Marine Debris Removal Efforts in
Guanabara Bay, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil
6IMDC – San Diego, CA
March 13, 2018
Rio de Janeiro: “Blessed by its nature”
2009: Rio to host the Olympics – Will
they be ready?
Let’s Clean Up the Guanabara Bay !!!
Guanabara Bay Drainage Basin
N
2
412 km2159 mi2
4,081 km21,575 mi2
Municipalities Surrounding the GB
Sanitation in the Guanabara Bay
Watershed
Sewage generation and treatment in Guanabara Bay Hydrographic Basin. Source: Coelho, 2007.
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• 8 million people
• Only 20% is served
by sewage treatment
• Raw sewage of 6
million people flows
into the Bay
• 35% expected to be
covered by 2018
Solid Waste in Guanabara Bay
• 73% of households had solid waste collection services
• ~ 3,800 tons/day were not collected
• Illegal dumping issue
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How the trash reaches the GB ?
Source: Grael, 2015
How the trash reaches the Bay?
Source: Sprehe, 2016
How Much Trash Reaches the GB?
INFORMATION QUANTITIES SOURCE
Data from Emmanuel Alencar (O Globo)
Amount of trash that reaches the GB (daily estimate)
80 t/day (2008) Elmo Amador, Environmentalist and Researcher
100 t / day (2013) Marinele Ramos, former president of INEA
Annual trash collected from 11 ecobarriers (annual)
4,714 t (2011)
INEA4,276 t (2012)
Amount of tires collected (2011 + 2012)Total: 2,878 tires
average: 4/day
Cost of repairs caused to vessels of Barcas S.A. R$ 2.3 million/year
CCR Barcas
(cleaning, divers team, replacement of filters, paitining, energy and maintenance) USD $ 700 millions
Data from Victor Coelho (2007)
Trash In the Guanabara Bay274 t/day of trash
Observations and estimates from the author
542 t/day of vegetation
Source: Grael, 2015
Floatable Trash Mobility
Source: Grael, 2015
Happy New Year ?
Copacabana Beach, 1st of January Source: UOL notícias
How to tackle this problem?
70% - PLASTICS
Clean Guanabara Program
Programa Guanabara Limpa – MARINE DEBRIS
• Zero Landfill Program
• Bay Without Trash Program
• PSAM - Guanabara Bay’s Watershed Sanitation Program
• Sewage Treatment Systems Expansion / Enhancement
Effluent Treatment Station (ETS) Alegria
ETS Pavuna
ETS Sarapuí
Paquetá Island Sewage Treatment
ETS São Gonçalo
9
Zero Landfill Program
Lixão Zero Program: Subprogram of the Pact for Sanitation designed by SEA
Improve proper SW disposal
Closing of 5 open-air landfills and illegal dumps and remediation of affected areas
Creation of Intermunicipal Consortiums
Reallocation of the Catadores (waste pickers) – important role on the recycling industry
Gramacho Landfill Source: The Business Insider
Closing of the Gramacho Landfill
• One of the world’s largest open-air landfills: 60 million
tons of trash
• Located near the ocean – debris and leachate pollution
• Closed after 34 years
• 5 k catadores
• Petrobras buys gas - 200 wells (CO2 & CH4)
• Carbon Credits and Biogas Sales
Source: O Globo
244 football fields
Closing of Garbage Dumps (Lixões)
Source: Grael, 2015
Baía Sem Lixo Program
Promoted by:
SEA –Environmental Secretary of RJ State
INEA – Environmental Institute of RJ State
Marine trash collection:
• Installation of Ecobarriers (trash booms) in strategic
rivers that flow into the GB
• Use of Ecoboats (trash skimmers) to collect floating
trash to be conveyed at Ecopoints
Ecobarriers
Ecobarrier at the Canal do Cunha. Source: Correia, 2017
17 installed in strategic locations: rivers responsible for 85% of the trash that flow into the Bay
Ecobarriers Locations
Source: PSAM - GIS
Trash collection - low or no mechanization OPEX (maintenance+ operations + disposal – USD $ 1700 / ton
Ecobarriers StatsMONTH DUMPSTER TONS
Aug-15 157.79 t
Sep-15 353.45 t
Oct-15 348.91 t
Nov-15 206.14 t
Dec-15 132.14 t
Jan-16 170.85 t
Feb-16 159.55 t
Mar-16 83.26 t
Apr-16 05 un 69.09 t
May-16 26 un 274.62 t
Jun-16 14 un 93.61 t
Jul-16 30 un 280.34 t
Aug-16 52 un 497.83 t
Sep-16 73 un 728.33 t
Oct-16 59 un 610.06 t
Nov-16 78 un 680.27 t
Dec-16 69 un 522.06 t
Jan-17 119 un 924.85 t
Feb-17 45 un 471.89 t
Mar-17 75 un 798.11 t
Apr-17 69 un 666.67 t
May-17 53 un 433.20 t
jun/17 - on going 34 un 374.44 t
TOTAL : 801.00 8,663.02
Ecobarriers Stats
ECO 1 ECO 2 ECO 3,4, 5, 6 E
7
ECO 8 ECO 9 ECO 10A
ECO 10B
ECO 11 ECO 13 ECO 14 ECO 15 ECO 16 ECO 17
BARREIRAS 180.24 t 3,014.87 95.11 t 403.20 t 2,106.21 2,813.32 1,936.83 1,412.66 167.74 t 21.52 t 39.56 t 197.37 t 37.05 t
180.24 t
3,014.87 t
95.11 t
403.20 t
2,106.21 t
2,813.32 t
1,936.83 t
1,412.66 t
167.74 t21.52 t 39.56 t197.37 t 37.05 t
MEDIÇÃO BARREIRAS
ECO 1 180.24 t
ECO 2 3,014.87 t
ECO 3, 4, 5, 6 E 7 95.11 t
ECO 8 403.20 t
ECO 9 2,106.21 t
ECO 10 A 2,813.32 t
ECO 10 B 1,936.83 t
ECO 11 1,412.66 t
ECO 13 167.74 t
ECO 14 21.52 t
ECO 15 39.56 t
ECO 16 197.37 t
ECO 17 37.05 t
TOTAL : 12,425.68
LEGENDA:
ECO 1 - CANAL DO MANGUE
ECO 2 - CANAL DO CUNHA
ECO 3 - CANAL DA VILA DOS PINHEIROS
ECO 4 - CANAL BAIXA DO SAPATEIRO
ECO 5 - NOVA HOLANDA
ECO 6 - RIO RAMOS
ECO 7 - CANAL DA RUA DARCY VARGAS
ECO 8 - RIO IRAJÁ
ECO 9 - RIO MERITI
ECO 10A - RIO IGUAÇU
ECO 10B - RIO SARAPUÍ
ECO 11 - RIO ESTRELA
ECO 13 - RIO IMBOAÇU MONTANTE
ECO 14 - RIO MARIMBONDO
ECO 15 - RIO BRANDOAS
ECO 16 - RIO BOMBA
ECO 17 - CANAL VILA DO MARUÍ
Source: INEA
Ecoboats
Source: INEA
12 Ecoboats4 tons collected/ day
Ecoboats routes
Tracking Trash – Deltares Operational
Forecasting System
Winds - Currents - Tides
http://guanabaralimpa.deltares.nl/
Ecoboats – Targeting the right location
Small ecoboat near the Museu of Tomorrow Source: Summers, 2017
Environmental Education
Projeto Grael – Rumo Náutico Institute
OndAzul Institute
Recycling Route
ReciColeta
Guanabara Bay’s Watershed Sanitation
Program (PSAM)
Goals:
• Help restore water quality in the Bay
• Increase WW collection & treatment in the watershed
• Develop institutional improvements - Governance
Funding SourcesAmount
( In US$ Millions)
Inter-American Development Bank 452.00
State Funding 188.00
Total Amount 640.00
PSAM – ETS Improvements
Pavuna ETS Improvements
Cidade Nova
Trunk Collector
Alcântara Sewage
System
Effluent Treatment Stations & Trash
Boys of the City of God walk on barrier in the Effluent Treatment Unit Pavuna at the river Arroyo: containment prevents avalanche of waste from reaching Lagoos of Barra da Tijuca.
Source: O Globo
PSAM Project - KCI’s Project Scope
Overall objectives:
• Assess the current conditions of the Bay
• Describe the main threats impacting its health
• Develop a restoration framework
Assessment based on existing data
Workshops (4): stakeholder involvement
Development of 2 main reports:
• Diagnostic of the State of the Guanabara Bay
• Environmental Restoration Plan Framework10
Why Look at Chesapeake Bay?
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Comparison to Baltimore – Washington
Metropolitan Region
Population • BWMR – 9.3 million
• RJMR – 8.6 million
Political• BWMR – 2 states, 13 counties
and 3 major municipalities
• RJMR – 1 state, 15 municipalities
Sanitation problems• BWMR - CSOs & SSOs, $4.8 B
sewage/drainage system restoration underway
• RJMR – 70-80% of sewage untreated, major infrastructure development underway
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Critical Factors for Bay Restoration
Critical Factors
Engagement of all citizens federal, state and local
government, universities businesses, NGOs
Restoration plan based on good science
Political leaders have signed a formal agreement
Dedicated funding
Fair and equitable restoration plan
Measurable commitments and deadlines with long-
term and short-term “2-year Milestones”
Transparent and regular reporting
Monitoring of restoration actions and water quality
Everyone held accountable for their actions or lack of
action
Public education at all levels
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Technical Cooperation Project
Approach
Project is a COOPERATIVE
EFFORT
PSAM
FBDS
KCI
UMCES
Masterplan
IDB
INEA
UFRJ
Other Universities
WatershedCommittees
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Technological Support
• Digital Platform
• Spatial Database – BDE
• PSAM-GIS
• Ecohealth
• Partiu Praia App
Spatial Database - BDE
PSAM MAPS - GIS
Guanabara Bay Report Card
Developed by the University of Maryland Center for Environmental Science (UMCES)GB Report Card Interactive Version: https://ecoreportcard.org/report-cards/guanabara-bay/
GB – Water Quality Monitoring
INEA – App: Public Awareness on
Water Quality
Conclusions
• The Olympic Games brought attention to Rio de Janeiro Marine Debris issue
• A lot of effort for a huge problem• Corruption scandals delayed programs• Lost of an opportunity ?• A lot of trash collected, no issues during the Olympics
sailing events, but• There is a lot to be done !
Thank you!