OLR(1986)33(2) 113

vortices. Geophys. astrophys. Fluid Dynam., 33(1):35-61.

When two hetons (pairs of opposing vortices) which initially have different breadths collide, the result is either an exchange of partners, or a 'slip-through' collision in which the initial structures are preserved. The outcome is always an exchange if the defor- mation radius is sufficiently small. This strongly contrasts with a collision between pairs of classical, one-layer vortices in which no exchange occurs if the initial ratio of the breadths is sufficiently extreme. A pair of vortices in the top layer transports no lower layer fluid if the distance between the vortices is less than 1.72 deformation radii. By contrast, the size of the region trapped by a heton increases without bound as the spacing between the vortices increases. Dept. of Earth, Atmos. and Planet. Sci., MIT, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

A330. Books, collections (general)

86:0769 Timchenko, I.E. and E.T. Premuzic (translator),

1984. Stochastic modeling of ocean dynamics. Harwood Academic Publishers, New York; 311 pp. (Russian original; Kiev, USSR, 1981.)

The general problems of statistically analyzing in-situ and remote measurements (synchronous and asynchronous) for constructing a dynamic-stochastic ocean state model are addressed. Separate chapters outline the basic kinds of information required of such a model, methods of model construction, model applications, and data requirements for upper ocean monitoring. The modelling work is compared with experimental observations from SOVFRANCE II and POLYMODE. Mar. Hydrophys. Inst., Ukranian SSR Acad. of Sci., Sevastopol, USSR. (fcs)

B. MARINE METEOROLOGY

B10. Apparatus and methods

86:0770 Black, P.G., R.C. Gentry, V.J. Cardone and J.D.

Hawkins, 1985. Seasat microwave wind and rain observations in severe tropical and midiatitude marine storms. Adv. Geophys., 27:197-277.

During its lifetime (June 26-October 10, 1978) Seasat completed 126 passes over 21 Northern Hemisphere tropical hurricanes and typhoons and 179 passes over 20 tropical storms. About 10 of these are overviewed here, along with one severe midlat- itude storm for which high quality surface truth data were available. Tropical storm structure, microwave remote sensing of storms, and Seasat sensor meas- urements of surface wind, rain rate and cloud patterns are reviewed; individual storms are ana- lyzed and satellite measurements compared with surface truth data. AOML, Hurricane Res. Div., Miami, FL, USA. (msg)

86:0771 Fontan, Jacques (comment) and M.A. Kritz (reply),

1985. Comment on: 'Use of long--lived radon daughters as indicators of exchanges between the free troposphere and the marine boundary layer.'

J. geophys. Res., 90(D5):8165-8166. Lab. d'Aerol., Lab. CNRS no. 354, Univ. Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.

86:0772 Griffith, C.G. and L.S. Fedor, 1985. [Estimation of]

precipitation in tropical cyclones. Adv. Geophys., 27:393-417.

The estimation of precipitation from satellite image- ry is not new, but it rarely has been applied to cyclone conditions. Here applications to such con- ditions are described in which visible, infrared and microwave data are combined. NOAA, Weather Res. Prog., Environ. Res. Lab., Boulder, CO, USA. (fcs)

86:0773 Nutmagul, W. and D.R. Cronn, 1985. Determination

of selected atmospheric aromatic hydrocarbons at remote continental and oceanic locations using photoionization/flame-ionization detection. J. atmos. Chem., 2(4):415-433. Lab. for Atmos. Res., Washington State Univ., Pullman, WA 99164-2730, USA.

114 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1986) 33 (2)

B40. Area studies, surveys, weather

86:0774 Luthardt, H., 1985. Estimation of mesoscale surface

fields of meteorological parameters in the North Sea area from routine observations [KonTur Results]. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 58(2):255-272.

The fields computed from a numerical analysis of surface fields of pressure and wind from routine surface observations are in fair agreement with observations, provided an extensive data quality control is applied. The already existing network yields a sufficient data base for representing inten- sive mesoscale structures. Time series of mean meteorological parameters as well as bulk surface fluxes and mean flow divergence are estimated from the analyzed fields at a central North Sea point; the analysis does not include any temporal fitting of consecutive measurements and thus requires only spatial information at the time of report. The observed consistent temporal development of the fields, despite the fairly noisy data, gives confidence in the analysis procedure. Meteorol. Inst., Univ. Hamburg, FRG.

B50. Common atmospheric properties ( tempera ture , humidi ty , etc.)

86:0775 Bischof, W., R. Borchers, P. Fabian and B.C.

Krtiger, 1985. Increased concentration and vet- tical distribution of carbon dioxide in the strat- osphere. Nature, Lond., 316(6030): 708-710. Dept. of Meteorol., Univ. of Stockholm, S-10691, Stockholm, Sweden.

86:0776 Saltzman, E.S., D.L. Savoie, J.M. Prospero and R.G.

Zika, 1985. Atmospheric methanesulfonic acid and non-sea-salt sulfate at Fanning and Amer- ican Samoa [islands, South Pacific]. Geophys. Res. Letts, 12(7):437-440.

Mean concentrations were 0.045 /xg/m 3 MSA and 0.67 /tg/m 3 non-sea-salt (nss) sulfate at Fanning; concentrations for American Samoa were 0.026 and 0.41 /~g/m 3, respectively. Significant correlation between MSA and nss sulfate existed at both stations, with a mean MSA/nss sulfate ratio of 0.065. Overall higher levels at Fanning apparently reflect regional b iological p roduc t iv i ty differences. RSMAS, Univ. of Miami, FL, USA.

BII0. Climate, climatology

86:0777 Hansen, J., G. Russell, A. Lacis, I. Fung, D. Rind

and P. Stone, 1985. Climate response times: dependence on climate sensitivity and ocean mixing. Science, 229(4716):857-859.

How fast the global climate responds to increasing levels of atmospheric CO 2 and other trace gases depends on (1) how much feedback amplification will occur, and (2) how much and how fast the oceans will absorb heat. Neither is known with any certainty, but it can be shown that if the equilibrium climate response is 3°C or more, most of the expected warming due to increases in CO 2 since 1850 probably has not yet occurred. This is truer still for the other greenhouse gases 'whose effect is domi- nated by chlorofluorocarbons added since 1960.' The implications of all this for 'wait and see' policies, as well as for research priorities, are noted. NASA Goddard Space Flight Center, Inst. for Space Studies, 2880 Broadway, NY 10025, USA. (slr)

86:0778 Lorius, C. et al., 1985. A 150,000-year climatic record

from Antarctic ice. Nature, Lond., 316(6029): 591-596.

During much of the Quaternary the Earth's climate has undergone drastic changes, most notably suc- cessive glacial and interglacial episodes. The past 150 kyr includes such a climatic cycle: the last inter- glacial, the last glacial and the present Holocene interglacial. A new climatic-time series for this period has been obtained using ~80 data from an Antarctic ice core. Lab. de Glaciol., CNRS, BP96, 38402 Saint Martin d'Heres Cedex, France.

86:0779 Watts, R.G., 1985. Global climate variation due to

fluctuations in the rate of deep water formation. J. geophys. Res., 90(D5):8067-8070.

A simple climate model that includes a horizontally averaged deep ocean with vertical diffusive and advective exchange indicates that variations in the rate of deep water formation can cause substantial global climatic fluctuations. Mech. Engrg. Dept., Tulane Univ., New Orleans, LA, USA.

86:0780 Wigley, T.M.L. and M.E. Schlesinger, 1985. Ana-

lytical solution for the effect of increasing CO 2 on global mean temperature: corrigenda. Nature 315, 649-652 (1985). Nature, Lond., 316(6029):p.657.

OLR (1986) 33 (2) B. Marine Meteorology 115

86:0781 Yiou, F., G.M. Raisbeck, D. Bourles, C. Lorius and

N.I. Barkov, 1985. 1°Be in ice at Vostok, Antarc- tica, during the last climatic cycle. Nature, Lond., 316(6029):616-617.

The recovery of a 2083-m ice core at Vostok, Antarctica, together with an extended oxygen iso- tope chronology reported elsewhere in this issue, permits an extension of t°Be studies over the whole of the last climatic cycle ( ~ 125 kyr). Measurements show an excellent correlation with the oxygen isotope and thus, presumably, climate record over the whole of this period. The results imply that precipitation rates in the Antarctic during the last interglacial were similar to those of the Holocene, but were roughly halved during the last glaciation. Lab. Rene Bernas, CSNSM, 91406 Orsay, France.

B140. Air-sea interactions

86:0782 D'Asaro, E.A., 1985. The energy flux from the wind

to near-inertial motions in the surface mixed layer. J. phys. Oceanogr., 15(8): 1043-1059.

The forcing of mixed layer inertial motions is highly intermittent; most occurs during the winter months, with a few dozen events accounting for typically over half the total energy flux. Major forcing events are usually associated with translating cold fronts or small lows with scales of about 100 kin. The larger, synoptic scale features have little energy at the inertial frequency and thus result in only weak forcing of inertial currents. A strong seasonal signal exists. Results suggest that climatological models will need to be tuned to local conditions. Coll. of Ocean and Fish. Sci., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98105, USA.

86:0783 Demin, B.T., S.A. Ermakov, E.N. Pelinovsky, T.G.

Talipova and A.I. Sheremet'eva, 1985. A study of elastic features of sea surface--active films. Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 21(4):410-416. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Surface-active material's (SAM) elasticity and con- centration decreased as wind velocity reached 5-6 m/s; film relaxation time increased with increased wind velocity. The relation between film elasticity and SAM concentration was determined. (lit)

86:0784 Fu, Congbin and J.O. Fletcher, 1985. The rela-

tionship between Tibet-tropical ocean thermal

contrast and interannual variability of Indian monsoon rainfall. J. Climate appl. Met., 24(8): 841-847.

For the period 1954-1979, interannual variability of Indian monsoon rainfall correlates highly with the thermal contrast between the Tibetan Plateau and the Equatorial Cold Tongue. An index of this thermal contrast is defined as the departure from the mean of the difference between the ground surface temperature of the TP and the surface temperature of the ECT; it correlates more strongly with Indian monsoon rainfall (0.61) than does either alone. When the thermal contrast index is strong, it is a better indicator of Indian monsoon rainfall than when it is weak. CIRES, Univ. of Colorado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

86:0785 Gordon, N.D., 1985. The Southern Oscillation: a

New Zealand perspective. Jl R. Soc. N.Z., 15(2):137-155.

The Southern Oscillation, the dominant signal in interannual variations of global climate, involves an aperiodic exchange of atmospheric mass between the Indonesian area and the southeast Pacific, and is intimately related to the E1 Niflo phenomenon. Research contributing to the current understanding of the Southern Oscillation is reviewed; particular emphasis is given to the associated effects on New Zealand weather, and implications for seasonal forecasting in New Zealand. New Zealand Meteorol. Serv., P.O. Box 722, Wellington, New Zealand.

86:0786 Hamilton, Kevin, 1985. A possible relationship

between tropical ocean temperatures and the observed amplitude of the atmospheric (1,1) Rossby normal mode. J. geophys. Res., 90(D5): 8071-8074.

Space-time spectral analysis of twice daily, Northern Hemisphere sea-level pressure grids was compared with SST averaged over a large region in the tropical eastern Pacific. A positive correlation existed be- tween the ocean temperature and the pressure variance at the zonal scales and frequencies gener- ally associated with the gravest, westward propa- gating, zonal wave number 1, symmetric normal- mode Rossby wave. SST variations in the tropical Pacific are known to be accompanied by large changes in the distribution of tropical precipitation; the present results suggest that latent heat release may be a major excitation mechanism for the (1,1) Rossby normal mode. Dept. of Meteorol., McGill Univ., Montreal, PQ, Canada.

116 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1986) 33 (2)

86:0787 Hyson, P. (comment) and S.B. Idso (reply), 1985.

Comments on 'What if increases in atmospheric CO2 have an inverse greenhouse effect? I. Energy balance considerations related to surface alhedo.' J. Climatol., 5(4):463-464. CSIRO, Div. of Atmos. Res., Private Bag No. 1 Mordialloc, Vic. 3195, Australia.

86:0788 Kessler, R.C., D. Eppel, R.A. Pielke and J.

McQueen, 1985. A numerical study of the effects of a large sandbar upon sea breeze development. Archs Met. Geophys. Bioclim., (A)34(1):3-26.

The presence of extensive sandbars (extending up to 15-20 km out to sea) along the North Sea coast of Germany suggests that their inundation may affect local air flow. A 2-D numerical model of sea breeze development that includes a detailed treatment of soil moisture showed that the mesoscale airflow patterns are affected by sandbar inundation, the contrast between the wet sandbar and dry land, and the Baltic sea breeze. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Colorado State Univ., Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA. (msg)

86:0789 Koprov, B.M., 1985. On the structural characteristics

of air temperature above the sea. Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 21(5):485-491. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Small-scale air temperature distribution 14 m above the sea surface is measured during unstable condi- tions, and the relationships of this structure to standard meteorological measurements are inves- tigated. (fcs)

86:0790 Lau, K.-M., 1985. Elements of a stochastic--dynamical

theory of the long-term variability of the El Nifio/Southern Oscillation. J. atmos. Sci., 42(14): 1552-1558.

Three basic processes, i.e., unstable air-sea inter- action, the seasonal variation and stochastic forcings from high-frequency (relative to ENSO) transients, are identified to be the crucial factors leading to the long-term behavior of the tropical ocean-atmos- phere system. It is hypothesized that the occurrence of the ENSO is the result of an inherent instability in the tropical ocean-atmosphere triggered by sto- chastic forcings. Such a process is strongly modu- lated by the seasonal variation. Lab. for Atmos., NASA/Goddard Space Flight Center, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.

86:0791 Melfi, S.H., J.D. Spinhirne, S.-H. Chou and S.P.

Palm, 1985. Lidar observations of vertically organized convection in the planetary boundary layer over the ocean. J. Climate appl. Met., 24(8):806-821.

Data revealed well-organized, regularly spaced cellular convection with dominant spacial scales between two and four times the height of the boundary layer over the Atlantic during a cold air outbreak. Lidar can accurately measure PBL struc- ture with high vertical and horizontal resolution. Parameters important for PBL modelling such as entrainment zone thickness, entrainment rate, PBL height and relative heat flux can be inferred from the lidar data. It is suggested that wind shear at the PBL top may influence both entrainment and convective cell size. Goddard Lab. for Atmos. Sci., NASA, Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.

86:0792 Reed, R.K., 1985. An estimate of the climatological

heat fluxes over the tropical Pacific Ocean. J. Climate appl. Met., 24(8):833-840.

Weather reports for the 1970s were used to derive the mean annual distributions of surface properties and to compute the surface fluxes of heat over the tropical Pacific. The net heat flux obtained was greater than other estimates, and there is an annual heat gain by the ocean everywhere between 20°N and 20°S; amounts and patterns appear plausible when compared with major features of the ocean circulation. Analyses of seasonal cycles of SST, net heat flux, and wind speed suggest that, except off Peru and near the Equator, the seasonal variation of surface temperature is caused by variations in surface heat flux. PMEL, NOAA, Seattle, WA 98115, USA.

86:0793 Rozhdestvensky, A.E. and M.V. Semenov, 1985.

Model interpretation of the annual cycle of temperature fields in the near-surface air and water boundary layers over the World Ocean. Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 21(5):537-542. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Phase differences between ocean and atmospheric boundary layer temperatures are investigated and used to model ocean-atmosphere heat interactions for the World Ocean. (fcs)

86:0794 Teixeira, L. and E.R. Reiter, 1985. Sea surface

temperature, rainfall and Southern Oscillation: relationships over tropical America. Archs Met. Geophys. Bioclim., (A)34(1):85-109.

OLR (1986) 33 (2) B. Marine Meteorology 117

A long-term decrease in SST in the western tropical North Atlantic and the east Pacific was accompa- nied by a long-term rainfall decrease in the Car- ibbean and a rainfall increase in northeast Brazil from 1962 to 1978. Spectrum analyses suggest a quasi-biennial periodicity in the east Pacific SST, followed 6 months later by a weaker signal in the Caribbean SST. High correlations between Carri- bean SST anomalies and the Southern Oscillation were established. Colorado State Univ., Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Fort Collins, CO, USA. (mwf)

86:0795 Zakharova, O.K. and E.K. Butner, 1985. Effects of

physical and hydrochemical factors on CO 2- absorption by the ocean. Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 21(5):521-527. (In Russian, English abstract.)

The sensitivity of the atmosphere to anthropogenic CO 2 releases is investigated in terms of release rates, rates of exchange between air and sea and upper and deep ocean, and biomass buffering capacity. (fcs)

BI70. Circulation

86:0796 Chang, C.-P. and K.G. Lum, 1985. Tropical-mid-

latitude interactions over Asia and the western Pacific Ocean during the 1983/84 northern winter. Mort. Weath. Rev., 113(8):1345-1358. Dept. of Meteorol., Naval Postgrad. Sch., Mon- terey, CA 93943, USA.

86:0797 Huang, Huo-Jin and D.G. Vincent, 1985. Signif-

icance of the South Pacific Convergence Zone in energy conversions of the Southern Hemisphere during FGGE 10-27 January 1979. Mon. Weath. Rev., 113(8):1359-1371.

A modified set of Level III-b grid point analyses is used to diagnose the circulation features and energy conversions in the Southern Hemisphere. One of the dominant features during the period was the South Pacific Convergence Zone (SPCZ), a large-scale, quasi-stationary, convectively-active cloud band over the South Pacific Ocean. The study focuses on the significance of the SPCZ on energy conversions by partitioning the conversions into zonal and eddy (transient and standing) components. The mean state is examined for a 15-day period, 10-24 January, when the SPCZ was most active. After 24 January it dissipated. Daily variations are examined for the entire period and a zonal wavenumber analysis for wavenumbers 1-15 is performed. Atmos.

Sci. Prog., Univ. of North Carolina, Asheville, NC 28804, USA.

86:0798 Lagun, V.Y. and V.F. Romanov, 1985. Atmospheric

synoptic eddies over the ocean. Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 21(5):474-484. (In Russian, English abstract.)

Field data from POLEX-North-79 are used to analyze synoptic eddies over the Norwegian Sea. The formation, localization and role of such eddies in air-sea exchanges are discussed. (fcs)

B220. Waves

86:0799 Brtimmer, Burghard, 1985. Structure, dynamics and

energetics of boundary layer roils from KonTur aircraft observations [KonTur Remltsl. Beitr. Phys. Atmos., 58(2):237-254.

Boundary layer rolls over the North Sea were maintained through shear forces in two cases and through buoyancy forces in one case. The mean kinematic and thermodynamic state of the atmos- phere in which the rolls occurred, bulk roll param- eters (orientation, wave number and vertical depth; amplitudes and phases of the roll-scale quantities as a function of height) are discussed. The analysis covers the total depth of the roll layer including the cloud layer. Max-Planck-Inst. fur Meteorol., Ham- burg, FRG.

B280. Storms, disturbances, cyclones, etc.

86:0800 Gunther, E.B. and R.L. Cross, 1985. Eastern North

Pacific tropical cyclones of 1984: annual sum- mary. Mon. Weath. Rev., 113(8): 1393-1410. East- ern Pacific Hurricane Center, NOAA, Natl. Weather Serv., Redwood City, CA 94063, USA.

86:0801 Lawrence, M.B. and G.B. Clark, 1985. Atlantic

hurricane season of 1984: annual summary. Mon. Weath. Rev~ 113(7): 1228-1239. Natl. Hurricane Center, NWS, NOAA, Miami, FL 33146, USA.

118 OLR (1986) 33 (2)

86:0802 Pandolfo, J.P., 1985. Preliminary estimates of the role

of mesosynoptie scale sea surface temperature features in fostering explosive midlatitude cycio- genesis. Mon. Weath. Rev., 113(8):1417-1420.

It is quite possible that an understanding of explosive cyclogenesis (pressure drops of > lmb/hr for 24 hr) is necessary to formulate realistic GC models; but, in any event, an understanding is important to operational forecasting. The expla- nation clearly lies in the difference between oceanic and continental environments and, more particu- larly, in phenomena associated with large horizontal gradients of SST (~10C°/200 kin) associated with warm currents. This note presents order of mag- nitude estimates for potential vorticity generation rates in the lowest hundred meters above such areas, although 'it is not intended to suggest that lower boundary conditions are the only factor influencing "bomb" inception.' Center for the Environment and Man, Inc., Hartford, CT 06120, USA. (fcs)

B 3 2 0 . P a r t i c u l a t e s (dust, aerosols, etc.)

86:0803 Schneider, J.K. and R.B. Gagosian, 1985. Particle

size distribution of lipids in aerosols off the coast of Peru. J. geophys. Res., 90(D5):7889-7898.

The terrestrially derived components of three com- pound classes (fatty alcohols, wax esters, and n-alkanes) showed similar particle size distributions. They are relatively evenly distributed over the whole particle size range, suggesting (1) little modification by short-range transport offshore and (2) insignif- icant gas-particle partitioning for these materials. Atmospheric flux to the sea surface via both wet and dry deposition is not significant in relation to the flux through the euphotic zone of the water column for two lipids of terrestrial origin. No significant recycling from the sea surface back into the atmosphere was observed for lipid compounds of terrestrial origin. Swiss Fed. Inst. for Water Res. and Water Pollution Control, Dubendorf, Switzerland.

C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

C10. Apparatus and methods

86:0804 Domanov, M.M. and M.V. Anisimov, 1985. Statis-

tical processing of data on relative ionic compo- sition of seawater. Okeanologiia, 25(3):449-452. (In Russian, English abstract.)

86:0805 Hydes, D.J., 1985. The use of a microcomputer for

data acquisition and reduction from a continuous flow analysis system for use at sea. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 21(1):121-125.

Details are given of a microcomputer-controlled continuous flow analysis system which has been used successfully for shipboard determination of micro- nutrients in seawater. The important steps in constructing the computer program to deal with the reduction of the data are discussed. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Wormley, Godalming, Surrey GU8 5UB, UK.

86:0806 Hydes, D.J. and N.C. Hill, 1985. Determination of

nitrate in seawater: nitrate to nitrite reduction with copper-cadmium alloy. Estuar. coast. Shelf Sci., 21(1):127-130.

Construction of a reductor column for use during continuous flow analysis at sea is described. Novel use is made of Cd-Cu alloy crushed to between 500 and 350/tm. Its performance is similar to that of the cadmium wire type of reductor but offers advantages of easier preparation and control of reductor volume. Inst. of Oceanogr. Sci., Wormley, Godal- ruing, Surrey GU8 5UB, UK.

86:0807 Luo, Jiuru, 1985. Model J D C I - I precision conduc-

tivity ratio measurement system. IEEE JI ocean. Engng, OE-10(3):324-331. Inst. of Ocean Tech., Natl. Bur. of Oceanogr., Tianjin, People's Re- public of China.