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LOC 3Marine biotechnology forEnvironmental Problem

Solving 

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CHAPTER THREE

CONTENTS

3.1 Commercial bio-products from marineorganisms

3.2 Marine bio-lm and bio-sensor for bio-

remediation 

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Marine pollution: A

defnition• The introduction by man, directly or

indirectly, o substances or energy intothe marine environment, including

estuaries, which results or is likely toresult in such deleterious eects asharm to living resources and marine lie,hazards to human health, hindrance tomarine activities, including fshing andother legitimate uses o the sea,impairment o uality or use o seawater and reduction o amenities! "#orld$ealth %rganization&

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Main types o marine

pollution• 'etroleum "oil&

• (ewage sludge

• ))T and '*+s

• Mercury

• on-point-source pollution

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Marine pollution:

'etroleum• %il spills can

be caused by:

Tankeraccidents

.ntentionaldumping

)rilling/pumping operations

Figure 11-12

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Marine pollution:

'etroleum• 'etroleum is

biodegradable

• Many pollutione0perts consider oilto be among theleast damaging

ocean pollutants• )ata rom the 1232Exxon Valdez  oil spillshows the recoveryo key organisms

Figure 11-13

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Marine pollution:

'etroleum• 4arious

processes

act to breakup anddegrade oilin themarineenvironment

Figure 11-18

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Marine pollution:

'etroleum• #hen oil washes

up at a beach, it

can negativelyaect the marineenvironment

• %il can coatmarineorganisms andrender theirinsulating ur oreathers useless

Oil on the beach from the

 Exxon Valdez  oil spill, Alaska

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Marine pollution:(ewage sludge

• (ewage sludge isthe semisolidmaterial thatremains atersewage treatment

• Much sewagesludge was dumped

oshore until lawsrestricted sewagedumping

Figure 11-21

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Marine pollution: ))T

• ))T was a widely used pesticidethat became concentrated in

marine fsh• ))T caused brown pelicans andospreys to produce thin egg shells

• #orldwide, ))T has been banned

rom agricultural use but is stillused in limited uantities orpublic health purposes

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Marine pollution: '*+s

• '*+s are industrial chemicals usedas liuid coolants and insulation in

industrial euipment such as powertransormers

• '*+s enter the marine environmentthrough leaks and rom discarded

euipment• '*+s can accumulate in animal

tissues and aect reproduction

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Marine pollution:Mercury and Minamata

disease• Mercury has many industrial

uses but is e0tremely to0ic

• A chemical plant released largeuantities o mercury intoMinamata +ay, 5apan

• 6esidents who ate highlycontaminated fsh sueredneurological disease and birthdisorders "Minamata disease&

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Marine pollution: on-point- source pollution

• on-point-sourcepollution comes

rom materialwashed downstorm drains as7poison runo8

• .ncludesertilizers,pesticides, road

oil, and trash

Figure 11-26

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*urrent law regulating

ocean dumping• The only

substance

that isillegal todumpanywhere

in theocean isplastic

Figure 11-27

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'lastic in the marine

environment• 'lastic:

)oes not

biodegrade 9loats

$as highstrength

.s ingested byand entanglesmarine animals

Figure 11-28

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Majority of luminous bacteriaare found in nature in marine

environments and inassociation in symbiosis with

host organisms

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Bacterial luciferase isthe enzyme thatcatalyses light emissionat the heart of bacterialluminescence.

The DNA sequences

coding the proteins in theluminescent system arecalled the lux  genes.

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Photobacterium phosphoreum  is a type of bacterium whichdisplays luminescence i.e. itgives out visible light (shines)

How brightly it shinesdepends on how well thebacterium can respire

o Toxins (or poisons) reducePhotobacteriums  abilityto respire

o Therefore itcannot shine sobrightly

o !ou can usePhotobacterium  todetect (sense) toxins

o !ou can find out how toxic a substance is by addingit to Photobacterium  and measuring its brightness

o The more toxic the substance" the less brightly thePhotobacterium  will shine

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