OLR (1990) 37 (9)

entrance to the Santa Barbara Channel, would haverelatively low waves. These gradients of wave energydepend on the velocity distribution of the eddy andthe group velocity of the waves. CtT. for Mar. Sci.,Univ. of S. Mississippi, Stennis Space Ctr., MS39529, USA.

90:5089Sheres, David and K.E. Kenyon, 1990. An eddy,

coastal jets and incoming swell aU interactingnear Pt. Conception, CalHornia. Int. J. RemoteSens; 11(1):5-25.

Observations of ocean features and their interactionnear Pt. Conception, California, are reported for atwo-month period during the early spring of 1983 atthe time of the EI Nino. The development of a bodyof warm water into a clockwise rotating eddy isdescribed; the observed increase in the eddy spatialscale compares favorably with the value calculatedfrom a model of geostrophic adjustment. Thesubsequent interaction of the warm core eddy with acold coastal jet directed offshore is discussed inrelation to the approximate one-month lifetimeobserved for the eddy. Ctr. for Mar. Sci., Univ. of S.Mississippi, Stennis Space Ctr., MS 39529, USA.

90:5090Zhao, Baoren, 1989.Basic characteristics and forming

mechanismsof the sharp thermocline in the BohaiSea, Huanghae Sea and northern East China Sea.Acta oceanol. sin. (English version), 8(4):497-510.

Because the sharp thermocline in the Bohai andnorthern Huanghai seas is often distributed in thedeep valley areas, it has long been thought that theformation of the sharp thermocline is due toresidence of the cold water in valleys. But recentinvestigations show that all of the sharp thermoclineareas were distributed in the shallow sloping-bottomareas; only in autumn would the sharp thermoclinestranslate to the deep valley areas. In addition toentrainment from the lower mixing boundary,entrainment from the upper homogeneous layer

791

induced by tidal mixing also plays an important rolein the growth and decay of thermoclines in theseseas. lnst. of Oceanol., Acad. Sinica, Qingdao,People's Republic of China.

A300. Fluid mechanics

90:5091Richter, G.R., 1990. A finite element method for

time-dependent convection-diffusion equations.Math. Computation, 54(189):81-106.

90:5092She, Z.-S., Eric Jackson and S.A. Orszag, 1990.

Intermittent vortex structures in bomogeneousisotropic turbulence. Nature, Lond., 344(6263):226-228.

Correlations in small-scale turbulent motions showsignificant deviations from the Gaussian statisticsusually expected for large, randomly interactingsystems. This phenomenon, known as intermittency,has long resisted analytical description because ofthe lack of a simple, universal characterization ofturbulence structures. Numerical simulations re­ported here show that there are remarkably simplespatial structures associated with intermittent re­gions of vorticity. In particular, in contrast to theclassical description of turbulence as an array of'pancake'- or 'lasagne'-like eddies, high-amplitudevortex structures are tube-like and generate localvelocity fields that spiral around them. Prog. inAppl, and Computational Math., Princeton Univ.,Princeton, NJ 08544, USA.

90:5093Weng, H.-Y., 1990. The effects of oppositely slopiog

boWldaries with Ekman dissipation in a nolllinearbaroclinic system. Q. JI R. met. so«,(A) 116(49I): 1-29. Geophys. Fluid DynamicsInst., Florida State Univ., Tallahassee, FL32306, USA.

B. MARINE METEOROLOGY

RIO. Apparatus and methods

90:5094Trunk, T.J. and L.F. Bosart, 1990. Mean radar echo

characteristics during project GALE. Mon.Weath. Rev~ 118(2):459-469. Bosart: Dept. ofAtmos. Sci., SUNY, ES 227, Albany, NY 12222,USA.

840. Area studies, surveys, weather

90:5095Backhaus, J.O., 1989.100 North Sea and the dimate.

Dana, 8:69-82.

The climate of the North Sea is characterized by agreat deal of variability, both short- and long.term.

792 B.Marine Meteorology OLR (1990)37 (9)

A numerical model is used to simulate the climatevariability, estimating currents, water elevations, andstratification from actual wind and air pressure data.The model is used to crudely simulate the effects ofvarious climate change scenarios for the North Searegion. lnst. fur Meereskunde, Univ. Hamburg,FRG. (gsb)

90:5096Martin, J .E., J.D. LocatelIi and P.V. Hobbs, 1990.

OrgllllizatiOD and structure of clouds and prectp­Itation on the Mid-Atlantic coast of the UnitedStates. Part ID. The evolution of a middle­tropospheric cold front. Mon. Weath. Rev;118(2): 195-217.

Frontal structure comprised a middle-troposphericcold front associated with a strong 500 mb shortwave that moved eastward from the Pacific Ocean,and a leeside warm front that formed in a northwardsloping zone of warm-air advection associated with atrough in the lee of the Rocky Mountains. Themiddle-tropospheric cold front overtook the leesidewarm front to produce a warm occlus ion-likestructure in the middle troposphere. As this systemprogressed eastward, precipitation (from light rain toconvective showers) occurred along the leading edgeof the middle-tropospheric frontal zone, well aheadof a decaying surface trough. This study highlightsthe importance of middle-tropospheric frontal struc­tures in the organization and distribution of precip­itation. The study also provides some insights andspeculations concerning the similarities between leetroughs and drylines, the generation of squall linesby middle-tropospheric cold fronts, and the need forbetter conceptual models for the evolution andstructure of middle-tropospheric fronts. Hobbs:Dept. of Atmos. ScL, AK-40, Univ. of Washington,Seattle, WA 98195, USA.

BSO. Radiation

90:5097Tuzet, Andree, 1990. A simple method for estimating

downward longwave radiation from surface andsatellite data by clear sky. Int . J. Remote Sens;11(1) :125-131. lNRA Bioclimatol., 78850Thiverval Grignon, France.

90:5098Weare, B.C. and Albert Soong, 1990. Adjusted

NOAA outgoing long-wave [OLRI and net solarINSRl lrradlances, Q. J/ R. met. Soc.,(A) 116(491):205-219.

The NOAA measurements are compared with thoseof the wide-field-of-view Earth Radiation Budget

(ERB) radiometers aboard Nimbus 7. For selectedmonths between 1979 and 1983 important regionaldifferences are found. Knowledge of the systematicdifferences is utilized to derive linear regressionequations, which adjust the smoothed NOAA datato match as well as possible the ERB measurements.These adjustment equations reduce the meansquared difference between the NOAA and ERBdata for independent samples, not used in thestatistical model development, by approximately50% for both OLR and NSR. The adjusted databudgets are much more realistic than those derivedfrom unadjusted data and suggest physical featuresnot clearly evident in the previously publishedanalyses based upon lower resolution data. Dept. ofLand, Air and Water Resour., Univ. of California,Davis, CA 95616, USA.

D110. Climate, climatology

90:5099Hay, W.W., EJ. Barron and S.L. Thompson, 1990.

Results of global atmospheric circulation exper­iments OD an Earth with a meridional pole-to-polecontinent. J. geol. Soc; Lond; 147(2):385-392.

Four GCMs, forced by mean annual insolation andhaving an energy balance ocean, have been run forpole-to-pole continents: (1) low relief, 750 m averageelevation; (2) high plateau, 1500 m average eleva­tion; (3) mostly low, 750 m, but with 3 km mountainson the west , and (4) mostly low, 750 m, but with 3km mountains on the east. The high plateaucontinent emphasizes the contrast between high andlow pressure systems. Marginal mountains on eithercoast enhance moisture transport from the west tothe continental interior, but mountains on the easteliminate the tropical wet belt and produce the mostarid scenario . Dept. of Geol., Campus Box 449,Univ. of Colarado, Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

90:5100Rowntree, P.R., 1990. Review article . Estimates of

future climatic change over Britain. Part I.Mecbanlsms and models. Weather, 45(2):38-42.

This is the first of a two-part review of thegreenhouse effect, the factors that influence it,techniques for estimating impacts of an enhancedgreenhouse effect, and likely impacts for GreatBritain. The mechanistic aspects of greenhousewarming and the tools used to assess climatic effectsof an altered greenhouse are discussed. Part two willappear in a subsequent issue and will address climatechange estimates and implications for the U.K.Meteorol. Off., Bracknell, UK. (gsb)

OLR (1990) 37 (9) B. Marine Me teorol ogy 793

90:5101Watts, R.G. and Michael Morantine, 1990. Rapid

climatic change and the deep ocean. Clim.Change, 16(1):83-97.

A simple transient 2-D (latitude--depth) upwelling­diffusion ocean model coupled with an energybalance climate model is used to determine surfacetemperature response to changes in the deep waterformation rate . SST changes are large and rapid witha large magnification at high latitudes, suggestingthat rapid climate changes during the Glacial­Holocene transition could have been the result ofvariations in the rate of deep water formation. If thisis true, the mechanism is essentially transient innature and cannot be predicted using steady statemodels. Dept. of Mech. Engng, Tulane Univ., NewOrleans, LA 70118, USA.

B140. Air-sea interactions

90:5102Grossman, R.L. and A.K. Betts, 1990. Alr-sea

interaction during an extreme cold air outbreakfrom the eastern coast of the United States. Mon.Weath. Rev; 118(2):324-342.

The area east of the coast of North Carolina has oneof the highest average wintertime energy transfersfrom ocean to atmosphere on earth. A substantialpart of this transfer occurs in the af termath of winterstorms as cold, dry air flows off the continent overthe warm Gulf Stream. We report on an aircraftinvestigation of boundary layer mean and turbulentstructure and evaluate the Lagrangian budgets oftemperature and moisture in the subcloud layerfollowing a streamline during an extreme cold airoutbreak. The maximum sea-air temperature dif­ference was 23 K. The Lagrangian warming andmoistening rates we estimated indicate that cold, drycontinental air can be transformed to air which canparticipate in deep convection (which appears to bean integral part of rapid cyclogenesis) in about 20-30hours. CIRES, Univ. of Colorado, Campus Box 216,Boulder, CO 80309, USA.

90:5103Holt, Teddy and Sethu Raman, 1990. Marine

boundary-layer structure and circulation in theregion of offshore redevelopment of a cycloneduring GALE. Mon. Weath. Rev., 1l8(2):392-41O.

The onshore cyclone is not well organized as itmoves offshore to the cold shelf waters withredevelopment occurring later over the Gulf Stream

region. Over the Gulf Stream, south-southwest of theredeveloping cyclone, the near-neutral marineboundary layer capped by layered stratocumulus ischaracterized by a low cloud base, relatively thickstratocumulus cloud layer, and strong subcloud­~ayer winds. Associated with the developing cycloneIS shallow cyclonic flow with convergence andsubsequent acceleration of the wind near the westernedge. Closer to the COBBt over the cold shelf watersand the midshelf front region, the relatively cloud­free boundary layer is characterized by a slightlys,hallower, n~r-neutral boundary layer with verylight and vanable winds. Boundary layer flow isstrongly divergent west of the midshelf front.Raman: Dept. of Mar" Earth and Atmos. ScL, Box8208, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

90:5104Hu, Dunxin, 1989. A thought on the role of western

Pacific Ocean circulation in climate change Insoutheast China. Chinese J . Oceanol. Limnol;7(1):93-94. Inst. of OceanoI., Acad. Sinica,Qingdao, People's Republic of China.

90:5105Huang, C.-Y. and Sethu Raman, 1990. Numerical

simulations of cold air advection over the Appa­lachian Mountains and the Gulf Stream. Mon.Weath. Rev., 118(2):343-362~

For onshore flows, the rainbands remain in thevicinity of the oceanic baroclinic zone . The rain­bands become transient and migrate downwind ofthe Gulf Stream front for offshore flows. Depths ofth~ marine boundary layer (MBL) and the cloud (orram) bands depend more on the ambient flow speed!hanbits direction. The rainbands develop primarilym response to the strong low level convergence. Asexpected, southward winds are produced at theeastern side of the Appalachian Mountains foronshore conditions. A significant amount of theturning, however, results from the baroclinic zoneover the ocean. Upstream influence of the mountainintensifies the updrafts in the MBL and moves theoceanic rainbands further offshore. Diurnal effectscan change the coastal inland flow regime consid­erably, resulting in a local breeze and the formationof another cloud (or rain) band. Raman: Dept. ofMar ., Earth and Atmos. ScL, North Carolina StateUniv ., Box 8208, Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

90:5106Li, Danli, 1988. Correlation between annual fre­

quency of typhoon fonned on South China Seaand the surface sea temperature in the NorthPacific Ocean. Tropic Oceanol; 7(4):81-87. (InChinese , English abstract.)

794 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1990)37 (9)

A positive correlation is found between the annualnumber of typhoons formed in the South China Seaand positive SST anomalies in the eastern equatorialPacific. Typhoon frequency also increases in yearsfollowing ENSO events. Dept. of Geogr., Guang­zhou Normal Inst., People's Republic of China. (fes)

90:5107Rao, R.R. and Basil Mathew, 1990. A case study on

the mixed layer variability in the south centralArabian Sea during the onset phase of MONEX­79. Deep-Sea Res., 37(2A):227-243.

An attempt is made to explain the observed mixedlayer cooling of the order of leo and deepening ofabout 20 m under the influence of the onset eventwith some of the known processes. A 1-D mixedlayer model is utilized to simulate the observedmixed layer variability. Cooling and deepening ofthe mixed layer showed very good correspondencewith the I-D forcing process as forced and freemixing except at the northern location wherethermal advection was also important. Temporalchanges in the salinity profiles clearly revealed therelative importance of lateral advection process. Theobserved current in the mixed layer was nearlysoutherly at the northern, eastern and southernlocations while the mean flow at the western locationwas northwesterly. Naval Phys. and Oceanogr. Lab.,Cochin 682 004, India.

90:5108Sykes, R.I., W.S. Lewellen and D.S. Henn, 199<J.

Numerical simulation of the boundary-layer eddystructure during the cold-air outbreak of GALElOP 2. MOil. Weath. Rev; 118(2):363-374.

The simulations are run in two basic modes: aquasi-2-D version that takes advantage of theobserved 'cloud-street' character of the flow, and afully 3-D unsteady simulation on a limited domainwhere periodic conditions are assumed to prevail.The 2-D simulation exhibits a cloud structure similarto that observed when the surface fluxes agree withthe aircraft measurements. This requires very dif­ferent values of effective surface roughness fortemperature and humidity, which is unlikely to havebeen assumed in the absence of data. The 3-Dsimulation reveals that even when the eddy structureon this severely limited domain does not exhibit adominant 2-D roll structure, the average turbulentstatistics are quite consistent with those from the 2-Dsimulation. It is argued that a larger domain thancan be readily used is needed to see a distinct cloudstreet pattern. Lewellen: A.R.A.P., 50 WashingtonRd., Princeton, NJ 08543-2229, USA.

90:5109Volk, Tyler, 1989. Errect of the C4uatorial Pacific

upwelling on atmospheric COz during the 1982­1983 EI Niiio. Global biogeochem. Cycles, 3(3):267-279.

The 1982-1983 EI Niiio event perturbed the oth­erwise steady growth in atmospheric CO2 due tofossil fuel combustion; growth rate in late 1982 fellto about zero. During this strong EI Niiio event,additional sinks for atmospheric CO2 operated. Bylate 1983, the growth rate rebounded to aboveaverage, indicating the presence of new sources. Inthis study, models of the ocean-atmosphere carboncycle are used to isolate and estimate the effects ofthe collapse and return of the upwelling in theequatorial Pacific during an EI Niii.o. The drop in!:.peo2 in the normally strong source of the equa­torial Pacific can account for a partial amount(probably <30%) of the decrease in the growth ratein atmospheric CO2 centered around late 1982.Changes in the higher-latitude oceans and disequi­librium in the terrestrial cycle of photosynthesis andrespiration continue as major potential agentsbehind the perturbation. Dept. of Appl, Sci., NewYork Univ., New York , NY, USA.

90:5110Warner, T.T. et al., 1990. Marine atmospheric

boundary layer circulations forced by GnU Streamsea surface temperature gradients. Mon. Weath.Rev ., 118(2):309-323.

The Penn StatelNCAR mesoscale model is ini­tialized with calm winds, a barotropic temperaturepattern, and a uniform surface pressure in studies ofthe response of the marine atmospheric boundarylayer (MABL) to realistic differential fluxes of heatand moisture at the sea surface in the vicinity of theGuU Stream. The sensitivity of the MABL to twoSST patterns is tested. In addition, other simulationsare used to determine the sensitivity of the MABLresponse to physical factors such as surface moisturefluxes, latent heating, and the sea-surface roughness.These studies have two purposes: to provide a betterunderstanding of the 3-D MABL response to arealistic SST pattern; and to isolate the mesoscalecirculations produced by this differential thermalforcing so that their interaction with other processes,such as cyclogenesis, can be inferred in real-datasimulations. Dept. of Meteorol., 503 Walker Bldg.,Pennsylvania State Univ. , Univ. Park, PA 16802,USA.

90:5111Wu, Jianping and Ruodun Li, ]988. Analysis on the

formation and development processes of the

OLR (1990) 37 (9) B. Marine Meteorology 795

1986-1987 ENSO event. Tropic Oceanol.. 7(4):27-35. (In Chinese, English abstract.)

Formation and development of the 1986--87 ENSOevent is analyzed in terms of tropical Pacificindicators including SST, sea level, zonal wind,Southern Oscillation Index, and outbound long­wave radiation. First Inst. of Oceanol., SOA,People's Republic of China. (fes)

90:5112Yuan, Shuyao and Zijun Gan, 1988. Equatorial

Kelvin waves and El Nino events. TropicOceanol; 7(4):18-26. (In Chinese, English ab­stract.)

Several events associated with the onset of El Niiioare explained in terms of eastward propagating,equatorial internal Kelvin waves, particularly thedistribution and motion of SST anomalies and theabnormal wind field. South China Sea Inst. ofOceanol., Acad. Siniea, People's Republic of China.(fes)

90:5113Zhou, Faxiu and Shenyu Yu, )989. The low fre­

quency oscillations of the sea surface temperaturein the equatorial eastern Pacific and El Niiioformation. Acta oceanol, sin. (English version),8(4):521-533.

SST anomaly variations in the eastern equatorialPacific are analysed. There are two peaks in thespectrum; one is the low frequency oscillation with aperiod of 3-5 years, and the other is the Quasi­Biennial Oscillation. The former shows a westwardmigration of SST anomalies in the warm episode andthe latter has the opposite trend. El Niiio events willbe initiated while the two frequency bands are inphase in the warming stage in the eastern equatorialPacific. Ocean Univ. of Qingdao, People's Republicof China.

8170. Circulation

90:5114Balkanski, Y .l . and D.l. lacob, 1990. Transport of

continental air to the subantarctic Indian Ocean.Tel/us, 42B(1):62-75.

The occurrence of high levels of atmospheric mRn(radonic storms) at three subantarctic islands issimulated with a 3-D chemical tracer model (CTM)based on the GISS general circulation model. TheCfM simulates well the observed intens ities ofradonic storms, their seasonal frequency, and theirperiodicity. The storms are due to fast boundary

layer advection of South African air . The boundarylayer advection mechanism associated with radonicstorms accounts for only a small fraction of the totalcontinental air exported to the subantarctic IndianOcean. Dept. of Earth and Planet. ScL, Pierce Hall,29 Oxford St., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA02138, USA.

90:5115Fe ichter, J. and P.I. Crutzen, 1990. Parameterization

of vertical tracer transport due to deep cumulusconvection in a global transport model and itsevaluation with zuRadon measurements. Tel/us,42B(1):IOO-I17.

In a global 3-D tropospheric chemistry model, theconvective events are stochastically distributed intime and space. The vertical exchange of mass by theclouds is derived from the conservation of watergiven the convective amount of precipitation andaverage large-scale temperature and humidity dis­tribution. Sensitivity of the scheme is tested byvarying several key parameters in the model. Afurther test was made with 222Rn, a short-livedradioisotope which is largely released from landsurfaces .' The simulated distribution is in goodagreement with measurements. The importance ofconvective processes for the transport of short-livedtracers is clearly demonstrated. Univ. of Hamburg,MeteoroL Inst., Bundesstr. 55, 2000 Hamburg 13,FRO.

9O:5lJ6Jacob, D.l. and M.J . Prather, 1990. RadOD-U2 as a

test of convective transport in a general circu­lation model. Tel/us, 42B(I):1l8-134.

Distribution of 222Rn over North America is simu­lated with a 3-D chemical tracer model based on theGISS general circulation modeL Results are com­pared to surface observations from five U.S. sites.The mRn concentrations are regulated primarily bydry convection. At night, the model underpredictsobservations; in daytime, predicted and observedvalues are usually in good agreement, Inspection ofseasonal trends however, reveals several significantdiscrepancies traceable to anomalies in the GCMmeteorology. Dept. of Earth and Planet. Sci., PierceHaU, 29 Oxford St., Harvard Univ., Cambridge, MA02138, USA.

90:5117Kritz, M.A., I.-C. Le Roulley and E.F. Danielsen,

1990. The China cUpper-fast advective transportof radon-rich air from the Asian boundary layer tothe upper tropospbere near California. Tellus,42B(I):46-61.

796 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1990) 37 (9)

A series of upper tropospheric radon concentrationmeasurements made over the eastern Pacific andU.S. west coast during 1983 and 1984 summersrevealed the occurrence of unexpectedly high radonconcentrations for 9 of 61 measurements. Trajectoryand synoptic analyses for two of the flights on whichhigh concentrations were observed indicate that theradon-rich air originated in the Asian boundarylayer, ascended in cumulus updrafts, and was carriedeastward in the fast moving air on the anticyclonicside of the upper tropospheric jet. Findings suggestthat the combination of rapid vertical transport tothe upper troposphere, followed by rapid horizontaltransport eastward (2-3 d) represents an efficientmode of long-transport for other chemically reactiveatmospheric trace constituents. Atmos. Sci. Res.Ctr., SUNY, Albany, NY 12222, USA.

90:5118Rangarajan, C. and C.D. Eapen, 1990. The use of

natural radioactive tracers in a study of atmos­pheric residence times. Tellus, 42B(1):142-147.

The global values of the activity ratios of 7Be/32P,7Be/35S, and 7Be/22Na are presented and discussed.The wide range of variations of these observed ratiosand residence times derived from them indicate avarying input of a stratospheric component of theseisotopes; residence times calculated from the aboveratios are likely to be larger than the actual values.More consistent results are obtained for troposphericresidence times based on 2IOBi/21°Pb activity ratios.The 7Bej35S ratios are lower than the expected ratiosby a factor of 2 to 3, calculated from cosmic rayproduction values, indicating other sources likebomb production. Since the ratios are less evenduring periods of low fallout activity, anothersource, such as graphite reactors, is a possibility.Pollution Monitoring Section, Bhabha Atomic Res.Ctr., Trombay, Bombay 4C';) 085, India.

B180. Winds

90:5119Gryning, S.-E. and Ekaterina Batchvarova, 1990.

Analytical model for the growth af the coastalinternal bouadary layer during onshore flow. Q. JlR. met. Soc., (A) 116(491):187-203.

Near-neutral and convective steady-state internalboundary layer evolution over land in coastal andlake areas during onshore winds is modelled. Nearthe ground, growth of the internal boundary layer iscontrolled by friction velocity in accordance withsurface layer theory. Farther downwind, growth isdetermined by the atmospheric stability and friction

velocity within the internal boundary layer, and thetemperature gradient in the air above. The windprofile inside the internal boundary layer is assumedto follow Obukbov similarity theory. An expressionfor the strength of the inversion that caps the layersis derived and used in the model. A comparison iscarried out with independent experimental obser­vations of internal boundary layer growth in thesea-land transition. Rise Natl. Lab., DK-4000Roskilde, Denmark.

90:5120Meesters, A.G.C.A. et al., 1989. Diurnal variation of

the surface wind in a tidal area. Contr. atmos.Phys; 62(4):258-264. Inst. of Earth Sci., Dept. ofMeteorol., Free Univ., De Boelelaan 1085,NL-108l HV Amsterdam, Netherlands.

90:5121Wu, Zengmao, 1989. Numerical analysis of the sea

(lake) breeze dynamics and initialization of themodel. Acta oceanol. sin. (English version),8(4):535-547. Inst. of Phys, Oceanogr., OceanUniv. of Qingdao, People's Republic of China.

Bl90. Pressure gradients, air masses

90:5122Doyle, J.D. and T.T. Warner, 1990. Mesoscale

coastal processes during GALE lOP 2. Mon.Weath. Rev., 118(2):283-308.

This study involved data analysis for the period24-26 January 1986 in order to define the structureand dynamics of three features: the coastal front; ashallow cyclone that propagated along the coastalfront, modifying it as it moved northward; and alow-level jet that formed in the strong coastalpressure-gradient field. The coastal front formed inan existing pressure trough over the Gulf Stream as aresult of both ageostrophic deformation and dif­ferential diabatic heating. The marine atmosphericboundary layer over the Gulf Stream was conduciveto cyclone formation. Latent and sensible heat fluxesof up to 800 W m', respectively, were calculatedearly in the study period, and a deep, moistconditionally unstable boundary layer was present.A low-level northeasterly jet was also observed overthe Carolinas, and formed as a result of the stronglow-level pressure gradient created by the proximityof the cold continental air over land and the warmair of the Gulf Stream MABL near the coast.Warner: Dept. of Meteorol., 503 Walker Bldg,Pennsylvania State Univ., Univ. Park, PA 16802,USA.

OLR (1990) 37 (9) B. Marine Meteorology 797

90:5123Riordan, A.J., 1990. Examination of the mesoscale

features of the GALE coastal front of 24-25January 1986. Mon. Weath. Rev., 118(2):258-282.

The main frontal surface appears to form as separatenarrow precipitating bands of convection slowlypropagate from the east and consolidate near thewestern edge of the Gulf Stream. The frontal zone tothe west is characterized at low levels by alternateaxes of convergence and divergence extendingroughly parallel to the coast. The role of thesesemipermanent features in the evolution of the frontis discussed and compared with the classical frontalmodel. While confluence reinforces the thermalgradient locally along confluent axes, the differentialin diabatic heating, arising principally from differ­ences in the underlying surface, promotes thewestward displacement of the northern half of thefrontal zone. The northernmost section of the frontalboundary initially moves steadily inland, leaving asmall frontal remnant at the coast, then the entirenorthern half of the front jumps inland discontin­uously. The southern portion maintains a very sharpboundary offshore, coincident with an oceanicthermal discontinuity. Dept. of Mar., Earth andAtmos. Sci., North Carolina State Univ., Box 8208,Raleigh, NC 27695, USA.

B270. Precipitation

90:5124Gedzelman, S.D. and J.R. Lawrence, 1990. The

isotopic composition of precipitation from twoextratropical cyclones. Mon. Weath, Rev;118(2):495-509. Dept. of Earth and Planet. ScL,CCNY, New York, NY 10031, USA.

90:5125Willey, J.D. and R.H. Kiefer, 1990. A contrast in

winter rainwater composition: maritime venuscontinental rain in eastern North Carolina. Mon.Weath. Rev., \\%(1):4%%-494. Dept. of Chern.,Univ. of North Carolina, 60\ South Colt Rd.,Wilmington, NC 28403-3297, USA.

B280. Storms, disturbances, cyclones,etc.

90:5126Ford, R.P. and G.W.K. Moore, 1990. Secondary

cyclogenesis-comparison of observations andtbeory. Mon. Weath. Rev., 118(2):427-446.

A case study of a small-scale polar front cyclone ispresented. The cyclone forms along an essentially2-D front, which is in approximate thermal windbalance. Occurring where the Richardson numbernear the surface is small, the storm appears to growin response to favorable low-level thermal advectionrather than to any significant upper-level forcing. Asthe wave amplifies, the frontal zone develops a 3-Dstructure. The cyclone has a horizontal wavelengthof 1200 km and a vertical scale of 3-4 km. The windfield is strongly unbalanced; a strong southerlylow-level jet exists in the warm sector and amoderate northerly jet is observed in the air behindthe cold front. The low-level warm sector is a regionof reduced static stability. Atmos. Environ. Serv.,4905 Dufferin sr, Downsview, ON M3H 5T4,Canada.

90:5127Liou, C.-S. et al., 1990. Numerical studies of cyclo­

genesis events during the second intensive obser­vation period (IOP-2) of GALE. Mon. Weath.Rev., 118(2):218-233.

From 26 January to 29 January 1986, two cyclo­geneses occurred over the U.S. east coast. The firstcyclone develops rapidly due to the superposition ofupper-level jet streak forcing over a shallow surfacesystem associated with a well-developed coastalfront. Large latent heat release around the cyclonecenter is considered to be a contributing factor forthe rapid deepening of the first cyclone 27 January.Small static stability at low levels coupled with a newupper-level trough-jet system is considered to be animportant factor for the formation of the secondarycyclone. NORAPS predicted the two cyclogenesisevents fairly well until 28 January. A prediction oftoo early and too weak a cold surge is believed to bethe main reason for poor forecasts during laterperiods. Extra data available from GALE soundingand surface data tapes are added to study theirimpact on analyzing and predicting the two cycle­genesis events. Naval Environ. Prediction Res.Facility, Monterey, CA 93943-5006, USA.

90:5128Reuter, G.W. and M.K. Yau, 1990. Observations of

slantwise convective instability in winter cyclones.Mon. Weath. Rev; 118(2):447-458.

Seven precipitation bands observed during theCanadian Atlantic Storms Program are studied toassess the importance of slantwise convective insta­bility, focusing on the time evolution of the stabilityfield and on the adjustment to its neutral state. Theatmosphere is shown to contain shallow layers of airthat are slightly unstable for conditional slantwise

798 B. Mar ine Meteorology OLR (1990)37 (9)

convection, particularly in regions having pro­nounced windshear. Results demonstrate that theatmosphere is undergoing an adjustment toward astate of conditional neutrality with respect toslantwise convection in saturated regions. Theadjustment time of less than three hours is consistentwith Emanuel's hypothesis of rapid adjustment.Dept. of Meteorol., McGill Univ., 805 SherbrookeSt. West, Montreal, PQ H3A 2K6, Canada.

90:5129Stewart, R.E., C.A. Lin and S.R. Macpherson, 1990.

The structure of a winter storm producing heavyprecipitation over Nova Scotia. Mon. Weath.Rev; 118(2):411-426.

On 22 February 1986 Nova Scotia experiencedheavy precipitation in the form of snow, freezingprecipitation, and rain from a storm having a centralpressure no lower than 99.3 kPa. Throughout muchof the storm, the lowest 1-3 kID of the atmosphereover the coastline was near O°C as a result of thediabatic process of melting and freezing. Convergentflow aloft and the trajectories of particles under­going terminal velocity changes contributed toenhanced precipitation near the coastline. A meso­scale circulation, driven by melting and forced toremain linked to the coastline between the warmocean and the cold land, is consistent with theobservations. Cloud Phys. Res. Div. of the Atmos.Environ. Serv., 4905 Differin St., Downsview, ONM3H 5T4, Canada.

90:5130Wash, C.H. et al., 1990. A rapid cyclogenesls event

during GALE lOP 9. Mon. Weath. Rev., 118(2):375-391.

Two surface lows are present during the early coastaldevelopment period. The western center is coupledto a mobile 500 mb short-wave trough while theeastern center develops in a strong baroclinic zoneoffshore. Objective analyses also show a strength­ening of a jet streak. east of the mobile short wave.The divergent quadrant of this jet streak inducesupward vertical motion over the eastern of the twocoastal low systems. The rapid development of theeastern center occurs due to the superposition of theupper-level forcing (jet streak) over the low-levelperturbation with strong thermal advection. Drop­windsonde data document the low static stability inthe region. All forecasts fail to predict the full extentof the rapid development of this cyclone. Dept. ofMeteorol., Naval Postgrad. School, Monterey, CA93943, USA.

8310. Chemistry

90:5131Khalil, M.A.K. and R.A. Rasmussen, 1990. The

globalcycle of carbon monoxide: trends and massbalance. Chemosphere, 20(1 -2):227-242.

The annual global emissions of CO are estimated tobe about 2,600±600 Tg, of which about 60% arefrom human activities including combustion of fossilfuels and oxidation of hydrocarbons. The remaining40% are from natural processes, mostly from theoxidation of hydrocarbons but also from plants andthe oceans. CO is removed by reactions with ORradicals (85%), by soils (10%), and by diffusion intothe stratosphere. There is a small imbalance betweenannual emissions and removal, causing an increaseof about 1% per year. The average concentration ofCO is about 90 ppbv , which amounts to about 400Tg in the atmosphere, and the average lifetime isabout 2 months. This view of the global cycle of COis consistent with the present estimates of averageOH concentrations and the budgets of other tracegases including methane and methylchloroform. Ifthe present view of the global cycle of CO is correct,then it is likely that, in time, increasing levels of COwill contribute to widespread changes in atmos­pheric chemistry. Inst. of Atmos. Sci., Oregon Grad.Ctr., Beaverton, OR 97006, USA.

90:5132Tans, P.P., LY. Fung and Taro Takahashi, 1990.

Observational constraints OD the global atmos­pheric COl budget. Science, 247(4949):1431­1438.

Observed atmospheric concentrations of CO2 anddata on the partial pressures of CO2 in surface oceanwaters are combined to identify globally significantsources and sinks. The atmospheric data are com­pared with boundary layer concentrations calculatedwith the transport fields generated by a GCM forspecified source-sink distributions. In the model theobserved north-south atmospheric concentrationgradient can be maintained only if sinks for CO2 aregreater in the Northern than in the SouthernHemisphere. The observed differences between thepartial pressure of CO2 in the surface waters of theNorthern Hemisphere and the atmosphere are toosmall for the oceans to be the major sink. of fossilfuel CO2, Therefore, a large amount of the CO2 isapparently absorbed on the continents by terrestrialecosystems. ©1990 by AAAS. CIRES, Univ . ofColorado, NOAA, Campus Box 216, Boulder, CO80309, USA.

OLR (1990) 37 (9) B. Marine Meteorology 799

90:5133Watson, R.T., H.K. Roscoe and P.T. Woods et aI.,

1990. Special issue. Balloon IntercomparisonCampaign. J. atmos. Chem; 10(2):99-272; 7papers.

The Balloon Intercomparison Campaign was a twoyear (1982, 1983) international effort to measuretrace components of the stratosphere via balloon­borne remote sensing. The primary objective was toprovide a means of comparing results obtained withvarious instrument systems and to obtain accuratesimultaneous concentration profiles of 'a compre­hensive set of photochemically-coupled stratosphericconstituents.' Results are reported for NO and N02,CH4, water vapor, ozone (the only in-situ sensorused), HF, and HC!. (gsb)

8350. Pollution (see also C210-Chemicaipollution, E300-Effects of pollution, F250­Waste disposal)

90:5134Wittlinger, R. and K. Ballschmiter, 1990. Studies of

the global baseline poUution XIII: C.CI4 organo­halogens (a- and g-HCH, HCB, PCB, 4,4' .DDT,4,4 r -DDE, cis- and traos-chlordane, trans­nonachlor, anisols) in the lower troposphere of thesouthern Indian Ocean. J. analyt, Chem., 336(3):193-200. Ballschmiter: BASF, Ludwigshafen,FRG.

8380. Forecasting

90:5135Carr, L.E. III and R.L. Elsberry, 1990.Observational

evidence for predictions of tropical cyclonepropagation relative to environmental steering. J.atmos. sa, 47(4):542-546.

Theories of vortex motion due to the variations ofthe Coriolis parameter and environmental vorticityare compared to observations of tropical cyclonemotion relative to computed 'steering flows' usingpreviously published composite data. The compositeresults are manipulated to obtain a vector quantityfor the difference between tropical cyclone motionand steering, and this vector difference is termed'propagation.' The properties of these propagationvectors within various composite data stratificationsprovide tentative support for nonlinear numericalresults. Ambiguities in the composite data are

discussed with respect to linear and nonlineartheories of tropical cyclone propagation, and severalnew composite data stratifications are suggested tofacilitate detecting individual propagation-inducingprocesses. Dept. of Meteoro!., Code 63, NavalPostgrad. School, Monterey, CA 93943, USA.

90:5136DeMaria, Mark, M.B. Lawrence and J.T. Kroll,

1990. An error analysis of Atlantic tropicalcyclone track guidance models. Weather Fore­casting, 5(1):47-61. NOAA, AOML, HRD, 4301Rickenbacker Cswy, Miami, FL 33149, USA.

90:5137Holt, Teddy, Simon Chang and Sethu Raman, 1990.

A numerical study of the coastal cyclogenesis inGALE lOP 2: sensitivity to PBL parameteri­zations. Mon. Weath. Rev., 118(2):234-257.Chang: Dept. of the Navy, Naval Res. Lab.,Code 4110, Washington, DC 20375-5000, USA.

90:5138Overland, J.E., 1990. Prediction of vessel icing for

near-freezing sea temperatures. Weather Fore­casting, 5(1):62-77. PMEL, NOAA Bid. 3,7600Sand Point Way, Seattle, WA 98115-0070, USA.

90:5139Rogers, Eric et al., 1990. Preliminary experiments

using GALE observations at the National Mete­orological Center. Bull. Am. mel. Soc; 71(3):319-333. Nat!. Meteorol. Ctr., Washington, DC20233, USA.

8440. Books, collections (general)

90:5140Born, M., H. Dorr and I. Levin et aI., 1990. Current

trends in atmospheric chemistry: radon anddaughters in the atmosphere. 1988 InternationalCongress of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry,Paris, France. Tellus, 42B(I): 147pp; 13 papers.

The papers in this issue, gleaned from a symposiumsession on radon and radon daughters, have beensubjected to the usual review procedures. Theyillustrate the use of 222Rn as a tracer of soil gastransport, horizontal atmospheric transport (par­ticularly of continental air to the marine atmos­phere), vertical convective transport, and atmos­pheric residence times. Other topics include methaneconsumption in soil, CO 2 emissions, and 210Pbfallout. (gsb)

800

90:5141Dirks, Richard and Joachim Kuettner (guest edi­

tors), 1990. Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment.Mon. Weath, Rev., 118(2):195-509; 18 papers.

The Genesis of Atlantic Lows Experiment (GALE)was conducted in January and March 1986 over theeastern U.S. and adjacent ocean. Its objectivescentered on the prediction and understanding of eastcoast winter storms, their precipitation systems andmesoscale structure. Among its tasks was theexploration of frontal developments, including theso-called 'coastal fronts,' and the study of theevolution of the land and marine boundary layer.The two-pronged approach of the project encom­passed observations and the development of numer­ical simulation models. Parallel to GALE, theCanadian Atlantic Storms Program (CASP) wasconducted over the Canadian Atlantic Provinces. Inthis issue some of the results of GALE and CASP arepublished (special CASP issue of Atmosphere-Ocean,Volume 27, No.1, was published in 1989). Half of

OLR (1990) 37 (9)

the papers emphasize cyclogenetic and frontaldevelopments, as well as the boundary layer proc­esses during an intense cold-air outbreak. Twofurther papers study a rapid offshore development.The third group of papers refers to the results fromCASP. The fourth and final group of papersaddresses subjects such as atmospheric electricityand chemistry, as well as a radar survey of the entireGALE period.

B450. Miscellaneous

90:5142Engholm, C.D., E.R. Williams and R.M. Dole, 1990.

Meteorological and electrical conditions associ­ated with positive cloud-te-ground lightning. MQIl.

Weath. Rev; 118(2):470-487. Williams: Dept. ofEarth, Atmos. and Planet. Sci., MIT, 54-1818,Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.

C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

CIO. Apparatus and methods

90:5143Boumans, P. W.J.M. et al., 1989. Slavin issue.

Analytical atomic spectrometry: from furnace tolaser. Dedicated to Walter Slavin on the occa­sion of his receipt of the 1988 Anachem award.Spectrochim. Acta, 44B(12): 1205-1403; 14papers.

This collection is, in part, a product of the AnachemAward Symposium held during the 1988 FACSSmeeting in Boston, which focused on trace metalanalysis and advances in atomic spectrometry. Bothmethod development and analysis applications areincluded, covering graphite furnace atomic absorp­tion spectrometry, flame interference, ICP, and lasermethods. One paper deals with trace analysis ofmarine samples using GF-AAS. (gsb)

90:5144Busch, M.A. and K.W. Busch (guest editors), 1990.

Special issue. Multielement spectrochemical anal­ysis. Talanta, 37(1): 166pp; 15 papers.

This collection of papers focusing on methods ofmultielement analysis using UV-visible spectroscopysurveys some recent technological achievements andalso presents applications for biological, geological,and environmental studies. Some of the technologiesconsidered include charge-injection detection, andHadamard transform, multiple entrance-slit vidicon,and programmed-scan spectrometry. The final paperdescribes modifications made on the commercial'workhorse' of elemental analysis, the ICP atomic­emission spectrometer. (gsb)

90:5145Guiochon, G. and L.R. Snyder (eds.), 1989. Special

volume. Preparative chromatography. IncludingSixth International Symposium on PreparativeChromatography, Washington, DC (U.S.A.),May 8-10, 1989. J. Chromatog., 484:453pp; 31papers.

This volume contains papers from the symposiumand some invited papers, and covers theory, methoddevelopment, and applications. Topics include mod­elling of chromatographic elution, optimization of