Date post: | 08-Jan-2018 |
Category: |
Documents |
Upload: | abner-kelley |
View: | 219 times |
Download: | 0 times |
Marine Mammal Issues in the GOA: Marine Mammal Issues in the GOA: IERP considerationsIERP considerations
Kate M. WynneUAF School of Fisheries and Ocean Sciences
Sea Grant Marine Advisory ProgramKodiak, Alaska
Diverse TaxaDiverse Taxa
• Pinnipeds• Sea Otters• Whales
BaleenToothed
Photo by Kathy Hough
Diverse HabitatsDiverse Habitats
Diverse Foraging StrategiesDiverse Foraging Strategies
Diverse Life Histories and StrategiesDiverse Life Histories and Strategies
K-selected
Homeotherms
Air-breathers
HIGH energetic demands
High Latitude Marine
Seasonal Migration and FastingSeasonal Migration and Fasting
5
15
25
35
45
55
65
-240 -220 -200 -180 -160 -140 -120 -100 -80
Hawaii
Mexic
Central America
Russia
Okinawa
Ogasawara
Philippines
Alaska
British Columbia
USA
North Pacific Humpback Whales – SPLASH 2004
Maternal Investment
variable energy storage capacityInsulation
b. b. TIMINGTIMING of prey availability is of prey availability is CRITICAL and VARIABLECRITICAL and VARIABLE
Bottomline #1
a. They are all here for the FOOD
Bottomline #2
b. Effects of change
a. They are significant consumers throughout the GOA
Diverse Issues and QuestionsDiverse Issues and Questions
Bottomline #3
Diverse Habitats
Diverse Life Histories
Diverse Prey and Foraging
Some Recovering and/or Increasing
Effects of change ?
Others Not Recovering and/or In Decline
Many Unknown
Differential Population Trajectories Differential Population Trajectories
Within species across GOA
Between sympatric species
Changes in Reproductive PatternsTiming of harbor seal puppingProlonged dependency of SSL pups ?
Changes in DistributionReflection of population status ?Change in prey abundance ? Temporal and spatial distribution ? Oceanographic anomolies ?
Kodiak Gray Whale Distribution 1999-2003
Is this an indicator of change• Gray whale population? • Climate? • Arctic productivity?
Year-round grays feeding in KodiakYear-round grays feeding in Kodiak
Why ? Why ?
Different processes at play ?Different processes at play ?
Diverse Habitats
Diverse Life Histories
Diverse Prey and Foraging
Mary Crivello photo
Top DownTop DownPredationDisease or Parasites Anthropogenic • Harvest, predator control, whaling• Bycatch • Contaminants : long-lived lipophiles
Direct effects on population structure
Residual effects on trophic structure
Bottom UpBottom Up
• Oceanographic / climate features and change ?
• Inter- or intraspecific competition ?
Anything that affects prey * availability at critical times
( * Zooplankton, bivalves, cephalopods, fish…….)