OLR (1988)35(5) 417

dominates in the potential vorticity. Detrainment from the current can occur when the gradient of isopycnal thickness dominates, and long, thin fila- ments of finite area are 'pinched off' into the surrounding water mass. This is verified using" a quasi-geostrophic model having piecewise uniform potential vorticity. Contour dynamical calculations for many initial conditions allow definition and tabulation of an entrainment/detrainment velocity, used for an order of magnitude estimate of heat or salt flux on an isopycnal surface in a warm core ring. Dept. of Oceanogr., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.

88:2623 Stern, M.E., 1987. Horizontal entrainment and

detrainment in large-scale eddies. J. phys. Oceanogr., 17(10): 1688-1695.

The evolution of disturbances on a circularly symmetric eddy having uniform vorticity in a central

core, in a surrounding annulus, and in the irrota- tional exterior water mass is computed. This vortex is unstable when its annular width is less than the core radius. Calculations for the nonlinear regime show that amplification of azimuthal wavenumber n = 2 causes the vortex to split into two dipoles, in agreement with previous calculations for a smoothed vorticity field. This paper concentrates on large- amplitude disturbances on the outer edge of a stable, robust eddy. Lateral wave breaking of vorticity isopleths causes intrusions of the exterior water mass into the central core of the vortex, a physical process relevant to lateral diffusion and isopycnal mixing in baroclinic ocean eddies. Similar intrusive features occur for an n = 1 disturbance, which also causes 'self-propagation' of the entire eddy. Large-ampli- tude disturbances can be initiated by external eddies or currents. A simple model exhibits filaments detraining from the eddy, as well as intrusive features. Dept. of Oceanogr., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.

B. MARINE METEOROLOGY

BI0. Apparatus and methods

88:2624 Enting, I.G. and J.V. Mansbridge, 1987. Inversion

relations for the deconvolution of CO 2 data from ice cores. Inverse Problems, 3(4):L63-L69. CSIRO Div. of Atmos. Res., Private Bag No. ,1, Mordialioc, Vic. 3195, Australia.

88:2625 Forbes, A.M.G., 1987. M E T S P A R - - a marine ME-

Teorological SPAR buoy. CSIRO mar. Labs Rept, 162:6pp.

The first configuration in a CSIRO instrument development program designed to provide a mete- orological data acquisition system, including a buoy and mooring suitable for long-term deployment in both shallow and deep water, Metspar is a spar buoy with radio beacon and Aanderaa meteorological instruments. Seven were built and deployed during the Australian Coastal Experiment (ACE) in 1983/84, which proved an ideal test for instruments,

buoys and moorings. Experience gained with Metspars contributed significantly to the next generation of offshore meteorological buoys, cur- rently on trial off Western Australia. CSIRO Div. of Oceanogr., Mar. Lab., GPO Box 1538, Hobart, TAS 7001, Australia.

B40. Area studies, surveys, weather

88:2626 Cadet, D.L. and Steve Greco, 1987. Water vapor

transport over the Indian Ocean during the 1979 summer monsoon. Part !I. Water vapor budgets. Mon. Weath. Rev., 115(10):2358-2366.

Over the Arabian Sea the terms of the moisture balance equation, except evaporation, strongly fluc- tuate depending on monsoon activity. The relative contribution to the monsoon moisture supply by water vapor transport across the Equator and Arabian Sea evaporation varies as monsoon inten- sity changes from active through break and back to

418 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1988) 3515)

revival. However, water vapor from the Southern Hemisphere is the major source of moisture for Indian rainfall. Convergence of water vapor flux is limited to the eastern part of the Arabian Sea whereas evaporation exceeds precipitation in the western Arabian Sea. Moisture budgets over the Bay of Bengal depend strongly on monsoon intensity and the amount of moisture advected across the western coast of India and into the Bay of Bengal by the monsoon circulation. A large percentage of the water vapor supplied by evaporation and boundary fluxes is transported toward Burma and Malaysia during active monsoon periods, fueling the heavy rainfall there. Lab. de Meteorol. Dynamique du CNRS, Ecole Polytech,, 91128 Palaiseau Cedex, France.

88:2627 Jacobeit, J., 1987. Variations of trough positions and

precipitation patterns in the Mediterranean area. J. Climatol., 7(5):453-476.

A period (September 1966 to August 1976) which could be covered by daily sets of 500 hPa airflow data in the Atlantic-European region and of pre- cipitation data at 101 Mediterranean stations was chosen to examine the variable distribution patterns of upper troughs in the Mediterranean area and their corresponding patterns of precipitation anomalies. Together with some circulation indices which have been calculated for the crucial upstream region of the North Atlantic, some basic tendencies con- cerning different circulation patterns and their consequences for the Mediterranean region could be outlined. Lehrstuhl fur Phys. Geogr., Univ. Augs- burg, Univ. str. 10, D-8900 Augsburg, FRG.

B50. Common atmospheric properties (temperature, humidity, etc.)

88:2629 Chen, Chaing and W.R. Cotton, 1987. The physics of

the marine stratocumulus-capped mixed layer. J. atmos. Sci., 44(20):2951-2977.

A I-D stratocumulus model incorporating cloud/ mesoscale effects, higher order turbulence, atmos- pheric radiation, partial condensation, and drizzle effects is developed and tested against observations. With the exception of elevated predictions of liquid cloud water, model results agree well with observed fields. Also investigated are interactions among the physical processes which contribute to the dynamics of the mixed layer. SASC Tech., 17 Research Dr., Hampton, VA 23666, USA. (emm)

88:2630 Hansen, James and Sergej Lebedeff, 1987. Global

trends of measured surface air temperature. J. geophys. Res., 92(D11): 13,345-13,372.

Surface air temperature data from meteorological stations over the period 1880-1985 are combined in a fashion designed to produce an accurate profile of long-term global temperature changes. Error esti- mates based in part upon comparisons to modelled changes of a full global data set indicate that meaningful results can be obtained for the past century. Regional and global warming trends (0.5- 0.7C °) obtained in this manner are discussed and compared to previous results. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Inst. for Space Studies, 2880 Broad- way, New York, NY 10025, USA. (emm)

88:2628 Kushnir, Yochanan, 1987. Retrograding wintertime

low-frequency disturbances over the North Pacific Ocean. J. atmos. Sci., 44(19):2727-2742.

Time-lagged correlation statistics using NMC ana- lyses of the 500-mb height field were computed (using data from 23 Northern Hemisphere winters (1957-80), and data from a GCM simulation were used to determine the characteristic behavior of high-latitude low-frequency disturbances. These disturbances propagate westward and have a life cycle of growth and decay lasting 3 wk. Temporal evolution of the energy and its conversions are composited, and the energy cycle indicates the kinetic and available potential energy of these disturbances grow and decay together, with con- tributions to growth from both baroclinic and barotropic conversions. Joint Inst. for the Study of the Atmos. and Ocean, Univ. of Washington/ NOAA, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

B80. Radiation

88:2631 Ackerman, S.A. and S.K. Cox, 1987. Radiative

energy budget estimates for the 1979 southwest summer monsoon. J. atmos. Sci., 44(20):3052- 3078.

Estimates of tropospheric and surface radiative energy budgets over six phases of the monsoon for the region 30°S to 40°N and 30°-100°E are obtained using observation-based radiative transfer models, and discussed in relation to monsoon activity. Large regional variations in total tropo- spheric convergence during January and February give way to cellular patterns in the latter 4 phases. Pronounced net surface radiative flux variation within and among phases is also observed. In both cases, heat flux variations are closely linked to

OLR (1988) 35 (5) B. Marine Meteorology 419

variations in cloud cover distribution and geograph- ical (continental vs. oceanic) location. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. (emm)

88:2632 Birman, B.A. and T.G. Pozdnyakova, 1985. Year-

to-year variation in radiation balance on the surface of the North Atlantic Ocean. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 285(6):214-216.

A study of large-scale variation in the radiation balance and its constituents, absorbed solar radia- tion and effective emission, is presented. Variability is measured as standard deviations from monthly mean values of these parameters as calculated from standard shipboard observations over the North Atlantic for the years 1957-1974. Possible rela- tionships of variability to other relevant meteoro- logical parameters (air and water temperatures, total cloud cover) are also considered. Hydrometeorol. Res. Center, Moscow, USSR. (emm)

BII0. Climate, climatology

88:2633 Bergman, K.H., 1987. Seasonal climate summary.

The global climate of September-November 1986: a moderate ENSO warming develops in the tropical Pacific. Mon. Weath. Rev., 115(10): 2524-2541. Climate Analysis Center, Natl. Meteorol. Center, NWS/NOAA, Washington, DC 20233, USA.

88:2634 Wilson, C.A. and J.F.B. Mitchell, 1987. A doubled

CO, climate sensitivity experiment with a global climate model including a simple ocean. J. geophys. Res., 92(Dll):13,315-13,343.

The sensitivity of a global climate model to in- creased atmospheric CO: concentrations is assessed and compared with earlier studies. The ocean is represented by a 50-m slab in which heat conver- gence due to oceanic dynamics is prescribed, producing an accurate simulation of SSTs, sea-ice extents, and associated features. Changes in surface temperature are qualitatively similar to those in earlier studies, although global warming is slightly larger. Simulated changes in hydrology agree broadly with studies made with higher horizontal resolution and prescribed changes in SSTs and include a drying over the northern mid-latitude continents. Many discrepancies in model responses can be traced to differences in simulations of

present-day climate. The choice of convective para- metrization appears to influence sensitivity of the simulated response in the tropics. Meteorol. Office, Met O 20, London Rd., Bracknell, Berks RGl2 2SZ, UK.

BI40. Air-sea interactions

88:2635 Deward, W.K. and G.R. Flierl, 1987. Some effects of

the wind on rings. J. phys. Oceanogr., 17(10): 1653-1667.

Simple air-sea momentum transfer models, includ- ing sea surface velocity and temperature, are con- sidered for their effects on Gulf Stream rings. Perturbing the stress calculation with sea surface velocity results in a 'top drag,' causing interior motions to decay. Numerical experiments suggest this mechanism can account for a significant fraction of observed isotherm subsidence rates in rings. Perturbing the stress calculation with a temperature sensitive drag coefficient produces a dipolar Ekman pumping field over a ring. For an eastward wind, the ring tends to self-propagate to the south. Using integral constraints to estimate the meridional propagation rate precisely, and for reasonable stress and thermal anomaly values, the estimate compares well with observations. Dept. of Oceanogr., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL 32306, USA.

88:2636 Donguy, J.R., 1987. Recent advances in the knowl-

edge of the climatic variations in the tropical Pacific Ocean. Prog. Oceanogr., 19(I):49-85.

The western Pacific may be described from two perspectives: as a heat pool that concentrates thermal energy and returns it to the atmosphere and the rest of the ocean; and as an area particularly sensitive to inter-annual oscillations associated with the E1 Nifio phenomenon. Conditions related to El Niflo can be distinguished as pre-, during-, and post-E1 Nifio. These different phases are described through consideration of the thermal profiles, sea levels and surface temperatures in the whole Pacific. The climatic consequences in the western Pacific are also pointed out. Groupe SURTROPAC, Antenne ORSTOM, IFREMER, B.P. 337, 29273 Brest Cedex, France.

88:2637 Geernaert, G.L., S.E. Larsen and F. Hansen, 1987.

Measurements of the wind stress, heat flux, and turbulence intensity during storm conditions over

,120 B. Marine Meteorology OIR 11988) 35 (5)

the North Sea. J. geophys. Res., 92(CI2): 13,127- 13,139.

Measurements of wind stress, three-component wind speed variances, and vertical flux of sensible heat were collected from a research platform in the North Sea in December 1985. Obtained using a sonic anemometer, the turbulence data represent an extensive range of wind speed conditions (5-30 m/s), and the air-sea temperature difference spanned from -3 ° to + 3°C. The data were collected from a boom extending 17 m west of the North Sea Platform at 33 m above the water surface. Results indicated that the 10-m-height neutral drag coefficient, exhibited a strong dependence on wave age, i.e., larger for growing waves than for steady state or decaying seas. Normalized turbulence statistics corroborated previous results. Naval Res. Lab., Washington, DC 20375, USA.

88:2638 Gryning, S.E., S. Joffre and J.C. Doran, 1987. The

Oresund experimentwwind and temperature structure over a land-water-land area. Boundary- layer Met., 41 (I-4): 309-318.

The project studies the atmospheric dispersion process and modifications in the wind field across the 20-km wide Oresund strait between Denmark and Sweden. The observational network extended over a 80-kin wide cross section through the Oresund. The dispersion process was investigated by SF,, tracer experiments. Wind and temperature data obtained on June 5, 1984 when the wate,' surface was colder than the land area are analysed. Near-surface winds accelerated over the water near the upwind coast, decelerated as the water fetch increased, and accelerated again as the second land surface was encountered. The complicated behaviour of the lower level wind fields is explained by a combination of roughness length changes and development of a shallow stable layer over the water inhibiting vertical momentum transfer. Riso Natl. Lab., DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark.

88:2639 Henderson-Sellers, B., 1987. Modelling sea surface

temperature rise resulting from increasing at- mospheric carbon dioxide concentrations. Cfim. Change, 1 i(3):349-359.

Results from two recent, independent studies using a simple box-diffusion model suggest that over the last 130 years, observations and models are not in disagreement. Although a diffusive deep ocean was included in the model, it is suggested the resulting ocean model offers an oversimplistic view of the oceanic contribution to the overall global atmos- phere-ocean climate system and that it is necessary

to add a convective capability to the water column. Using this approach, on a timescale of a century, SST increase is likely to be less by a factor of at least 3 than that previously forecast. Dept. of Math. and Computer Sci., Univ. of Salford, UK.

88:2640 Hessler, Gerd, 1987. Variability of turbulent momen-

tum fluxes over a tideland--a case study. Meteor- ologische Rdsch., 40(4): 108-118.

Detailed modelling of atmospheric processes over tidal zones requires accurate knowledge of tide- dependent variations in momentum transfer param- eters. Based upon wind profile measurements taken over a 16-day period, estimates are obtained for variations in roughness length, the momentum transfer coefficient, and friction velocity over the tidal cycle. Results support the view that tidal regions represent dynamically transient boundaries between land and sea. Inst. fur Meeresk., Abt. Maritime Meteorol., Dusternbrooker Weg 20, D- 2300 Kiel I, FRG. (emm)

88:2641 Lamb, P.J. and R.A. Peppier, 1987. North Atlantic

Oscillation: concept and an application. Bull. Am. met. Soc., 68(10):1218-1225.

The interannual variation of Moroccan winter precipitation is inversely related to the concurrent state of the NAO, and the relationship is relatively strong by the standards of recent research into the mechanisms of tropical and subtropical precipitation fluctuations. It is suggested that the NAO is of particular significance for the long-range prediction of Moroccan (and probably also Spanish, Portu- guese, and Algerian) winter precipitation, and that further research on this subject is warranted; several specific recommendations are made. Climate and Meteorol. Section, Illinois State Water Survey, Champaign, IL 61820, USA.

88:2642 Pereskokov, A.I. and K.N. Fedorov, 1985. Differ-

ential diffusive convection in ocean waters as a climate-forming factor. Dokl. Earth Sci. Sect. (a translation of Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR), 285(6): 203-206.

One of the authors recently demonstrated a rela- tionship between differential diffusive convection in salt fingers and development of large-scale oceanic structure and climatic conditions. In at least half the World Ocean, conditions favorable to the possibility of at least intermittent salt fingering exist. In this paper, the authors explore other possible large-scale,

OLR (1988) 35 (5} B. Marine Meteorology 421

long-term climatic consequences of this phenome- non. All-Union Res. Inst. of Hydrometeorol. Info., World Data Center, Obninsk, USSR. (emm)

88:2643 Rao, G.R.L. and V.S. Naidu, 1987. Ekman pumping

velocity in the Arabian Sea during Monex 1979. Indian J. mar. Sci., 16(2):126-128.

Daily variations of vertical velocity at the bottom of the surface mixed layer at the centres of two stationary polygons and the zonal wind stress component are studied using marine meteorological parameters obtained from Monex data set. The values of zonal wind stress agree with earlier reports, although some values in polygon II exceed the normal. This is attributed to the intensification of low level wind field prior to the onset vortex. Values of Ekman pumping velocity at the centre of polygon I differ from previous results. Strong positive values during onset phase (polygon II) are in fair agreement with earlier reports; this can be attributed to the presence of strong monsoon westerlies during this phase. Dept. of Meteorol. and Oceanogr., Andhra Univ., Waltair 530 003, India.

88:2644 Vugts, H.F., 1987. The influence of the tide on

rainfall in a tidal area. Weather, 42(I 1):342-346.

Based on the observation that tidal changes and water bodies in general appear to influence precip- itation, rainfall was monitored over an extended time interval on an island in the Dutch Wadden Sea. Both amount and intensity of rainfall were greater on average at low than at high tide, both over the tidal flats and on the adjoining mainland. The effect is attributed to variations in surface temperature (warmer at low tide) which alter convective stability of the overlying atmosphere. Inst. of Earth Sci., Amsterdam, Netherlands. (emm)

88:2645 Wyrtki, Klaus, 1987. Indonesian through flow and the

associated pressure gradient. J. geophys. Res., 92(C!2): 12,941-12,946.

Flow from the western Pacific to the eastern Indian Ocean through the Indonesian archipelago is gov- erned by a strong pressure gradient. Dynamic height computations determine average sea level difference as 16 cm; most of the pressure gradient is in the upper 200 m. The annual signal has a maximum during July and August and a January/February minimum. Interannual variations are not related to the Southern Oscillation thus there is little influence on the sea level difference. The mechanism of the

through flow is discussed, but determination of its numerical value must await direct measurements. Comparison of the sea level difference with results from a numerical model by Kindle shows satis- factory agreement. It is concluded that variability of the through flow can be monitored by sea level measurements. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Hawaii, 1000 Pope Rd., Honolulu, HI 96822, USA.

88:2646 Xu, Naiyou, Tiansong Mao and Qichun Xu, 1987. A

preliminary investigation of the influence of Kuroshio on the summer monsoon over the middle and lower Yangtze River. J. Shandong Coll. Oceanol., 17(1):26-33. (In Chinese, English ab- stract.) Dept. of Phys. Oceanol. and Mar. Meteorol., Shandong Coll. of Oceanol., Qingdao, People's Republic of China.

88:2647 Zebiak, S.E. and M.A. Cane, 1987. A model El

Nifio-Southern Oscillation. Mon. Weath. Rev., 115(10):2262-2278.

With no anomalous external forcing, the coupled atmosphere-ocean model reproduces certain key features including the recurrence of warm events at irregular intervals with a preference for three to four years. The mean SST, wind and ocean current fields determine the characteristic spatial structure of ENSO anomalies. The tendency for phase-locking of anomalies is explained in terms of a variation in coupling strength associated with the annual cycle in the mean fields. Both amplitude and time scale of the oscillation are sensitive to several parameters that affect the strength of the atmosphere-ocean coupling. Stronger coupling implies larger oscilla- tions with a longer time scale. A critical element is variability in the equatorial heat content of the upper ocean, which increases prior to warm events and decreases sharply during events. A theory for this variability and the associated transitions between non-El Nifio and E1 Niflo states is presented, and implications for prediction of E1 Nifio events are discussed. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Pali- sades, NY 10964, USA.

BI70. Circulation

88:2648 Bowman, K.P. and T.L. Bell, 1987. Latitude de-

pendence of eddy variances. Mon. Weath. Rev., 115(10):2395-2400. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.

422 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1988) 35 ~5~

BI80. Winds

88:2649 Gutzler, D,S., 1987. The annual and semiannual

cycles of the tropical wind field. Mon. Weath. Roy., 115(10):2553-2564.

Annual and semiannual harmonics of the wind field within 25 ° of the Equator at six tropospheric pressure levels are described, based on data from rawinsonde stations. The annual cycle in the zonal wind component is most prominent in the upper troposphere at subtropical latitudes, with maximum westerlies occurring late in each hemisphere's winter season. Significant amplitudes of the annual cycle in the meridional wind component are confined to layers about 150 mb thick at the bottom and top of the troposphere. The semiannual cycle is significant only in the zonal wind component. Near the Equator, the semiannual cycle in zonal wind has larger amplitude than the annual cycle. Atmos. and Environ. Res., Inc., Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

88:2650 Kitada, Toshihiro, 1987. Turbulence structure of a

sea breeze front and its implication in air pollution transportmapplicatiou of k-e turbulence model. Boundary-layer Met., 41(1-4):217-239.

The dynamical behaviors of eddy diffusivity, tur- bulent kinetic energy and its dissipation rate, associated with a moving sea breeze front, were predicted and analyzed. Results demonstrated the difference in turbulence structure between the thermal internal boundary layer and inland mixed layer, and double maxima structures of turbulence- related quantities in their vertical profiles just behind the sea breeze front. Properties of the computed sea breeze front agreed qualitatively with those of a gravity current in unstable environment observed by Simpson et al. (1977). The possibility that air pollutants released in the sea breeze layer might be trapped within the small circulating flow at the front and move with it, was shown in an advection simulation of hypothetical fluid particles using flows obtained. Dept. of Reg. Planning, Toyohashi Univ. of Tech., Tempaku-cho, Toyohashi 440, Japan.

88:2651 Mac Veigh, J.P., B. Barnier and C. Le Provost, 1987.

Spectral and empirical orthngonal function anal- ysis of four years of European Center for Medium Range Weather Forecast wind stress curl over the North Atlantic Ocean. J. geophys. Res., 92(CI2): 13,141-13,152.

Spatial and temporal variability in wind stress curl calculated from a new ECMWF data set is inves- tigated here, with an eye toward producing realistic

wind forcing for modelled studies of oceanic cir- culation dynamics. A discussion of spectral prop- erties of the wind stress curl field is followed by EOF analysis of the filtered data base. The major functional modes are combined to produce a derived curl field which is compared to the initial data set to evaluate its application potential. Ecole Natl. de la Meteorol., 31057 Toulouse, France. (emm)

88:2652 Smith, S.D. and P.C.P. Chandler, 1987. Spectra and

gust factors for gale force marine winds. Bound- ary-layer Met, 40(4):393-406.

Wind turbulence measurements obtained at a stable floating platform 10 km off the coast of Nova Scotia are unique in the range of wind speeds covered, and in freedom from influences of platform motion and flow distortion. Spectra of wind velocity components are presented according to Monin-Obukhov simi- larity theory. Gust factors for downwind, lateral and vertical components are reported for a range of gust durations and sampling intervals. Results are com- pared with published values, confirming the concept of similarity theory for spectra in gale force winds, and resolving a discrepancy among published gust factors. Bedford Inst. of Oceanogr., P.O. Box 1006, Dartmouth, NS B2Y 4A2, Canada.

B250. Clouds

88:2653 Wakimoto, R.M. and K.R. Durkee, 1987. A case of

two mesuscale eddies: an oceanic versus a continental comma cloud. Mon. Weath. Rev., 115(10):2202-2213.

One of these eddies formed over land, the other over the ocean. Comparisons are made between this study and the general class of mesoscale vortices (polar lows, polar vortices, and comma clouds) that are embedded within cold air masses. Similarities be- tween the land eddy and dry slot convection are also examined. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Calif., Los Angeles, CA 90024, USA.

B270. Precipitation

88:2654 Motell, C.E. and B.C. Weare, 1987. Estimating

tropical Pacific rainfall using digital satellite data. J. Climate appi. Met~ 26(10):1436-1446.

Statistical models that estimate tropical Pacific rainfall from polar-orbiter satellite data are based on

OI.R (1988) 35 (5) B. Marine Meteorology 423

the assumptions that rainfall is linearly related to bright visible and cold infrared irradiances. Three models were derived: one used visible and nighttime IR data, the second used only visible data and the third used an average. These models predicted between 62% and 67% of the variance of hindcast rainfall data measured. However, rainfall was under- predicted on high rainfall islands and vice versa. The third (averaging) method appeared to predict rea- sonable rainfall amounts throughout the tropical Pacific, and is thus the preferred model. Dept. of Land, Air and Water Resour., Univ. of Calif., Davis, CA 95616, USA.

B280. Storms, disturbances, cyclones, etc.

88:2655 Bluestein, H.B. and F.D. Marks Jr., 1987. On the

structure of the eyewall of Hurricane Diana (1984): comparison of radar and visual charac- teristics. Mon. Weath. Rev., 115(10):2542-2552.

Features seen in aerial and satellite photographs of the inside edge of the eyewall are compared with features seen in digitized three-dimensional airborne radar reflectivity data. The photographs show regularly spaced, upwind and downshear tilted striations in the northeast, east, and southeast sectors of the eyewall that are nearly collocated with upwind-tilted axes of relative reflectivity maxima of

15 dBZ. School of Meteorol., Univ. of Oklahoma, Norman, OK 73019, USA.

88:2656 Bonatti, J.P. and V.B. Rao, 1987. Moist baroclinic

instability in the development of North Pacific and South American intermediate-scale distur- bances. J. atmos. Sci., 44(18):2657-2667.

The Mak parameterization of latent heat release is discussed using a finite difference version of a quasi-geostrophic fl-plane model. His analytical results can be well reproduced with 20-layer vertical resolution. This finite difference version can be used for the study of baroclinic instability of observed (arbitrary) zonal wind and static stability vertical profiles with more realistic heating. This model with Chang profiles of heating is applied to the North Pacific oceanic polar air cyclones studied by Mullen and to an intermediate-scale (inverted) comma cloud system observed over central South America. The principal features of these disturbances are repro- duced by the model. The generation mechanism of polar cyclones and comma cloud disturbances seems to be baroclinic instability modified by latent heat

release. Inst. de Pesq. Espaciais, Min. da Cienc. e Tecnol., 12201 Sao Jose dos Campos, Sio Paulo, Brazil.

88:2657 Gunther, E.B. and R.L. Cross, 1987. Annual stun-

mary: eastern North Pacific tropical cyclones of 1986. Mort. Weath. Rev., 115(10):2507-2523. Eastern Pacific Hurricane Center. Natl. Weather Service/NOAA, Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.

88:2658 Jones, R.W., 1987. A simulation of hurricane landfall

with a numerical model featuring latent beating by the resolvable scales. Mon. Weath. Rev., 115(10):2279-2297. NOAA/AOML, Hurricane Res. Div., Miami, FL 33149, USA.

88:2659 Namias, J., 1987. Factors relating to the explosive

North Atlantic cyclone of December 1986. Weather, 42(10):322-325.

Based upon the repeated observation that intense synoptic events follow periods of sustained anom- alous circulation, the author analyzes circulation patterns during the month preceding the explosive cyclone of December 15, 1986. Monthly mean anomalies for this period are very large. The overall pattern is statistically stable and persistent, and wind patterns indicate a marked tendency to amplify cyclonic behavior, supporting the author's view that large-scale circulation anomalies predispose the atmosphere to favor singular events. Scripps Inst. of Oceanogr., La Jolla, CA 92093, USA. (emm)

88:2660 Yamasaki, Masanori, 1986. A three-dimensional

tropical cyclone model with parameterized cu- mulus convection. Pap. Met. Geophys., Tokyo, 37(4):205-234.

In an extension of the author's previous work, cloud water and rainwater appear in this model as predicted variables. Appropriate meteorological factors (e.g., convective-scale downdrafts and rain- water evaporation) are included. A general descrip- tion of the model and numerical simulations of mesoscale convections under varied conditions are included. 'Essential aspects of the parameterization scheme...and its shortcomings are discussed." Meteorol. Res. Inst., Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305, Japan. (emm)

424 B. Marine Meteorology OI.R (1988) 35 (5)

B 3 2 0 . P a r t i c u l a t e s (dust, aerosols, etc.)

88:2661 Berresheim, Harald, 1987. Biogenic sulfur emissions

from the subantarctic and Antarctic oceans. J. geophys. Res., 92(Di I): 13,245-13,262.

Measurements of atmospheric distributions of dimethylsulfide (DMS), SO,, methanesulfonate (MSA), non-seasalt-SO4: (nss-SO~"), and methyl- mercaptan (MESH) were made over the Drake Passage and coastal and inshore waters west of the Antarctic Peninsula. DMS was also measured in the surface ocean. The total sea-to-air flux of DMS from the Southern Ocean is estimated to be 0.2 Tmol yr ~. Average aerosol MSA concentration was surpris- ingly high relative to nss-SO~: ; both were found predominantly in fine particles. DMS residence time in the Antarctic marine atmosphere is estimated at 2-3 days (clear weather) and 6-7 days (overcast). Photooxidation of DMS in the Southern Ocean atmosphere may lead to higher MSA and lower SO, compared to other World Ocean areas. School of Geophys. Sci., Georgia Inst. of Tech., Atlanta, GA 30332, USA.

88:2662 Peltzer, E.T. and R.B. Gagosian, 1987. Sampling and

quantitation of Iipids in aerosols from the remote marine atmosphere. Analytica chim. Acta, 198: 125-144.

A procedure for the determination of biogenic lipids in aerosols and rain is presented. Sampling equip- ment, protocols, and procedures are described in detail, Mean recoveries measured relative to internal standards were on average 94.7%. The use of procedural blanks for aerosol samples yielded detection limits of 0.1-1.0 pg/m .~, lower than those obtained by comparable methods. Dept. of Chem., WHOI, Woods Hole, MA 02543, USA. (emm)

88:2663 Sicre, M.A., J.C. Marty, A. Saliot, X. Aparicio, J.

Grimalt and J. Albaiges, 1987. Aliphatic and aromatic hydrocarbons in different sized aerosols over the Mediterranean Sea: occurrence and origin. Atmos. Environ., 21(10):2247-2259. Grimalt: Dept. of Environ. Chem., CID-CSIC, Jordi Girona Salgado, 18-26, 08034 Barcelona, Spain.

B350. Pollution (see also C210-Chemical pollution, E300-Effects of pollution, F250-- Waste disposal)

88:2664 Maring, Hal, D.M. Settle, Patrick Buat-M~nard,

Francois Dulac and C.C. Patterson, 1987. Stable lead isotope tracers of air mass trajectories in the Mediterranean region. Nature, Lond., 330(6144): 154-156.

Industrial lead emissions outweigh natural emissions by two orders of magnitude and therefore determine the isotopic composition of atmospheric lead. Pre- liminary data indicate that stable lead isotopes are effective in identifying source regions for aerosols from a variety of industrial lead emission sources in complicated atmospheric systems such as the Med- iterranean region. Calif. Inst. of Tech., Div. of Geol. and Planetary Sci., Pasadena, CA 91125, USA.

B380. Forecasting 88:2665

DeMaria, Mark, 1987. Tropical cyclone track pre- diction with a barotropic spectral model. Mon. Weath. Rev., !!5(10):2346-2357.

A barotropic spectral model is developed to inves- tigate the possibility of forecasting tropical cyclone tracks with global general circulation models. The model has statistically significant skill for 24 and 36 h track forecasts, and for low-latitude storms, longer range skill compared to a model based on clima- tology and persistence, and greater skill than the operational SANBAR and moveable fine mesh models. The model's sensitivity to horizontal reso- lution, domain size, and specification of the initial vortex is tested. Hurricane Res. Div., NOAA, AOML, Miami, FL 33149, USA.

88:2666 McBride, J.L. and G.J. Holland, 1987. Tropical-

cyclone forecasting: a worldwide summary ol techniques and verification statistics. Bull. Am. met. Soc., 68(10):!230-1238.

Questionnaire replies from forecasters in 16 tropi- cal-cyclone warning centers are summarized to provide an overview of the current state of the science in tropical-cyclone analysis and forecasting. Information is tabulated on the data sources and techniques used, their role and perceived usefulness, and the levels of verification and accuracy of cyclone forecasting. Bur. of Meteorol. Res. Centre, Melbourne 3001, Australia.