724

stages of life: biologically critical salinities and temperatures in the primeval ocean--questions addressed to geology.] Z. geol. Wiss., 7(1): 19-27.

Analysis of the origin of life and of its evolution allows some conclusions as to the temperature and salinity of the oceans at different periods in Earth's history. Their critical confrontation with evidence from geological investigations may contribute to a better understanding of the climatic conditions in the past. Humboldt-Universitfit zu Berlin, Sektion Biologie, 104 Berlin, i nvalidenstrasse 43, D.R.G.

OLR(1979) 26(i 1)

79:5583 Ward, P. L., 1979. Earthquake prediction [in the

U.S.]. Rev. Geophvs. Space Phys., 17(2): 343-353.

The possibility of earthquake prediction is now taken seriously, and rapid strides are being made in identifying relevant precursory anomalies. This paper reviews prediction research of the last decade and outlines some of the associated problems in public administration. Includes ca. 250 references. U.S. Geological Survey, Menlo Park, Calif. 94025, U.S.A. (fcs)

D. MARINE METEOROLOGY

1. Apparatus and methods

79:5584 Corradini, C. and G. Tonna, 1979. On the reliability

of the parameterization of micropbysics in fog models. J. appl. Met., 18(4): 487-494.

Experimental fog droplet size spectra (taken from the literature) are used to examine the relationship between liquid water content and (I) mean terminal droplet speed, or (2) the integral volume droplet absorption coefficient. Correlation in the former is poor: in the latter, fairly good. Effects of various approximations on the radiative cooling profile are discussed. Instituto di Fisica dell'Atmosfera, CNR, Rome, Italv. (fcs)

79:5585 de la Lande, R. S., L. B. Guymer, R. J. McKenzie,

P. J. R. Shaw and J. W. Zillman, 1979. The Australian drifting-buoy program for the Global Weather Experiment. Search, 10(3): 69-75.

Australia's participation in FGGE includes the provision and deployment of approximately 50 drifting buoys to measure atmospheric pressure and sea surface temperature in the waters around her shores. The buoys, forming part of the international 300-buov network in the Southern Ocean, should provide useful meteorological data for operational weather forecasting in Australia. Bureau of Meteorology, Melbourne, Australia. (izs)

79:5586 Dentler, F.-U., 1978. The effect of rainfall on

measurements of mean wind speed with cup anemometers in the surface layer at sea. Boundary-laver Met.. 14(1): 123-130.

Rain-induced errors in cup anemometer readings of wind speeds are expectedly small, with a magnitude of a few percent or less even in heavv precipitation. Mathematically derived wind speed profiles exhibit displacement to lower velocities rather than profile slope changes under the influence of rainfall. Deutscher Wetterdienst, Offenbach, F.R.G. (izs)

79:5587 Jones, E. P. and S. D. Smith, 1978. The air density

correction to eddy flux measurements. Boundary- laver Met., 15(3): 357-360.

Air density fluctuations, such as temperature fluctuations associated with a heat flux, produce small mean vertical wind velocities which necessitate significant corrections to eddy flux measurements of passive scalars whose average concentrations are very large compared to eddy-flux-associated concentration fluctuations. Atlantic Oceanographic Laboratory, Bedford Institute of Oceanography, Dartmouth, Nova Scotia, Canada B2Y 4A2. (izs)

79:5588 Kordyban, Eugene and Seymour Cuker, 1979. Mea-

surement of pressure at the wavy gas-liquid inter- face. Rev. scient, lnstrums, 50(5): 645-648.

Gas pressure variations as a function of wave phase are monitored at the liquid surface by a new method involving a wave-following pressure probe and a mechanism to minimize extraneous pressure fluctuations. Experimental tests are undertaken and preliminary results are similar to those obtained from fixed sensors just above the waves. Univ. of Detroit, Detroit, Mich. 48221, U.S.A. (rio)

OLR(1979)26(I 1)

79:5589 Lovejoy, S. and O. L. Austin. 1979. The delineation

of rain areas from visible and IR satellite data for GATE and mid-latitudes. Atmos. Ocean, 17(I): 77-92.

A two-dimensional pattern matching method distinguishes between rain areas and non-precipitatine clouds, as verified by radar observations. The total cloud cover exceeded the areal extent of precipitation bv a factor of 4. Rain maps have been prepared for various weather systems and the sensitivity of precipitation boundaries is discussed. Physics Dept., McGill University, Montreal, P.Q., Canada. (rlol

2. Air-sea interface and interactions

79:5590 Antonia, R. A. and A. J. Chambers, 1978. Note on the

temperature ramp structure in the marine surface layer. Boundary-laver Met., 15(3): 347-355.

A conditional sampling technique is utilized to quantitatively describe the signature of the temperature signal in the marine surface laver. Resultant "ensemble average shapes' of temperature and vertical velocity support a 'ramp-like' description of the former and suggest an approximately linear distribution for the latter. Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Newcastle, N.S.W. 2308, Australia. (izs)

79:5591 Antonia, R. A., A. J. Chambers and C. A. Friehe,

1978. Statistical properties of optical refractive index fluctuations in the marine boundary layer. Bounda(v-la.ver Met,, 15(2): 243-253.

Probability density, spectral density', and even- and odd-order structure functions of the marine boundary laver optical refractive index fluctuation are determined from measurements of turbulent temperature and humidity fluctuations. Results exhibit reasonable agreement with those of Antonia and Van Atta (1975, 1978). Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Newcastle, N.S.W. 2308, A~tstralia. (izs)

79:5592 Crabtree, S. J. Jr. and Bjorn Kjerfve, 1978. Radiation

balance over a salt marsh. Boundary-layer Met., 14(1): 59-66.

In summer, daytime incoming radiation and both net radiation and reflected radiation are linearly related in a South Carolina Spartina alterniflora salt marsh. Net radiation averages 70 +9% and reflected radiation 9 + 1% of incoming solar radiation. Belle W. Baruch Inffitute for Marine Biology and Coastal Research, University of South Carolina, Columbia, S.C., U.S.A. (izs)

D. Marine Meteorology 725

79:5593 Davidson, K. L., T. M. Houlihan, C. W. Fairall and

G. E. Schacher, 1978. Observation of the temper- ature structure function parameter, C~r, over the ocean. Boundary-laver Met.. 15(4): 507-523.

Open ocean observational data on the temperature structure function parameter,C~r, are compared with predictions based on empirical expressions (W'~ngaard et al., 1971: Friehe. 1976). Predicted values are within measurement accuracies (20-30fft except for near neutral and large unstable conditions: disagreements are attributed to measurement difficulties. Environmental Physics Group, Naval Postgraduate School. Monterey, Calif. 93940, U.S.A. (iz~)

79:5594 Fedorov, K. N., 1979. On the slow relaxation of hurri-

cane thermal trace in the ocean. (In Russian.I Dokl. Akad. Nauk SSSR. 245(4): 960-963.

79:5595 I-'oken, Th.. S. A. Kitajgorodskij and O. A. Kuznecov,

1978. On the dynamics of the molecular tempera- ture boundary layer above the sea. Boundary- laver Met., 15(3): 289-300.

Thickness of the molecular temperature boundar'~ laver above the Caspian Sea was found to be dependent upon both friction velocit,, and wave phase: no dependence upon sea surface roughness or stabilitx was observed. Meteorological Main Observatory, DDR-15 Potsdam, D.R.G. (izs)

79:5596 Francey, R. J. and J. R. Garratt, 1978. Eddy flux

measurements over the ocean and related transfer coefficients. Boundary-laver Met.. 14(2): 153-166.

Direct measurements of momentum, sensible heat and water vapor fluxes during a prolonged cold air outbreak over the subtropical East China Sea (AMTEX 1975) are compared with flux predictions from bulk transfer relations. 'Surface-laver formulae predict momentum and latent heat fluxes to an accuracy comparable to the direct eddy correlation method.* Preliminary values of boundary-layer transfer coefficients are presented. CSIRO Division of Atmospheric Physics, Aspendale, Victoria. Australia. (izs)

79:5597 Garratt, J. R. and R. J. Francey, 1978. Bulk charac-

teristics of heat transfer in the unstable, baroclinic atmospheric boundary layer. Boundary-laver Met.. 15(4): 399-421.

A general similarity theory of vertical heat transfer is applied to field data on the unstable, baroclinic, atmospheric boundary laver over land and sea. CSI RO Division of Atmospheric Physics. Aspendale, Victoria, Australia. (rio)

726 D. Marine Meteorology OLR( 1979)/,6(I I )

79:5598 Jensen, N. O., 1978. Simultaneous measurements of

turbulence over land and water. Boundary-laver Met., 15(1): 95-108.

The effects of roughness and surface elevation change on turbulence and mean flow variables under unstable conditions are investigated. An interpolation for~2, between neutral and free convection, the spectral distributions of vertical wind variance, turbulent length scales, and separation of the diabatic effect from the flow-acceleration effect on non-dimensional wind shear are discussed. Physics Department, Rise National Laboratory, DK-4000 Roskilde, Denmark. (rio)

79:5599 Khundzhua, G. G., E. G. Andreev and A. A. Budni-

kov, 1979. On temperature inversion in a thin near-water atmospheric layer. (In Russian.) Okeanologiia, 19( 1 ): 164-167.

Methods are presented for recording temperature profiles in the 0.5 m atmospheric layer above the sea. Observational data obtained in the Black Sea show the presence of a temperature inversion in the 0.1- 0.3 m region.

79:5600 Kraus, H. and E. Schaller, 1978. Steady-state charac-

teristics of inversions capping a well-mixed planetary boundary layer. Boundao'-la.ver Met., 14(I): 83-104.

The influences of horizontal wind field divergence, advection, surface temperature excess, wind speed and surface temperature on the characteristics of an inversion are analyzed. Different profiles of the state parameters and the energy fluxes are reported for the Trade Wind region, the cold water area off California, the Norwegian Sea and the Arctic Ocean. Lehrstuhl fiir Bioklimatologie der Universit~it Gottingen, F.R.G. (rlo)

79:5601 Krugermeyer, Lutz, Manfred Grunewald and Michael

Dunckel, 1978. The influence of sea waves on the wind profile. Boundary-laver Met., 14(3): 403-414.

Data from the JONSWAP II experiment are used to establish the relationship between the dimensionless wind profile slope and the significant wave height. Waves are shown to distort the wind profile up to about three wave heights. Sonderforschungsbereich 94 Meeresforschung, Hamburg, F.R.G, (fcs)

79:5602 Lappo, S. S., A. V. Skripnik and A. B. Rabinovich,

1978. On the relation of the atmospheric pressure to the water level of the north-west Pacific. (In Russian.) Meteorolog(va Gidrol., 1978(12): 50-55.

79:5603 Lyakhin, Yu. !., 1978. On the rate of oxygen exchange

between the ocean and the atmosphere. (In Rus- sianA Okeanologiia, 18(6): 1014-1021.

Constants of the rate of oxygen exchange were determined experimentally. At 20°C the evasion coefficient was 11.5 L m .2 hour ~ and the invasion coefficient was 22.0 L m e hour ~. The error was about 15%. The rates of oxygen exchange in the central part of the northern tropical Atlantic were estimated. It was shown that 346 mg m e day ~ of oxygen passes from the ocean to the atmosphere, which makes up 10% of the total oxygen production bv photosvnthesis.

79:5604 Makin, V. K. and D. V. Chalikov, 1979. The numer-

ical simulation Of the airflow above waves. (in Russian; English abstract.) Fiz. Atmo~fi Okeana, 15(3): 292-299.

Navier-Stokes equations for two laver flow are averaged over an ensemble of similar wave surfaces and assumed to describe the evolution of a large-scale velocity field. Laboratory measurements are simulated by numerical integration and the calculated results appear to agree with measured results. (sir)

79:5605 Mickle, R. E. and D. S. Davison, [979. Differences in

kilometre-seale wind and humidity boundary- layer structure at GATE. Atmos. Ocean, 17(1): 36-45.

The variability of the tropical marine boundary layer was investigated by comparing tethersonde profiles extending up to 1000 m above two ships with a 4 km crosswind separation. Correlation analyses revealed a cellular pattern in the wind field, but yielded different results for the temperature and humidity fields. Implications for the interpretation of meteorological observations were discussed. Atmospheric Environ- ment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada. (rio)

79:5606 Nelepo, B. A., G. S, Dvoryaninov and A. V. Prusov,

1979. Generation of stationary temperature boundary layers by surface waves. (In Russian: English abstract.) Fiz. Atmosf. Okeana, 15(3): 314-325.

OLR( 1979)26(11) D. Marine Meteorology 727

Application of a viscous quasi-linear model to the problem of stationary temperature boundary layers at the air-water interface indicates short surface waves as the largest contributors to the formation of the surface thermal film. Interactions of surface and thermal waves in the averaged heat transfer are discussed. (izs)

79:5607 Schmitt, K. F., C. A. Friehe and C. H. Gibson, 1978.

Sea surface stress measurements. Boundary-laver Met.. 15(2): 215-228.

Direct covariance and inertial dissipation techniques used in shallow-water sea surface stress measurements off San Diego, California, averaged a 50% disagreement for each run; average drag coefficient values agreed within 30% (0.99× 10 :~ for inertial dissipation, 0.77× I0 ~ for direct covariance). It is suggested that the inertial dissipation estimates are less reliable due to an enhancement of local isotropv in the wind velocity field by the presence of surface waves. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, U.S.A. (izs)

79:5608 Schmitt, K. F., C. A. Friehe and C. H. Gibson, 1979.

Structure of marine surface layer turbulence. J. atmos. Sci.. 36(4): 602-618.

In spite of errors induced bv platform motion in velocity measurements, and errors induced bv sensor salt contamination in temperature measurements. these data, and humidity profiles, all taken at 29 m above the surface during the NORPAX Pole Experiment, show spectral characteristics in rough agreement with Monin-Obukhov similarity theory. Scripps Institution of Oceanography and Department of Applied Mechanics and Engineering Sciences, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, Calif. 92093, U.S.A. (fcs)

79:5609 Sutvrin, G. G., A. P. Khain and Ye. A. Agrenich,

1979. Interaction of oceanic and atmospheric boundary layers in a tropical cyclone. (In Rus- sian.) Meteorologiva Gidrol., 1979(2): 45-56.

The tropical cyclone is assumed to be non-moving and axisymmetric. The rates of parameter variations in the near-water atmospheric layer and the oceanic boundary layer are assessed for tropical cyclones of various intensities.

79:5610 Takahashi, Tadao, 1978. Observations in atmospheric

surface boundary layer at Hentona Site [off Oki- nawa] during AMTEX. Mere. Fac. Fish. Kago- shima Univ., 27( I ): 225-229.

Observations are described and a preliminary discussion is presented. Relevant mean values of vertical fluxes of momentum and sensible and latent heat correspond quite well to synoptic expectations. Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Faculty of Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.

79:5611 Voronina, V. F., 1979. On relation of circulation pat-

terns over the north-west Pacific to weather condi- tions over the southern Far East. (In Russian.) Meteorologiya Gidrol.. 1979( 1 ): 50-55.

The variability of weather conditions over the southern Far Fast is explained in terms of meandering and vortex forming dynamics in the Kuroshio Current system. Prognostic relations are derived. The need for incorporating satellite data into long-range hvdrometeorological forecasting is stressed. (rio)

79:5612 Wright, P. B., 1979. Hawaiian winter rainfall related

to Pacific sea surface temperature. Mon. Weath. Rev., 107(4): 492-495.

Although a highly significant relationship between Hawaiian winter rainfall and North Pacific sea surface temperature was found for the period 1949-69, predictability for 1970-77 was very low, possibly due to 'artificial predictability' or changes in physical influences. University of Hawaii, Honolulu, Hawaii 96822, U.S.A. (izs)

3. Chemistry of the atmosphere

79:5613 Eichmann, R., P. Neuling, G. Ketseridis, J. Hahn,

R. Jaenicke and C. Junge, 1979. n-alkane studies in the troposphere. 1. Gas and particulate concen- trations in North Atlantic air. A trnos. Environ., 13(5): 587-599.

Simultaneous measurements of C9-C2, n-alkanes in clean air at the west coast of Ireland are reported. All n-alkanes were regularly present with gas phase concentrations between about 10 and 20 × 10 9 g m ~ STP, showing no systematic decrease above C~. Continental air showed higher concentrations. The fraction of alkanes attached to aerosol particles increases from less than 1% at low C-numbers to several per cent at high C-numbers. The carbon preference index is generally close to 1.0: seawater samples exhibit similar distributions of n-alkanes as the gas phase. Max-Planck-lnstitut ffir Chemie (Otto- Hahn-lnstitut), D-6500 Mainz, F.R.G.

728 D. Marine Meteorology OLR(1979)26(11)

4. Climate and climatology

79:5614 Thompson, S. L. and S. H. Schneider, 1979. A sea-

sonal zonal energy balance climate model with an interactive lower layer. J. geophvs. Res., 84(C5): 2401-2414.

The GaI-Chen and Schneider (1976) climate model is modified into a more general model which includes an interactive lower laver, and the seasonal cycle is simulated in terms of seasonally varying insolation. Realistic values of the seasona]l~ effective thermal inertia are achieved by allowing this parameter to var~ with time, thus taking variations of the oceanic mixed la~er depth into account. Department of Atmospheric Sciences, Universit~ of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, U.S.A. (rio)

8. Radiation

79:5617 Cox, S. K. and K. T. Griffith, 1979. Estimates of radi-

ative divergence during Phase 111 of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. !. Methodology. J. atmos. Sci., 36(4): 576-585.

Methods used in preparing G A T t A/B-scale radiative divergence budget estimates involve the compositing of radiative divergence profiles derived from synoptic, satellite and radar observations. Determinations of cloud-top distributions, cloud-clear thresholds, cloud-top heights, cloud-base distribu- tions, and temperature and moisture distributions are described. Areally averaged radiative divergence profiles are produced by computational algorithms. Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. 80523, U.S.A. (rio)

5. Clouds and fog

79:5615 Bressan, D. J. and R. E. Larson, 1979. The history of

air forming various marine fogs off Nova Scotia in August 1975. J. ~eophvs. Res., 84(C4): 1746-1754.

Combining radon, chemical and cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) data provides more complete descriptions of air mass histories and a better understanding of marine aerosol chemistry. No systematic coincidence between wind shifts and the onset or dissipation of fogs was observed nor an~ 'one- to-one correspondence" between togs and air mass boundaries. Magnitudes and gradients of monitored variables (radon levels, elemental ratios, overall salt loading and CCN counts) appear to be practical real- time indicators of the meteorological regime. A fog sampler is described. Naval Research Laboratory, Washington, D.C. 20375, U.S.A. (izs)

6. Precipitation

79:5616 Austin, P. M. and S. G. Geotis, 1979. Raindrop sizes

and related parameters for GATE. J. appl. Met., 18(4): 569-575.

Sets of drop size observations arc analyzed to shov, correlations between radar reflectivitv and meteorological quantities. The size data indicate that tropical oceanic showers include very large numbers of medium-sized drops, but relatively few large drops. Department of Meteorology, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass. 02139, U.S.A. (rlo~

79:5618 Cox, S. K. and K. T. Griffith, 1979. Estimates of radi-

ative divergence during Phase Ill of the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment. II. Analysis of Phase Ill results. J. atmos. Sci., 36(4): 586-601.

Analyses of the GATE Phase Ill radiative divergence estimates are discussed and the profiles indicate less upper tropospheric radiative divergence but more middle level divergence than expected from climatological estimates. The remarkably stable daytime total tropospheric divergence can be used to infer maritime tropical surface energy budgets from satellite data. Department of Atmospheric Science, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colo. 80524, U.S.A. (rio)

79:5619 Davies, J. A. and T. C. Uboegbulam, 1979. Parame-

terization of surface incoming radiation in tropical cloudy conditions. A trnos. Ocean. 17(1): 14-23.

Three models (solar radiation model, flux-emissivity approach, Paltridge's empirical procedure) for calculating incoming short- and long-wave radiation are evaluated based on data from the 3 phases of GATE. The latter 2 methods produce estimates in favorable agreement with measurements even during dominant cumulonimbus. McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada. (izs)

79:5620 Polavarapu, R. J., 1979. Estimation of net radiation

at sea. A trnos. Ocean, 17( 1 ): 24-35.

Hourly Canadian GATE data are utilized in an investigation of relationships between net radiation, global solar radiation and total downward radiation.

OLR(1979)26(1 I) D. Marine Meteorology 729

A derived empirical expression is capable of estimating net radiation from the other, more easily measured, radiation values. The accuracy of the method is comparable to that of direct measurement. Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada. (rlo)

9. Storms

79:5621 Forts, M. C., 1979. Cyclogeneses du bassin medi-

terraneen occidental. [Cyclogenesis in the west- ern Mediterranean Basin.] Monogr. Mbt. hath.. 109:54 pp. Figures include 17 Mediterranean sea state maps.

79:5622 Lawrence, M. B., 1979. Atlantic hurricane season of

1978. Mon. Weath. Rev., 107(47: 477-491. Fig- ures include 13 satellite photos. National Hurri- cane Center, National Weather Service, NOAA, Miami, Fla. 33124, U.S.A.

79:5623 Vetroumov, V. A., 1979. Activity of the North At-

lantic hurricane season [1886-1974]. (In Russian.) Meteorologiya Gidrol., 1979( 1 ): 42-49.

Intensity coefficients, mean seasonal velocities and total internal energies of tropical cyclones are found to characterize the hurricane season activity and are calculated for the years 1886-1974. Mean values and variabilities of these parameters are compared with climatic fluctuations over the Northern Hemisphere. (rio)

Sciences, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash. 98195, U.S.A. (izs)

11. Atmospheric dust, nuclei, aerosols, pollutants, etc.

79:5626 Chaen, Masaaki, 1978. Observations of sea-salt parti-

cles at the seashore of Hentona, Okinawa during the AMTEX '75. I. On the amount of sea-salt particles at the seashore. Mem. Fac. Fish. Kago- shirna Univ.. 27( l ); 231-238.

Number concentrations and salt-mass distributions of airborne sea-salt particles are compared with those of the sea surface obtained by Chaen (1973). The amount of sea-salt particles is four or five times higher than that of the sea surface in the salt-mass class of log m = 2 ~ 3, in wind force 3 and 4. The production rate of sea-sah particles is estimated. Laboratory of Physical Oceanography, Faculty o1" Fisheries, Kagoshima University, Kagoshima, Japan.

79:5627 Eaton, T. E., 1979. Natural and artificially altered

patterns of salt spray across a forested barrier island. A traps. Environ.. 13(5): 705-709.

Using impingement collectors, the distribution of salt spray across undisturbed and disturbed sections of a forested barrier island was assessed. Abnormal intensities of salt were found concentrated at the windward side of the disturbed sites. Snow fencing, erected as a protective device, significantly reduced salt levels leeward of the fence. Department of Biology, University of North Carolina, Wilmington, N.C. 28401, U.S.A.

10. Winds

79:5624 Besleaga, Nicolae, 1976. Synoptic conditions for

strong winds genesis over the Black Sea [from . Cercetart analysis of more than 50 years of data]. ~' "

mar., 9: 7-17. Institute of Meteorology and Hy- drology, Bucuresti, Romania.

79:5625 Leary, C. A., 1979. Behavior of the wind field in the

vicinity of a cloud cluster in the Intertropical Convergence Zone. J. atmos. Sci., 36(4): 631-639.

Cumulonimbus cloud clusters in the I T C Z have much smaller time and space scales than the climatological mean flow or the synoptic-scale waves. A typical cluster was investigated to determine if any wind field perturbations occur on the time and space scales of individual cloud clusters. Department of Atmospheric

12. Circulation

79:5628 Mower, R. N. et al., 1979. A case study of GATE con-

vective activity. A traps. Ocean, 17( 17: 46-59.

Synoptic and meso-scale investigations of an intense convective event in the eastern Atlantic Ocean on 2 September 1974 are conducted with satellite, radar, aircraft, rawinsonde and tethered balloon observations. Formation of the convective activity, two major convective features, precipitation and wind distributions, and subsequent decay of line convection are reported. Dept. of Meteorology, Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisc., U.S.A. (rio)

79:5629 Ogura, Y., Y.-L. Chen, J. Russell and S.-T. Soong,

1979. On the formation of organized convective

730 OLR(1979)26(11)

systems observed over the eastern Atlantic. Mon. Weath. Rev., 107(4): 426-441.

An objective analysis scheme is used in computing spatial wind distributions, divergence, vertical velocities and thermodynamic variables from GATE data. Correlations between the vertical velocity field and the development of organized convective systems are stressed, with horizontal velocity divergence constituting the major analytical variable. A conspicuous absence of low-level inversion, intensification of upward motion, and horizontal distributions of precipitation rates are discussed. Figures include 16 IR satellite photos. Laboratory for Atmospheric Research, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. 61801, U.S.A. (rio)

18. Miscellaneous

79:5630 Agee, E. M. and P. J. Sheu, 1978. MCC [mesoscale

cellular convection] and gull flight behavior. Boundary-laver Met., 14(2): 247-25 I.

For certain values of surface wind speed and air-sea temperature differences, MCC occurs and conditions are favorable for sea gull soaring, as noted by Woodcock (1975). Unique Vand AT combinations required for MCC occurrence, boundaries of the convective regime, and 3 classes of convection strength on the V - A T diagram are reported. Department of Geosciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Ind., U.S.A. (rio)

79:5631 Cho, Han-Ru, R. M. Bloxam and Lawrence Cheng,

1979. GATE A/B-scale budget analysis. Atmos. Ocean, 17(I): 60-76.

Using GATE A/B-scale U.S.S.R. ship data, preliminary heat and moisture budget analyses are carried out and used to determine certain properties of cloud populations during disturbed and undisturbed periods. Dept. of Physics, Univ. of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada. (fcs)

79:5632 Colucci, S. J. and L. F. Bosart, 1979. Surface anti-

cyclone behavior in NMC [National Meteoro- logical Center] prediction models. Mon. Weath. Rev., 107(4): 377-394. Department of Atmo- spheric Science, State University of New York at Albany, Albany, N.Y. 12222, U.S.A.

79:5633 Das, P. K., 1979. The Monsoon Experiment (MON-

EX), Curr. Sci., 48(5): 187-189.

The history and development of the Monsoon Experiment as a sub-program of the Global Atmospheric Research Program are reviewed. The structure of MONEX and observational plans for the experiment, especially from land/ocean-based platforms and space platforms are described. Scientific obiectives and possible benefits are discussed. Meteorological Office, New Delhi, India.

79:5634 Polavarapu, R. J. and G. L. Austin, 1979. A review of

the GARP Atlantic Tropical Experiment t GATE). A trnos. Ocean, 17( 1 ): 2-13.

The basic objective of GATE was to 'explore the mechanisms by which the solar heat stored in the tropical oceans drives the global circulation,' The GATE program, results and data availabiltv are reviewed. Atmospheric Environment Service, Downsview, Ontario, Canada. (fcs)

E. BIOLOGICAL OCEANOGRAPHY

1. Apparatus and methods

79:5635 Bohnsack, J. A., 1979. Photographic quantitative

sampling of hard-bottom benthic communities. Bull. mar. Sci., 29(2): 242-252.

Photographic sampling methods are described, tested in the field and compared with other sampling methods. The numerous advantages of quantitative photographic sampling are discussed and its special usefulness in quantifying the cover parameter is stressed. Dept. of Biology, Univ. of Miami, Coral Gables, Fla. 33124, U.S.A. (rio)

79:5636 Bunt, J. S., K. G. Boto and G. Boto, 1979. A survey

method for estimating potential levels of mangrove forest primary production. Mar. Biol., 52(2): 123-128.

Measurement of light attenuation through the canopy, and leaf pigment assay, provide data for survey estimates of photosynthetic yield in mangrove forests. Australian Institute of Marine Science, Townsville, Queensland, Australia. (sir)

79:5637 Chesler, S. N., B. H. Gump, H. S. Hertz, W. E. MaY

and S. A. Wise, 1978. Determination of trace