis, 145: 244-252.

224455 MMaarrggaalliiddaa,, AA..,, MMaaññoossaa,, SS..,, BBeerrttrraann,, JJ.. aanndd GGaarrccííaa,, DD.. 22000077.. Biases instudying the diet of the Bearded Vulture. Journal of WildlifeManagement, 71: 1621-1625.

224466.. MMaarrggaalliiddaa,, AA..,, DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA..,, BBuussttaammaannttee,, JJ..,, HHeerrnnáánnddeezz,, FF.. aannddRRoommeerroo--PPuujjaannttee,, MM.. 22000088.. Application of a predictive model todetect long-term changes in nest-site selection in the BeardedVultures: conservation in relation to territory shrinkage. Ibis, 150:242-249

224477.. MMaarrggaalliiddaa,, AA..,, HHeerreeddiiaa,, RR..,, RRaazziinn,, MM.. aanndd HHeerrnnáánnddeezz,, MM.. 22000088..Sources of variation in mortality of the Bearded vulture Gypaetusbarbatus in Europe. Bird Conservation International, 18: 1-10.

224488.. MMaarrttíí,, RR.. aanndd DDeell MMoorraall JJ..CC.. ((EEddss..)) 22000033.. Atlas de las Aves Repro-ductoras de España. Dirección General para la Biodiversidad –SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.

224499.. MMaarrttíínn,, AA..,, HHeerrnnáánnddeezz,, MM..AA..,, LLoorreennzzoo,, JJ..AA..,, NNooggaalleess,, MM.. aanndd GGoonn--zzáálleezz,, CC.. 22000000.. Las palomas endémicas de Canarias. Gobierno deCanarias, SEO/BirdLife, Tenerife.

225500.. MMaarrttíínn,, AA.. aanndd LLoorreennzzoo,, JJ..AA.. 22000011.. Aves del archipiélago canario.Lemus Editor. La Laguna.

225511.. MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..AA.. aanndd ZZuubbeerrooggooiittiiaa,, II.. 22000011.. The response of the EagleOwl (Bubo bubo) to an outbreak of the rabbit haemorrhagic dise-ase. J. Ornithol. 2001. 142: 204-211.

225522.. MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ.. EE..,, PPaaggáánn AAbbeelllláánn,, II..,, PPaallaazzóónn FFeerrrraannddoo,, JJ.. AA.. aanndd CCaallvvoo,,JJ.. FF.. 22000011.. Home range and habitat use of breeding Booted Eagle inSoutheastern Spain: Management Implications. Abstracts 4th EurasianCongress on Raptors. Seville, 25-29 September, 2001.

225533.. MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..AA..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..EE..,, ZZuubbeerrooggooiittiiaa,, II..,, GGaarrccííaa,, JJ..TT..,, CCaarrbboonneell,,RR..,, DDee LLuuccaass,, MM.. aanndd DDiiaazz,, MM.. 22000033.. Las evaluaciones de impactoambiental sobre las poblaciones de aves rapaces: problemas deejecución y soluciones. Ardeola, 50 (1): 85-102.

225544.. MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..AA..,, SSeerrrraannoo,, DD.. aanndd ZZuubbeerrooggooiittiiaa,, II.. 22000033.. Predictivemodels of habitat preferences for the Eurasian Eagle Owl Bubobubo: a multi-scale approach. Ecography, 26: 21-28.

225555.. MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..AA..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..EE..,, MMaaññoossaa,, SS..,, ZZuubbeerrooggooiittiiaa,, II.. aanndd CCaallvvoo,,FF.. 22000066.. How to manage man-induced mortality for the Eagle Owl(Bubo bubo)? Bird Conservation International, 16: 265-278.


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225566.. MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ.. EE..,, PPaaggaann,, II..,, PPaallaazzóónn,, JJ.. AA.. aanndd CCaallvvoo,, JJ.. FF.. 22000077.. Habitatuse of booted eagles (Hieraaetus pennatus) in a Special ProtectionArea: implications for conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation,16 (12): 3481-3488.

225577.. MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..AA..,, CCaallvvoo,, JJ..FF..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..EE..,, ZZuubbeerrooggooiittiiaa,, II.. ZZaabbaallaa,, JJ..aanndd RReeddppaatthh,, SS.. 22000088.. Breeding performance, age of breeders andterritory occupancy in a Spanish population of Bonelli’s Eagle(Hieraaetus fasciatus). Ibis, 150: 223-233.

225588.. MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..EE..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..AA..,, ZZuubbeerrooggooiittiiaa,, II..,, ZZaabbaallaa,, JJ..,, RReeddppaatthh,,SS..MM.. aanndd CCaallvvoo,, JJ..FF.. 22000088.. The effect of intra- and interspecific inter-actions on the large-scale distribution of cliff-nesting raptors. OrnisFennica, 85: 13-21

225599.. MMaarrttíínneezz--AAbbrraaíínn,, AA..,, OOrroo,, DD..,, FFeerrrrííss,, VV.. aanndd BBeelleenngguueerr,, RR.. 22000022..Is growing tourist activity affecting the distribution or number ofbreeding pairs in a small colony of the Eleonora’s Falcon? AnimalBiodiversity and Conservation, 25 (2): 47-51.

226600.. MMaarrttíínneezz--AAbbrraaíínn,, AA..,, GGoonnzzáálleezz--SSoollííss,, JJ..,, PPeeddrroocccchhii,, VV..,, GGeennoovvaarrtt,, MM..,,AAbbeellllaa,, JJ..CC..,, RRuuiizz,, XX..,, JJiimméénneezz,, JJ.. aanndd OOrroo,, DD.. 22000033.. Kleptoparasitism,disturbance and predation of yellow-legged gulls on Audouin´sgulls in three colonies of the western Mediterranean. ScientiaMarina, 67 (Suppl. 2):89-94.

226611.. MMaarrttíínneezz--LLóóppeezz,, EE..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ.. EE..,, MMoojjiiccaa,, PP..MM..,, MMoottaass GGuuzzmmáánn,, MM..,,PPeeññaallvveerr,, JJ..,, CCllaavvoo,, JJ.. FF.. aanndd GGaarrccííaa FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, AA.. JJ.. 22000011.. Lead andCadmium in Blood and Feathers of Booted Tagle (Hieraaetus penna-tus) from a Rural Area of Murcia Region (Southeastern Spain).Abstracts 4th Eurasian Congress on Raptors. Seville, 25-29September, 2001.

226622.. MMaarrttíínneezz--LLóóppeezz,, EE..,, MMaarrííaa--MMoojjiiccaa,, PP..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ.. EE..,, CCaallvvoo,, JJ.. FF..,,RRoommeerroo,, DD.. aanndd GGaarrccííaa--FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, AA.. JJ.. 22000055.. Cadmium in feathersof adults and blood of nestlings of three raptor species from anonpolluted Mediterranean forest, southeastern Spain. Bulletin ofEnvironmental Contamination and Toxicology, 74 (3): 477-484.

226633.. MMaarrttíínneezz--LLóóppeezz,, EE..,, MMoojjiiccaa,, PP.. MM..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ.. EE..,, CCaallvvoo,, JJ.. FF..,, WWrriigghhtt,,JJ..,, SShhoorree,, RR.. FF..,, RRoommeerroo,, DD.. aanndd GGaarrccííaa--FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, AA.. JJ.. 22000077..Organochlorine residues in booted eagle (Hieraaetus pennatus)and goshawk (Accipiter gentilis) eggs from southeastern Spain.Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry, 26 (11), 2373-2378.

226644.. MMaasseerroo,, JJ..AA.. 22000033.. Assessing alternative anthropegenic habitats forconserving waterbirds: salinas as buffer areas against the impact ofnatural habitat loss for shorebirds. Biodiversity and Conservation,12:1157-1173.

226655.. MMaatteeoo,, RR.. 11999999.. Un estudio científico alerta sobre el plumbismoen el Aguilucho Lagunero. Quercus, 162: 50.

226666.. MMeellvviinn,, EE..FF..,, PPaarrrriisshh.. JJ..KK.. aanndd CCoonnqquueesstt,, LL..LL.. 11999999.. Novel Tools toReduce Seabird Bycatch in Coastal Gillnet Fisheries. ConservationBiology 13, 6: 1386-1397.

226677.. MMiilllloonn,, AA..,, BBoouurrrriioouuxx,, JJ..--LL..,, RRiioollss,, CC.. aanndd BBrreettaaggnnoollllee,, VV.. 22000022..Comparative breeding biology of Hen Harrier and Montagu’sHarrier : an 8-year study in north-eastern France. Ibis, 144, 94-105.

226688.. MMoolleeóónn,, MM..,, GGiill--SSáánncchheezz,, JJ.. MM..,, RReeaall,, JJ..,, SSáánncchheezz--ZZaappaattaa,, JJ.. AA..,,BBaauuttiissttaa,, JJ.. aanndd SSáánncchheezz--CClleemmoott,, JJ.. FF.. 22000077.. Ecología trófica de laságuilas-azor perdiceras Hieraaetus fasciatus territoriales durante elperiodo no reproductor en la Península Ibérica. Ardeola, 54 (1):135-143.

226699.. MMoolliinnaa,, BB.. aanndd DDeell MMoorraall,, JJ..CC.. 22000055.. La Cigüeña Blanca en España.VI Censo Internacional (2004). SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.

227700.. MMoolliinnaa,, BB.. aanndd MMaarrttíínneezz,, FF.. 22000088.. El aguilucho lagunero en España.Población en 2006 y método de censo. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

227711.. MMoonntteess,, CC..,, BBrraavvoo,, MM.. AA..,, BBaallttaannááss,, AA.. aanndd GGuuttiiéérrrreezz,, PP.. JJ.. 11999933..Bases ecológicas para la gestión del Cangrejo Rojo en el ParqueNacional de Doñana. Parque Nacional de Doñana, ICONA yUniversidad Autónoma de Madrid.

227722.. MMoorrggaann,, NN.. CC.. 11998822.. An ecological survey of standing waters inNorth West Africa: II. Site descriptions for Tunisia and Algeria. Biol.Cons., 24: 83–113.

227733.. MMoorraalleess,, MM.. BB..,, TTrraabbaa,, JJ..,, CCaarrrriilleess,, EE..,, DDeellggaaddoo,, MM.. PP.. aanndd GGaarrccííaa ddeellaa MMoorreennaa,, EE.. LL.. 22000088.. Sexual differences in microhabitat selectionof breeding Little Bustards Tetrax tetrax: spatial and ecologicalsegregation based on vegetation structure. Acta Oecologica, DOI:10.1016/j.actao.2008.06.009.

227744.. MMoorreennoo--OOppoo,, RR.. aanndd GGuuiill,, FF.. ((EEddss..)).. 22000077.. Manual de gestión delhábitat y de las poblaciones de buitre negro en España. DirecciónGeneral para la Biodiversidad. Ministerio de Medio Ambiente.Madrid.

227755.. MMuunniillllaa,, II..;; DDííeezz,, CC.. aanndd VVeellaannddoo,, AA.. 22000077.. Are Edge bird populationsdoomed to extinction? A retrospective analisys of the CommonGuillemot collapsed in Iberia. Biological Conservation, 137: 359-371.

227766.. MMuunnttaanneerr,, JJ.. aanndd MMaayyooll,, JJ.. ((EEddss)).. 11999944.. Biología y Conservación de lasRapaces Mediterráneas. Monografía nº 4. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

227777.. MMuuññoozz--FFuueenntteess,, VV..,, VViillàà,, CC..,, GGrreeeenn,, AA..JJ..,, NNeeggrroo,, JJ..JJ.. aanndd SSoorreennssoonn,,MM..DD.. 22000077.. Hybridization between white-headed ducks and intro-duced ruddy ducks in Spain. Molecular Ecology, 16: 629-638.

227788.. NNaavvaarrrroo,, JJ.. DD.. aanndd RRoobblleeddaannoo,, FF..,, ((EEddss..)) 11999955.. La Cerceta Pardilla(Marmaronetta angustirostris) en España. Madrid: Instituto Nacionalpara la Conservación de la Naturaleza (Colección Técnica).

227799.. NNeeggrroo,, JJ..JJ..;; DDee llaa RRiivvaa,, MM.. aanndd BBuussttaammaannttee,, JJ.. 11999911.. Patterns of win-ter distribution and abundance of lesser kestrels (Falco naumanni)in Spain. Journal of Raptor Research, 25: 30-35.

228800.. NNeeggrroo,, JJ..JJ..,, DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA..,, HHiirraallddoo,, FF..,, HHeerrnnáánnddeezz,, LL..MM.. aanndd FFeerrnnáánn--ddeezz,, MM..AA.. 11999933.. Organochlorine and heavy metal contamination innon-viable eggs and its relation to breeding success in a Spanishpopulation of lesser kestrels (Falco naumanni). Environmental Pollu-tion, 82: 201-205.

228811.. NNeewwbbeerryy,, PP..,, SScchhääffffeerr,, NN.. aanndd SSmmiitthh,, KK.. 11999966.. European UnionBittern Botarus stellaris Action Plan. Royal Royal Society for theProtection of Birds, y BirdLife International.

228822.. NNoogguuééss--BBrraavvoo,, DD.. aanndd AAggiirrrree,, AA.. 22000066.. Patrón y modelo de distri-bución espacial de la alondra ricotí (Chersophilus duponti) duranteel periodo reproductor en el LIC de Ablitas (Navarra). Ardeola, 53:55-68.

228833.. NNoorreess,, CC.. aanndd GGaarrcciiaa--RRoovvééss,, PP.. ((CCoooorrdd..)) 22000077.. Libro Rojo de la Fau-na del Principado de Asturias. Gobierno del Principado de Asturias.

228844.. OOnnttiivveerrooss,, DD.. aanndd PPlleegguueezzuueellooss,, JJ.. MM.. 22000000.. Influence of prey den-sities in the distribution and breeding success of Bonelli’s eagle(Hieraaetus fasciatus): management implications. BiologicalConservation, 93 (1): 19-25.

228855.. OOnnttiivveerrooss,, DD..,, RReeaall,, JJ..,, BBaallbboonnttíínn,, JJ..,, CCaarrrreettee,, MM..,, FFeerrrreerroo,, MM.. aannddFFeerrrreerr,, MM.. 22000044.. Biología de la conservación del Águila PerdiceraHieraaetus fasciatus en España: investigación científica y gestión.Ardeola 51(2), 2004, pp. 461-470.

228866.. OOnnttiivveerrooss,, DD..,, CCaarroo,, JJ.. aanndd PPlleegguueezzuueellooss,, JJ.. MM.. 22000055.. Prey density,prey detectability and food habits: the case of Bonelli’s eagle andthe conservation measures. Biol. Conserv., 123: 19-25.

228877.. OOrroo,, DD.. 22000022.. Breeding biology and population dynamics ofSlender-billed Gulls Larus genei at the Ebro Delta (westernMediterranean). Waterbirds, 25: 67-77.

228888.. OOrroo,, DD..,, DDee LLeeóónn,, AA..,, MMíínngguueezz,, EE.. aanndd FFuurrnneessss,, RR..WW.. 22000055.. Estima-ting predation on breeding European storm-petrels (Hydrobatespelagicus) by yellow-legged gulls (Larus michahellis). Journal of Zoology,265: 421-429.

228899.. PPaaddiiaall,, JJ.. MM..,, RRoommeerroo--PPuujjaannttee MM..,, HHeerrnnáánnddeezz,, FF.. JJ..,, DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ.. AA..,,GGooddiinnoo,, AA..,, CCaarrrraassccoo,, AA..,, CCoouuttoo,, SS..,, GGuuttiiéérrrreezz,, JJ.. EE..,, RRuuiizz,, AA..,, GGaarrccííaa--BBaaqquueerroo,, MM.. JJ.. aanndd SSiimmóónn,, MM.. AA.. 22000055.. Habitat Assessment forthe Reintroduction of the Bearded Vulture Gypaetus barbatus inAndalusia (Southern Spain). In: D. C. Houston and S. E. Piper (Eds.)Conservation and Management of Vulture Populations. 14-16November 2005, Thesaloniki, Greece. Natural History Museum ofCrete and WWF Greece.

229900.. PPaaggaann,, II..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ.. EE..,, CCaarrrreettee,, MM.. aanndd CCaallvvoo,, JJ.. FF.. 22000044.. Nestoccupancy patterns of booted eagles Hieraaetus pennatus insoutheastern Spain. Pp. 645-652. In: R.D. Chancellor and Meyburg,B.U. (Eds.): Raptors worldwide: Proceedings of the VI World Conferenceon Birds of Prey and Owls, Budapest, Hungary, 18-23 May 2003.World Working Group on Birds of Prey and Owls & MME/BirdlifeHungary, Berlin & Budapest.

229911.. PPaaiinn,, DD..JJ.. aanndd PPiieennkkoowwsskkii,, MM..WW.. ((EEddss..)) 11999977.. Farming and birds inEurope. The common agricultural policy and its implications forbird conservation. Academic Press, London.

229922.. PPaallaaccíínn,, CC.. 22000077.. Comportamiento Migratorio de la AvutardaComún en la Península Ibérica. Tesis Doctoral. UniversidadComplutense de Madrid.

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229933.. PPaalloommiinnoo,, DD.. 22000066.. El milano negro en España. I Censo Nacional(2005). SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

229944.. PPaalloommiinnoo,, DD.. aanndd CCaarrrraassccaall,, LL.. MM.. 22000077.. Habitat associations of araptor community in a mosaic landscape of Central Spain underurban development. Landscape and Urban Planning, 83 (4): 268-274.

229955.. PPeeddrroocccchhii,, VV.. aanndd OOrroo,, DD.. 22000055.. Pla de recuperació de la gavinacorsa a Catalunya: biologia i conservació. Documents dels Quadernsde Medi Ambient, 12. Generalitat de Catalunya. Barcelona.

229966.. PPeerreeaa,, JJ..LL..,, MMoorraalleess,, MM.. aanndd VVeellaassccoo,, JJ.. 11999900.. El alimoche (Neophronpercnopterus) en España. Población, distribución, problemática y con-servación. Ministerio de agricultura, pesca y alimentación.

229977.. PPéérreezz--HHuurrttaaddoo,, AA..,, HHoorrttaass,, FF.. aanndd GGiill,, MM.. II.. 11999966.. Selección delhábitat durante la invernada de la Aguja Colinegra Limosa limosa yAguja Colipinta Limosa lapponica en la Bahía de Cádiz y lasMarismas del Odiel. Airo, 7 (1): 7-14.

229988.. PPeessccaaddoorr,, MM.. aanndd PPeerriiss,, SS..JJ.. 11999966.. Selección de hábitat por la avu-tarda (Otis tarda) en campos agrícolas del Centro-Oeste de laPenínsula Ibérica. Ecología, 10: 471-480.

229999.. PPeessccaaddoorr,, MM.. aanndd PPeerriiss,, SS..JJ.. 22000011.. La influencia de las actividadesagrícolas en las poblaciones de alaúdidos (Alaudidae, aves), delcentro-oeste de la Península Ibérica. Ecología, 15: 341-349.

330000.. PPiieerrssmmaa,, TT..,, VVaann GGiillss,, JJ.. aanndd WWiieerrssmmaa,, PP.. 11999966.. Family Scolopaciidae(sandpipers, snipes and phalaropes). Pp: 444-533. in: J. Del Hoyo,A. Elliot and J. Sargatal, (Eds.). Handbook of the Birds of the World.Vol. III. Lynx, Barcelona.

330011.. PPoonnss,, PP.. aanndd PPrrooddoonn,, RR.. 11999966.. Short term temporal patterns in aMediterranean shrubland bird community after fire. ActaOecologica, 17: 29-41.

330022.. PPoottttss,, GG..RR.. 11999911.. The environmental and ecological importance ofcereal fields. In: L.G. Firbank, N. Carter, J.F. Darbyshire and G.R. Potts(Eds.) The ecology of temperate cereal fields. Blackwell, Oxford.

330033.. PPrreecciioossoo,, BB..LL.. aanndd FFeerrrreerraass,, PP.. 22000033.. Repensando el control de pre-dadores. Instituto para la Política Ambiental Europea. Madrid.

330044.. PPrriieettoo,, JJ..,, JJoovveerr,, LL.. aanndd RRuuiizz,, XX.. 22000033.. Effect of refuge supplementon Audouin´s gull chick survival. In Mínguez, E., Oro, D., De Juana,E. and Martínez-Abraín, A. (eds.) Mediterranean seabirds and theirconservation. Scientia Marina, 67 (Suppl. 2): 103-108.

330055.. RReeaall,, JJ.. 11999911.. LÀguila Perdiguera (Hieraaetus fasciatus) a Cata-lunya: status, ecologia tròfica, biologia reproductora y demografia.Tesis doctoral. Universidad de Barcelona.

330066.. RReeaall,, JJ.. aanndd MMaaññoossaa,, SS.. 11999977.. Demography and conservation ofwestern european Bonelli’s Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus populations.Biological Conservation, 79: 59-66.

330077.. RReeaall,, JJ..,, MMaaññoossaa,, SS.. aanndd CCooddiinnaa,, JJ.. 11999988.. Post-nestling dependenceperiod in the Bonelli’s Eagle Hieraaetus fasciatus. Ornis Fennica, 75:129-137.

330088.. RReeaall,, JJ.. 22000000.. Los incendios pueden favorecer la recolonización dela Collalba Negra Oenanthe leucura. Ardeola, 47: 93-96.

330099.. RReeaall,, JJ..,, GGrraannddee,, JJ.. MM..,, MMaaññoossaa,, SS.. aanndd SSáánncchheezz--ZZaappaattaa,, JJ.. AA.. 22000011..Causes of death in different areas for Bonelli’s Eagle Hieraaetus fas-ciatus in Spain. Bird Study, 48: 221-228.

331100.. RReeaall,, JJ.. aanndd MMaaññoossaa,, SS.. 22000011.. Dispersal of juvenile and immatureBonelli’s eagles in Northeastern Spain. Journal of Raptor Research,35 (1): 9-14.

331111.. RReeddppaatthh,, SS.. aanndd TThhiirrggoooodd,, SS.. 11999999.. Numerical and functional res-ponses in generalist predators: hen harriers and peregrines onScottish grouse moors. Journal of Animal Ecology, 68, 879-92.

331122.. RRiiccoo,, LL..,, SSáánncchheezz--ZZaappaattaa,, JJ.. AA..,, IIzzqquuiieerrddoo,, AA..,, GGaarrccííaa,, JJ.. RR..,, MMoorráánn,, SS..aanndd RRiiccoo,, DD.. 11999999.. Tendencias recientes del águila real Aquilachrysaetos y el águila-azor perdicera Hieraaetus fasciatus en la pro-vincia de Valencia. Ardeola, 46: 235-238.

331133.. RRoobbbb,, MM..,, MMuullllaarrnneeyy,, KK.. aanndd TThhee SSoouunndd AApppprrooaacchh.. 22000088.. Petrelsnight and day. A Sound Approach Guide. The Sound Approach, Poole,Dorset.

331144.. RRoobblleess,, LL..,, BBaalllleesstteerrooss,, FF.. aanndd CCaannuutt,, JJ.. ((EEddss..)).. 22000066.. El urogallo enEspaña, Andorra y Pirineos franceses. Situación actual (2005).SEO/BirdLife, Madrid.

331155.. RRoobblleess,, HH..,, CCiiuuddaadd,, CC..,, VVeerraa,, RR..,, OOlleeaa,, PP.. PP..,, PPuurrrrooyy,, FF.. JJ.. aannddMMaatttthhyysseenn,, EE.. 22000077.. Sylvopastoral management and conservationof the middle spotted woodpecker at the south-western edge ofits distribution range. Forest Ecology and Management, 242: 343-352.

331166.. RRooddrríígguueezz,, CC.. aanndd BBuussttaammaannttee,, JJ.. 22000044.. Factores determinantes dela disponibilidad de presas en el área de campeo de Cernícalo Primilla(Falco Naumanni). Actas del VI Congreso Nacional sobreCernícalo Primilla. Zaragoza. Departamento de Medio Ambiente -Gobierno de Aragón, Zaragoza.

331177.. RRooddrríígguueezz,, JJ.. JJ..,, GGaarrccííaa ddee llaa MMoorreennaa,, EE.. LL.. aanndd GGoonnzzáálleezz,, DD.. 22000088..Estudio de las medidas correctoras para reducir las colisiones deaves con ferrocarriles de alta velocidad. Ministerio de Fomento-CEDEX.

331188.. RRooddrríígguueezz ddee llooss SSaannttooss,, MM.. aanndd FFrraannccoo,, AA.. ((CCoooorrdd..)).. 22000011.. LibroRojo de los Vertebrados Amenazados de Andalucía. Consejería deMedio Ambiente. Junta de Andalucía. pp. 157-158.

331199.. RRuuiizz,, AA.. aanndd MMaarrttíí,, RR.. ((EEddss..)) 22000044.. La Pardela Balear. SEO/BirdLife-Consellería de Medi Ambient del Govern de les Illes Balears.Madrid.

332200.. SSáánncchheezz,, JJ.. JJ.. 11999988.. The recovery of the Black Vulture Aegypiusmonachus in Spain. In: E. Tewes; J.J. Sánchez; B. Heredia and M.Bijleveld van Lexmond (Eds.): Proc. Int. Symp. on the Black Vulture inSE Europe and adjacent regions 1993, pp. 89-99. Black VultureConservation Foundation/Frankfurt Zoological Society. Palma.

332211.. SSáánncchheezz,, JJ..MM..,, GGaarrccííaa,, AA..SS..,, AAmmaaddoo,, CC..CC.. aanndd DDeell VViieejjoo,, AA..MM.. 11999999..Influence of farming activities in the Iberian Peninsula on the win-ter habitat use of common crane (Grus grus) in areas of its tradi-tional migratory routes. Agriculture Ecosystems and Environment, 72:207-214.

332222.. SSáánncchheezz,, BB.. GGoonnzzáálleezz,, LL..MM.. aanndd BBaarroovv,, BB.. ((iinn pprreepp..)) Action plan forthe Spanish imperial eagle Aquila adalberti in the European Union.BirdLife International.

332233.. SSáánncchheezz--LLaaffuueennttee,, MM..,, MMuuññoozz--CCoobboo,, JJ..,, VVaarreellaa,, FF.. aanndd RReeyy,, PP.. 11998877..Sobre los nuevos núcleos de calamón en Jaén. IX JornadasOrnitológicas Españolas. SEO. Madrid. Póster inédito.

332244.. SSáánncchheezz--LLaaffuueennttee,, MM,, RReeyy,, PP..,, VVaarreellaa,, FF.. aanndd MMuuññoozz--CCoobboo,, JJ.. 11999922..Past and current distribution of the purple swamphen Porphirioporphirio in the Iberian Peninsula. Biol. Conserv., 61: 23-30.

332255.. SSaannzz--AAgguuiillaarr,, AA..,, MMaassssaa,, BB..,, LLoo VVaallvvoo,, FF..,, OOrroo,, DD..,, MMiinngguueezz,, EE.. aannddTTaavveecccchhiiaa,, GG.. Contrasting age-specific recruitment and survival inthree colonies of storm petrels: which combination is best?Ecography (en prensa).

332266.. SScchhääffffeerr,, NN.. aanndd GGaalllloo--OOrrssii,, UU.. 22000011.. European Union action plansfor eight priority bird species. European Commission.

332277.. SSeeooaannee,, JJ..,, VViiññuueellaa,, JJ..,, DDííaazz--DDeellggaaddoo,, RR.. aanndd BBuussttaammaannttee,, JJ.. 22000033..The effects of land use and climate on red kite distribution in theIberian peninsula. Biological Conservation, 111: 401-414.

332288.. SSEEOO//BBiirrddLLiiffee ((EEdd..)).. 22000022.. Gestión del hábitat del Águila ImperialIbérica. SEO/BirdLife.

332299.. SSeerrrraannoo,, DD.. aanndd AAssttrraaiinn,, CC.. 22000055.. Microhabitat use segregation oftwo sibling species of Calandrella larks during the breeding season:conservation and management strategies. Biological Conservation,125: 391-397.

333300.. SShhiirriihhaaii eett aall.. 22000011.. Citado en BirdLife International (2008) Speciesfactsheet: Sylvia undata. Downloaded from http://www.birdlife.orgon 29/9/2008.

333311.. SSiillvvaa,, PP.. aanndd BBeejjaa,, PP.. 22000011.. Breeding habitat of the BlackshoulderedKite (Elanus caeruleus) in a rural area of Southern Portugal. Abstracts4th Eurasian Congress on Raptors, pp. 175. Estación Biológica deDoñana-CSIC & Raptor Research Foundation. Sevilla.

333322.. SSiivveerriioo,, MM.. 22000000.. El macizo de Teno, uno de los principales encla-ves para la avifauna en Tenerife. Makaronesia, 2: 71-78.

333333.. SSööddeerrssttrröömm,, BB.. 22000011.. Seasonal change in Red-backed Shrike Laniuscollurio territory quality: the role of the nest predation. Ibis, 143:561-571.

333344.. SSoouuttuulllloo,, AA..,, LLiimmiiññaannaa,, RR..,, UUrriiooss,, VV..,, SSuurrrrooccaa,, MM.. aanndd GGiillll,, JJ..AA.. 22000066..Density-dependent regulation of population size in colonial bree-ders: Allee and buffer effects in the migratory Montagu’s Harrier.Oecologia, 149 (3): 543-552.


71

333355.. SSoouuttuulllloo,, AA,, LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP.. aanndd UUrriiooss,, VV.. 22000088.. Incorporatingspatial structure and stochasticity in endangered Bonelli’s eagle’spopulation models: implications for conservation and manage-ment. Biological Conservation, 141: 1013-1020.

333366.. SSoouuttuulllloo,, AA..,, UUrriiooss,, VV..,, FFeerrrreerr,, MM.. aanndd LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP.. 22000088..Habitat use by juvenile Golden Eagles Aquila chrysaetos in Spain.Bird Study, 55:236-240.

333377.. SSuuáárreezz,, FF..,, NNaavveessoo,, MM..AA.. aanndd DDee JJuuaannaa,, EE.. 11999977.. Farming in thedrylands of Spain: birds of the pseudosteppes. Farming and birds inEurope. Ch.11: 297-330.

333388.. SSuuáárreezz,, SS..,, BBaallbboonnttiinn,, JJ.. aanndd FFeerrrreerr,, MM.. 22000000.. Nesting habitat selec-tion by booted eagles Hieraaetus pennatus and implications formanagement. Journal of Applied Ecology, 37 (2): 215-223.

333399.. SSuuáárreezz,, FF..,, GGaarrzzaa,, VV.. aanndd MMoorraalleess,, MM.. BB.. 22000022.. Habitat use of twosibling species, the short-toed Calandrella brachydactyla and thelesser short-toed C. rufescens larks, in mainland Spain. Ardeola, 49:259-272.

334400.. SSuuáárreezz,, FF..;; GGaarrzzaa,, VV..;; OOññaattee,, JJ.. JJ..;; GGaarrccííaa ddee llaa MMoorreennaa,, EE.. LL..;;RRaammíírreezz,, AA.. aanndd MMoorraalleess,, MM.. BB.. 22000044.. Adequacy of stubble wintermaintenance for steppe bird conservation in central Spain.Agriculture, Ecosystems and Environment, 104: 667-671.

334411.. SSuuáárreezz,, FF..,, GGaarrccííaa JJ.. TT..,, SSaammppiieettrroo,, FF.. JJ.. aanndd GGaarrzzaa,, VV.. 22000066.. The non-breeding distribution of the Dupont’s Lark Chersophilus duponti inSpain. Bird Conservation International, 16: 317-323.

334422.. SSuuáárreezz,, FF..,, HHeerrvvááss,, II..,, HHeerrrraannzz,, JJ.. aanndd DDeell MMoorraall,, JJ.. CC.. 22000066.. La gangaibérica y la ganga ortega en España: población en 2005 y método decenso. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

334433.. SSuuáárreezz,, FF.. aanndd GGaarrzzaa,, VV.. 22000077.. Situación y problemática de conserva-ción de la alondra de Dupont en España. Departamento de Ecologíade la Universidad Autónoma de Madrid/Ministerio de MedioAmbiente. Informe Final.

334444.. SSuuáárreezz--SSeeooaannee,, SS..,, GGaarrccííaa ddee llaa MMoorreennaa,, EE.. LL..,, MMoorraalleess,, MM.. BB..,,OOssbboorrnnee,, PP.. EE.. aanndd DDee JJuuaannaa,, EE.. 22000088.. How important for win-tering is the location of breeding areas in fragmented landscapes?Maximum entropy modelling of seasonal changes in little bustard(Tetrax tetrax) distribution. Ecological Modelling,doi:10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2008.07.035.

334455.. SSuullttaannaa,, JJ.. aanndd BBoorrgg,, JJ.. JJ.. 22000066.. Population ecology and conservation ofthe european storm-petrel Hydrobates pelagicus in the mediterra-nean. Proceedings of the first symposium on the mediterraneanaction plan for the consrvation of marine and coastal birds.Vilanova I la Geltrú, Spain 17-19 November 2005. United NationsEnvironment Progamme. Mediterranean Action Plan. RegionalActivity Center for Specially Protected Areas.

334466.. SSuunnyyeerr,, CC.. 11999944.. The importance of the refuse and mule tips forcarrion-eating raptors. In E.M. Bignal et al. (Eds.): Nature conser-vation and pastoralism in Europe, pp. 64-68. Joint Nature Cons.Committee. Petersborought.

334477.. SSvvaannbbeerrgg,, FF..,, MMaatteeoo,, RR..,, HHiillllssttrröömm,, LL..,, GGrreeeenn,, AA..JJ..,, TTaaggggaarrtt,, MM..,, RRaaaabb,,AA.. aanndd MMeehhaarrgg,, AA..AA.. 22000066.. Lead isotopes and Pb shot ingestion inthe globally threatened Marbled Teal (Marmaronetta angustirostris)and White-headed Duck (Oxyura leucocephala). Science of the TotalEnvironment, 370: 416-424.

334488.. TTaaggggaarrtt,, MM..AA..,, GGrreeeenn,, AA..JJ..,, MMaatteeoo,, RR..,, SSvvaannbbeerrgg,, FF..,, HHiillllssttrröömm,, LL..aanndd MMeehhaarrgg,, AA..AA.. 22000088.. Metal levels in the bones and livers ofglobally threatened marbled teal and white-headed duck fromEl Hondo, Spain. Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety.doi:10.1016/j.ecoenv.2008.07.015.

334499.. TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL..,, FFoorreerroo,, MM..GG..,, HHiirraallddoo,, FF.. aanndd DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ..AA.. 11999988.. Conflictsbetween Lesser Kestrel Conservation and European AgriculturalPolicies as Identified by Habitat Use Analyses. Conservation Biology,12: 593-604.

335500.. TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL.. aanndd FFoorreerroo,, MM..GG.. 22000000.. Farmland habitat selection ofwintering lesser kestrels in a Spanish pseudosteppe: implicationsfor conservation strategies. Biodiversity and Conservation, 9: 433-441.

335511.. TTeellllaa,, JJ.. LL..,, GGrraannddee,, JJ.. MM..,, SSeerrrraannoo,, DD.. aanndd DDoonnáázzaarr,, JJ.. AA.. 22000011..Seguimiento de la población de alimoche (Neophron percnopterus)en el Valle Medio del Ebro. Informe inédito para la DiputaciónGeneral de Aragón. Zaragoza.

335522.. TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL..,, VVööggeellii,, MM..,, SSeerrrraannoo,, DD.. aanndd CCaarrrreettee,, MM.. 22000055.. Currentstatus of the threatened Dupont’s lark in Spain: overestimation,decline, and extinction of local populations. Oryx, 39:90-94.

335533.. TTeewweess,, EE.. aanndd MMaayyooll,, JJ.. 11999933.. La recuperació del Voltor Negre aMallorca. Document Tècnic de Conservació, 21. Conselleriad’Agricultura i Pesca, Govern Balear. Palma.

335544.. TTeewweess,, EE.. 11999966.. The European Black Vulture (Aegypius monachusL.), management techniques and habitat requirements.Tesis doctoralinédita. Universidad de Viena. Viena.

335555.. TTeewweess,, EE..,, SSáánncchheezz,, EE..MM.. aanndd SSáánncchheezz,, JJ..JJ.. 22000022.. Memoria delPrograma de Conservación del Buitre Negro en Mallorca 2000-2001.Black Vulture Conservation Foundation. Informe inédito paraConselleria de Medi Ambient, Govern de les Illes Balears.

335566.. TThhiirrggoooodd,, SS..,, RReeddppaatthh,, SS..,, NNeewwttoonn,, II.. aanndd HHuuddssoonn,, PP.. 22000000.. Raptorsand Red Grouse: Conservation conflicts and management solu-tions. Conservation Biology, 14, 95-104.

335577.. TTrraabbaa,, JJ..,, MMoorraalleess,, MM.. BB..,, GGaarrccííaa ddee llaa MMoorreennaa,, EE..,, DDeellggaaddoo,, MM.. PP..aanndd KKrriissttiinn,, AA.. 22000088.. Selection of breeding territory by little bus-tard (Tetrax tetrax) males in Central Spain: the role of arthropodavailability. Ecological Research, 23: 615–622.

335588.. TTrriiaayy,, RR.. 11999933.. Evolución y conservación del águila pescadora enlas Islas Baleares. Quercus, 90: 6-11.

335599.. TTrriiaayy,, RR.. 11999944.. Conservació de l´águila peixetera Pandion haliaetusa lílla de Menorca. A.O.B., 8: 15-20.

336600.. TTrriiaayy,, RR.. 11999999.. L´águila peixetera Pandion haliaetus a lílla deMenorca. Institut Menorquí d’Estudis. Informe inédito.

336611.. TTrriiaayy,, RR.. aanndd SSiivveerriioo,, MM.. 22000044.. Tendidos y molestias humanas, unrevés para el águila pescadora. Quercus, 217: 64-65.

336622.. TTrriipplleett.. PP..,, OOvveerrddiijjkk OO..,, SSmmaarrtt MM..,, NNaaggyy SS..,, SScchhnneeiiddeerr--JJaaccoobbyy MM..,,KKaarraauuzz EE.. SS..,, PPiiggnniicczzkkii CCss..,, BBaahhaa EEll DDiinn SS..,, KKrraalljj JJ..,, SSaannddoorr AA.. aannddNNaavveeddoo JJ.. GG.. 22000088.. Eurasian Spoonbill Platalea leucorodia, AEWAInternational Single Species Action Plan, 48 p + annexes. AEWA.

336633.. TTrruujjiilllloo,, OO..,, CCaarrrriilllloo,, JJ.. NNooggaalleess,, MM.. aanndd QQuuiilliiss,, VV.. 11999944.. Distribucióny status del halcón de Eleonor Falco eleonorae en las I. Canarias(agosto de 1987). Vieraea, 1994.

336644.. TTuucckkeerr,, GG..MM.. aanndd HHeeaatthh,, MM..FF.. 11999944.. Birds in Europe. Their conserva-tion status. BirdLife International, Cambridge.

336655.. UUIICCNN 22000077.. 2007 IUCN Red List of Threatened Species.www.iucnredlist.org.

336666.. UUNNEEPP // AAEEWWAA SSeeccrreettaarriiaatt IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall.. 22000044.. Single SpeciesAction Plan for the Conservation of the Great Snipe Gallinago media.Technical series nº 5. AEWA Secretariat International, Bonn,Germany.

336677.. UUNNEEPP--MMAAPP RRAACC//SSPPAA.. 22000033.. Action Plan for the Conservation ofbird species listed in Annex II of the Protocol concerning SpeciallyProtected Areas (SPAs), and Biological Diversity in theMediterranean. Ed. RAC/SPA, Tunis. 80pp.

336688.. UUrriiooss,, VV..,, SSoouuttuulllloo,, ÁÁ..,, LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP..,, CCaaddaahhííaa,, LL..,, LLiimmiiññaannaa,, RR..aanndd FFeerrrreerr,, MM.. 22000077.. The first case of successful breeding of aGolden Eagle Aquila chrysaetos tracked from birth by satellite tele-metry. Acta Ornithologica 42(2): 205-209.

336699.. UUrrssúúaa,, EE..;; SSeerrrraannoo,, DD.. aanndd TTeellllaa,, JJ..LL.. 22000055.. Does land irrigationactually reduce foraging habitat for breeding lesser kestrels? Therole of crop types. Biological Conservation, 122: 643-648.

337700.. VVaalleeiirraass,, JJ.. 22000033.. Attendance of scavenging seabirds at trawlerdiscards off Galicia, Spain. In Mínguez, E., Oro, D., De Juana, E. andMartínez-Abraín, A. (eds.) Mediterranean seabirds and their con-servation. Scientia Marina, 67 (Suppl. 2): 77-82.

337711.. VVaalleeiirraass,, JJ.. aanndd CCaammiiññaass,, JJ..AA.. 22000033.. The incidental capture ofseabirds by Spanish drifting longline fisheries in the westernMediterranean Sea. In Mínguez, E., Oro, D., De Juana, E. andMartínez-Abraín, A. (eds.) Mediterranean seabirds and their con-servation. Scientia Marina, 67 (Suppl. 2): 65-68.

337722.. VVaallvveerrddee,, JJ.. AA.. 11996644.. Datos sobre cerceta pardilla (Anas angustiros-tris) en las marismas. Ardeola, 9: 121-132.

337733.. VVaarreeaa,, AA..,, BBeerrttoolleerroo,, AA.. aanndd MMaaññoossaa,, SS.. 22000011.. Amenazada la mayorcolonia de Aguilucho lagunero de Cataluña. Quercus, 187: 50-51.

337744.. VVaarroo,, NN.. 22000088 Breeding biology of two sympatric coots with con-trasting conservation status. Bird Study, 55: 314–320.

72

337755.. VVaarroo,, NN.. aanndd AAmmaatt,, JJ.. AA.. 22000088.. Differences in food assimilation bet-ween two coot species assessed with stable isotopes and particlesize in faeces: Linking physiology and conservation. ComparativeBiochemistry and Physiology a-Molecular & Integrative Physiology, 149,217-223.

337766.. VVeellaassccoo,, TT..,, SSáánncchheezz,, II.. AA.. aanndd GGrruuppoo AArrddeeiiddaass.. 11999922.. Limícolas delos humedales interiores peninsulares. Quercus, 75: 28-33.

337777.. VVeellaassccoo,, TT.. 11999955.. Censo de aves acuáticas nidificantes en las zonashúmedas de la provincia de Toledo. Delegación provincial de MedioAmbiente de Toledo. Informe inédito.

337788.. VVeerrddeejjoo,, JJ.. aanndd LLóóppeezz--LLóóppeezz,, PP.. 22000088.. Long-term monitoring of aPeregrine Falcon population: size, breeding performance and nest-site characteristics. Ardeola, 55(1): 87-96.

337799.. VViiaaddaa,, CC.. aanndd TTrriiaayy,, RR.. 11999911.. Pla de Conservació del Rapinyaires deles Illes Balears. Documents Tècnics de Conservació. Conselleriad’Agricultura i Pesca. Govern Balear. Sefobasa. Palma de Mallorca.

338800.. VViiaaddaa,, CC.. 22000055.. Libro Rojo de los Vertebrados de las Baleares (3ªEdición). Conselleria de Medi Ambient. Govern de les Illes Balears.

338811.. VViicceennss,, PP.. 22000044.. Evolució de la població dels Ardeids al ParcNatural de s’Albufera de Mallorca.Anuari Ornitològic de lesBalears 2003, vol. 18: 27-36.

338822.. VViillllaaffuueerrttee,, RR..,, VViiññuueellaa,, JJ.. aanndd BBllaannccoo,, JJ..CC.. 11999988.. Extensive predationpersecution caused by population crash in a game species: the caseof red kites and rabbits in Spain. Biological Conservation, 84: 181-188.

338833.. VViiññuueellaa,, JJ.. 11999911.. Ecología reproductiva del Milano Negro en elParque Nacional de Doñana. Tesis Doctoral. UniversidadComplutense de Madrid.

338844.. VViiññuueellaa,, JJ.. aanndd VVeeiiggaa,, JJ.. PP.. 11999922.. Importance of rabbits in the dietand reproductive success of Black kites in southwestern Spain.Ornis Scandinavica, 23: 132-138.

338855.. VViiññuueellaa,, JJ..,, VViillllaaffuueerrttee,, RR.. aanndd DDee LLee CCoouurrtt,, CC.. 11999944.. Nesting dis-persion of a black kite population in relation to location of rabbitwarrens. Can. J. Zool., 73.

338866.. VVllaacchhooss,, CC.. ((EEdd..)).. 22000077.. Eleonora’s Falcon. Ruling the Aegean Skies.Hellenic Ornithological Society, Athens.

338877.. WWaalltteerr,, HH.. 11997799aa.. Eleonora´s falcon. Adaptations to prey and habi-tat in a social raptor. Univ. Chicago Press.

338888.. WWaalltteerr,, HH.. 11997799bb.. Breeding locations of Falco eleonorae. A worlddirectory. Univ. of California. L.A.

338899.. ZZööcckklleerr,, CC.. 11999977.. Declining Ruff Philomachusp ugnax populations:a responset o global warming? Wader Study Group Bull. 97: 19-29.

339900.. ZZuubbeerrooggooiittiiaa,, II..,, RRuuiizz MMoonneeoo,, FF.. aanndd TToorrrreess,, JJ..JJ.. ((EEddss)).. 22000022.. ElHalcón Peregrino. Servicio Publicaciones de la Diputación Foral deBizkaia.

339911.. ZZuubbeerrooggooiittiiaa,, II..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..AA..,, IIrraaeettaa,, AA..,, AAzzkkoonnaa,, AA..,, ZZaabbaallaa,, JJ..,,JJiimméénneezz,, BB..,, MMeerriinnoo,, RR.. aanndd GGóómmeezz,, GG.. 22000066.. Short-term effects ofthe prestige oil spill on the Peregrine Falcon (Falco peregrinus).Marine Pollution Bulletin, 52: 1176-1181.

339922.. ZZuubbeerrooggooiittiiaa,, II..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..AA..,, AAzzkkoonnaa,, AA..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..EE..,, CCaassttiilllloo,, II..aanndd ZZaabbaallaa,, JJ.. 22000088.. Using recruitment age, territorial fidelity anddispersal as decisive tools in the conservation and management ofperegrine falcon (Falco peregrinus) populations: the case of ahealthy population in Northern Spain. J. Ornithol. DOI10.2007/sl0336-008-0321.

339933.. ZZuubbeerrooggooiittiiaa,, II..,, ZZaabbaallaa,, JJ..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..AA..,, MMaarrttíínneezz,, JJ..EE.. aanndd AAzzkkoonnaa,,AA..,, 22000088.. Effects of human activities on Egyptian vulture breedingsuccess. Animal Conservation, 11: 313-320.

339944.. ZZuummaallaaccáárrrreegguuii,, CC.. SS..,, JJuubbeettee,, FF.. aanndd TToorrrreess,, MM.. 22000066.. La laguna deLa Nava. In F. Jubete, M. Torres, E. Gómez, S. Cirujano and P. Zuazua.(Eds.): El carricerín cejudo: manual para el manejo de vegetación helo-fítica y monitorización de poblaciones. Fundación Global Nature,Palencia.

REFERENCES FOR HUNTINGSPECIES

339955.. BBuunneerr,, FF..,, JJeennnnyy,, MM..,, ZZbbiinnddeenn,, NN.. aanndd NNaaeeff--DDaaeennzzeerr,, BB.. 22000055..Ecologically enhanced areas – a key habitat structure for re-intro-duced grey partridges Perdix perdix. Biological Conservation 124:373-381.

339966.. BBrroo,, EE..,, MMaayyoott,, PP.. CCoorrddaa,, EE.. aanndd RReeiittzz,, FF.. 22000044.. Impact of habitatmanagement on grey partridge populations: assessing wildlifecover using a multisite BACI experiment. Journal of Applied Ecology41: 846-857.

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339999.. CCaabbeezzaass--DDííaazz,, SS.. aanndd VViirrggóóss,, EE.. 22000077.. Adaptive and non-adaptiveexplanations for hatching failure in eggs of the Red-leggedPartridge Alectoris rufa. Ardea 95, 1: 55-63.

440000.. CCaabbeezzaass--DDííaazz,, SS..,, VViirrggóóss,, EE.. aanndd VViillllaaffuueerrttee,, RR.. 22000055.. Reproductiveperformance changes with age and laying experience in the Red-legged partridge Alectoris rufa. Ibis 147: 316-323.

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440022.. CCaallvveettee CC..,, EEssttrraaddaa RR..,, OOssaaccaarr JJ.. JJ..,, LLuucciieenntteess JJ.. aanndd VViillllaaffuueerrttee RR..22000044.. Short-term negative effects of vaccination campaigns againstmyxomatosis and viral hemorrhagic disease (VHD) on the survivalof European wild rabbits. Journal of Wildlife Management, 68 (1):198-205.

440033.. CCaarrvvaallhhoo,, JJ.. CC.. aanndd GGoommeess,, PP.. 22000044.. Influence of herbaceous cover,shelter, and land cover structure on wild rabbit abundance in NWPortugal. Acta Theriologica 49 (1): 63-74.

440044.. DDee llaa CCoonncchhaa,, II,, HHeerrnnááeezz,, CC,, PPiinniillllaa,, JJ,, RRiippoollll,, II,, CCaarrrriiccoonnddoo,, AA,,HHoowweellll,, DD.. aanndd ÍÍññiiggoo,, AA.. 22000077.. Medidas beneficiosas para las avesligadas a medios agrícolas. Sugerencias para su diseño y aplicaciónen Natura 2000, en el marco de la programación de desarrollorural 2007-2013. SEO/BirdLife. Madrid.

440055.. DDuuaarrttee,, JJ.. aanndd VVaarrggaass,, JJ.. MM.. 22000044.. Field interbreeding of releasedfarm-reared Red-legged partridges (Alectoris rufa) with wild ones.Game Wildlife Science 21: 55-61.

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440088.. KKlleejjiinn,, DD.. aanndd SSuutthheerrllaanndd,, WW.. JJ.. 22000033.. How effective are Europeanagri-environment schemes in conserving and promoting biodiver-sity? Journal of Applied Ecology 40: 947-969.

440099.. LLeemmllyy,, AA.. DD..,, KKiinnggssffoorrdd,, RR.. TT.. aanndd TThhoommppssoonn,, JJ.. RR.. 22000000.. Irrigatedagriculture and wildlife conservation: conflict on a global scale.Environmental management 25 (5): 485-512.

441100.. LLeettttyy,, JJ..,, AAuubbiinneeaauu,, JJ..,, MMaarrcchhaannddeeaauu,, SS.. aanndd CClloobbeerrtt,, JJ.. 22000033.. Effectof translocation on survival in wild rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus).Mammal Biology, 68: 250-255.

441111.. LLoommbbaarrddii,, LL..,, FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, NN..,, MMoorreennoo,, SS.. aanndd VViillllaaffuueerrttee,, RR.. 22000033..Habitat-related differences in rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) abun-dante, distribution and activity. Journal of Mammalogy, 84 (1): 26-36.

441122.. LLoommbbaarrddii,, LL..,, FFeerrnnáánnddeezz,, NN.. aanndd MMoorreennoo,, SS.. 22000077.. Habitat use andspatial behaviour in the European rabbit in three Mediterraneanenvironments. Basic and Applied Ecology, 8: 453-463.


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441144.. OOlleeaa,, NN.. 22000022.. Pesticidas, plaguicidas, fitosanitarios, agroquímicos.Monografía. http://www.produccion-animal.com.ar/.

441155.. OOrrtteeggoo,, JJ..,, AAppaarriicciioo,, JJ.. MM..,, MMuuññoozz,, AA.. aanndd NNoonnaall,, RR.. 22000077.. Malathionapplied at standard rates reduces fledgling condition and adultmale survival in a wild lesser kestrel population. AnimalConservation: 1-8.

441166.. PPaalloommaarreess,, FF.. 22000033.. Warren building by European rabbits(Oryctolagus cuniculus) in relation to cov.er availability in a sandyarea. Journal of Zoology, 259: 63-67.

441177.. SSaann MMiigguueell AAyyaannzz,, AA.. 22000033.. Gestión silvopastoral y conservaciónde espacies y especios protegidos. Ponencia XLIII Reunión Científicade la Sociedad Española para el estudio de los pastos.

441188.. SSmmiitthh,, LL.. EE.. 22000033.. Warren use in open and covered areas: theimportance of predation for the European rabbit (Oryctolaguscuniculus). MSc Biodiversity & Conservation, 30 pp.

441199.. SSoorriigguueerr,, RR.. CC.. 11998888.. Alimentación del conejo (Oryctolagus cuni-culus) en Doñana. S.O., España. Doñana Acta Vertebrata, 15 (1):141-150.

442200.. SSoorriigguueerr,, RR.. CC..,, MMáárrqquueezz,, FF.. JJ.. aanndd PPéérreezz,, JJ.. MM.. 11999988.. Las transloca-ciones (introducciones y reintroducciones) de especies cinegéticasy sus efectos medioambientales. Galemys, 10 (2): 19-35.

442211.. SStteepphheennss,, PP.. AA..,, FFrreecckklleettoonn,, RR..PP..,, WWaattkkiinnssoonn,, AA.. RR.. aanndd SSuutthheerrllaanndd,,WW.. JJ.. 22000033.. Predicting the response of farmland bird populationsto changing food supplies. Applied Ecology 40: 970-983.

442222.. VVaann BBuusskkiirrkk,, JJ.. aanndd WWiillllii,, YY.. 22000044.. Enhancement of farmland biodi-versity within set-aside land. Conservation Biology 18 (4): 987-994.

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442244.. VVaarrggaass,, JJ.. MM..,, GGuueerrrreerroo,, JJ.. CC..,, FFaarrffaann,, MM.. AA..,, BBaarrbboossaa,, AA.. MM.. aanndd RReeaall,,RR.. 22000066.. Land use and environmental factors affecting Red-leggedpartridge (Alectoris rufa) hunting yields in Southern Spain. EuropeanJournal Wildlife Research, 52: 188-195.

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442266.. VViillllaaffuueerrttee,, RR..,, VViiññuueellaa,, JJ.. aanndd BBllaannccoo,, JJ.. CC.. 11999988.. Extensive predatorpersecution caused by population crash in a game species: the caseof red kites and rabbits in Spain. Biological Conservation 84: 181-8.

442277.. VViillllaannúúaa,, DD..,, CCaassaass,, FF..,, VViiññuueellaa,, JJ..,, GGoorrttáázzaarr,, CC..,, GGaarrccííaa ddee llaa MMoorreennaa,,EE.. aanndd MMoorraalleess,, MM.. 22000077.. First occurrence of Eucoleus contortus in aLittle Bustard Tetrax tetrax: negative effect of Red-legged partridgeAlectoris rufa releases on steppe bird conservation?. Ibis 149: 405-406.

442288.. VViillllaannúúaa,, DD..,, PPéérreezz--RRooddrríígguueezz,, LL..,, CCaassaass,, FF..,, AAllzzaaggaa,, VV..,, AAcceevveeddoo,,PP..,, VViiññuueellaa,, JJ.. aanndd GGoorrttáázzaarr,, CC.. 22000088.. Sanitary risks of red-leggedpartridge releases: introduction of parasites. European Journal ofWildlife Research 54:199–204.

442299.. VViirrggóóss,, EE..,, CCaabbeezzaass--DDííaazz,, SS..,, MMaalloo,, AA..,, LLoozzaannoo,, JJ.. aanndd HHuueerrttaass,, DD.. LL..22000033.. Factors shaping European rabbit abundance in continuousand fragmented populations of central Spain. Acta Theriologica 48(1): 113–122.

443300.. WWaattssoonn,, MM..,, AAeebbiisscchheerr,, GG..,, PPoottttss,, RR.. aanndd EEwwaalldd,, JJ..AA.. 22000077.. Therelative effects of raptor predation and shooting on overwintermortality of grey partridges in the United Kingdom. Journal ofApplied Ecology 44: 972-982.

443311.. WWiilllliiaammss,, DD..,, AAcceevveeddoo,, PP..,, GGoorrttáázzaarr,, CC,, EEssccuuddeerroo,, MM..AA..,, LLaabbaarrttaa,, JJ..LL..,,MMaarrccoo,, JJ.. aanndd VViillllaaffuueerrttee,, RR.. 22000066.. Hunting for answers: rabbit(Oryctolagus cuniculus) population trends in northeastern Spain.European Journal of Wildlife Research, 53: 19-28.

The need to approve SPAManagement PlansWith the Birds Directive1 Member States have committedthemselves to protect, manage and control all European birdspecies (art. 1) and to maintain or restore their popula-tions (art. 2): the EC has stated that this is equivalent tothe achievement of favourable conservation status underthe Habitats Directive. One special means to reach thesetargets is to provide Special Protection Areas (‘SPAs’) witha specific, strengthened legal protection regime capable ofguaranteeing the survival and reproduction of the birdspecies listed in Annex I of the Directive and the breeding,fledging and overwintering of migratory species which areregular visitors to the site, even if they do not appear inAnnex I 2.

Article 4 of the Birds Directive requires Member States toadopt special conservation measures especially in SPAs withthe aim of ensuring bird survival and reproduction. TheEuropean Court of Justice has made it clear that these

measures cannot be of a simply voluntary or coercive natu-re, as may be the case with agri-environment measures,and sectoral measures which do not have SPA conservationas their principal objective cannot be considered as specialconservation measures3.

Furthermore, the provisions of a Directive must be carriedout with unambiguous and overriding legal force, with thespecificity, precision and clarity needed to comply with therequirement for legal certainty4. The principle of legal cer-tainty requires that adequate publicity is given to the natio-nal measures adopted in applying EU legislation so that theaffected parties know the extent of their rights and obliga-tions within the specific area regulated by community law.

As noted above, the EC has stated that the Article 2 obli-gation to maintain populations of wild birds is equivalentto FCS under the Habitats Directive. Therefore, specialconservation measures, including SPAs, should be designedso that they deliver favourable conservation status for theAnnex I and migratory species concerned.”


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ANNEXPOSITION PAPER SPA MANAGEMENT PLANS: THE BEST WAY TO GUARANTEE THE ADOPTION

OF SPECIAL CONSERVATION MEASURES REQUIRED BY THE BIRDS DIRECTIVE(Adopted by Birds and Habitats Directive Task Force on 12 April 2010)

The Birds Directive requires the adoption of special conservation measures in Special Protection Areas, with the aim of ensuringbird survival and reproduction and maintaining these sites in favourable conservation status. These measures cannot be simplyvoluntary or coercive in nature but must instead have a strong legal basis and be widely publicised. With the aim of complyingwith all of the requirements of the Birds and Habitats Directives, BirdLife International considers that it is necessary to approveappropriate management plans which are site-specific or integrated within other development plans which include, as a mini-mum, special conservation measures to maintain these areas in favourable conservation status. For SPAs, these plans should bebased on ornithological and other scientific criteria and should be prepared with sufficient publicity and public participation. Toguarantee their success, these plans should be approved with sufficient legal force to override other sectoral policies.

1. Council Directive 79/409/EEC of 2 April 1979 on the conservation of wild birds. After its consolidation in 2009 now to be quoted as: “Directive2009/147/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 November 2009 on the conservation of wild birds (codified version)”, which cameinto force on 15 February 2010.

2. Judgements of the cases C-166/97 Commission v France ‘Seine estuary’; C-96/98 Commission v France ‘the Poitevin Marsh‘, C-415/01 Commission vBelgium; C-169/89 ‘Van den Burg’; C-166/04 Commission v Greece ‘Messolongi Lagoon’.

3. Judgement Case C-96/98 Commission v France ‘the Poitevin Marsh‘.4. Judgement Case C-159/99 Commission v Italy.

For these reasons the best means of complying with theobligations of the Birds and Habitats Directives is to appro-ve, following appropriate publicity and public participation,appropriate management plans which include, at least, spe-cial conservation measures in order to maintain the favoura-ble conservation status of these sites, with the plans havingsufficient legal range and force to guarantee compliance.

Below are BirdLife International’s recommendations for thepreparation of management plans, with a summary of whatshould be their minimum contents.

What should a ManagementPlan be?– It should be a written document, with sufficient legal force,

which includes all of the special conservation measuresneeded to ensure the favourable conservation status5 ofone or more SPAs.

– It should be a concise document which attends clearly tothe most fundamental aspects of relevance to the site’smanagement.

– It should be a tool which gives coherence to all of thepublic and private activities with implications for the speciesand habitats for the SPA.

– It should be a reference document and an aid to decision-making for the various stakeholder groups which carry outrelevant activities within the SPA.

– It should be a document based on ornithological and otherscientific criteria, but agreed with the main parties activewithin, or with relevant interests in, the SPA.

– It should be a document which can be used to conveyto wider society the richness of the area, the need toconserve it, and the associated conservation objectives andmeasures which are proposed.

– It should be publicly available and known by people wholive in the area.

How should a management planbe written?1. A process based on the recommendations of

experts. As management plans have as an objecti-ve the maintenance of populations of different bird spe-cies, it should be scientists and others with technicalexpertise (experts in these species, areas and technicaland ecological processes) that identify the range ofpossible measures for achieving the site objective. This

expert group will necessarily suggest more measuresthan those which may be needed, identifying thosewhich are essential and those which have various alter-native options, so that local interests can adapt thesemeasures within the overall limits of the plan.

2. Provide sufficient information on site values tostakeholders.The only way to guarantee that thedifferent stakeholders, especially those not involveddirectly with environmental management, will understandnot only the legal environmental obligations, as well asthe opportunity which the appropriate management ofthe SPA might entail, is by building their capacity, forexample through providing them with training and infor-mation. Without this, it will be much more difficult toreach any type of agreement. Some of this activityshould be carried out prior to the negotiation stage.

3. There is a tendency among the general public to viewthe declaration of an SPA as a restriction on the econo-mic development of their community, with the imple-mentation of a management plan provoking a certainresistance in the local population. Public participationcan provide an excellent opportunity to create asocial atmosphere more favourable to environmentalconservation. Participation is essential if the differentstakeholders are to be committed to the plan, throughdeveloping a sense of ownership and the identificationof people with their surroundings. It is known thatpeople tend to take responsibility for that which isregarded as their own. Participation should be carriedout throughout the process of plan preparation as wellas ensuring that it is made available for public consul-tation prior to its eventual approval and publication.

The process itself would need a strong leader, to preventthe management plan from losing or weakening its goals.Next to that, it is unavoidable that choices have to bemade which will not please everyone.

4. Consensus in the selection of managementmeasures. In the case of some measures, the maximumdegree of consensus permitted will be that of the habitatand species experts. These measures will be thoseregarded by the scientific experts as essential. However,in other cases, it will be possible to select from a rangeof possible measures. It may be possible to avoid a certainthreat through various different measures and these canbe selected and agreed by all of the various interestedparties. All stakeholders will feel more involved in the planif they have been able to take part in it preparing at least

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5. See the BirdLife position statement on favourable conservation status:(http://www.birdlife.org/eu/pdfs/Nature_Directives_material/BHDTF_PositionFavourable_Conservation_Status.pdf).

some of it. Furthermore, it is a means of ensuring thatthe optional measures available are of maximum benefitand interest for the owners and users of the site.

5. Public information. As has already been stated,public participation is fundamental in preparing andapproving a management plan for a site included withinthe Natura 2000 network. Because of the network’s verynature, made up in many cases by large areas in whichpeople live and work or use in other ways, it is essentialto take their views into account. Accordingly, as withthe public participation which is carried out during thepreparation of the plan, it is necessary to establish anofficial period of public information which is generousand widely publicised. It is strongly recommended thatthis period follows after or coincides with a publicinformation campaign about the Natura 2000 network,and about the specific site in question in all of the localgovernment areas involved.

The aim of carrying out each of these steps is to enable theplan to be achievable and complied with. That is, that themeasures proposed for achieving the stated conservationobjectives are realistic, both from the social and financialpoints of view. The idea of a management plan is not just thatit is approved; it is that it is useful for the conservation ofthe site, to help to avoid its deterioration and improve itsconservation state.

What should a management plancontain?1. General information about the site: this section

should include the site’s name, SPA identifier (number/code), location, size, boundaries, administrative region,geology, hydrology, climate, etc.

2. An assessment of the site’s current condition.This assessment should focus on the species and habitatswhich are the object of the plan’s measures. In addition,it should set out how the site has changed since the datethat the Member State was obliged to prevent thedeterioration of these sites (the date of application ofthe Birds Directive in the country concerned), and itshould state the current threats to the site or thosewhich might foreseeably arise in the future.

It could be considered to add other aspects, such asabiotic parameters, instead of focusing solely on relevantbird species and their habitats. For instance: the stateof the hydrology is often a major factor to achieve

conservation objectives. Next to that, a description ofthe site’s condition as a starting point to measure thechanges is nevertheless necessary.

3. Favourable conservation status/Conservationobjectives. For each of the regularly-occurring migra-tory species and Birds Directive Annex I species and foreach of the important habitats for these species, thereshould be a defined population size, an index of abun-dance, or area of occupied habitat which is consideredto correspond to favourable conservation status and assuch will become the conservation objectives for thesite. This part should be presented in the form of a table,with each decision justified with arguments e.g. based onprior knowledge and on the historical bird populationtrends in the site or higher levels where research indica-tes the site could support more. For more details seeBirdLife position paper on the Favourable ConservationStatus of Special Protection Areas (SPAs)6.

4. Zoning. It may be necessary to divide the SPA intozones which will allow the separate measures to beapplied in distinct parts of the site according to thespecies found within it. This zoning must be based onthe bird communities and measures to be carried out.There will probably be zones already in favourable con-servation status in which it is necessary to avoid threatsand maintain existing management and other zones in aworse conservation state which will need a change inthe management regime, or even habitat restoration,in order to reach favourable conservation status. Thezoning maps should be clear and publicly available inboth printed and digital form.

5. Measures to be carried out for species andhabitats. This is one of the most important parts ofthe plan. It should include all those measures requiredfor each of the species to maintain their favourableconservation status in the SPA. The process should beto analyse the situation as if the plan was developed foreach species alone and once this exercise has beenrealised for all species, look for possible incompatibilitieswhen combining all of the measures. Each measureshould have its own objective (for example, target sur-face area for a certain crop type), indicators to assessprogress, the target species which will benefit or sufferas a result and be placed in a clear order of priority.The measures should be organized in different thema-tic action plans (e.g. restoration plan for a particularhabitat type which will in turn include various specificmeasures). The plan should also define the measures

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6. See the BirdLife position statement on favourable conservation status:(http://www.birdlife.org/eu/pdfs/Nature_Directives_material/BHDTF_PositionFavourable_Conservation_Status.pdf).

which should be carried out outside the SPA bounda-ries as long as the species for which the plan is writtenregularly use areas outside the SPA.

6. Restrictions. Although the main restrictions (forexample over urban development, industrial use, agri-culture, leisure activity, hunting) required to meet theconservation objectives will already be defined in themeasures to be carried out for species and habitats, itis a good idea to summarise them together in onesection, which will make it easier to understand for thegeneral public which uses the site. Furthermore, it maybe necessary to include a special restriction which doesnot appear in the particular management measures.

7. Environmental Assessment. Although all coun-tries have environmental impact assessment legislationit is necessary to ensure that the relevant proceduresinclude the need for a report from the SPA manage-ment authority about those projects assessed whichare within the site, in its immediate surroundings orwhich could have an impact upon it. There shouldalso be a mechanism to ensure that those plans, pro-grammes or projects carried out within the SPA or itssurroundings do not have an adverse impact uponit, even when such operations are not subject tothe ordinary environmental assessment procedures.Therefore, in order to comply with Article 6 of theHabitats Directive, an assessment and decision-makingprocedure should be established for these cases andfor clarifying the types of projects which must not beauthorised, those which must be assessed, and thosewhich will not have a negative impact on the SPA andas such will not require this prior assessment. It is goodpractice to include a description of this procedure inthe management plan.

8. Research and monitoring. The management planshould contain a programme of bird monitoring whichwill allow compliance with the plan´s conservation ob-jectives to be checked and, as required, indicate the needfor future revision. The programme of monitoring shouldtake into account all of the regularly-occurring species inthe site and have a frequency which allows the informa-tion to be used actively in the plan. In addition, a researchprogramme should be included where there are gaps ininformation on important aspects of the management ofthe site´s qualifying species or habitats.

9. Duration of the plan. Bearing in mind the conserva-tion objectives, the expected development of the siteand the measures included, the duration of the planshould be established and the timetable for its revision.As a general rule, plans should never cover more than10 years and they should be revised every five years.

10. Public awareness and education: Proper imple-mentation of the management plan will depend on theunderstanding and acceptance of the site’s protectedstatus and the measures and restrictions imposed onland owners at and around the site. To this end, in mostof the cases, it is essential to carry out public outreachactivities which should also include environmentaleducation programmes towards schools in particularand the public in general. The management plan shouldinclude a programme of outreach activities, as well asa detailed visitors’ management plan to maximise thebenefits and minimise risks of demonstration activitiesat the site.

11. Management authority, staffing.The type of exe-cutive arrangements and human resources requiredto guarantee plan compliance should be defined. As aminimum, each SPA should have an appointed sitemanager.

12. Financial memorandum. All management plansshould include a financial memorandum sufficientlydetailed to include the funds required for each of themeasures included within the plan. The memorandumshould identify both one-off investments as well asongoing costs of site management, protection, moni-toring and education activities. It should also providea comprehensive overview of existing and potentialsources of income to cover the costs of maintainingthe site in favourable condition.

For further information:

OOccttaavviioo IInnffaannttee,, IBA and Natura 2000 Officer, SEO/BirdLife,C/ Melquiades Biencinto, 34, 28053, Madrid, Spain.Tel: +34 914340910 Fax: +34 914340911;email: ooiinnffaannttee@@sseeoo..oorrgg

For further reading concerning minimal standards and bestpractice examples for Management Plans for Natura 2000-sites see e.g.:

– SEO/BirdLife (BirdLife Spain) guidelines for drafting of ma-nagement plans:http://www.seo.org/programa_seccion_ficha.cfm?idPrograma=24&idArticulo=4723

– NABU (BirdLife Germany) and BUND (FoE Germany)position paper, 2008:www.nabu.de/imperia/md/content/nabude/naturschutz/6.pdf

– New websites of the Commission expert group on themanagement of Natura 2000 (since November 2009):http://circa.europa.eu/Public/irc/env/natura_2000/library?l=/2000_management/meeting_november/presentations&vm=detailed&sb=Title

– http://www.natura2000exchange.eu

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