87:1905 Kidson, J,W., 1986. Index cycles in the Southern
Hemisphere during the Global Weather Exper- iment. Mon. Weath. Rev., 114(9): 1654-1663. New Zealand Meteorol. Serv., Wellington, New Zea- land.
87:1906 Srivastava, P.S., 1986. Weather windows for offshore
operations off Orissa, east coast of India. Indian J. mar. Sci., 15(3):203-204. Engineers India Limited, New Delhi 110 001, India.
Bl l0 . Climate, climatology
87:1907 Baker, D.J., 1986. The Arctic's role in climate.
Oceanus, 29(1):41-46.
The global energy balance and the feedback mech- anisms which maintain it are discussed, with specific reference to the role played by the Arctic. Poleward heat transport by oceanic and atmospheric circu- lation results in Arctic heat loss which accounts for glacier formation, the Greenland ice cap, multi-year ice and sea ice; these in turn determine Arctic climate through their interaction with the oceans and atmosphere. Relevant research programs are noted. Baker is Co-Chairman of the Sci. Planning Group for the Greenland Sea Project on the Intergovern- mental Arctic Ocean Sci. Board. (jrb)
87:1908 Grassberger, Peter, 1986. Do climatic attractors
exist? Nature, Lond., 323(6089):609-612.
Recently, it has been claimed that the worldwide climate over the past million years follows a low-dimensional strange attractor. Contrary to that claim, I report here that there is no sign of such an attractor. This holds both for the worldwide climate of the past 1-2 Myr (averaged over periods of ~5000 yr) and for a local climate of the past ~7000 yr with yearly averages. In this context, I also discuss the general problem of dimension estimates from sparse data. Physics Dept., Univ. of Wuppertal, D-56 Wuppertal, FRG.
87:1909 Lachenbruch, A.H. and B.V. Marshall, 1986. Chang-
ing climate: geothermal evidence from permafrost
in the Alaskan Arctic. Science, 234(4777):689- 696.
(comment) , Syukuro Manabe and R.T. Wetherald (reply), 1986. Atmospheric carbon dioxide and summer soil wetness. Science, 234(4777): 659-660.
A commentary on the model proposed by Manabe and Wetherald (1986), which predicts a sharp decrease in summer soil moisture in the Midwest, questions the use of averaged solar insolation spread over 24 hours, an assumed 5% increase in the solar constant to compensate for problems arising in the prediction of cloud cover, and the failure to treat meridional and vertical oceanic heat transport. In response, Manabe and Wetherald point to studies by several other investigators and defend the various assumptions made for their model. They also report on the construction of another model which includes a consideration of oceanic heat flux at the bottom of the mixed layer, which serves to reduce the error of climatic sensitivity, but yields a similar prediction of soil moisture reduction during summer. Lawrence Livermore Natl. Lab., Livermore, CA 94550, USA. (hbf)
87:1911 Rotty, R.M. and D.B. Reister, 1986. Use of energy
scenarios in addressing the CO 2 question. J. A ir Pollut. Control Ass., 36(10): 1111-1115.
Annual emissions of three (reference, high and low case) scenarios based on world energy supply and demand (cost of electricity) were input into a global carbon cycle model; atmospheric CO 2 buildup from 1980-2100 was estimated. All scenarios showed continuous rises in CO 2 concentration: by 2100 the reference case reached 775 ppm, the high case 1040
286 B. MarineMeteorology OLR(1987)34(4)
ppm and the low case about 700 ppm. The high case will result in rates of climate change which will present serious difficulties for humanity, while the low case may allow opportunities for acclimati- zation. Inst. for Energy Analysis, Oak Ridge Assoc. Univ., Oak Ridge, TN, USA. Orb)
B140. Air-sea interactions
87:1912 Duefias, C., M.C. Fernandez and M. de la Torre,
1986. Fluxes and exchange rates of radon and oxygen across an air-sea interface. Geochem. J., 20(2):61-69.
Measured 222Kn and 02 fluxes were 74 atoms/m2/s and 1.82 mol/m2/y, respectively, from the shallow waters of the Bay of MAlaga. The bay connects with the Alboran Sea, which is influenced by both Atlantic and Mediterranean waters. Gas exchange rates and wind speed were estimated, and 222Rn and O 2 exchange across the air-sea interface were measured using the radon method. Malaga Univ., Dept. of Physics, Malaga, Spain. (gsb)
87:1913 Fu, Congbin, H.F. Diaz and J.O. Fletcher, 1986.
Characteristics of the response of sea surface temperature in the central Pacific associated with warm episodes of the Southern Oscillation. Mon. Weath. Rev., 114(9):1716-1738.
Zonal distribution of SST in the equatorial Pacific associated with ENSO has been studied using the seasonal mean file of the Comprehensive Ocean- Atmosphere Data set for 1940-1983. Analysis of zonal SST profiles shows two major patterns, and a third pattern which occurred only in 1976. The west-to-east SST gradient in these patterns is appreciably different, which could prove useful in distinguishing ENSO types in the future. Inst. of Atmos. Physics, Acad. Sinica, Beijing, People's Republic of China.
87:1914 Geernaert, Gerald and K.B. Katsaros, 1986. Incor-
poration of stratification effects on the oceanic roughness length in the derivation of the neutral drag coefficient. J. phys. Oceanogr., 16(9): 1580- 1584.
Based on the assumption that, over the sea, the roughness length of the wind profile scales with the wind stress, a new formulation that describes the drag coefficient as a function of the given neutral drag coefficient and stability is derived. It was found
that when the surface roughness was allowed to depend on wind stress (and therefore stability), the stratification correction to the neutral drag coef- ficient was larger than for the case when the roughness length was not allowed to vary. Space Sensing Branch, Naval Res. Lab, Washington, DC 20375, USA.
87:1915 Hisard, Philippe, 1985. The equatorial Pacific tran-
sect during winter 1965 revisited: influences of El Nifio 1965 upon the temperature section. Oc~an- ographie trop., ORSTOM, 20(2):135-150. (In French, English abstract.)
The results of the equatorial survey carried out in the Pacific during winter 1965 are reconsidered using new data and new theories applied to the E1 Nifio phenomenon which culminated in March 1965 along the Peruvian coasts. The temperature section has been used as a reference for modelling of the equatorial structures. This is a new analysis which takes into account the influences of El Nifio upon the observed structures, and is only intended to warn new users about the limits of the previous data. ORSTOM/LPDA, Tour 15-5, Univ. Paris VI, 4, place Jussieu, 75230 Paris Cedex 05, France.
87:1916 Holt, Teddy and Sethu Raman, 1986. Variation of
turbulence in the marine boundary layer over the Arabian Sea during the Indian southwest mon- soon (MONEX 79). Boundary-layer Met., 37(1- 2):71-87.
Analysis of high frequency (20 Hz) turbulence data collected from low level flights on 20 and 24 June 1979 indicates the influence of the Somali Jet on boundary-layer turbulence. Turbulence statistics of wind speed components and temperature in the monsoon boundary layer for both clays are generally greater than those observed in laboratory experi- ments or tropical and trade wind boundary layers in which a strong jet was not present. Magnitudes of the sensible and latent heat fluxes are three to five times larger than the values observed over the Bay of Bengal. The turbulent kinetic energy budget over the Arabian Sea for 24 June indicates the importance of buoyancy, and to a lesser extent shear as the dominant term. Dissipation serves as the primary sink term. Dept. of Mar., Earth and Atmos. Sci., North Carolina Univ., Raleigh, NC 27695-8208, USA.
87:1917 Ishida, Hiroshi, 1986. Mesoscale spatial and temporal
variability of meteorological observations from an
OLR(1987)34(4) n. MarmeMeteorology 287
array of buoys in JASIN-1978. Boundary-layer Met., 37(1-2): 149-165.
Observations of wind speed and direction, air and sea temperatures and solar radiation were obtained from an array of buoys deployed N W of Scotland, summer 1978. Spectra of wind speed and air and sea temperatures were computed to illustrate the dis- tribution of variance over periods ranging from 3.5 min to 40 days. On the basis of auto- and cross- correlation analyses, it appeared that mesoscale eddies propagated through the array of buoys with the mean wind speed except during times of frontal passages. The cross-correlation between wind speed and air temperature showed evidence of horizontal roll vortices or some other forms of organized convection. Dept. of Nautical Sci., Kobe Univ., Kobe, Hyogo, 658, Japan.
87:1918 Large, W.G., J.C. McWilliams and P.P. Niiler, 1986.
Upper ocean thermal response to strong autumnal forcing of the northeast Pacific. J. phys. Oceanogr., 16(9): 1524-1550.
Drifting (CASID) buoys were tracked in the NE Pacific (50°N, 145°W) in autumn of 1980 and 1981 as part of the Storm Transfer and Response Experiment. A 50-day SST change of -3.2C ° fol- lowing mixed layer flow is due to surface cooling (-0.04C°), entrainment ( - I .1C °) and vertical mixing (-1.5C°), implying vertical diffusivities > 1 0 x 10 4 m 2 s ~ at the base of the mixed layer and 4 x 10 4 m ~ s ~ in the lower thermocline. Enhanced diffusion is even more important in the 1-2 day cooling response to storms, accounting for 63% of the -0.41C ° SST cooling. Most of the heat mixed vertically into the thermocline during this episodic cooling is advected to the S and E. Results suggest a link between cooling and ocean dynamics, with the strong vertical mixing between the thermocline and mixed layer receiving its energy locally from supercritical storm- driven currents. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307, USA.
87:1919 Meyers, G., J.R. Donguy and R.K. Reed, 1986.
Evaporative cooling of the western equatorial Pacific Ocean by anomalous winds. Nature, Lond., 323(6088):523-526.
Oceanic heat storage observed by expendable bath- ythermographs during 1979-83 is compared with local processes in the heat budget, including various surface fluxes and mixing. The results show that cooling during 1982-83 was caused by evaporation due to anomalous meridional wind. CSIRO Div. of Oceanogr., Castray Espanade, Hobart, Tasmania 7000, Australia.
87:1920 Palmer, T.N., 1986. Gulf Stream variability and
European climate. Met. Mag., Lond., 115(1370): 291-297.
The influence of mid-latitude oceanic variability on the atmospheric general circulation is not well understood. Nevertheless, some modelling and ob- servational evidence is presented to suggest that, in winter-time, persistent SST anomalies near New- foundland could influence climate downstream over Europe. European Ctr. for Medium-range Weather Forecasts, Shinfield Park, Reading, UK.
87:1921 Prell, W.L. and Elise Van Campo, 1986. Coherent
response of Arabian Sea upwelling and pollen transport to Late Quaternary monsoonal winds. Nature, Lond., 323(6088):526-528.
Here we compare time series (140 kyr long) of selected pollen types and foraminiferal upwelling faunas preserved in marine sediments, to identify the frequencies of their variability and the coherence and phase of the terrestrial and marine responses to monsoonal circulation. These data indicate that two distinct modes of monsoon variability may exist: an interglacial mode with strong monsoons and effec- tive coupling of terrestrial amd marine records, and a glacial mode with both weaker monsoons and decreased linkage between Arabian Sea pollen and upwelling records. Dept. of Geol. Sci., Brown Univ., Providence, RI 02912, USA.
87:1922 Rogers, D.P., 1986. On the onset of entrainment
instability over the ocean. Boundary-layer Met., 37(1-2): 167-182.
Clouds are observed over most of the oceans; it is generally accepted that these overcast cloud decks break up into scattered fragments due to cloud-top entrainment instability. A boundary-layer model is used to test the sensitivity of the model atmosphere to the various processes which promote the onset of cloud-top entrainment instability. The transition from a solid cloud deck to scattered cumulus clouds depends on a rate process. The cloud cover is sensitive to mesoscale variations in SST only if the cloud-top inversion is sufficiently weak. Desert Res. Inst., P.O. Box 60220, Reno, NV 89506, USA.
87:1923 Shannon, L.V., A.J. Boyd, G.B. Brundrit and J.
Taunton-Clark, 1986. On the existence of an El Nifio-type phenomenon in the Benguela system. J. mar. Res., 44(3):495-520.
288 B. Marine Meteorology OLR (1987) 34 (4)
Although there have been several warm and cool periods in the Benguela region off SW Africa, only two events (1963, 1984) which approximate to an E1 Nifio-type situation have occurred since the early 1950s. Records indicate that in March 1950 the 27°C isotherm in the eastern Atlantic lay 600 km further south than normal, and there is evidence for a major E1 Nifio-like event in 1934. Anomalous conditions in low latitudes in the Atlantic in 1934 and 1963, and a major perturbation in the equatorial Atlantic in 1984 strongly suggest a nonlocal cause of the Benguela anomalies. A South Atlantic equivalent of the Pacific E1 Niflo is suggested although in the Benguela region these events are less pronounced and less frequent. Sea Fish. Res. Inst., Private Bag X2, Rogge Bay, 8012, Cape Town, South Africa.
87:1924 Simon, Baby and P.S. Desai, 1986. Equatorial Indian
Ocean evaporation estimates from operational meteorological satellites and some inferences in the context of monsoon onset and activity. Boundary-layer Met., 37(1-2):37-52.
Although estimates of sea surface evaporation by remote sensing techniques have not been adequately achieved, in the present investigation covering moderate space and time scales for a tropical region, approximate averaged estimates are obtained by extrapolating satellite and humidity data to the ocean surface and using bulk aerodynamic param- eterization to estimate evaporation. This value is assessed by comparison with the ships' surface observations. Sensible heat exchange is also esti- mated and assessed. In addition, inferences based on these estimates relative to monsoon onset and activity are presented. Meteorol. and Oceanogr. Div., Space Applications Centre, Ahmedabad, 380053, India.
87:1925 Weare, B.C., 1986. A simple model of the tropical
atmosphere with circulation dependent heating and specific humidity. J. atmos. Sci., 43(19): 2001-2016. Dept. of Land, Air and Water Resour., Univ. of Calif., Davis, CA 95616, USA.
87:1926 Wooster, W.S. and D.L. Fluharty (editors), 1985. El
Nifio north: Nifio effects in the eastern subarctic Pacific Ocean. Meeting, Seattle, Washington, September 12-13, 1984. Washington Sea Grant, Univ. of Washington, Seattle; 312pp. $10.00
Twelve of the papers here deal with the physical environment: Northern Hemisphere atmospheric responses, effects on the Kuroshio, and specific events or anomalies as observed off western North
America. Twelve more deal with biological effects, particularly changes in plankton and nekton dis- tributions, new records and sightings, and pattern changes in recruitment and reproduction of fishes and birds.
B170. Circulation
87:1927 Trenberth, K.E., 1986. The signature of a blocking
episode on the general circulation in the Southern Hemisphere. J. atmos. Sci., 43(19):2061-2069.
Two major blocking events took place over the South Pacific Ocean east of New Zealand, 23 July-4 August and 19-27 August 1979. The events are analyzed in detail and the imprint they left on the general circulation statistics for the winter as a whole are presented. Since the blocking episode mostly prevented eddies from moving through the region, the variance of meridional velocity is small. Nev- ertheless, owing to the sequence of blocks the variance of geopotential height is a maximum. A global-scale redistribution of mass was associated with the blocking episode. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307, USA.
87:1928 Trenberth, K.E., 1986. An assessment of the impact
of transient eddies on the zonal flow during a blocking episode using localized Eliassen-Palm flux diagnostics. J. atmos. Sci., 43(19):2070-2087. NCAR, Boulder, CO 80307, USA.
B220. Waves
87:1929 Fraedrich, Klaus and Martin Lutz, 1986. Zonal
teleconnections and longitude-time lag correla- tions of the 500 nab geopeteutial along 50°S. J. atmos. Sci., 43(19):2116-2126.
Longitude-time lag correlations of the low-pass filtered data document an eastward energy disper- sion along a quasi-stationary zonal wave train; it emerges from the area of South America, has a wavelength of 90-100 ° longitude, and a group velocity of ~ 1 0 ° per day. The band-pass filtered correlation matrices for this latitude circle reveal the sectors of the major storm tracks. The related longitude-time lag correlations show a wavelength of 70 ° to 80 ° longitude, an eastward propagation of
10 ° per day and a group velocity of ~50 ° per day. Bur. of Meteorol. Res. Centre, Melbourne, Vic. 3001, Australia.
OLR (1987) 34 (4) B. Marine Meteorology 289
87:1930 Lau, N.-C. and K.-M. Lau, 1986. The structure and
propagation of intraseasonal oscillations appear- ing in a GFDL general circulation model. J. atmos. Sci., 43(19):2023-2047.
The 3-D structure and temporal evolution of quasi- periodic, planetary-scale tropospheric oscillations simulated by a 15-wavenumber GCM are investi- gated by applying cross-spectral, eigenvector, com- posite and temporal correlation techniques to 12 years of model output. Principal characteristics of the model-generated phenomena analyzed in this study are compared with corresponding results reported in the observational literature. Although the period of the simulated wavenumber-1 phenomena is somewhat shorter than the corresponding observed values, it is demonstrated that the spatial structure, propagation characteristics and seasonal dependence of the model features are consistent with obser- vations. The model findings are also interpreted in terms of current theoretical understanding of trop- ical and extratropical motions. GFDL/NOAA, Princeton Univ., NJ 08542, USA.
B250. Clouds
87:1931 Reed, R.J. and Warren Blier, 1986. A case study of
comma cloud development in the eastern Pacific. Mon. Weath. Rev., 114(9):1681-1695.
A case study is presented of the development within a polar air stream of a comma-shaped cloud pattern and associated small surface cyclone. The distur- bance is traced from the time of its development over the eastern Pacific Ocean until it moves inland over California as a mature system. The quasi- geostrophic omega equation is employed to elucidate the processes involved in cloud development; qual- itative analysis indicates the likely importance of small static stabilities in enhancing the effect of the relatively modest positive vorticity advection. The possible importance of latent heat release on the development of the system is also discussed. The main results of this and a companion paper are summarized in the form of a schematic diagram. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
87:1932 Reed, R.J. and Warren Blier, 1986. A further study of
comma cloud development in the eastern Pacific. Mon. Weath. Rev., 114(9): 1696-1708.
In a companion paper the authors presented a case study of the development of a comma-shaped cloud
pattern and associated small cyclone that formed in a cold air mass over the eastern Pacific. This paper confirms the reproducibility of the previous analysis by documenting a second, similar case. A schematic model of comma cloud development is based in part on this second example. An added feature of the present paper is a detailed examination of the physical processes responsible for the enhanced convective activity that occurred during the inten- sifying stage of the disturbance. Dept. of Atmos. Sci., Univ. of Wash., Seattle, WA 98195, USA.
B270. Precipitation
87:1933 Meneghini, Robert and David Atlas, 1986. Simul-
taneous ocean cross-section and rainfall meas- urements from space with a nadir-looking radar. J. atmos, ocean. Technol., 3(3):400-413. Goddard Space Flight Ctr., Greenbelt, MD 20771, USA.
87:1934 Olson, W.S., C.-L. Yeh, J.A. Weinman and R.T.
Chin, 1986. Resolution enhancement of multi- channel microwave imagery from the Nimbus-7 SMMR for maritime rainfall analysis. J. atmos. ocean. Technol., 3(3):422-432. Dept. of Meteorol., Univ. of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA.
87:1935 Weisburd, S., 1986. Getting the drop on 'giant' rain.
Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 130(18):p.277.
During the 1985 Joint Hawaiian Warm Rain Project researchers found the world's largest raindrops from warm clouds. Showing that contemporary thinking about the formation and survival of these raindrops is wrong, they found a much higher proportion of large drops than the standard model predicts. It is suspected that the high water content of the cloud band and the large updraft of the clouds are responsible. Orb)
B280. Storms, disturbances, cyclones, etc.
87:1936 Jury, M.R., F.A. Shillington, G. Prestidge and C.D.
Maxwell, 1986. Meteorological and oceaaogrnph- ic aspects of a winter storm over the southwestern Cape Province, South Africa. S. Afr. J. Sei., 82:315-319. Dept. of Oceanogr., Univ. of Cape Town, Rondebosch 7700, South Africa.
290 B. MarineMeteorology OLR(1987)34(4)
B310. Chemistry
87:1937 Callis, L.B. and Murali Natarajan, 1986. Ozone and
nitrogen dioxide changes in the stratosphere during 1979-84. Nature, Lond., 323(6091):772- 777.
Analyses of stratospheric NO2 distributions indicate mid-latitude increases of up to 75% during the 1979-84 period. These increases are attributed to enhanced upper atmospheric formation of odd nitrogen during solar cycle 21 with downward transport to the stratosphere. The increases in NO2 provide an explanation for the recently observed dramatic springtime minima in the Antarctic ozone and suggest the reason for the reported mid-latitude stratospheric ozone decreases observed by satellite and ground-based stations since the mid 1970s. Atmos. Sci. Div., NASA-Langley Res. Center, Hampton, VA 23665, USA.
87:1938 Kerr, R.A., 1986. Taking shots at ozone hole theories.
Science, 234(4778):817-818.
Debate over the cause of seasonal thinning of the ozone layer over the south pole rages on, despite initial reports from National Ozone Expedition members who have found neither evidence of cyclical circulation dynamics which would account for the hole nor the high concentrations of nitrogen dioxide predicted by proponents of the solar cycle theory of seasonal ozone depletion. Expedition members are solidly in favor of a chemical expla- nation for the hole's formation, if only because nothing was found to substantiate the dynamical theories, but no complete answer seems immediately forthcoming. (sir)
Members of the National Ozone Expedition (NOZE) support the hypothesis that a chemical process is responsible for the formation of the Antarctic ozone hole, and claim 'strong evidence' against both a dynamic model involving upward movement of ozone-poor air and the odd-nitrogen theory of solar activity-generated, ozone-destroying nitric oxide. Other scientists dispute these conclusions, citing insufficient evidence. It is hoped that NOZE meas- urements will help determine whether the hole has resulted from natural or anthropogenic causes. Orb)
B 3 2 0 . P a r t i c u l a t e s (dust, aerosols, etc.)
87:1941 Austin, L.S. and G.E. Millward, 1986. Atmosphere-
coastal ocean fluxes of particulate arsenic and antimony. Continent. Shelf Res., 6(3):459-474.
Aerosol concentrations of arsenic in samples from the English Channel were in the range (0 .05 to 11.0 ng As (SCM) -~ and from the North Atlantic <0.03 to 0.36 ng As (SCM) ~; antimony ranged (0 .06 to 2.7 ng Sb (SCM) -t and (0 .02 to 0.4 ng Sb (SCM) t, respectively. The bulk aerosol in each area was predominantly of marine origin, although an an- thropogenic component was evident in some sam- pies. Aerosol deposition to coastal waters may be a more important source of dissolved arsenic and antimony than the riverine input (5 and 15 times higher, respectively, in the base of the English Channel). Concentrations and fluxes of metals in the open ocean are an order of magnitude lower than in the coastal environment. The potential for inter- hemispheric transfer of metals is examined. Dept. of Marine Sci., Plymouth Polytech., Plymouth PL4 8AA, UK.
87:1939 Mook, W.G., 1986. ~3C in atmospheric CO 2. Neth. J.
Sea Res., 20(2-3):211-223.
A detailed analysis of short- and long-term time records of ~3C analyses on atmospheric CO2 provides insight into aspects of the global carbon cycle that cannot be obtained otherwise. Here stable carbon isotope effects and variations in nature are reviewed; theoretical background as well as applications regarding the CO2 increase are discussed. Isotope Phys. Lab., Univ. of Groningen, Westersingel 34, 9718 CM, Groningen, Netherlands.
87:1940 Weisburd, S., 1986. Pole's ozone hole: who NOZE?
Sci. News, Washington, D.C., 130(17):p.261.
B350. Pollution (see also C210-Chemica l pollution, E300-Effects of pollution, F250- Waste disposal)
87:1942 Cutter, G.A. and T.M. Church, 1986. Selenium in
western Atlantic precipitation. Nature, Lond., 322(6081):720-722.
Here we examine data on the concentration and oxidation state of selenium in precipitation over coastal and mid-ocean regions of the western Atlantic Ocean. The results indicate that fossil fuel combustion enriches selenium in wet depositional fluxes to western Atlantic surface waters, and that selenium's oxidation state in precipitation may be a sensitive oxidation-reduction (redox) tracer. Dept.
OLR(1987)34(4) 291
of Oceanogr., Old Dominion Univ., Norfolk, VA 23508, USA.
B380. Forecasting
87:1943 Daley, Roger and Thomas Mayer, 1986. Estimates of
global analysis error from the Global Weather Experiment observational network. Mon. Weath. Rev., 114(9):1642-1653.
Time mean and transient errors are calculated and displayed as a function of altitude, latitude, lon- gitude and also spectrally. The experimental results show substantial analysis errors south of 60°S and in the stratosphere. For some variables, the relative error below 850 mb and in the tropics is also large. Canadian Climate Centre, Atmos. Environ. Serv., Downsview, ON, M3H 5T4, Canada.
The use of physico-mathematical models for the numerical prediction of weather changes on the global scale is described. Accuracy of the predictions is assessed in relation to the limitations of both the observational data and model representation of the many interactive physical and dynamical processes that govern the evolution of the major features of the atmospheric circulation. The concept of predicta- bility in relation to the evolution of atmospheric disturbances is discussed. Ctr. for Environ. Technol., Imperial Coll., London SW7 1LU, UK.
g'/: 1945 Rowntree, P.R. and H. Cattle (eds.), 1983. The
This paper describes modelling work with a tropical forecast suite developed specifically to take advan- tage of the increased data coverage in the tropical Atlantic during the GARP Atlantic Tropical Exper- iment (GATE) of June to September 1974. Included are a description of the data extraction methods, a summary of data obtained and a detailed account of the analysis, interpolation, initialization and forecast techniques.
B450. Miscellaneous
87:1946 Donn, W.L., 1986. Experiments in long-range climate
control. Geol. J., 21(3):307-318.
Extrapolation of palaeoclimate chronology seems to leave little doubt that another glacial stage can be expected in the near geologic future. On a shorter time scale, it appears that the increasing greenhouse effect will raise atmospheric temperature by 2-3°K within a hundred years. The possibility of man's reversing or at least weakening these portentous climate changes is investigated here with the use of a thermodynamic climate model. Preliminary results indicate that the climate effects referred to may be reversible if caught early and certainly suggest that further and more sophisticated attention be given the subject. Lamont-Doherty Geol. Observ., Palisades, NY 10964, USA.
C. CHEMICAL OCEANOGRAPHY
C10. Apparatus and methods
87:1947 Boon, J.P. and J.C. Duinker, 1986. Monitoring of
cyclic organochiorines in the marine environment. Environ. Monit. Assessment, 7(2): 189-208.
The hydrophobic and refractory nature of cyclic organochlorines has led to their persistence in the marine environment, and must be considered in evaluation of environmental compartments for mon- itoring purposes. Monitoring is only suggested for compounds for which biotic and abiotic behavior is known. Benthic invertebrates utilizing glycogen as
