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QUARTERLY BULLETIN June 2014

MARKET INSIDER MEDICINAL PLANTS & NATURAL INGREDIENTS

PROVIDING SECTOR-SPECIFIC MARKET INTELLIGENCE

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Disclaimer

The ITC Market Insider is placed at the disposal of users for information only. It is not designed to replace the appropriate professional advice in any way. The pricing data is based on ITC sources and can change at any time. Although the International Trade Centre strives to keep the data current and accurate, errors can occur. ITC does not bear any liability for any inaccuracy, error, discrepancies in prices or related information. Mention of company names, commercial products and brand names does not imply endorsement by the International Trade Centre. For further information, please refer to the ITC Terms and Conditions, section 2.0 Disclaimers.

Contact: Market Insider International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Tel: +4122 730 01 11 Fax: +4122 730 05 72 Email: marketinsider@intracen.org Twitter: @ITCMktInsider Web: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-insider/ Market Insider for Medicinal Plants is prepared by: Josef A. Brinckmann ITC Consultant josefb@comcast.net Cover Picture:

紅花 – Honghua – Carthami flos (Carthamus tinctorius L.) at the Chengdu TCM Market

©2012 Josef A. Brinckmann.

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Contents About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients ............................ 3

Some Useful Terminology ....................................................................................................... 3

1. Industry News and Trends............................................................................................... 5

1.1. Indian Ispaghula crop: short supply - higher prices predicted .................................... 5

1.2. Germany breaks all time record in herbal tea consumption ........................................ 6

1.3. Medicinal berries in the news – goji, maqui & seabuckthorn ..................................... 7

1.4. FAO Promotes cultivation of Himalayan medicinal plant Moringa oleifera ........... 10

1.5. Medicinal bulbs ......................................................................................................... 11

2. Sustainable use of Biodiversity News ............................................................................ 12

2.1. Landscape changes leading to erosion of medicinal plant habitats, short supply ..... 12

2.2. Smuggling of CITES-listed medicinal plant used in Indian Systems of Medicine ... 13

2.3. Issues of provenance – Paraguayan stevia and Peruvian maca ................................. 15

2.4. Demand increasing for Non-GMO botanicals .......................................................... 18

2.4. Fair, Traditional and Wild Medicinal Plants ............................................................. 20

3. Currency Rates of Exchange ......................................................................................... 22

4. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients ................................. 22

5. Selected Events ................................................................................................................ 25

6. Herb Profile: Carthami flos ........................................................................................... 30

7. Company Profile: KAITE Initiative Pvt. Ltd., Zimbabwe ......................................... 32

8. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations ................................. 33

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About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients The Market Insider for medicinal plants & natural ingredients provides market intelligence on the production and international trade of selected botanical raw materials and value-added forms such as extracts and oils. Market insights are presented for key developments on medicinal plants and botanical nutritional ingredients including analysis of international trade data, market trends, indicative market prices for selected botanical ingredients, trade specifications, market size and growth, target markets, business opportunities, legislation affecting the sector, technology, trade events, producer and product profiles. New sources of information, news that subscribers and readers might have on their specific products or areas are welcome. See more at: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-insider/medicinal-plants/

Some Useful Terminology API: Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy CBD: Convention on Biodiversity CCC: Standard Classification of Commodities of the Republic of China CCCCS: Commodity Classification for China Customs Statistics cfu/g: Colony-forming units per gram C&F: Cost & Freight; means the price includes cost and freight charges CFR: Seller has the same responsibilities as when shipping FOB, but shipping

costs are prepaid by the seller CIF: Cost Insurance Freight; means the price includes cost, freight and

insurance CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora &

Fauna CL: Container load C/S: Cut and sifted COMTRADE: Commodity Trade Statistics Database EDQM: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines EMA: European Medicines Agency Essential Oils: Odorous product, usually of complex composition, obtained from a

botanically defined plant raw material by steam distillation, dry distillation, or a suitable mechanical process without heating

Extracts: Preparations of liquid (liquid extracts and tinctures), semi-solid (soft extracts and oleoresins) or solid (dry extracts) consistency obtained from Herbal Drugs or animal matter prepared by suitable methods using ethanol or other suitable solvents

EXW: Ex works - Buyer arranges for pick-up of goods at the seller's location. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, and preparing goods for shipment on a specified date or time frame

Farm Gate Price: Refers to the dollar value of agricultural products that you receive from direct farm sales or the value of primary products used for processing

FAS: Free alongside ship - Buyer arranges for ocean transport. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, preparing goods for shipment and delivering the goods to the dock

FAS Value: Value of exports at the seaport, airport, or border port of exportation, based on the transaction price including inland freight, insurance, and other

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charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the port of export

FCA: Free carrier: seller is responsible for costs until the buyer's named freight carrier takes charge

FCL: Full container load FLO: Fairtrade International FOB: Free On Board - means that the price only includes the cost of the item.

Seller arranges for transport of the goods, preparing goods for shipment, and loading the goods onto the vessel

FOR & FOT: Free On Rail or Free on Truck; both refer to goods being carried by rail and should only be used when the goods are carried by rail. The risk of loss or damage is transferred when the goods are loaded onto the rail

FTA: Free Trade Agreement GACP: Good Agricultural and Collection Practice GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice ha: Hectare Herbal Drug Preparations:

Obtained by subjecting Herbal Drugs to treatments such as extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation. These include comminuted or powdered herbal drugs, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates

Herbal Drugs: Whole, fragmented, or cut plants, parts of plants, algae, fungi or lichen, in an unprocessed state, usually in dried form but sometimes fresh. Certain exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment are also considered to be herbal drugs

Herbal Teas: Consist exclusive of one or more Herbal Drugs intended for oral aqueous preparations by means of decoction, infusion or maceration; usually supplied in bulk form or in sachets

HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPTLC: High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HS Code: Harmonized System Tariff Code ITC (HS) Indian Trade Classification Harmonized System ITC International Trade Centre / UNCTAD / WTO MAP: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants NLT: Not less than NESOI: Not Elsewhere Specified Or Included NMT: Not more than NOP: National Organic Program (USDA) NTFP: Non Timber Forest Products OTC: Over the Counter medicines: Medicines sold without a prescription PE: Powdered Extract PhEur: European Pharmacopoeia SE: Soft Extract TBC: Tea bag cut TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine THMP: Traditional Herbal Medicinal Product TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography UPI: Unani Pharmacopoeia of India USD: United States Dollar USP: United States Pharmacopeia VAT: Value Added Tax

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1. Industry News and Trends

1.1. Indian Ispaghula crop: short supply - higher prices predicted

Short supply and price increases foreseen for 2014 ispaghula crop by Market Insider 24 June 2014 Both the husk (dried seed coat or epidermis) and the dried ripe seed of ‗ispaghula‘, a.k.a. ‗Indian psyllium‘ (Plantago ovata) are used the world over as bulk-forming laxative medicinal ingredients of drug products for relieving constipation. Plantago ovata is an endemic plant of Iranian biodiversity and occurs in the wild from Mediterranean northern Africa (Egypt, Libya, Morocco) to the Central Asian deserts of Kyzyl Kum (Turkmenistan), and into parts of southern Asia, namely Afghanistan, Iran and Pakistan. It is believed to have been introduced to western India, now the largest producer and exporter in the world. India‘s main ispaghula producing areas are the western states of Gujarat, Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, and Haryana. Gujarat State is the main hub for production and processing. Gujarat and Rajasthan combined have a total ispaghula cultivation area of about 60,000 hectares. Major European and American importers and distributors of ispaghula ingredients have issued statements this month about the current market situation with predictions of shortages and higher prices until the 2015 harvest. C.E. Roeper (Hamburg, Germany) reports that over half of the 2014 harvest is in and, that in view of the increasing market demand, it can be predicted that there will be less material available in 2014 compared to 2013. Price increases have already taken place for the highest grade material (99% purity; 100 mesh powder particle size). Other qualities (lower purity %) will still be harvested and processed this year. C.E. Roeper advises its customers who are not yet covered to cover their requirements soon, In America, BI Nutraceuticals (Long Beach, California), one of the leading importers and distributors of psyllium ingredients, reports that the 2014 harvest in India was already complete in March. According to BI‘s June harvest report: ―With approximately 75% of the crop already in the market, only 25% is left to carry supplies through to the next harvest in 2015. Suppliers report the Psyllium crop is short this year for several reasons, but primarily due to the limited planting during the sowing season as well as the rain and hail storms during harvesting, which led to premature harvesting. In result, the overall yields of good quality Psyllium are significantly less than last year.‖ BI Nutraceuticals reports that Psyllium prices are already over 30% higher than last year. According to trade data of Government of India, Department of Commerce, for the 2013-2014 agricultural year (April 2013-March 2014), India exported 42,439,660 kg of psyllium husk compared with the previous season‘s (April 2012-March 2013) export total of 39,670,750 kg. Last year nearly three-quarters of India‘s psyllium exports went to buyers in just three countries, the United State of America (34.7% of total) and Pakistan (30.8%) followed by Germany (7.4%).

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With early predictions of short supply and higher prices already for the just harvested psyllium crop, we will be keeping a close eye on the psyllium market situation through the course of this 2014-2015 season. Sources 1. BI Nutraceuticals. Psyllium – India. BI Nutraceuticals Harvest Report. June 2014.

Available at: http://www.botanicals.com/harvest2014_bi124018.php 2. C.E. Roeper GmbH. Psyllium. Roeper Sien Newsletter. June 2014. Available at:

http://www.roeper.de/doc/newsletter_juni_2014_english.pdf 3. Ebadi-Almas D et al. Karyotypic variation and karyomorphology in Iranian endemic

ecotypes of Plantago ovata Forsk. Cytologia. 2012;77(2):215–223. 4. Government of India, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Department of Commerce.

Export Import Data Bank Version 7.1 TRADESTAT. Commodity: Psyllium Husk (Isobgul Husk) - HS Code 1211.9032.

5. National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Limited (NMCE). Report on isabgol seed. Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India: NMCE. Available at: http://www.nmce.com/files/study/isabgul.pdf

1.2. Germany breaks all time record in herbal tea consumption

Germany breaks all time record in herbal tea consumption by Market Insider Tuesday, 27 May. 2014 The German herbal and fruit tea trade association (WKF) reports an all-time record of nearly 13 billion cups of herbal tea consumed in Germany in 2013. Germany is already the largest importer, processor and consumer of medicinal and aromatic plants in Europe. The 2013 sales of herbal and fruit teas in Germany amounted to about 38,844 tons of dried botanical materials, about 2.8% higher than previous year 2012. 46.2% of the herbal teas were mixtures of herbs while 53.8% were single-herb teas of which the top three were peppermint leaf, fennel fruit, and chamomile flower. Main suppliers of fennel to Germany are Bulgaria, China, Egypt, and Turkey. Main sources of chamomile in the German market include Egypt, Argentina, Poland, Bulgaria, Hungary, as well as domestic production in Germany. Source Wirtschaftsvereinigung Kräuter- und Früchtetee e.V. (WKF). Pressemitteilung: Rekord in der Kräuter und Früchtetee- Tasse. Knapp 13 Milliarden Tassen bescheren höchste Absatzzahlen aller Zeiten. Hamburg, Mai 2014: http://www.wkf.de/fileadmin/wkf_redaktion/Fotos/Marktdaten/2014-05_Marktzahlen2013-3-1.pdf

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1.3. Medicinal berries in the news – goji, maqui & seabuckthorn

European standards for Chinese medicinal fruit goji berry by Market Insider Friday, 06 June 2014

Goji berry (Lycium barbarum), a.k.a. Barbary wolfberry fruit or 'gou qi zi' in Chinese Pinyin, is a native plant of Chinese biodiversity. The shrub grows wild in the north-western parts of the People‘s Republic of China, especially in the Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region (which has its own geo-authentic variety: 'ning xia gou qi zi'), Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Gansu Province and Qinghai Province. Due to significantly increasing global demand over the past decade, massive goji berry plantations have also been installed in many parts of China so that the supply is no longer provided only from wild harvested sources. This medicinal fruit is widely used in Asian systems of medicine including Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine, and Traditional Korean Medicine. But now it is also being used medicinally in formulations and herbal medicinal products marketed in European countries and North America, and elsewhere. While official quality standards, tests and methods for the quality control of goji berries are already available in the currently valid English-language editions of the national pharmacopoeias of China, Japan and Korea, a new monograph, titled 'Barbary wolfberry fruit' will become official in the 4th Supplement to the 8th Edition of the European Pharmacopoeia (PhEur 8.4). This is certainly an indication that this important Chinese medicinal fruit is entering European commerce as an active ingredient of herbal medicinal products.

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Will clinical research increase demand for Chilean medicinal fruit maqui berry? by Market Insider Tuesday, 10 June 2014

Image source: http://www.odepa.gob.cl/odepaweb/publicaciones/doc/2442.pdf Maqui (Aristotelia chilensis) is an endemic plant of Chilean biodiversity producing dark violet –blackish berries that are used for both medicinal and nutritional purposes. Maqui trees grow in southern Chile in a narrow range between Illapel (32°00'S / 71°10'W) and Chiloé Island (42°30'S / 73°50'W) in the Central Valley as well as in the mountain ranges and Juan Fernández Islands. The results of a clinical trial just published in the Italian journal ―Panminera Medica‖ suggest that ingestion of the branded ingredient Delphinol®, a standardized dried extract of Maqui fruit, may have potential for helping to manage blood sugar levels and lowering insulin responses. With metabolic problems being such a major health concern, market demand for natural remedies shown to be effective in clinical research could increase considerably. According to Maqui New Life Inc. (MNL), the manufacturer of Delphinol®, the estimated area of Maqui trees in Chile is 170,000 hectares (ha). Estimated berry yield from sites densely populated with maqui trees and sites with maqui present in the second tier is on average 220 kg / ha. Considering the area of 170,000 ha of maqui in Chile, potential annual production could be about 37,400 tons (fresh weight). However, the actual potential of maqui is probably much lower because most of wild collection areas are very difficult to access. Will clinical research increase market demand? Presumably the manufacturers of maqui ingredients for the export market hope that this will be the case. What happens when a biodiversity product that is endemic to a relatively narrow geographical range becomes world famous? Sources 1. Gobierno de Chile, Ministerio de Agricultura. Características generales del maqui

(Aristotelia chilensis): http://www.odepa.gob.cl/odepaweb/publicaciones/doc/2442.pdf 2. Maqui New Life Inc. (MNL). Delphinol® Product Description. Santiago, Chile:

http://www.maquinewlife.com/product.php 3. Hidalgo J, Flores C, Hidalgo MA, Perez M, Yañez A, Quiñones L, Caceres DD, Burgos

RA. Delphinol® standardized maqui berry extract reduces postprandial blood glucose increase in individuals with impaired glucose regulation by novel mechanism of sodium glucose cotransporter inhibition. Panminerva Medica 2014 June;56(2 Suppl 3):1-7.

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Seabuckthorn – a promising medicinal fruit crop by Market Insider Tuesday, 03 June 2014

Preparations of seabuckthorn (Hippophaë rhamnoides) berries and seeds are part of the herbal medicine traditions of China, Russia, and parts of Europe. Seabuckthorn shrubs grow wild in parts of China, Mongolia, Russian Federation, in several Republics of the former Soviet Union, and throughout coastal northern Europe. Over the past decade the demand and commercial application of seabuckthorn in medicinal (oral and topical) preparations as well as in food products and cosmetic products has been increasing substantially. New cultivation of seabuckthorn is taking place in many countries to keep up with growing market demand that up until recent years was supplied mainly from wild harvested berries. Since 2003, International Seabuckthorn Association (ISA) (hosted by the Chinese Administration Center for Seabuckthorn Development) has organized biennial international congresses for seabuckthorn growers and wild collectors, processors, researchers and traders. There are also regional member associations around the world including ISA co-founder German Society for Seabuckthorn and Wild Fruits (‗Sanddorn e.V.‘). This week, ‗Sanddorn e.V.‘ announced the availability of a new book titled ‗Seabuckthorn, Research for a Promising Crop‘, edited by seabuckthorn researcher Jörg-Thomas Mörsel, seabuckthorn breeder Yury A. Zubarev, and David Eagle, one of the pioneers of the Seabuckthorn trade in the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland. The book takes a look at recent developments in seabuckthorn cultivation, breeding, and technology, and provides selected results from the 6th International Seabuckthorn Association Congress (ISA-2013) which was held in Potsdam, Germany. Sources 1. German Society for Seabuckthorn and Wild Fruits: http://www.sanddorn.net/ 2. International Seabuckthorn Association: www.isahome.net/ 3. Seabuckthorn, Research for a Promising Crop: https://www.bod.de/buch/joerg-thomas-

moersel/seabuckthorn--research-for-a-promising-crop/9783732299867.html

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1.4. FAO Promotes cultivation of Himalayan medicinal plant Moringa oleifera

FAO Promotes Moringa Cultivation in Ethiopia and Philippines By Market Insider Monday, 23 June 2014

Moringa oleifera, known as ‗horseradish tree‘ in English and as ‗Śigru‘ in Sanskrit, is a native plant of Himalayan biodiversity. Growing wild in sub-Himalayan tracts of northern India, Pakistan and Nepal, the trees are also cultivated throughout India as well as in many other countries including Malaysia, the Philippines, Sri Lanka and in countries of tropical Africa and tropical America. Most of its plant parts, the fruit, seed, leaf, root bark and stem bark are used as active substances in the Indian Systems of Medicine including Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani medicines, as well as Indian Folk medicines and Sowa Rigpa (Tibetan) medicine. According to the June 2014 InFO News (newsletter from FAO Forestry), ―Revered by local communities in Africa and Asia for its outstanding health and nutritional values, Moringa oleifera is a star among trees. Since the 1990s FAO has promoted Moringa in participatory agroforestry programmes and more recently as an intercropping species in post-Haiyan recovery in the Philippines and in a collaborative food and nutrition programme in the SNNPR region in Ethiopia.‖ The State of SNNPR (Southern Nations, Nationalities, and Peoples' Region) comprises 10% of the total area of Ethiopia and shares borders with both Kenya and South Sudan. Moringa agroforestry is already established in Kenya and the number of Kenyan smallholder farmers putting in Moringa still increasing. Sources 1. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee. Śigru. In: The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India,

Part I, Volume IV, First Edition. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 2004.

2. FAO Forestry. Moringa oleifera: the miracle tree. InFO News, No. 20. 22 June 2014: http://forestry.fao.msgfocus.com/q/1bzr922cXdjGL8psnmp/wv

3. Ved DK, Goraya GS. Demand and supply of medicinal plants in India. National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), New Delhi & FRLHT, Bangalore, India. 2008.

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1.5. Medicinal bulbs

Onion voted 2015 medicinal plant of the year By Market Insider Tuesday, 10 June 2014

Image source: http://nhv-theophrastus.de/site/images/docs/Urkunde_HPdJ%202015.jpg

The onion (Allium cepa) is nowadays mostly eaten as a food or spice but also has a long history of use as a medicinal preparation in European traditional herbal medicine. In 1986 the German Federal Health Agency (BGA) authorized the use of onion bulb (fresh or dried) or the fresh pressed juice of onion for treating loss of appetite and for prevention of age-related vascular diseases. This week, on 03 June 2014, the onion was elected by a jury of the German Society for Promotion of the Natural Healing Methods of Theophrastus (NHV Theophrastus) to be medicinal plant of the year for 2015. In Germany, there are about 9,000 hectares of onion cultivation. On average each German citizen consumes about 7 kg of onions per year. During 2015, the Society will publish more information on the medicinal uses of onion preparations. Sources 1. Kommission E beim BGA., BAnz-Nr. 50 vom 13.03.86 (1986). 2. Caesar W. Küchenzwiebel „Heilpflanze des Jahres 2015". Altes Mittel gegen

"Arterienverkalkung". DAZ.online. 05.06.2014. 3. Vogel M. Pressemitteilung: Zwiebel ist Heilpflanze des Jahres 2015. NHV Theophrastus,

03. Juni 2014.

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2. Sustainable use of Biodiversity News

2.1. Landscape changes leading to erosion of medicinal plant habitats, short supply

Non-availability of essential medicinal plants used in Ayurvedic Medicine by Market Insider Wednesday, 18 June 2014

In the Editor‘s Note to the inaugural issue of the International Journal on Biodiversity Watch, it is asserted that landscape change, i.e. agricultural encroachment on forest lands by immigrant settlers, has led to massive erosion of habitats of wild medicinal and aromatic plant species over the last couple of decades. The Editor also suggests that liberalization of market forces coupled with globalization has not only increased demand for wild herbs from the forests, commoditization of goods and services has also changed the market scenario in all rural areas. 'The local based market system has been converted into hubs of national supply chain and collection points' states editor Dr. R.N. Pati. Wild harvesting of medicinal plants was formerly linked directly with local health care of the region where the plants were collected and sustainable harvesting practices were more possible. Now all collection areas are serving the national and international traders. Dr. Pati lists several medicinal plant species with high market demand that are now extinct from many forest regions of Chhattisgarh State including, among others:

Amla (Phyllanthus emblica) Chebulic myrobalan (Terminalia chebula) Phyllanthus (Phyllanthus fraternus) Rauwolfia (Rauvolfia serpentina) Tendu (Diospyros exsculpta) Vidanga (Embelia tsjeriam-cottam)

According to a recent report in Pharmabiz.com, the Ayurvedic herbal drug manufacturing sector is in crisis due to non-availability of certain essential medicinal plants. Many companies have either stopped or cut production of some traditional Ayurvedic herbal medicinal products and prices for Ayurvedic medicines are steadily increasing in Kerala State. In the report, drug inspector Dr. P.Y. John is quoted as saying that 'the (Kerala) State Medicinal Plant board, though it is supposed to take care of this issue, is doing nothing towards solving the raw material crisis.‖ If this shortage of essential herbal drug raw materials, as recently reported from both Chhattisgarh State and Kerala State, is occurring across India and insufficient supply exists for Indian domestic demand and consumption, how does this situation bode for the export promotion of traditional Ayurvedic medicine and related herbal products?

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Sources 1. Pati RN. Editor‘s Note. International Journal on Biodiversity Watch. 2013, No. 1:

http://www.biodiversity-watch.com/ 2. Kunnathoor P. Action plan to save crisis hit Ayurveda units in Kerala mooted.

Pharmabiz.com. 26 March 2014: http://www.pharmabiz.com/NewsDetails.aspx?aid=81058&sid=1

2.2. Smuggling of CITES-listed medicinal plant used in Indian Systems of Medicine

60 Tonnes of Red Saunders Seized at Chennai Port by Market Insider Monday, 23 June 2014

Image source: Santali rubri lignum 050258 at Commons Wikimedia Pterocarpus santalinus, known as ‗red saunders‘ or ‗red sandalwood‘ in English and as ‗Raktacandana‘ in Sanskrit, is an endemic and endangered tree species of Indian biodiversity with a narrow range in the wild, occurring mainly in the southern portion of the Eastern Ghats (range of mountains along India's eastern coast) in the state of Andhra Pradesh and into the neighbouring area of Chennai in the state of Tamil Nadu as well as Karnataka State at an altitude of 150 to 900 m. The heartwood of the tree is used as a medicinal ingredient in the Indian Systems of Medicine, such as traditional Ayurvedic, Siddha and Unani medicines. Essential oils, extracts and powders of the heartwood (or of the stems) are also used as components of cosmetic and perfumery products, dietary supplement products and herbal medicinal products globally. On 22 June 2014, it was reported by The Times of India that, in one of its largest seizures, the Directorate of Revenue Intelligence (DRI) (of the Central Board of Excise and Customs, Government of India) had confiscated 60 tonnes of red saunders from Chennai Port (Tamil Nadu State) over the past three weeks with an estimated market value of Rs 27 crore (=

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about 4.5 million USD). Recently, in November of 2013, 44 tonnes of red saunders were seized from Tuticorin Port, also in Tamil Nadu. Officials said the June seizures were made from seven containers which had initially been cleared for export falsely labelled as ―granite and coir products‖ destined to customers in Gulf and Southeast Asian countries. Main destinations for Indian red saunders have included China (Guangzhou Port and Hong Kong SAR), Dubai, Japan, Sri Lanka, Bhutan and Nepal. Last month, police gunned down three red saunders smugglers in the forests near Tirumala in the Chittoor District of Andhra Pradesh State after they attacked the forest officials. And last week, the kingpin of a red saunders smuggling racket surrendered in Kancheepuram, Tamil Nadu, following a police investigation. In addition to the seizures taking place at Tamil Nadu sea ports, last month the DRI seized red saunders logs from a truck bound for Mizoram State, which borders the Republic of the Union of Myanmar. The consignment was intended to be smuggled into the People‘s Republic of China (PRC) (via Myanmar) where it is used on a large scale. Myanmar shares a border with the PRC‘s Yunnan Province and with the Tibet Autonomous Region. Pterocarpus santalinus (logs, wood-chips, powder and extracts) is listed on Appendix II of the Convention on International Trade of Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES). There are standards and systems in place for the management, sustainable trade and use of listed endangered species such as red saunders. Question: How can the implementation of well-intentioned standards for sustainable use and trade of wild red saunders succeed so long as there are so many willing buyers of contraband, knowing full well that the materials were harvested and exported illegally? Sources 1. Janardhanan A. Rs 27 crore worth red sanders seized in 3 weeks at Chennai port. The

Times of India. 22 June 2014. Available at: http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chennai/Rs-27-crore-worth-red-sanders-seized-in-3-weeks-at-Chennai-port/articleshow/36987938.cms

2. Sandalwood haul. The Assam Tribune. 18 June 2014. Available at: http://www.assamtribune.com/scripts/detailsnew.asp?id=jun1914/oth07

3. Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee. Raktacandana, In: The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume III, First Edition. New Delhi: Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare, Department of Ayurveda, Yoga & Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 2001.

4. Giriraj A et al. Mapping the geographical distribution of Pterocarpus santalinus L.f. (Fabaceae) – an endemic and threatened plant species using Ecological Niche Modeling. In: Proc. Natl. Sem. Conserv. Eastern Ghats. EPTRI, Hyderabad, At Chennai. 2007, Vol. 1.

5. Mulliken T, Crofton P. Review of the Status, Harvest, Trade and Management of Seven Asian CITES-listed Medicinal and Aromatic Plant Species. Bonn, Germany: Bundesamt für Naturschutz (BfN). 2008. Available at: http://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/service/skript227.pdf

6. Ved DK, Goraya GS. Demand and supply of medicinal plants in India. National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB), New Delhi & FRLHT, Bangalore, India. 2008.

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2.3. Issues of provenance – Paraguayan stevia and Peruvian maca

Geographical Indications, globalization and the market for South American botanical species grown in Asia by Market Insider Tuesday, 20 May 2014 In the natural ingredient news this week there are stories about the cultivation of some South American native plants in Asia for the global market. In the following series of related blogs, we discuss, in particular, Chinese cultivation of Maca Root, an emblematic native crop of Peru, and Stevia Leaf, an herb native to Paraguay and Brazil. The 'geo-authenticity' of a medicinal plant is an important concept embedded in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM) theory. Geo-authentic, a.k.a. 'daodi' botanicals, are those harvested from specific sites within their native habitat, handled and processed according to traditional methods of the region. Unique composition, quality, and superior therapeutic effects are attributed to geo-authentic herbs in China. And, they fetch a price premium in the TCM herb markets, placed alongside lower-priced materials of non-native origins. Some native North American medicinal plants like American Ginseng Root have been cultivated in China for decades. Yet the demand in China for Canadian- or United States of America - grown American Ginseng Root remains significantly higher than the demand for Chinese grown American Ginseng. In the big TCM herb markets I have personally seen American Ginseng labelled with Wisconsin or Ontario designations of origin at a considerably higher price than Chinese grown American Ginseng. Increasingly, over the past decade, some of the most famous native plants of South American biodiversity have been introduced into cultivation in Asian countries including China and India. At the same time, American and European farmers are experimenting with the cultivation of traditional Indian Ayurvedic and traditional Chinese medicinal plants. Will 'Chinese Maca' find a place in the global market comparable in quality and price to ―Peruvian Maca‖? Let us know what you think about provenance, designations of origin and quality, and botanical natural ingredients produced in non-native regions.

(Peruvian?) Maca plantations scaling up in China by Market Insider Tuesday, 20 May 2014 Maca is an important medicinal plant crop for Peruvian export. Native to the high Andes of Peru, domestication of maca is estimated to have begun at least 2,000 years ago in the Junín Plateau. Up until recently, maca was supplied to the global market mainly from Peruvian farmers. Cultivation of maca has now spread to other countries including China. A maca production base is in the works in Ngawa County, Sichuan Province, P.R. China. The Ngawa County Information Office states that the local people have traditionally relied on the collection of wild plants for household income. In 2013, 8 million Yuan were invested to establish a 1,200 acre maca plantation aiming to bring economic benefits to the local community. It is now planned to scale up to between 3,000 and 4,000 acres of maca in 2014.

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Source

1. 四川阿坝县全力打造玛咖生产基地. 12 May 2014: http://www.zyctd.com/xinwen-item-

691805-1-202.html

(Paraguayan?) Stevia cultivation in China declines drastically while demand increases by Market Insider Monday, 02 June 2014

Image source: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADB003.pdf

Stevia Leaf is a native plant of Paraguayan biodiversity but also occurs in Brazil. The Brazilian Pharmacopoeia provides the only official national standard for testing the quality of dried Stevia Leaf. A 2004 United States Agency for International Development (USAID) study urged the development of a Paraguayan Designation of Origin for Stevia Leaf to give it a marketing advantage as the original quality of Stevia. And, in 2004, in the context of intellectual property law, a Paraguayan presidential decree was issued which recognized the species Stevia rebaudiana as a native species originating from Paraguay, taking into account its discovery, botanical taxonomic classification, identification of its active principles, and agricultural practices. Stevia was introduced to China already in the 1970‘s and commercial cultivation picked up in the 1980‘s. China quickly became the number one producer and exporter of Stevia Leaf and extracts thereof. Paraguay remains the world‘s number two producer and exporter. The USAID study reported that United States of America importers actually associate Stevia with China rather than with Paraguay.

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A new article by Green Wave Ingredients (GWI) (La Mirada, California) reports that while the market price of Stevia has increased significantly (by about 20% this year), attributed to a drastic decline in cultivation in China, global demand continues to grow. Thus shortage conditions are predicted for 2014. Stevia cultivation in China amounted to about 4,450 hectares (ha) in 2005, increased up to 24,685 ha in 2010, but decreased to only 2,666 ha by end of 2013. GWI explains that by 2010, Chinese production exceeded global demand and the stevia farmer‘s profit margins were slim, so the cultivation area already began to decrease in 2011. The reason that a shortfall is just now predicted for 2014 is that the market has been working through reserves left from the 2010 and 2011 harvests. It is reported that growers haven‘t benefited as much as expected from increased demand, yet some increase in cultivation area is planned for 2014. Sources 1. Green Wave Ingredients (GWI). The Stevia Paradox: story behind the sweet trend.

Engredea News and Analysis. 13 May 2014: http://newhope360.com/breaking-news/stevia-paradox-story-behind-sweet-trend

2. Penner R, Shanks T, Timcke A., et al. Stevia from Paraguay. Asuncion, Paraguay: USAID. September 2004: http://pdf.usaid.gov/pdf_docs/PNADB003.pdf

Peruvian Maca? Peruvian Ginseng? Chinese Maca? What‘s in a name? by Market Insider Monday, 02 June 2014

Ten years of maca milestones: Peruvian Maca 1. In 2005, the Peruvian National Commission for Native Peruvian Products (COPROBA)

declared ―Maca Root‖ to be one of Peru‘s first flagship products. This designation was made in the context of a new national strategy to protect and promote Peruvian native

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crops that are defined to be of a recognized authentic quality that should be preferred by external markets, highlighting the image of Peru.

2. During 2007 to 2008 agronomists in the Czech Republic carried out cultivation

experiments (field and greenhouse). While maca indeed grew in Europe, it contained little to no 'macamides', marker compounds associated with the composition, quality and efficacy of Peruvian maca. The researchers concluded that it was not feasible to produce maca in Czech Republic of a quality comparable to Peruvian Maca.

3. In 2011, the Peruvian National Institute for the Defence of Competition and Protection of

Intellectual Property (INDECOPI) issued a Designation of Origin certification for 'MACA JUNÍN-PASCO', i.e. maca that is cultivated and produced in specified geographic zones and altitudes within the Provinces of Junín and Pasco.

4. In 2012, an Appellation of Origin was registered for 'Maca Junín-Pasco' through the

World Intellectual Property Organization (WIPO).

5. In 2013, The United States Pharmacopeia (USP) began to develop a quality standards monograph for 'Lepidium meyenii Tuber' with the English common names 'Maca' and 'Peruvian Ginseng' for publication in the USP Herbal Medicines Compendium (HMC). Even some Peruvian companies market 'Peruvian Maca' under the trade name of 'Peruvian Ginseng' referring to its uses being similar to those of 'Chinese Ginseng'.

6. During 2013 to 2014, maca plantations scaling up in China.

7. Now Peruvian maca exporters are placing cautionary statements in their websites

suggesting that, due to its increasing global popularity, Maca‘s origin has been compromised now that it is being cultivated in non-native countries including China, Japan and the United States. Peruvian producers and exporters now must articulate the argument that 'Maca Junín-Pasco' is the authentic article and worth a price premium for its appellation of origin.

Let us know what you think about this. Does it matter to you if the maca you buy is geo-authentic? Would you pay more for maca labelled with the Peruvian appellation of origin?

2.4. Demand increasing for Non-GMO botanicals

United States of America market for non-GMO herbal products and packaging by Market Insider Tuesday, 03 Jun. 2014

Image Source: http://www.nongmoproject.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/06/Revised-Seal-copy.jpg

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Among the fastest growing product labelling initiatives in the United States market is the Non-GMO (genetically modified organism) Project verification seal, now visible on over 15,000 retail product labels with annual sales of over US$5 billion and growing fast. More and more herbal dietary supplement, herbal food and natural cosmetic product companies are responding to the market demand for non-GMO by going through the verification process and adding the seal to their labels. There is debate about the meaning of the word ‗natural‘ and growing consumer awareness that a number of so-called ‗natural products‘ in the United States market may likely contain botanical ingredients derived from genetically engineered crops such as:

‗Soy Isoflavones Extract‘ (prepared from soybeans; Glycine max); ‗Cornsilk‘ (the style and stigma of corn; Zea mays); ‗Zein‘ (a prolamine derived from corn); ‗Papain‘ (a purified proteolytic substance derived from papaya; Carica papaya) as well as

dried ‗Papaya Leaves‘ (used in herbal teas); and ‗Molasses‘ and ‗Sucrose‘ (obtained from sugar beets; Beta vulgaris).

In May 2014, Version 11 of the ‗Non-GMO Project Standard‘ was ratified which now specifically includes certain agriculturally-derived packaging materials within its scope. What does this mean for companies with Non-GMO labelled herbal products? Parts of packaging that are used in the preparation of the product and immersed or combined with liquid (e.g. teabags in boiling water) now must also be verified to be non-GMO along with the botanical ingredients in the product. This includes, for example:

teabag filter paper and coffee filter paper (both can be made from abacá (Musa textilis) leaf sheath fiber and/or wood pulp); as well as

teabag strings (made from hair of the seed of cotton; Gossypium hirsutum or other species of Gossypium); and

other immersible cotton packaging like soup bags and spice bags.

About 90% of the United States cotton crop is now genetically modified. Here is just a sampling of United States brands already marketing a large range of botanical natural products with the Non-GMO Project Verified seal:

Choice® Organic Teas (e.g. Lemon Lavender Mint Herb Tea) Earth Mama Angel Baby® Organics (e.g. Organic Heartburn Tea) Eco Teas® (e.g. Organic Tulsi Tea) Flora (e.g. Flor-Essence® Herbal Tea Blend) Frontier Natural Products Co-op (e.g. Organic Herbal Chai Indian Spice Tea) Guayakí (e.g. Biodynamic Yerba Maté) Navitas Naturals® (e.g. Raw Maca Powder) New Chapter® (e.g. Rhodiola Force® 300 Capsules) Now Real Tea (e.g. Dandelion Cleansing Herbal Tea) Numi® Organic Tea (e.g. Green Rooibos Tea) Organic India® (e.g. Tulsi Peppermint Tea) Runa® (e.g. Sage-Lavender Guayusa Tea) Sambazon® (e.g. Açaí The Original Superfood Juice) Stash (e.g. Organic Lavender Tulsi Herbal Tea) Sunfood™ Superfoods (e.g. Organic Goji Berries) The Republic of Tea® (e.g. Jiaogulan Super Herb Tea)

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Traditional Medicinals® (e.g. Organic Smooth Move® Senna with Chamomile) Wisdom of the Ancients® (e.g. Pau d‘Arco Tea)

Sources 1. Non-GMO Project Standard: http://www.nongmoproject.org/product-verification/non-gmo-

project-standard/ 2. Kepler S. Non-GMO Verification for Dietary Supplements. Natural Products Insider. 15

May 2014.

2.4. Fair, Traditional and Wild Medicinal Plants

Interactive ‗Traditional and Wild‘ medicinal plants Toolbox launched by Market Insider Thursday, 29 May 2014

The 36-month ‗Traditional and Wild‘ project, implemented by the Central Europe Programme in rural areas of Slovenia, Hungary, Czech Republic and Poland concluded in April 2014 with a ―lessons learnt‖ closing event held in Budapest. The project aimed to promote traditional collection and use of wild plants to reduce social and economic disparities in Central Europe. One specific objective was to implement a ―pilot model by year 2014 that is socially and culturally acceptable, economically-sound and environmentally viable for the collection of wild plants, their processing and use‖. One very useful result of this project is an online interactive ―Traditional and Wild‖ toolbox that was launched on the 27th of May at http://whygowild.com/en According to a press release of the FairWild Foundation ―The state-of-the-art website, which features the FairWild Standard, was created by TRAFFIC and WWF Hungary as part of an EU-funded project aimed at preserving knowledge about sustainable harvesting of wild plant resources in Central Europe. It is available in Polish, Hungarian, Slovenian and Czech, with some sections in Roma.‖ The toolbox is actually fun to navigate and use. It provides quizzes and tests and an animated cartoon about sustainable wild collection of medicinal and aromatic plants. And you can also find the more serious stuff in the resources section and FairWild case studies. Other very useful results of the Traditional and Wild project include studies on socio-economic analysis of the local populations who collect plants in the target regions of the four countries, ethnobotanical research based on interviews with wild plant collectors, a

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marketing analysis of products made from wild collected plants of the regions, and resource assessments for some of the most commonly collected medicinal plants in the region like:

bilberries; dog rose hips; European elder berries and flowers; horsetail stems; juniper berries; raspberry leaves; and stinging nettle leaves.

Let‘s hope that projects like this really will have a lasting impact on the ability of rural populations to make additional household income from participating in initiatives for the sustainable use and sustainable wild harvesting of wild flowers, leaves and berries for healthy foods and natural herbal medicines. Sources 1. FairWild Foundation. Wild plants the stars of innovative online toolbox. 27 May

2014. Available at: http://www.fairwild.org/news/2014/5/23/wild-plants-the-stars-of-innovative-online-toolbox.html

2. Traditional and Wild Project website: http://www.traditionalandwild.eu/en/ 3. Why Go Wild website: http://whygowild.com/en

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3. Currency Rates of Exchange

Rates of Exchange: 19 June 2014

CURRENCY CODE UNITS 1 / USD UNITS 1 / EUR

Chinese Yuan Renminbi CNY 6.2283 8.4759

EURO EUR 0.7348 1.0000

Indian Rupee INR 60.1656 81.8390

Nepalese Rupee NPR 96.9774 131.970

United States Dollar USD 1.0000 1.36087

Source: XE Currency Converter: http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/

4. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients Note: Prices should be considered indicative only and reflect the price of a product of a specific grade or quality from the specified origin. Great care should be taken when comparing prices of medicinal herbs of different origins, grade, qualities and quantities.

CALAMUS RHIZOME

Botanical name: Acorus calamus — Pharmacopoeial name: Rhizoma Acori Calami

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) colic pain; b) epilepsy; c) asthma; d) constipation; e) mania; f) flatulence; g) otorrhoea; h) weak memory

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) to tonify stomach yang; b) treat maldigestion and food stagnation; c) diphtheria.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Hamburg, Germany

8.06 USD / kg $8.06 / kg 10.06.2014

Kathmandu, Nepal

90 NPR / kg $0.928 / kg 31.05.2014

Panzhihua, Sichuan

148 CNY / kg $23.76 / kg 12.06.2014

Tanakpur, Uttarakhand

144 NPR / kg $1.485 / kg 31.05.2014

CHIRATA HERB

Botanical name: Swertia chirayita — Pharmacopoeial name: Swertiae Herba

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) fever; b) thirst; c) burning sensation; d) inflammation; e) skin diseases; f) ulcer; g) intestinal worms; h) itching; i) excessive flow of urine.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Kathmandu, Nepal

625 NPR / kg $6.466 / kg 31.05.2014

Tanakpur, Uttarakhand

680 NPR / kg $7.035 / kg 31.05.2014

FENNEL FRUIT

Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare — Pharmacopoeial name: Fructus Foeniculi

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) colic pain; c) cough; d) vitiated blood; e) dysentery; f) piles.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) treatment of scrotal hernia with pain and

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cold extremities; b) dysmenorrhea with lower abdominal pain and cold sensation; c) distending pain in the epigastrium with anorexia.

Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating, and flatulence; b) symptomatic treatment of minor spasm associated with menstrual periods; c) as an expectorant in cough associated with cold.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Alexandria Port, Egypt

1438 USD / MT, FCL, FOB Egyptian Port

$1.438 / kg 10.06.2014

Chennai, Tamil Nadu

100.00 INR / kg $1.66 / kg 14.06.2014

Hamburg, Germany

3.72 USD / kg $3.72 / kg 10.06.2014

Yulin City, Guangxi

11.78 CNY / kg $1.89 / kg 19.06.2014

FENUGREEK SEED

Botanical name: Trigonella foenum-graecum — Pharmacopoeial name: Trigonellae Foenugraeci Semen

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) malabsorption syndrome; b) fever; c) increased frequency and turbidity of urine; d) loss of taste sensation.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) cold syndrome of the kidney due to yang deficiency marked by pain and coldness in the lower abdomen; b) hernia; c) weakness and oedema of the legs caused by cold-damp.

Traditional European Medicine: a) (oral) for temporary loss of appetite; b) (cutaneous) for the symptomatic treatment of minor inflammations of the skin.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Alexandria Port, Egypt

1015 USD / MT, FCL, FOB Egyptian Port

$1.015 / kg 10.06.2014

Chennai, Tamil Nadu

47.50 INR / kg $0.7882 / kg 14.06.2014

GINGER RHIZOME

Botanical name: Zingiber officinale — Pharmacopoeial name: Rhizoma Zingiberis

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) flatulence; c) anaemia; d) asthma; e) abdominal diseases; f) rheumatism.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) epigastric pain with cold feeling, vomiting and diarrhoea accompanied with cold extremities and faint pulse; b) dyspnoea and cough with copious expectoration.

Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic relief of motion sickness; b) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating and flatulence.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, Sichuan

23.00 CNY / kg $3.69 / kg 14.06.2014

Cochin, Kerala

327.50 INR / kg $5.45 / kg 14.06.2014

Nepalgunj, Nepal

340 NPR / kg $3.50 / kg 31.05.2014

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JATAMANSI ROOT AND RHIZOME

Botanical name: Nardostachys jatamansi — Pharmacopoeial name: Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) diseases of skin; b) erysipelas; c) burning sensation; d) mental disorders; e) insomnia.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) epigastric and abdominal distension with anorexia and vomiting; b) external use for toothache and swelling of the foot.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chengdu, Sichuan

30 CNY / kg $4.82 / kg 18.06.2014

Kathmandu, Nepal

550 NPR / kg $5.67 / kg 31.05.2014

Tanakpur, Uttarakhand

1040 NPR / kg $10.72 / kg 31.05.2014

NIGELLA SEED

Botanical name: Nigella sativa — Pharmacopoeial name: Nigellae semen

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) abdominal lump; b) flatulence; c) diarrhoea; d) worm infestation.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Alexandria Port, Egypt

2518 USD / MT, FCL, FOB Egyptian Port

$2.518 / kg 10.06.2014

Mumbai, Maharashtra

2630 USD / MT, FCL, FOB Mumbai

$2.63 / kg 19.06.2014

Price Sources

China: Chengdu Traditional Chinese Medicine Price Index: http://www.ysindex.com Chinese Medicinal Herb E-Commerce Office: http://www.zyctd.com/

Egypt: Email communications with individual companies (confidential)

EU: Email communications with individual companies (confidential)

India: Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources: http://www.ansab.org/ Email communications from individual companies (confidential) Spices Board India: http://www.indianspices.com/php/domestic_weekly.php

Nepal: Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources: http://www.ansab.org/

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5. Selected Events

June 23-25, 2014 The First Meeting of Medicinal Plants Focal Points IORA RCSTT cum EXHIBITION Topics will include market forecasting, import and export of medicinal plants and herbal medicine and relevant criteria in different countries in the region, standards for medicinal plants, and standards for the commercialization of medicinal plants and related technology. Salalah, Sultanate of Oman http://www.iora.net/medicinal-plants-focal-points-23-25-june-2014.aspx

June 26-28, 2014 Healthplex & Nutraceutical (HNC) China 2014 The exhibition will encompass the entire industry chain from suppliers of health and natural ingredients, processing and packaging machinery suppliers, to manufacturers of finished natural products. Shanghai, People‘s Republic of China http://www.hncexpo.com/en/

July 3-5, 2014 XVIIIth International Congress "Phytopharm 2014‖ Topics will include cultivation, standardization and ecological aspects of medicinal plants, phytotechnology and quality control of herbal medicinal products, and regulation of herbal medicinal products in Russia and the European Union. St. Petersburg, Russian Federation http://www.ipharm.sp.ru/Phyto14/

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August 12-14, 2014 Segundo Congreso Latinoamericano de Plantas Medicinales Universidad de Santiago de Chile http://www.quimicaybiologia.usach.cl/segundo-congreso-latinoamericano-de-plantas-medicinales-se-realizara-en-la-universidad

August 17-20, 2014 World Congress on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (WOCMAP 2014) One of the major sessions of WOCMAP 2014 will be ―From biodiversity to finished products - Production, phytochemical studies and quality control of medicinal and aromatic plants‖. Brisbane, Australia http://www.wocmap2014.org/

August 31 - September 04, 2014 62nd International Congress and Annual Meeting of the Society for Medicinal Plant and Natural Product Research – GA 2014 University of Minho, campus of Azurém in Guimarães, Portugal http://ga2014.bio.uminho.pt/

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MEDICINAL PLANTS, FOLK TRADITIONS, ARCHAEOBOTANY, HISTORY OF MEDICINE,

ETHNOMEDICINE, ANCIENT AND MODERN HEALING,PHARMACOLOGY,

PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, GEOBOTANY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

September 17-25, 2014 XII International Ethnobotany Symposio Peru 2014 Conference focus will be on nutritional and medicinal plants, naturopathy and traditional medicine. Lima and Cusco, Peru http://www.hum-molgen.org/meetings/meetings/6227.html

September 23-25, 2014 BÉNÉFIQ - International Rendezvous on Health Ingredients Conference and Exhibition Bénéfiq 2014 will include an exhibition with suppliers of natural ingredients used in natural health products, functional foods, medical foods and cosmeceuticals. Québec City Convention Centre, Québec, Canada http://www.benefiq.ca/eng/

September 29 – October 4, 2014 8th International conference on Aromatic and Medicinal Plants (CIPAM 8) Theme: Innovations and traditions in the heart of Caribbean biodiversity Programme: Biodiversity, Traditional knowledge, Innovative techniques and active ingredients, Economic issues, Legislation on products with aromatic and medicinal plants. Host: Association pour les Plantes Médicinales et Aromatiques de Guadeloupe Creole Beach Hotel & Spa, Gosier 97190, Guadeloupe French West Indies http://aplamedarom.fr/8eme-cipam-en

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October 06-10, 2014 Supply Side West One of largest trade shows with 1,700 of the world's top health ingredient suppliers and equipment companies, as well as lab-testing firms, logistics and packaging experts. Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA http://west.supplysideshow.com/

October 14-17, 2014 ISNFF 7th International Conference & Exhibition on Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, Natural Health Products, and Dietary Supplements Istanbul, Turkey http://www.wso-site.com/

October 14-16 2014 3rd European Workshop on Sea Buckthorn (EuroWorkS 2014) ―Producing Quality Sea Buckthorn‖ Conference themes include technology for cultivation of seabuckthorn in Europe and quality of seabuckthorn. Naantali, Finland http://www.sanddorn.net/2ndAEuroWorkS14.pdf

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October 27-30, 2014 The 11th International Symposium on Ginseng 2014

Seoul, Korea http://www.ginsengsympo.org/

November 17-21, 2014 VIth International Congress of Ethnobotany (IECB 2014) IECB 2014 symposia topics include agrobiodiversity, traditional knowledge, ethnobotany and economic botany as a tool for innovation. Córdoba, Spain www.etnobotanica2014.com/

December 2-4, 2014 Health ingredients Europe (HiE) & Natural ingredients (Ni) 2014 Health ingredients Europe (HiE) & Natural ingredients (Ni) is one of leading global events for ingredients used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, functional foods and beverages. Amsterdam, The Netherlands http://www.foodingredientsglobal.com/en/hie/home

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6. Herb Profile: Carthami flos The cover photo of this edition of the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants shows a bulk sack of honghua (dried safflower) for sale as a large medicinal plant market in Chengdu, Sichuan Province. Safflower is used as a medicinal ingredient of formulations used in the Oriental Systems of Medicine including Traditional Chinese Medicine, Traditional Japanese Kampo Medicine and Traditional Korean Medicine. Pharmacopoeial name: Carthami flos Botanical name: Carthamus tinctorius L. (Fam.: Asteraceae) Common names:

Chinese Honghua — 紅花

English Safflower

Japanese Kōka — コウカ

Korean Honghwa Origin and Distribution Although the precise origin of this species is uncertain, it is believed to have originated in south-western Asia. According to Flora of China, Carthamus tinctorius is widely cultivated in the People‘s Republic of China and occasionally naturalized in saline and alkaline soils in dry and cold conditions in the Provinces of Gansu, Guizhou, Hebei, Heilongjiang, Jiangsu, Jilin, Liaoning, Nei Mongol Autonomous Region, Qinghai, Shaanxi, Shandong, Shanxi, Sichuan, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, Xizang (Tibet) Autonomous Region, and Zhejiang.1 Medicinal Properties in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): Property & flavour: Warm; pungent. Actions: To activate blood and unblock the meridian, dissipate stasis and

relieve pain. Indications: Amenorrhea, dysmenorrhea, retention of the lochia (discharge after

childbirth), aggregation-accumulation masses, glomus, chest impediment and heart pain, abdominal pain caused by stasis and stagnation, stabbing pain in the chest and the hypochondrium, injuries from falls, sores, ulcer, swelling and pain.

Quality Standards For the quality control testing of safflower as an active medicinal ingredient, there are national pharmacopoeial monographs published in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP XVI),2 Korean Pharmacopoeia (KP IX)3 and Pharmacopoeia of the People‘s Republic of China (PPRC 2010),4 which can be utilized as the basis for specifications. Table 1 compares the national quality standards for safflower established in China, Japan and Korea.

1 Shi Z, Martins L. Carthamus tinctorius Linnaeus. In: Flora of China, Vol. 20-21 Pages 190-191:

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=200023631 2 Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. Japanese Pharmacopoeia Sixteenth Edition.

Tokyo, Japan: Japanese Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare. 2011. 3 Korean Food and Drug Administration (KFDA). Korean Pharmacopoeia, 9th Edition. Seoul, South

Korea: KFDA. 2007. 4 Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission. Pharmacopoeia of the People’s Republic of China (English

edition). Beijing, China: China Medical Science Press; 2010.

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Table 1: Comparison of Safflower Pharmacopoeial Quality Standards, China, Korea, Japan

Standard Carthami flos PPRC Carthami flos KP Carthami flos JP

Definition The dried flower of Carthamus tinctorius L. (Fam. Compositae). The drug is collected in summer when its colour turns from yellow to red, and dried in shade or in the sun.

The tubulous flower of Carthamus tinctorius Linné (Compositae).

The tubulous flower of Carthamus tinctorius Linné (Compositae) without any treatment or with most of the yellow pigment removed, and sometimes with pressed into a flat slab.

Characters Colour: reddish-yellow or red; Odour: slightly aromatic; Taste: Slightly bitter

Colour: red to red-brown corolla, yellow style and stamen; Odour: characteristic; Taste: slightly bitter

Colour: Red to red-brown corolla, yellow style and stamen; Odour: characteristic; Taste: slightly bitter

Content 1) NLT 1.0% of hydroxysafflor yellow A (by HPLC)

2) NLT 0.050% of kaempferol (by HPLC)

No content requirements. No content requirements.

Identification 1) Macroscopic evaluation;

2) Microscopic examination;

3) Thin layer chromatography;

4) Ultraviolet spectrophotometry and colourimetry red pigment absorbance test

1) Macroscopic evaluation;

2) Colourimetry test; 3) Thin layer

chromatography test

1) Macroscopic evaluation;

2) Colourimetry test

Foreign matter NMT 2 per cent The amount of ovaries, stems, leaves and other foreign matter is NMT 2.0%.

The amount of ovaries, stems, leaves and other foreign matter contained in Safflower does not exceed 2.0%.

Water NMT 13.0% No requirement No requirement

Total ash NMT 15.0% NMT 18.0% NMT 18.0%

Acid-insoluble ash NMT 5.0% No requirement No requirement

Water-soluble extractives

NLT 30.0% No requirement No requirement

Storage Preserve in a cool and dry place, protected from moisture and moth.

Preserve in light-resistant, well-closed containers.

Light-resistant.

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7. Company Profile: KAITE Initiative Pvt. Ltd., Zimbabwe

Organisation name: KAITE Initiative Pvt. Ltd.: http://kaite.biz/

Related organisation: Organic Africa: http://organicafrica.biz/

About KAITE: KAITE aims to improve the economic and social living conditions of small-scale farmers and wild collectors in Zimbabwe. It is producing, harvesting, and processing high-value herbs, spices, teas, aromatic and medicinal plants as well as natural food products with smallholder producers, particularly women, and linking them to international organic and fair trade markets.

KAITE case study: http://ethicalbiotrade.org/dl/member-reports/CTG-case-study-KAITE.pdf

KAITE presentation: http://www.oecd.org/greengrowth/19%20Collenberg%20OECD%20191112.pdf

Address: 22 Inverary Road, Pomona-Borrowdale, Harare, Zimbabwe

Contact(s): Dominikus Collenberg, Director Katinka Musavaya, M.Sc., Financial Director

Telephone: +263 4 88 53 51

Fax: +49 3212 106 7749

Email: info@kaite.biz dominikus.collenberg@kaite.biz Katinka.Musavaya@KAITE.biz

Website: http://kaite.biz/

MAIN MEDICINAL PLANTS AND NATURAL INGREDIENTS OFFERED BY KAITE

Baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit pulp, fruit pulp powder, seed, and seed oil

Bird‘s Eye Chilli (Capsicum spp.) fruit

Calendula (Calendula officinalis) flower

Camphor bush (Tarchonanthus camphoratus) essential oil

Devil‘s claw (Harpagophytum zeyheri, H. procumbens) tuberous secondary roots

Gotu kola (Centella asiatica) aerial parts

Hibiscus, a.k.a. Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyces and epicalyces

Khaki weed (Tagetes minuta) essential oil

Papaya (Carica papaya) leaf

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) flower

CERTIFICATIONS

FAIR TRADE Certification Agent: FLO-CERT FLO ID: 30027

ORGANIC: EU Certification Agent: EcoCert S.A. Certification Number: 5654ZW

ORGANIC: US Certification Agent: EcoCert S.A. Certification Number: 5654Zw1200Z1E (NOP)

MEMBERSHIPS

PhytoTrade Africa Trading Member of PhytoTrade Africa, a non-profit, membership-based organisation established in 2001 as the trade association of the natural products industry in Southern Africa.

UEBT Trading Member of Union for Ethical BioTrade (UEBT) since 2010. Auditing Company - Afrisco - EcoCert

For more info on PhtyoTrade Africa: http://phytotrade.com/ For more info on UEBT: http://ethicalbiotrade.org/

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8. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products (ASNAPP) http://www.asnapp.org.za/ Agricultural Export Council (AEC) Egypt, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Committee http://www.aecegypt.com/ American Botanical Council (ABC) http://abc.herbalgram.org/ American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP) http://www.acmap.org/ American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) http://www.ahpa.org Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB): http://www.ansab.org/ Association for African Medicinal Plants Standards (AAMPS) http://www.aamps.org/en/ Association for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries (AMAPSEEC) http://www.amapseec.org/ Association pour les Plantes Médicinales et Aromatiques de Guadeloupe (APLAMEDOM-Guadeloupe) http://aplamedarom.fr/ Association pour les Plantes Aromatiques et Medicinales de la Réunion (APLAMEDOM- Réunion) http://www.aplamedom.org/ Associazione Italiana fra Coltivatori, Raccoglitori, Trasformatori, Importatori, Esportatori, Grossisti e Rappresentanti di Case Estere di Piante Medicinali, Aromatiche, Spezie, Estratti Vegetali, Oli Essenziali e loro derivati (ASSOERBE) http://www.assoerbe.eu/ Canadian Herb, Spice and Natural Health Products Coalition (CHSNC) http://www.saskherbspice.org/CHSNC/ Central Herbal Agro Marketing Federation of India (CHAMF) http://www.chamf.org/ Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines, Inc. (CHIPI) http://chipi.org.ph/ Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (EMAP) http://www.emap-eg.org/ European Herb Growers Association (EUROPAM) http://www.europam.net/

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European Herbal Infusions Association (EHIA) http://www.ehia-online.org/ Federazione Italiana dei Produttori di Piante Officinali (FIPPO) http://www.fippo.org/ Filière biologique des plantes de santé du Québec http://www.plantesmedicinales.qc.ca/ Instituto Peruano de Productos Naturales (IPPN) http://www.ippn.org.pe/ International Council for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ICMAP) http://www.icmap.org/ International Trade Union of Genuine Regional Materia Medica (TUGRMM) www.tugrmm.com/en/ Jadi Buti Association of Nepal (JABAN) http://www.jaban.com.np/ National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) http://nmpb.nic.in/ PELERO CZ o.s. (Association of the Producers and Processors of Medicinals and Aromatic Plant and Spices) http://www.pelero.cz/ Phytotrade Africa http://phytotrade.com/ Polski Komitet Zielarski (Polish Herbal Committee) http://www.pkz.pl/ Regional Network for Medicinal and Aromatic plants in the Near East and North Africa (AARENINA) http://www.aarinena.org/MHPWeb/ Singapore Chinese Medicines and Health Products Merchant Association http://www.tcm.org.sg/ Société Marocaine des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales (SOMAPAM) http://somapam.voila.net/ Verein für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen (SALUPLANTA e.V.) http://www.saluplanta.de/