Marii, F. y Ghaidan, U. Technical Vocabulay Cultural Property Conserv. 2011

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By

Fatma Marii and Usam Ghaidan

Technical Vocabulary for

Cultural Property Conservation

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English - Arabic


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UNESCO/Japanese Trust Fund for the Preservation of the World Cultural Heritage

UNESCO, 2011

UNESCO Iraq Office Culture Unit

Printed in 2011 by Ebaa International ) R U ' H V L J Q 3 U L Q W L Q JV L J Q 3 U L Q W L Q J) R U ' H

Project : Restoration of the Laboratory of the Iraq Museum in Baghdad

CLT/2011/PI/H/1


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Technical Vocabulary

for

Cultural Proprety

Conservation


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Foreword

The Iraqi National Museum, first established in 1923, has been hosted atits present location since the building inauguration in 1966. Built to inter-national standards, the National Museum has become the centerpiece forshowcasing Iraqs rich cultural heritage to both researchers and the publicalike.

It has thus been a tragedy that the museum will be forever rememberedfor the shameful looting of 10-12 April 2003, but this event nonethelessgalvanized national and international efforts to restore both the museumand its priceless collection of artifacts. Restoration of the museum premisesand exhibition halls has been supported by Japan, Italy and the U.S.A. andUNESCO; while the effort to recover stolen artifacts continues, the museumnow boasts a laboratory, supported by these same countries and UNESCO,which is able to maintain and repair damaged artifacts.

Efforts to restore physical capacity, however, must be matched with effortsto restore national capacity to maintain and upgrade the activities of themuseum. With this in mind, UNESCO, with the generous financial and tech-nical support of the Government of Japan, launched the Project for the Res-toration of the Conservation Laboratory of the Museum to build the capacityof Iraq conservation experts to the highest international standards. From2004 to 2010, training courses ranging from two to six months durationwere arranged at the Tobunken the National Research Institute for Cultur-al Property (NRCIP) in Tokyo, for fourteen Iraqi conservation experts. The

trainings focused on the study of advanced techniques and protocols forthe conservation of museum artifacts of different materials such are bone,metal, wood, parchment, pottery, and glasses.

After reviewing the reports presented to NRICP and UNESCO by the Iraqiexperts at the conclusion of their respective training courses, they werefound to be so rich and interesting that UNESCO proposed to keep arecord of this experience so that they could be shared with other muse-ums in Iraq. This publication, The English-Arabic Technical Vocabulary for

Museum Conservation, is the fruit of that effort; all the terms found withinare taken from the above-mentioned reports, they will stand over time as anunexpected but valued result of this initiative.

It is UNESCOs earnest hope that the community of Iraqi museums willappreciate this publication and that it will have a lasting impact on efforts torestore their institutions to the standing they so richly deserve.

Mohamed Djelid

Director

UNESCO Iraq Office, Amman, Jordan

.

Amm n, Jordan

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3D Digital Scanner3D scanner is a device that analyzesa real-world object or environment tocollect data on its shape and possibly itsappearance (i.e. colour). The collecteddata can then be used to construct digi-

tal, three dimensional models useful fora wide variety of applications.

( )

( ).

.

, , .

(IPM) Integral Projection Model

A technique used in computer vision toextract information from an image.

.

3D Digitizer X-Ray Analytical Micro-

scope

3-Dimensional ImagingTechnique capable of recording three-di-mensional visual information or creatingthe illusion of depth in an image.

.

Abrasiveit is a material, often a mineral, that isused to shape or finish a work piecethrough rubbing which leads to part ofthe work piece being worn away. While

finishing a material often means polish-ing it to gain a smooth, reflective surfaceit can also involve roughening as insatin, matte or beaded finishes.

.

.

Absorbed

Absorbs Oxygen

Absorption

it is the incorporation of a substance inone state into another of a different state(e.g. liquids being absorbed by a solid orgases being absorbed by a liquid).

.

Accession

the process of registering and catalogu-ing an item into the collection of amuseum.

.

Accession Number

the number which is assigned to eachindividual item during accessioning intothe museums collection.

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Acclimatisation

Process of adjusting to a new climate orenvironment.

.

Accrete Emulsion

to be used to strengthen the old wood.

.

Acetone

is the organic compound with the formu-la (CH3)2CO. This colourless, mobile,flammable liquid is the simplest exampleof the ketones. Acetone is miscible withwater and serves as an important solventin its own right, typically as the solventof choice for cleaning purposes in thelaboratory.

. .

. .

Acid

A compound that produces hydrogenions (H+) in aqueous solution. The con-centration of hydrogen ions in water isknown as acidity.

.

Acquisition

An object which has been donated, pur-chased or bequeathed and accepted intothe collection of a museum.

.

Acrylate ResinThe acrylate ion (C H2=CHCOO) isthe ion of acrylic acid. Acrylates are thesalts and esters of acrylic acid. They arealso known as propenoates (since acrylicacid is also known as 2-propenoic acid).

.

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Acrylic

is a clear plastic. It resembles glass, butis stronger, lighter, and has many otheradvantages.

.

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Acrylic Colour

it is fast drying paint containing pigmentsuspension in acrylic polymer emulsion.Acrylic paints can be diluted with water,

but become water-resistant when dry.

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Acrylic Painting

it is a painting done with acrylic pig-ments and colours.

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Acrylic Resinsthese are a group of related thermoplas-tic or thermosetting plastic substancesderived from acrylic acid, methacrylicacid or other related compounds.

.

Adhereddescription of material or object that is

bond with another material.

.

Adhesion Bonds

chemical bonds caused by adhesivechemicals or materials.

.

Adhesive

a substance capable of bonding materialsto each other by chemical or mechanical

action, or both, and which may be acti-vated by water, other solvents, pressure,heat or other means.

() .

.

Adhesive Bond

Adhesive Supportarticles such as tapes and labels aremade from liquid adhesive by coatingthe adhesive on a support and evaporat-

ing the organic solvent or waiter carrierusually in a hot air dryer.

.

Adhesive Techniques

adhesion, the attachment between adhe-sive and substrate may occur either bymechanical means, in which the adhe-sive works its way into small pores ofthe substrate, or by one of several chemi-

cal mechanisms. In some cases, an actualchemical bond occurs between adhesiveand substrate. In others, electrostaticforces, as in static electricity, hold thesubstances together.

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Adjacent Glucose

Adjustment

the act of adjusting; adaptation to a par-ticular condition, position, or purpose,or the state of being adjusted; orderlyrelation of parts or elements.

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Administration of the Objects

this is mainly applied in museums orgalleries or any collection centres, andthat is to organize the objects of thecollections in terms of their registration,cataloguing, storing, conserving and

exhibiting.

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Adsorption

the removal of materials by breakingchemical bonds from the surface of asolid so that they become gaseous.

.

.

Adsorptive property

the characteristic to gather (a gas, liquid,or dissolved substance) on a surface in a

condensed layer.

( )

.

Adsorptive to activated carbon ( )

Aesthetic Value

is a branch of philosophy dealing withthe nature of beauty, art, and taste, andwith the creation and appreciation of

beauty.

.

Affinity

the force by which atoms are held to-gether in chemical compounds.

After Conservation

After Eradication

Agaricales (pl. Agarics)

the fungal order Agaricales, also knownas gilled mushrooms (for their distinc-tive gills), or euagarics, contains some of

the most familiar types of mushrooms.

( ) .

Ageless

timeless; eternal: an ageless quality

.

Agent for insecticide

Materials that are used as a pesticideused against insects in all stages ofgrowth.

.

Agents (RP system) ( (

Aio guard


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Air abrasiveit could be a machine that is useful forremoving stiff dirt or corrosion from thesurface of an archaeological objects.

.

Air pollutionis the introduction of chemicals, particu-

late matter, or biological materials thatcause harm or discomfort to humans orother living organisms, or cause dam-age to the natural environment or builtenvironment, into the atmosphere.

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Alcoholin chemistry, an alcohol is any organiccompound in which a hydroxyl func-tional group (-OH) is bound to a carbon

atom, usually connected to other carbonor hydrogen atoms.

.

Algaeare a large and diverse group of simple,typically autotrophic organisms, rangingfrom unicellular to multicellular forms,such as the giant kelps that grow to 65meters in length.

( +

) () .

Alkali

A substance capable of forming hydrox-yl ions (OH-) when dissolved in water.Alkalis neutralise acids producing a saltand water.

.

.

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AlloyA material composed of two or moremetals which are mixed and unitedusually when they are in a molten state.Alloys are created to improve properties

such as the appearance, strength anddurability of metals.

.

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ALP

Alphathe first letter of the Greek alphabet. Inthe system of Greek numerals it has avalue of 1.

.

Alternation of generationsdescribes the life cycle of plants, fungiand protists.

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Ambient temperatureit is a non-specific phrase used to de-scribe the outside temperature.

.

Amenableis capable of or agreeable to beingtested, tried, analyzed, etc.

.

Amino acid contentsthese are molecules containing an aminegroup, a carboxylic acid group and a sidechain that varies between different ami-no acids. The key elements of an aminoacid are carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, andnitrogen. They are particularly importantin biochemistry, where the term usuallyrefers to alpha-amino acids.

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.

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Amorphous silicaa naturally occurring or synthetically

produced oxide of silicon characterizedby the absence of pronounced crystal-line structure. It may contain water ofhydration or be anhydrous. Used as anextender pigment, a flatting agent, anda desiccant. Also known as crystallinesilica.

. .

.

Amylumis a carbohydrate consisting of a largenumber of glucose units joined together

by glycosidic bonds.

() .

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Analysisthe process of considering somethingcarefully Or using statistical methods inorder to understand or explain it.

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Analysis methodsin the field of archaeological science thisterm refers to the dating of finds and theexamination of their composition. Theartworks, building materials, furniture,and similar items collected from a sitecan all be analyzed, while any texts canusually be deciphered. These techniquesfrequently provide information that would

not otherwise be known and thereforecontribute greatly to the understanding ofa site. Chemists use analysis to identify


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Analysis of conditiondescribing and studying the current con-dition of an object or monument.

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Analyticaldescription of analysis study.

.

Analytical Information

any information resulted from the ana-lytical study, such as chemical composi-tion, descriptive information, etc.

.

Analytical Results

Analytical techniques

an analytical technique is a method thatis used to determine the concentration ofa chemical compound or chemical ele-ment. There are a wide variety of tech-niques used for analysis, from simpleweighing (gravimetric) to titrations(titrimetric) to very advanced techniquesusing highly specialized instrumentation.

.

() ( )

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Anatomyis a branch of biology and medicine thatis the consideration of the structure ofliving things.

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Ancient

refer to something dating from the past.Ancient implies existence or first oc-currence in a distant past: an ancientcustom.

.

: .

Ancient technology

the growth of the ancient civilizationsproduced great advances in technologyand engineering which stimulated societ-ies to adopt new ways of living andgovernance. Examples: The Egyptiansinvented the ramp to aid construction

processes. Ancient India invented the

sailing craft, the Chinese invented paperand cast iron and the Mesopotamiansinvented irrigation and the wheel.

. :

.

the components of a particular chemicalcompound as well as their proportionsinside the mixture.


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Ancient templesa temple is an edifice constructed forreligious worship. Because of the im-

portance of worship in a society, templearchitecture represents the best of acultures design. Temple design varies

widely between one religion and another.The ziggurats of Ancient Iraq wereelaborately designed and decorated, andtheir stepped style ascended to a pointwhere the gods dwelt. The ClassicalGreek temple was a windowless roomhousing an image of a god and the alterstood outside the temple. Roman templeswere similar but placed the alter insidethe temple.

. .

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Andean culturesis a collective term used to refer to theindigenous cultures of the Andes moun-tains, especially those that came underthe influence of the Inca empire.

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Angiosperm (pl. Angiosperms)are seed-producing plants like the gym-nosperms and can be distinguished fromthe gymnosperms by a series of syna-

pomorphies (derived characteristics).These characteristics include flowers,endosperm within the seeds, and the pro-duction of fruits that contain the seeds.

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Anhydride unitsany chemical compound obtained, eitherin practice or in principle, by the elimi-nation of water from another compound.

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Animalia ( ) Animalization

representing a subject in animal form.

.

Anions

these are atoms or groups of atoms thathave gained electrons.

.

Anisotropic

exhibiting properties with different

values when measured in different direc-tions.

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Anobiidae (Death-watch beetle)It is a family of beetles. The larvae ofa number of species tend to bore intowood, earning them the name wood-worm or wood borer. A few speciesare pests, causing damage to wooden

furniture and house structures, nota-bly the death watch beetle, Xestobiumrufovillosum, and the common furniture

beetle, Anobium punctatum.

( ) .

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Anoxia

the term anoxia means a total decrease inthe level of oxygen, an extreme form ofhypoxia or low oxygen.

.

Antenna factorin telecommunications, the antenna fac-tor is defined as the ratio of the incidentelectromagnetic field strength to thevoltage on the line connection of anantenna.

.

Anthrenus verbasci

it is called the varied carpet beetle,which is a 3 mmlong beetle that can

be a serious household pest. It feeds onnatural fibers and can damage carpets,furniture and clothing.

3 .

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Anti-earthquake system

Antiquities

things such as buildings, statues, orcoins, etc. that were made in ancienttimes and have survived to the present

day.

.

Antiquity treatmentany process the antiquity pass through it,is consider a treatment, such as: record-ing, conserving, restoring, packing, etc.

.

Anti-rust treatmentit is a treatment mainly done for metalobjects to prevent corrosion, and it could

be preventive by providing suitable

environemnt, or interventive by addingchemical materials.

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Anti-weather ability

Appearancethe state, condition, manner, or style inwhich a person or object appears; out-ward look or aspect.

Appearance of the objects

the visual appearance of objects is givenby the way in which they reflect andtransmit light.

.

Applicationthe special use or purpose to whichsomething is put

.

Appropriate countermeasuresa countermeasure is a measure or action

taken to counter or offset another one.As a general concept it implies preci-sion, and is any technological or tacticalsolution or system (often for a militaryapplication) designed to prevent an un-desirable outcome in the process.

( . )

.

Appropriate texture

the suitable characteristic structure ofthe interwoven or intertwined threads,

strands, or the like, that make up a textilefabric. Or, the characteristic physicalstructure given to a material, an object,etc., by the size, shape, arrangement, and

proportions of its parts.

.

.

Aquariumis a vivarium consisting of at least onetransparent side in which water-dwelling

plants or animals are kept (plural aquari-

ums or aquaria).

( ).

Aqueous PEG solution

Aqueous Solution

an aqueous solution is a solution inwhich the solvent is water. It is usuallyshown in chemical equations by ap-

pending (aq) to the relevant formula.The word aqueous means pertaining

to, related to, similar to, or dissolved inwater. As water is an excellent solventand is also naturally abundant, it is anubiquitous solvent in chemistry.

.

() .

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Arabic Gum

is a natural gum made of hardened saptaken from two species of the acaciatree; Acacia senegal and Acacia seyal.The gum is harvested commerciallyfrom wild trees throughout the Sahel

from Senegal and Sudan to Somalia, al-though it has been historically cultivatedin Arabia and West Asia. Gum arabic is acomplex mixture of polysaccharides andglycoproteins that is used primarily inthe food industry as a stabilizer.

.

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Archaeological

related to archaeology, such as site,

object or information derived from a dig,etc.

.

Archaeological Field

it is the methodological process bywhich archaeologists collect informationabout the location, distribution and or-ganization of past human cultures acrossarchaeological site.

.

Archaeological materi-als analysis-SEM-EDS

1) SEM (scanning electron microscope)is a type of electron microscope thatimages the sample surface by scanning itwith a high energy beam of the electronsinteract with the atoms that make up thesample producing signals that containinformation about the samples surface

topography, composition and other prop-erties such as electrical conductivity.2) EDS (Energy-dispersive X-rayspectroscopy) is a technique used for theelemental analysis or chemical charac-terization of a sample. It is one of thevariants of X-ray fluorescence spectros-copy which relies on the investigationof a sample through interaction betweenelectromagnetic radiation and matter.

(1

. (2

.

.


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Archaeological Monumentsare a type of structure either explicitlycreated to commemorate a person orimportant event or which has becomeimportant to a social group as a part oftheir remembrance of past events. Theyare frequently used to improve the ap-

pearance of a city or location.

.

.

Archaeological Objectartefact found by archaeologists in thecourse of excavating a site.

.

Archaeological Sciencesarchaeological science, also known asarchaeometry, consists of the applicationof scientific techniques to the analysisof archaeological materials. Archaeom-

etry is now considered its own scientificfield. Archaeological science involvesdating, suveying, conservation scienceand studying ancient materials.

. .

Archaeological Techniquesbefore any practical work can begin aclear objective as to what the archae-ologists are looking to achieve must beagreed upon. The work after that may

be divided into four stages. Firstly,surveying the site to find out as muchas possible about it and the surround-ing area. Secondly, an excavation maytake place to uncover any archaeologi-cal features buried under the ground.Thirdly, once artefacts and structureshave been excavated, or collectedfrom surface surveys, it is necessary to

properly study them in order to gain as

much data as possible. This process isnormally the most time-consuming partof the archaeological investigation. Itincludes cleaning and cataloguing thefound artifacts and comparing them withsimilar ones found elsewhere, in orderto classify them typologically and toidentify other sites with similar artifactassemblages.Fourthly it is then considered good

practice for the information to bepublished so that it is available to otherarchaeologists and historians.

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Archaeological Values of Objects

it is the value of the archaeologicalobjects which is based on the human,community and market values.

.

Archaeology

the study of the sciences and peoples ofthe past by examining the remains oftheir buildings, tools, and other objects.

.

Architectural style

it classify architecture in terms of the useof form, techniques, materials, time pe-riod, region and other stylistic influenc-es. It overlaps with, and emerges fromthe study of the evolution and history of

architecture. Hence, architectural styleis a way of classifying architecture thatgives emphasis to characteristic featuresof design, leading to a terminology suchas Gothic style.

. .

.

Argonis a chemical element represented bythe symbol Ar. Argon is the third mostcommon gas in the Earths atmosphere,

at 0.93%, making it more common thancarbon dioxide. The name argon isderived from a Greek word meaning theinactive one, a reference to the fact thatthe element undergoes almost no chemi-cal reactions. Argon is mostly used as aninert shielding gas in welding and otherhigh-temperature industrial processeswhere ordinarily non-reactive substances

become reactive. Argon gas also has usesin incandescent and fluorescent lighting,and other types of gas discharge tubes.

093 .

.

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Arid condition

a region is said to be arid when it is char-acterized by a severe lack of availablewater, to the extent of hindering or even

preventing the growth and developmentof plant and animal life. As a result, en-

vironments subject to arid climates tendto lack vegetation and are called xeric ordesertic.

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Armor (archaeological)

any covering worn as a defense againstweapons in the ancient times.

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Armor object

Art and design museum

a museum specialized in exhibitingworks of art and design.

.

Art works

product of one of the fine arts; especiallypainting or sculpture of high artisticquality.

.

Artefacts

monuments, tools, or other objects thatare made by human beings, especiallythose that are historically or culturallyinteresting.

Artificial lightings

any source of lighting is not natural suchas fire, lamps, etc..

.

Artistic

conforming to the standards of art; satis-fying aesthetic requirements.

Asexual Reproduction

it is a mode of reproduction by whichoffspring arise from a single parent, andinherit the genes of that parent only, itis reproduction which does not involvemeiosis, ploidy reduction, or fertiliza-tion. Asexual reproduction is the primaryform of reproduction for single-celled

organisms such as the archaea, bacte-ria, and protists. Many plants and fungireproduce asexually as well.

.

. .

Asphalt

is a sticky, black and highly viscous liq-uid or semi-solid that is present in mostcrude petroleums and in some naturaldeposits sometimes termed asphaltum.The primary use of asphalt is in road

construction, where it is used as the glueor binder for the aggregate particles.

.

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Assembly

an assembling or coming together of anumber of persons, objects, etc. usuallyfor a particular purpose.

.

Assessment

consideration of someone or something

and a judgment about them.

.

Assessment of methods .

Assessment of Psychometric

it is an evaluation to the psychometrics,that is the field of study concerned withthe theory and technique of educationaland psychological measurement, whichincludes the measurement of knowl-

edge, abilities, attitudes, and personalitytraits. The field is primarily concernedwith the construction and validationof measurement instruments, such asquestionnaires, tests, and personalityassessments.

()

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Associate Curator

s/he performs routine professionalmuseum and cultural work includingexhibition, preservation, storage, pre-sentation graphics and design under thesupervision of the Curator and in directcollaboration with the museum technicalstaff.

/

.

Asymmetrical

not identical on both sides of a centralline; unsymmetrical; lacking symmetry.

In chemistry: having an unsymmetricalarrangement of atoms in a molecule.

. :

.

Atmosphere

is a layer of gases that may surround amaterial body of sufficient mass, andthat is held in place by the gravity of the

body. An atmosphere may be retainedfor a longer duration, if the gravity ishigh and the atmospheres temperatureis low. Some planets consist mainly ofvarious gases, but only their outer layeris their atmosphere.

.

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B

Attagenusit is a genus of beetles. This genus isfound in tropical Africa, the Palearcticincluding Europe, the Near East, the

Nearctic, North Africa and East Asia.

.

.

Attagenus japonicas

Authenticityit is a measure of how close an item,

prop, action, weapon, or custom is, towhat would actually have been used ordone in the time period being depicted.

.

Autoclave methodthe metal container tightly lock is usedfor sterilization by steam and pressure-

protected.

Automated fumigation chamber

Averagea quantity, rating, or the like that rep-resents or approximates an arithmeticmean

Avoid

Axial parenchymaparenchyma cells of the axial system.

(:

) .Axis

line around which an object rotates.

.

Backing support materialsthese are different materials that are usedmainly to support fragile or sensitiveobjects during exhibiting, or mainlytransporting.

.

Bacterial action

Bacterium

is a unicellular microorganism whichrepresents one of the most basic and

primitive forms of life.

.

Bad handling

this is when moving objects, especiallythe fragile or sensitive ones, withoutconsidering the basic for proper han-

dling. Such as hold ceramic jar from thehandles, or holding the fragile objectswithout enough support.

/ .

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BBad restorationthis is when the restoration can be veryvisible on the object, that it looks veryodd, or when unsuitable materials areused while restoration.

.

Balancean instrument for determining weight,typically by the equilibrium of a bar witha fulcrum at the center, from each endof which is suspended a scale or pan,one holding an object of known weight,and the other holding the object to beweighed.

.

Bamboos

are some of the fastest growing plants inthe world. They are capable of grow-ing 60 cm (24 in.) or more per day dueto a unique rhizome-dependent system.However, the growth rate is dependenton local soil and climatic conditions.Bamboos are of notable economic andcultural significance in East Asia andSouth East Asia, being used for build-

ing materials, as a food source, and as aversatile raw product.

60 ( 24) . . .

.

Bandage

it is a piece of material used either tosupport a medical device such as a dress-ing or splint, or on its own to providesupport to the body. Bandages are avail-able in a wide range of types, from ge-

neric cloth strips, to specialised shapedbandages designed for a specific limbor part of the body, although bandagescan often be improvised as the situationdemands, using clothing, blankets orother material. In common speech, theword bandage is often used to meana dressing, which is used directly on awound, whereas a bandage is technically

only used to support a dressing, and notdirectly on a wound.

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Banding methos

these methods used when preparingbandage for fragile artifacts, especiallywhile lifting during excavations.

.

Bark

it is the outermost layers of stems androots of woody plants. Plants with barkinclude trees, woody vines and shrubs.Products used by people that are derivedfrom bark include: spices and other fla-vorings, tannin, resin, latex, medicines,

poisons, various hallucinatory chemicalsand cork. Bark has been used to makecloths, canoes, ropes and used as a sur-

face for paintings and map making.

. .

:w

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.

Barrier-film

Base resin

Basic chemicals

these depends on the field that theywill be used in. Mainly, solvents, acids,acrylic resins, alkalis, etc.

:

.

Basic conservation

any non-interventive act by a conserva-tor to protect an object. Such acts should

be revesible, and the object should beable to be returned to the state in whichit was prior to the intervention.

. .

Basic conservation practice

Basic conservation treatment/treat-

ments these are the main proceduresin conservation, which are: assessment,cleaning, consolidation, restoration,

packing, etc.

/

: .

Basic conservation works

acts carried out by a conservator to nul-lify or reduce the rate of deterioration ofan object.

.

Basic knowledge


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BBasic knowledge of conservationexpertise, gained through training andexperience in examining, handling andmaintaing works of cultural heritage; aswell as skill in using effective methodsto keep them as close to their original

condition as possible.

.

Basic pest management

this includes the environment control,pesticide chemicals, proper storage,handling, displaying, etc.

.

Basic principles and methods

Basic skills

the knowledge and ability that enable

you to do something well.

.Basic testing

the activity of examining something inorder to find out information.

.

Basic theory

set of rules and principles that form thebasis of a practical subject or skill.

.

Basic unit

the major unit in any division.

.Basidiomycota

is one of two large phyla that, togetherwith the Ascomycota, comprise the sub-kingdom Dikarya (often referred to asthe higher fungi) within the KingdomFungi. More specifically the Basidi-omycota include mushrooms, puffballs,

stinkhorns, bracket fungi, other poly-pores, jelly fungi, boletes, chanterelles,earth stars, smuts, bunts, rusts, mirroryeasts, and the human pathogenic yeastCryptococcus.

( )

.

.

Bedestan

enclosed market where goods of highvalue are handled. A surviving badestanwithin the citadel of Kirkuk consists

of 34 shops in two rows with a centralspace. The area of this bedestan is 540m2.

.

540 34 .


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Bee (pl. Bees)

these are flying insects closely related towasps and ants, and are known for theirrole in pollination and for producinghoney and beeswax.

/

20.000

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Benzotriazole

it is a heterocyclic compound with theformula C6H4N3H. This aromatic is acommonly used corrosion inhibitor. It isa colourless solid that is soluble in polarsolvents, including water. Benzotriazolesare also a class of compounds containingthe benzotriazole skeleton.

.

.

.

Beta

is the second letter of the Greek alpha-bet. In the system of Greek numerals ithas a value of 2.

.2 .

Bibliography

it is the product of the practice of bib-liography, is a systematic list of booksand other works such as journal articles.Bibliographies range from works citedlists at the end of books and articles tocomplete, independent publications.

.

Bifocals

these are eyeglasses with two distinctoptical powers. Bifocals are most com-monly prescribed to people with pres-

byopia who also require a correction formyopia, hyperopia, and/or astigmatism.

.

/ .

Binding Agents

a liquid component of paint that solidi-fies as it dries and thereby serves to bindthe pigment particles and develop adhe-sion to a surface. Also known as binder.

. .

Binocular Microscope (BM)

a light microscope adapted to the use ofboth eyes.


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BBiological

the processes and states that occur in thebodies and cells of living things.

Biological Analysis

it is the methods access data regarding

one or more images of a plurality ofdifferent combinations of biological re-ceptors which individually have reactedwith one or more biological indicatorsof a biological sample, analyze the data,and based on the analysis, create a pro-file comprising values representative ofthe biological indicators.

()

.

Biological Deterioration

it is found principally in the form ofinsects and fungi. While this activity canresult in the complete destruction of anobject, it pales by comparison to use andthe abuse by humans. And by contrast tohuman intervention, biological deterio-ration is an often preventable form ofdamage. Most of the biological damageis started in poor environmental condi-tions for storage and display.

()

.

.

.

.

Biological Laboratory

it is a place where different types ofexperiments and research concerningall the disciplines of life science takes

place. A biology laboratory commonlyserve industries, schools, undergraduateand graduate studies and research. They

are equipped with sophisticated biologyequipments serving all disciplines ofbiology. Basic equipments and tools in itare: microscope, magnification glasses,scalpel, insect storage boxes and bottles,etc.

() .

.

.

: .

Biological Life Cycle

it is a period involving all differentgenerations of a species succeeding eachother through means of reproduction,whether through asexual reproduction orsexual reproduction.

() :

..


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Biological Niches

it is the part of an ecosystem that issuited and occupied by a particular spe-cies. It basically defines their role withinthat ecosystem, and two organisms can-not occupy the same niche in the same

location without causing disruption ofthe ecosystem, since the balance in theecosystem is lost. Because a species roleis a very complicated thing, the mostimportant parts are usually the local foodchain, space, other resources, environ-mental hazards and competition fromother species.

.

.

.

Biologistscientist concerned with the science ofliving things.

.

Birch

these species are generally small tomedium-size trees or shrubs, mostly oftemperate climates. The simple leavesmay be toothed or pointed. The fruit isa small samara, although the wings may

be obscure in some species.

. .

.

Bird seeds

these are the different seeds that birds eatit, which can be corn, wheat, rice, etc.

.

Black metallic beetle

known as Japanean beetles as well.

.

Blattella germanica Tineola bissel-

liella Reticulitermes speratus Tinea

translucens Ctenolepisma villosaThermobia domestica Liposcelis

bostrychophilus

Blattidae

the Blattidae is a family of the orderBlattaria (cockroaches). It containsseveral of the most common householdcockroaches.

.

Bleacha chemical that is used to make clothwhite, or to clean things thoroughly andkill germs.

.


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BBleachingthe cosmetic whitening or reduction ofcoloured substances by the chemicalaction of an oxidizing or reducing agent.The process is likely to weaken paperor textiles and is rarely a recommended

conservation treatment.

. .

.

Blistering

bubbling between layers of paint orbetween paint and the surface it is cover-ing, often caused by heat.

.

Block Infection

to prevent pollution

Block invasion

Bondingcould have several meaning depend-ing on the field it service. In general,its a any physical or non-physical link

between two or more persons, materials,etc.

.

.

Bonding powerDmitri Mendeleev used the property of

bonding power when developing his

periodic table. Bonding power refers tothe number of bonds an element formsduring a chemical change. But Mende-leev could not explain bonding power

because he didnt know about the struc-ture of atoms.

.

. .

Books corrode

Bostrichidaeare a family of beetles with more than

700 described species. They are com-monly called auger beetles, false pow-derpost beetles or horned powderpost

beetles. The head of most auger beetlescannot be seen from above, as it isdownwardly directed and hidden by thethorax. An exception is the powderpost

beetles from the subfamily Lyctinae.

700 .

.

.

.

Botanical

anythig, made from, or containing plant.

.Boundary


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Boundary Stone, Kudurrua form of boundary stone employed torecord and display land grants given tovassals during the Kassite period (i.e.,the 16th through 12th centuries BCE).These stone slabs were inscribed with

information pertaining to the owner, theruler, the nature of the land grant, andthe divine curses that might be associ-ated with its violation. Kudurrus wereusually decorated with representationsthat often included the image of the rulerand a series of symbols associated withspecific gods and goddesses chargedwith enforcing and safeguarding the landtenure agreement.

()

( 16 12 ).

.

.

Brakes

tool to crush the wood parts of the flaxfibers to separate them.

Brand new

entirly new

Breakages

1) The act of breaking.2) A quantity broken.

3) Loss or damage as a result of break-ing.

(1 .

(2 .

(3 .

Breeding

it is the reproduction, that is, producingof offspring, usually animals or plants.

Broadleaftype (wide leaf)

Bromoethane

it is also known as ethyl bromide, it is achemical compound of the haloalkanesgroup.

( )

.

Bronze alloyit is a metal alloy consisting primarilyof copper, usually with tin as the mainadditive, but sometimes with other ele-ments such as phosphorus, manganese,aluminum, or silicon. It is hard and

brittle, and it was particularly significantin antiquity, so much so that the BronzeAge was named after the metal.

.

.


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BBronze Diseaseit is a form of corrosion that affects

bronze artifacts. It manifests itself aseither a powdery green substance onthe surface of the metal or as a warty orwaxy film over the surface of an artifact.

However, while a patina is not destruc-tive, bronze disease most certainly is.Bronze disease is the result of a complexchemical reaction. It is known as bronzedisease because the reaction produces agreen powder on the surface of bronzeartifacts that resembles a fungus. Thiscorrosion is caused by a circular set ofreactions that involve the chlorides of acopper alloy and water.

.

.

.

.

.

.

Brushthis refers to devices with bristles,wire or other filaments, used for clean-ing, grooming hair, make up, painting,surface finishing and for many other

purposes.

.

.

Bubble (pl. Bubbles)

a nearly spherical body of gas containedin a liquid.

/

.

Bulking treatments

Bumblebeeis a social insects that are characterised

by black and yellow body hairs, oftenin bands. However, some species haveorange or red on their bodies, or may

be entirely black. Like their relativesthe honey bees, bumblebees feed onnectar and gather pollen to feed theiryoung. There are over 250 known spe-cies, existing primarily in the NorthernHemisphere although they are commonin New Zealand and Tasmania.

.

.

250 .

.

.

15000

Buprestidaeis a family of beetles, known as jewel

beetles or metallic wood-boring beetlesbecause of their glossy iridescent colors.The family is among the largest of the


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Burial

is the act of placing a person or objectinto the ground. This is accomplished

by excavating a pit or trench, placing anobject in it, and covering it over.

. .

Burial mound

artificial hill of earth and stones builtover the remains of the dead. In Eng-land the equivalent term is barrow;in Scotland, cairn; and in Europe andelsewhere, tumulus.

. .

Burial, Earth-Cut (Shaft)an inhumation of human remains withina chamber (or series of chambers) thathas been cut directly into the ground

and is situated at the bottom of a verticalshaft.

.

Burial, Intramuralan inhumation of human (or animal)remains within a buildingusually

beneath the floor of a house. This was acommon practice in certain regions ofMesopotamia, particularly during the

Early Dynastic period.

.

.

Burial, Tomb

an underground chamber, completewith walls, floors, and ceilings, usuallycomposed of brick or stone materialsdesigned for the inhumation of human,or animal remains. Such structures mayrange from simple, rectangular designs,to the elaborate, multi-chambered ar-rangements of tombs such as those foundat the Royal Cemetery of Ur.

.

.

Buried Cultural Heritage

450.

.

.

beetles, with some 15,000 species knownin 450 genera. The larger and more spec-tacularly colored jewel beetles are highly

prized by insect collectors. The elytrae ofsome Buprestidae species have been tradi-tionally used in beetlewing jewellery and

decoration in certain countries in Asia, likeIndia, Thailand and Japan.


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BButyl rubberis a synthetic rubber, a copolymer ofisobutylene with isoprene. A syntheticrubber, or butyl rubber is imperme-able to air and used in many applica-tions requiring an airtight rubber. Butyl

rubber is used in the manufacture ofadhesives, agricultural chemicals, fiberoptic compounds, ball bladders, caulksand sealants, cling film, electrical fluids,lubricants (2 cycle engine oil), paper and

pulp, personal care products, pigmentconcentrates, for rubber and polymermodification, for protecting and seal-ing certain equipment for use in areaswhere chemical weapons are present, as

a gasoline/diesel fuel additive, and evenin chewing gum.

.

.

( 2 )

/

.

Calciumis a chemical element. It is a soft grayalkaline earth metal, and is the fifth mostabundant element by mass in the Earthscrust. Calcium is also the fifth mostabundant dissolved ion in seawater by

both molarity and mass, after sodium,

chloride, magnesium, and sulfate. Calci-um is essential for living organisms, par-ticularly in cell physiology. As a majormaterial used in mineralization of bonesand shells, calcium is the most abundantmetal by mass in many animals.

.

.

. .

.

Calligraphythe art of giving form to signs in anexpressive, harmonious and skillful

manner. The story of writing is one ofaesthetic evolution framed within thetechnical skills, transmission speed(s)and material limitations of a person, timeand place. A style of writing is describedas a script, hand or alphabet.

.

.

.

Caloriesit could be a metric unit of energy. Orit could be and expression for the food

energy.

.

.

C


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Cambiumin botany this is a layer or layers oftissue, also known as lateral meristems,that are the source of cells for second-ary growth. There are two types ofcambium: Cork cambium and Vascular

cambium.

. :

.Camphoris a waxy, white or transparent solidmaterial with a strong, aromatic odour.It is found in wood of the camphor laurel(Cinnamomum camphora). It can also

be synthetically produced from oil ofturpentine. It is used for its scent, as aningredient in cooking (mainly in India),

as an embalming fluid, for medicinalpurposes, and in religious ceremonies.

.

( ). . ( )

.

Caom processing

Caravanseraia building which provides accommoda-tion and shelter to travelers, their ani-mals and their goods. This is an ancient

building type but became widespreadduring the Seljuk period (11th and 12th

centuries) with the expansion of trade.Caravanserais were erected along thetrade routes at distances of a days

journey from each other. In Iraq, remainsof a number of caravanserais along thetrade routed with Iran, Turkey and Syriahave survived. There are also remainsof 16th century Safavid khans along theroad which leads from Iran to the holyshrines in west Iraq.

.

.

. .

. .

( )

). (

Carbohydratesare organic compounds which consistsonly of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen.Carbohydrates can be viewed as hydratesof carbon, hence their name. The term ismost common in biochemistry, where it isa synonym of saccharide.Carbohydrates

perform numerous roles in living things.Polysaccharides serve for the storage of

energy (e.g., starch and glycogen) and asstructural components (e.g., cellulose in

plants and chitin in arthropods). In food


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C ( )

) ) .

science and in many informal contexts,the term carbohydrate often means anyfood that is particularly rich in the com-

plex carbohydrate starch (such as cereals,bread and pasta) or simple carbohydrates,such as sugar (found in candy, jams anddesserts).Carbonis the chemical element with symbolC and atomic number 6. As a memberof group 14 on the periodic table, it isnonmetallic and tetravalentmakingfour electrons available to form covalentchemical bonds. There are three natu-rally occurring isotopes, with 12C and13C being stable, while 14C is radioac-

tive, decaying with a half-life of about5730 years. Carbon is one of the fewelements known since antiquity. Carbonis the 15th most abundant element in theEarths crust, and the fourth most abun-dant element in the universe by massafter hydrogen, helium, and oxygen. Itis present in all known lifeforms, andin the human body carbon is the secondmost abundant element by mass (about18.5%) after oxygen. This abundance,together with the unique diversity oforganic compounds and their unusual

polymer-forming ability at the tempera-tures commonly encountered on Earth,make this element the chemical basis ofall known life.

.6

14

. 13C 12C

14C 5730.

15 .

. ( ( 185

.

.

Carbon dioxide (CO2)is a chemical compound composed oftwo oxygen atoms covalently bondedto a single carbon atom. It is a gas atstandard temperature and pressure andexists in Earths atmosphere in this state.CO2 is an acidic oxide: an aqueous solu-tion turns litmus from blue to pink. It isthe anhydride of carbonic acid, an acidwhich is unstable in aqueous solution,from which it cannot be concentrated.

In organisms carbonic acid productionis catalysed by the enzyme, carbonicanhydrase.

.

. CO2 :

. .

.


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Carbon dioxide control method

is available for plant research. This is tomonitor the carbon dioxide level in thegreenhouses or increase it.

.

.

Carbon dioxide treatments

Carbon Fiberis a very strong, light, and expensivecomposite material or fiber-reinforced

polymer.

.

Carbon fiber sheet (Toraycamat)

sheets or mats made of carbon fiber areused for biomedical or industrial sup-

plies.

()

.

Carbon-14 datingmethod of determining the age of fossilsand archaeological specimen by meansof the content of the carbon isotopecarbon-14 (14 C). It was developed bythe American physicist Willard Libby in1946 and is used to ascertain the ages ofcarbonaceous specimen dating back to

between 500 and 50000 years.

-14

14. .1946

500 50000.

Carcinogenicis any substance, radionuclide or radia-tion, that is an agent directly involvedin causing cancer. This may be due tothe ability to damage the genome orto the disruption of cellular metabolic

processes.

. .

.

Carpeta thick covering of soft material which islaid over a floor or a staircase.

.

Casein

is the phosphate protein found in themilk of mammals including cows, goats,and humans. It is in the milk in the formof calcium salts. To Aitakther caseinheat, is deposited using some acids and

enzyme Rennet.

.

. .

.


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CCast

1) to receive form in a mold.2) act of casting or throwing.3) a rigid surgical dressing, usually madeof bandage treated with plaster of Paris.

(1 .

(2 . (3

.

Cast of armormoulding of an armor

Caste system

describes the system of social stratifi-cation and social restrictions in whichsocial classes are defined by thousandsof endogamous hereditary groups, oftentermed castes.

.

Casting tape

Cataloguing

creating a record according to specificand uniform principles of construction.Museum cataloguing usually includesdetails like name; details of manufac-ture; history and use; storage locationand physical condition.

Cavity (pl. Cavities)

it is a hole. It may refer to:1) Dental cavity, damage to the structureof teeth2) Body cavity, a fluid filled space inmany animals where organs typicallydevelop3) Cavity wall, a wall consisting of twoskins with a cavity.4) Resonator, a device designed to selectfor waves of particular wavelengths.5) Optical cavity, the cavity resonator ofa laserCavitation, the phenomenon of partialvacuums forming in fluid, for example,in propellors.

/

. : (1 (2

(3

. (4

. (5

Cedar

wood comes from several different trees

that grow in different parts of the world,and may have different use.

:

.


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Cellobiose unit

is a disaccharide, the molecule is derivedfrom the condensation of two glucosemolecules linked in a bond. It can behydrolyzed by bacteria or cationic ionexchange resins to give glucose. It can

be obtained by enzymatic or acidichydrolysis of cellulose and cellulose richmaterials such as cotton, jute, or paper.

. .

.

Cellulose polymer chains

cellulose is a straight chain polymer:unlike starch, no coiling or branchingoccurs, and the molecule adopts an ex-tended and rather stiff rod-like confor-

mation, aided by the equatorial confor-mation of the glucose residues.

:

.

Cellulose resin

any resin based on cellulose compoundssuch as esters and ethers.

.

Cellulosic

a plastic made from cellulose (or a de-rivative of cellulose).

(

).

Cemedine Co.Cemedine Super-X is an epoch-makingone-part quick curing adhesive havingthree significant features which are saidto be ideal properties of the adhesives;pressure-sensitive adhesion,elasticadhesion and solventless adhesion.This adhesive is used for protection.

. .

Cemetery

Place where dead peoples bodies areburied.

.

CenotaphMonument erected in memory of onenot interred under it as Unknown Soldiermonuments.

Central Laboratory

Centuryperiod of a hundred years that is used

when starting a date. For example, the19th century was the period from 1801 to1900.

.

. 18911900.


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CCerambycidaealso known as long-horned beetles orlongicorns) are a cosmopolitan familyof beetles, typically characterized byextremely long antennae, which are of-ten as long as or longer than the beetles

body. Several are serious pests, with thelarvae boring into wood, where they cancause extensive damage to either livingtrees or untreated lumber (or, occasion-ally, to wood in buildings; the old-house borer, being a particular problemindoors).

.

.

(

).

Ceramicsit is an inorganic, non-metallic solid

prepared by the action of heat and sub-sequent cooling. Ceramic materials mayhave a crystalline or partly crystallinestructure, or may be amorphous (e.g., aglass). Because most common ceramicsare crystalline, the definition of ceramicis often restricted to inorganic crystallinematerials, as opposed to the non-crystal-line glasses. The earliest ceramics were

pottery objects made from clay, either

by itself or mixed with other materials,hardened in fire. Later ceramics wereglazed and fired to create a colored,smooth surface. Ceramics now includedomestic, industrial and building prod-ucts and art objects. In the 20th century,new ceramic materials were developedfor use in advanced ceramic engineering;for example, in semiconductors.

. ( ).

.

.

. . 20

.

Cerealsor cereal grains are grasses cultivatedfor the edible components of their fruitseeds. Cereal grains are grown in greaterquantities and provide more food energyworldwide than any other type of crop;they are therefore staple crops. In somedeveloping nations, grain in the formof rice, wheat, or maize (in Americanterminology, corn) constitutes a major-

ity of daily sustenance. In developednations, cereal consumption is moderateand varied but still substantial.

. .

.

. :

.

.


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Cetyl Alcohol

also known as 1-hexadecanol andpalmityl alcohol, is a fatty alcohol withthe chemical formula CH3(CH2)15OH.At room temperature, cetyl alcohol takesthe form of a waxy white solid or flakes.

1

.

Chain structure

consisting of multiple repeat units thatare related chemically, as for the ex-ample of polystyrene.

.

Change in color

Change of underwater level

Characteristics

distinguishing feature or attribute of an

item, person, phenomenon, etc., usuallydivided into three categories: (1) physi-cal, (2) functional, and (3) operational.

: (1) (2) (3).

Characteristics of a materialthe qualities or features that belong

to the material in question and makeit recognizable. Characteristic of basicmaterials

.

Chart (pl. charts)it is a graphical representation of data, inwhich the data is represented by sym-

bols, such as bars in a bar chart, lines ina line chart, or slices in a pie chart. Achart can represent tabular numeric data,functions or some kinds of qualitativestructures.

( )

. .

Chemicalthese are substances that are used in achemical process or made by a chemical

process.

.

Chemical agentan agent that produces chemical reac-tions.

.

Chemical Analysis

the branch of chemistry dealing withtechniques which yield any type of infor-mation about chemical systems.

.


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CChemical cleaningit is a method to derive surfaces andwalls of equipment, pipelines, vessels,kettles and heat exchangers of unwantedcontaminants. Chemical cleaning alsomeans the purification, conditioning,treatment or disinfection of water.

.

.

Chemical compositionit is the elements that compose themolecular.

.

Chemical deteriorationdeterioration caused by chemicalchanges within a substance.

.

Chemical equations

is symbolic representation of a chemi-

cal reaction where the reactant entitiesare given on the left hand side and the

product entities on the right hand side.The coefficients next to the symbols andformulae of entities are the absolute val-ues of the stoichiometric numbers. Thefirst chemical equation was diagrammed

by Jean Beguin in 1615.

(

).

.

.

.Chemical material

Chemical reactionthe process by which two or morechemicals combine with each other toform products which differ from theoriginal substances.

.

Chemical structure

includes molecular geometry, electronicstructure and crystal structure of mol-ecules. Molecular geometry refers to thespatial arrangement of atoms in a mol-ecule and the chemical bonds that holdthe atoms together. Molecular geometrycan range from the very simple, such asdiatomic oxygen or nitrogen molecules,to the very complex, such as protein orDNA molecules. Molecular geometry

can be roughly represented using astructural formula. Electronic structuredescribes the occupation of a moleculesmolecular orbitals.

.

. .

.


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ChemistSomeone who does research connectedwith chemistry or prepares medicines.

.

Chemistry

1) The scientific study of the struc-

ture of substances and the way thatthey react with other substances.2) The chemistry of an organism or amaterial is the chemical substances thatmake it up and the chemical reactionsthat go on inside it.

(1

. (2 .

Chemistry of dyeingdyes have a chemical affinity to the layerto which they are being applied. They

are coloured because they absorbe somewavelengths of light preferentially. Re-moving a dye requires the aid of reduc-ing agants such as sodium hydrosulphiteor oxidysing agents such as hydrogen orsodium hypochlorite.

.

.

.

Chemistry of fibrethe chemical compounds from which

man-made fibres are produced. Thesepolymers, as they are called, belong toa class of compounds characterised bylong, chain-like molecules of great sizeand molecular weight.

()

.

Chemo cables

used in restoration of architecturalmonuments.

Cherry tree

Chestnut

some species called chinkapin or chin-quapin, is a genus of eight or nine spe-cies of deciduous trees and shrubs in the

beech family Fagaceae, native to temper-ate regions of the Northern Hemisphere.The name also refers to the edible nutsthey produce.

. .


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CChloridesthe chloride ion is formed when the ele-ment chlorine picks up one electron toform an anion (negatively-charged ion)Cl. The salts of hydrochloric acid HClcontain chloride ions and can also be

called chlorides.

( ) .

.

Chloroethene

also known as vinyl chloride, a gas withan ether-like odor, with the formulaH2C:CHCl. It is manufactured by thechlorination of ethene (ethylene). It po-lymerizes to form polychloroethene, or

polyvinyl chloride (PVC), and is widely

used in this form for making electricwire insulation and vinyl records.

CHCl=H2C .

.

Chloroprene rubber (CR)

it is widely known as Neoprene, wasone of the first oil resistant syntheticrubbers. It can be considered as a goodgeneral purpose rubber with an excellent

balance of physical and chemical proper-ties. It has better chemical, oil, ozone

and heat resistance than natural rubberbut a rather lower level of physical prop-erties.CR is used in different technicalareas, mainly in the rubber industry,

but is also important as a raw materialfor adhesives (both solvent based andwater based, and has different latex ap-

plications such as dipped articles (e.g.gloves), moulded foam and improve-ment of bitumen.

.

.

.

( ( )

.

Chordate (pl. Chordata)

animal from the Chordata are the lastpeople of Zoology. It follows in the or-der the Division of echinoderms, whichare the highest group in the inverte-

brates. Chordata is also more complexanimals, and paper and progress in terms

of structure.

.

. .


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Chromatographyset of laboratory techniques for the sepa-ration of mixtures. It is used in biochem-istry and analytical chemistry to identifyand purify the individual components ofa mixture.

.

.

Chrysalis (pl. Chrysalises)pupa of a moth or butterfly enclosed in acocoon.

() .

Citadel (qalah)military fortress in a commanding posi-tion or near city wall where people couldgo in cases of danger.

.

Clampa device, usually of some rigid material,for strengthening or supporting objectsor fastening them together.

.

Class

Class of complex

Classificationassigning objects into groups withina system of categories. Classifying orgrouping similar objects helps in re-

trieval when the objects are required.

.

Classification of adhesivesAdhesives are classified according to:1) Classification by structure (thermoset-ting, thermoplastic, elastomeric),2) Classification by curing method (one

part, two parts),3) Classification by origin (synthetic ornatural)

:

(1 ( (

) (2(

(3 ( )

Clayit is a naturally occurring aluminium sili-cate composed primarily of fine-grainedminerals. Clay deposits are mostlycomposed of clay minerals, a subtypeof phyllosilicate minerals, which impart

plasticity and harden when fired or dried;they also may contain variable amountsof water trapped in the mineral structure

by polar attraction. Organic materialswhich do not impart plasticity may alsobe a part of clay deposits.

. ( )

( ) .

.


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CClay tabletsIn ancient times, small tablets made outof clay were used as a writing medium.From the 4th millennium BC in theSumerian, Babylonian, Assyrian andHittite civilizations of the Mesopotamiaregion, cuneiform characters were im-

printed on a wet clay tablet with a stylusoften made of reed. Once written upon,many tablets were dried in the sun or air,remaining fragile. Later, these unfiredclay tablets could be soaked in water andrecycled into new clean tablets. Othertablets, once written, were grilled in akennal or fired in kilns (or inadvertently,when buildings were burnt down by

accident or during conflict) making themhard and durable. Collections of theseclay documents made up the very firstarchives. They were at the root of firstlibraries. Tens of thousands of writtentablets, including many fragments, have

been found in the Middle East.

. 4

. .

.

(

) . .

.

.

Clayey (XNR 6105)

Clean

something that is clean is free fromdirt or unwanted marks. A clean fuel orchemical process does not create manyharmful or polluting substances.

.

.

cleaning processit is removing soil, corrosions, salts froma surface. This removing could be eitherdry or wet, and different devices andmaterials can be used for both types.

.

.

Cleaning the surface of wooden ob-

jects

Cleavagethe separation of the layers of paint fromthe ground of a painting, which maycause cracking and blistering betweenlayers. This eventually causes the paintto flake off.

.

.

ClubmossesLycopodiopsida is a class of plants oftenloosely grouped as the fern allies, andincludes the clubmosses.

.


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Coatedhaving a highly polished coating appliedto provide a smooth surface for printing,or having a coating, as of plastic, paint,or pyroxylin, to make it impervious tomoisture.

.

Coating (antiquities)it is a covering that is applied to thesurface of the antiquities. In many casescoatings are applied to improve thesurface properties of the substrate, suchas appearance, adhesion, wetability, cor-rosion resistance, wear resistance, andscratch resistance.

() .

.

Cohesion

in chemistry it is the intermolecularattraction between like-molecules.in geology it is the part of shear strengththat is independent of the normal effec-tive stress in mass movements.

.

.

Coina small piece of metal which is used asmoney.

Collectionthe body of acquired objects held in titleby a museum.

.

Collection managementall activities related to the care of acollection from the time an object isacquired. It covers documentationregistration, cataloguing; conservation,display and loan of objects.

.

Colony (pl. Colonies)

in politics and history, a colony is aterritory under the immediate politi-cal control of a state. For colonies inantiquity, city-states would often foundtheir own colonies. Some colonies werehistorically countries, while others wereterritories without definite statehood

from their inception. A Colony is mostlyruled by another state or can be runindependently.

()

.

. .

.


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CColorantit is something added to something elseto cause a change in colour. Colourantscan be: dyes, pigments, biological pig-ments, inks, paint, coloured chemicals.For example, colourants could be addingwhite to tint a paint, or black to shade a

paint, ultimately changing the colour orvalue.

.

Coloringthe act or method of applying color.

.

Colour fadingwhen a coloured object fades or whenthe light fades it, it gradually becomes

paler.

Colour matchingmatching is used to describe thingswhich are of the same colour or design.

.

Colour reactionthis is a chemical reaction that is used totransform colourless chemical com-

pounds into coloured derivatives whichcan be detected visually.

.

Colour Systemmethod of designating colours based onhue, (the attribute by which we distin-guish the color - blue, yellow, red, etc.),value (the lightness or darkness of thehue) and chroma (the intensity of thecolor or the amount of grayness the colorexhibits).

(

( ) ( ( ).

Common knowledgeit is that what everybody knows, usu-ally with reference to the community inwhich the term is used.

.

Component (pl. Components)a constituent part; element; ingredient.

( (

Compound objectit contains one or more so called primaryobjects and a set of associated second-ary objects. In most cases a compound

object contains only one primary objectbut multiple secondary objects.

.

.

Comprehensive


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Comprehensive course

Computed Tomography( C.T).it is a powerful nondestructive evalua-tion technique for producing 2-D and3-D cross-sectional images of an objectfrom flat X-ray images. Characteristics

of the internal structure of an object suchas dimensions, shape, internal defects,and density are readily available fromCT images.

.

.

Computed Tomography scan (C.T.scan)

Computed TomographyX-ray diffraction systema technique is described, analogous to

conventional CT, in which the x-raydiffraction properties of a stack oftwo-dimensional object sections may beimaged.

.

Computed Tompgraphy (C.T.)scanned data

Computer softwareit is the collection of computer programsand related data that provide the instruc-tions telling a computer what to do andhow to do it. We can also say softwarerefers to one or more computer pro-grams and data held in the storage of thecomputer for some purposes. Programsoftware performs the function of the

program it implements, either by directlyproviding instructions to the computerhardware or by serving as input to an-

other piece of software.

.

.

.

Computer traininglearning and practicing using the com-

puter and the various softwares of it.

.

Concentrationin chemistry, concentration is the mea-sure of how much of a given substancethere is mixed with another substance.This can apply to any sort of chemical

mixture, but most frequently the conceptis limited to homogeneous solutions,where it refers to the amount of solute inthe solvent.

.

.


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CConcentric bandsbands that are having a common center,as circles or spheres.

.

Conceptit is a cognitive unit of meaning, anabstract idea or a mental symbol some-

times defined as a unit of knowledge,built from other units which act as aconcepts characteristics.

.

Conclusionthe last main division of a discourse,usually containing a summing up of the

points and a statement of opinion ordecisions reached.

.

Condensation

the process by which a gas or vapourbecomes a liquid. In museums, galleriesand libraries, a change in relative humid-ity can cause condensation of water inthe cases, causing damage to objects.

.

.

Conditiona mode or state of being.

.

Condition assessmentact of obtaining information, by variousmeans, about the physical facts of anobject or structure. This information isthen assessed to check if the object orstructure is adequate for its intended use.

.

.

Condition examinationprocess usually encompassing the fol-lowing: document search, inspection,measurement, recording and analysis. Itmay also include testing of the materials

of the object and, in the case of struc-tures, occasinally load testing.

:

.

.

Condition of Deteriorationthe condition to make or become worseor lower in quality, value, character, etc.;depreciate.

.

Condition surveysystematic procedure for observingthe state of an object and recording the

information using specially designedsurvey forms so as to be available in reli-able form for use during the subsequest

phases.

.


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Cones

solids whose surface is generated by aline passing through a fixed point anda fixed plane curve not containing the

point, consisting of two equal sectionsjoined at a vertex.

.

Conifer (thin to leaf)any of numerous, chiefly evergreen treesor shrubs of the class Coniferinae (orgroup Coniferales), including the pine,fir, spruce, and other cone-bearing treesand shrubs, and also the yews and theirallies that bear drupelike seeds.

( )

.

Conifer treeare

classed as gymnosperms or plants withnaked seeds not enclosed in an ovary.These seed fruits are considered more

primitive than hardwoods. Conifers canlose their needles annually but most areevergreen. These trees have needle-likeor scale-like foliage and usually renewmany leaves annually (but not all everyyear). The foliage is usually narrow and

sharp-pointed or small and scale-like.

. .

.

( ).

.

Conifer type

Coniferales

profusely branching and chiefly ever-green trees and some shrubs havingnarrow or needlelike leaves.

.

Coniferous

the adjective of the coniferous type.

.

Conservationsaving and protecting historical objectsor works of art such as paintings, sculp-ture, or buildings.

Conservation activities

Conservation and restoration manneractions taken to strengthen an object orstructure or to bring it back to its former

condition. This is done by the applica-tion of gentle maintenance techniquesand limited invasive surgery as recom-mended in international charters.

.

.


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CConservation equipmentset of articles serving to equip conserva-tors and other specialists to carry out sci-entific enquiries and analytical investiga-tions needed to find information aboutthe technology and structure of artisticand historic works and the materialsfrom which they are made.

.

Conservation for archaeological

objects any act by a conservator thatinvolves a direct interaction betweenhim/her and the cultural material. Theseinteractive treatments could involvecleaning, stabilizing, repair, or even re-

placement of parts of the original object.It is essential that the conservator shouldfully justify any such work.

. : .

.

Conservation laboratoryplace where chemical and other scientificanalyses are carried out to examine andtreat cultural works using microscopes,spectrometers, X-ray machines and other

equipment to better understand objectsand their components. Data thus col-lected helps in deciding the conservationmethods to be provided to the object.

.

.

Conservation materialsthese materials include anything used inconservation of artifacts process, such aschemicals, tools, equipments, etc.

.

Conservation methodsthese include the processes that usu-ally artifacts being undertaking such asexamination, cleaning, stabelization,consolidation, gluing and restoring.

.

Conservation of a pottery

it is all or any treatment for ceramic, thatis include cleaning, gluing, stabilizing,consolidation, restoring, etc.

.


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Conservation of fragile textile objectsthe processes by which these items arecared for and maintained to be preservedfrom future damage. The concept applieson a wide range of artefacts includingtapestries, carpets, quilts, clothing, flagsand curtails. Many of these artifactsrequire specialized care, often by a pro-fessional conservator.

.

.

Conservation of tabletsthe main thing about conservation of tab-lets is that mainly they require consoli-dation before any other treatment.

.

Conservation philosophythe main principles can be summarised

as follows through extracts from somerelevant texts: 1. Minimum Intervention,2 Maximum retention of fabric, 3. Re-versibility, 4. Legibility, 5. Sustainability

1 2 : .4 .3

.5

Conservation planpreparation of a strategy for the long-term care of collections. Developing aconservation plan involves identifyingthe conservation needs of collections,

prioritising them and allocating resourc-es to deal with them.

. .

Conservation policythis should identify a managementstructure through which the conservation

policy is capable of being implemented.It should also identify:(1) those to be responsible for subse-quent conservation and managementdecisions and for the day-to-day man-agement of the place;(2) the mechanism by which these deci-sions are to be made and recorded;(3) the means of providing security andregular maintenance for the place.

.

:( (1

( (2

( (3 .

Conservation principlesconservation work should be guided byethical standards established in interna-tional guidelines like the Venice Charterand the Burra Charter, which call forminimum interference.

.


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CConservation processthese are mainly three stages which are:investigation, preservation and reveal-tion.

:

.

Conservation records

these contain all the documentations thatwere undertaken during the conserva-tion process, including treatment forms,conservation reports and any otherillustrations.

.

Conservation science laboratory

this type of laboratories usually arefurnished with more examinations andanalytical equipments and supplies,

such as microscopy of different kinds,samples preparation settings, etc.

.

Conservation strategy

a plan, method, or series of maneuversor stratagems for obtaining a specificgoal or result in any conservation treat-ment.

.

Conservation Techniques

are the techniques for treating artifactsduring storage, handling, display andpreservations.

.

Conservation theories

classical theories of conservation arewell known in the heritage community,

but in the last two decades thinking hasshifted, and classical theory has faced in-creasing criticism. Contemporary Theory

of Conservation brings together currentideas in conservation theory, presentinga structured, coherent analysis of thesubject for the first time.This leads on tothe creation of new paradigms such assustainability.

.

. .

Conservation tools

hese include all the devices that are used

in the different process of conservation.These are brushes, scalpels, woodensticks, spatulas, etc.

. .


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Conservation treatmentAll the activities undertaken to preserveitems of cultural heritage for the future.Among these activities re: examination,documentation, cleaning, and repair.

.

.

Conservation utilization

Conservator

Someone whose job is to clean and re-pair historical objects or works of art.

.

Conserve

to prevent injury, decay, waste, or loss.

.

Conserved materials

any material or artifact or object that

were treated to be preserved.

.Consolidate

to bring together (separate parts) into asingle or unified whole; unite; combine.

( )

.

Consolidationprocess of strengthening an object sothat it becomes more effective.

. .

Consolidation and stabilization of

flaking partsit is using chemcial materials to con-solidate the parts which are seperatedfrom the original, so that they will notfall down and to stabilize them on theiroriginal place.

.

Consolidation of stones

it is the process of using chemicals,

mainly chemicals to increase the strengthof the structure of the stone.

.

Consolidation process

the process of solidification or strength-ening the artifacts.

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Marii, F. y Ghaidan, U. Technical Vocabulay Cultural Property Conserv. 2011

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