Market Insider Quarterly Bulletin

MEDICINAL PLANTS & NATURAL INGREDIENTS MARKET INSIDER September 2014

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Disclaimer

The ITC Market Insider is placed at the disposal of users for information only. It is not designed to replace the appropriate professional advice in any way. The pricing data is based on ITC sources and can change at any time. Although the International Trade Centre strives to keep the data current and accurate, errors can occur. ITC does not bear any liability for any inaccuracy, error, discrepancies in prices or related information. Mention of company names, commercial products and brand names does not imply endorsement by the International Trade Centre. For further information, please refer to the ITC Terms and Conditions, section 2.0 Disclaimers.

Contact: Market Insider International Trade Centre UNCTAD/WTO Palais des Nations, 1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland Tel: +4122 730 01 11 Fax: +4122 730 05 72 Email: marketinsider@intracen.org Twitter: @ITCMktInsider Web: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-insider/ Market Insider for Medicinal Plants is prepared by: Josef A. Brinckmann ITC Consultant josefb@comcast.net Cover Picture: California poppy (Eschscholzia californica Cham.; Papaveraceae), Sebastopol, California ©2009 Josef A. Brinckmann.

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Contents About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients .......................................................... 3

Some Useful Terminology .................................................................................................................................... 3

1. Industry News and Trends .......................................................................................................................... 5

1.1. Medicinal plants feature at International Conference on Industrial Crops in Greece ........................... 5

1.2. Albania’s wild medicinal and aromatic plants and oils trade ................................................................ 5

1.3. Italy’s four year plan to increase medicinal plant production ............................................................... 6

1.4. SAGARPA plans to develop Mexican medicinal plants sector ............................................................ 7

1.5. Medicinal plants among main exports of Afghanistan .......................................................................... 9

1.6. What does ADM acquiring WILD have to do with the American herbal trade? ................................ 10

1.7. Legalizing it - finally some good news for kava-kava farmers? ......................................................... 11

1.8. European Medicines Agency calling for data on Peru Balsam ........................................................... 13

1.9. Alleged smuggling of Peruvian maca planting stock to China ........................................................... 14

1.10. California poppy: a traditional herbal medicinal product in Europe ............................................... 15

1.11. Growing and marketing ginseng and other woodland medicinals .................................................. 17

2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts .............................................................................. 18

2.1. African medicinal tree bark Yohimbe remains a top-seller in the U.S. ............................................... 18

2.2. Canada, a new market for medicinal African wild mango seeds? ....................................................... 19

2.3. The big (unsustainable) export trade of wild pygeum bark from Cameroon ...................................... 21

2.4. South African rooibos cooperative wins 2014 Equator Prize ............................................................. 23

2.5. Joint Venture for international distribution of South African indigenous plant extracts ..................... 24

3. Sustainable use of Biodiversity News ....................................................................................................... 25

3.1. New rules for trading FairWild Certified herbs .................................................................................. 25

3.2. Ginseng conservation, democracy, Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers ................................................... 26

3.3. AHPA calls on producers and traders to contribute to its eighth tonnage survey of wild harvested

medicinal plants ............................................................................................................................................... 27

4. Currency Rates of Exchange .................................................................................................................... 29

5. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients ............................................................ 29

6. Selected Events ........................................................................................................................................... 35

7. Herb Profile: Ajowan fruit ........................................................................................................................ 43

8. Company Profile: Heiveld Co-operative Ltd., South Africa .................................................................. 47

9. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations ............................................................. 48

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About the Market Insider for Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients The Market Insider for medicinal plants & natural ingredients provides market intelligence on the production and international trade of selected botanical raw materials and value-added forms such as extracts and oils. Market insights are presented for key developments on medicinal plants and botanical nutritional ingredients including analysis of international trade data, market trends, indicative market prices for selected botanical ingredients, trade specifications, market size and growth, target markets, business opportunities, legislation affecting the sector, technology, trade events, producer and product profiles. New sources of information, news that subscribers and readers might have on their specific products or areas are welcome. See more at: http://www.intracen.org/itc/market-insider/medicinal-plants/

Some Useful Terminology API: Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India AYUSH: Ayurveda, Yoga and Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha and Homoeopathy CBD: Convention on Biodiversity CCC: Standard Classification of Commodities of the Republic of China CCCCS: Commodity Classification for China Customs Statistics cfu/g: Colony-forming units per gram C&F: Cost & Freight; means the price includes cost and freight charges CFR: Seller has the same responsibilities as when shipping FOB, but shipping

costs are prepaid by the seller CIF: Cost Insurance Freight; means the price includes cost, freight and

insurance CITES: Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora &

Fauna CL: Container load C/S: Cut and sifted COMTRADE: Commodity Trade Statistics Database EDQM: European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines EMA: European Medicines Agency Essential Oils: Odorous product, usually of complex composition, obtained from a

botanically defined plant raw material by steam distillation, dry distillation, or a suitable mechanical process without heating

Extracts: Preparations of liquid (liquid extracts and tinctures), semi-solid (soft extracts and oleoresins) or solid (dry extracts) consistency obtained from Herbal Drugs or animal matter prepared by suitable methods using ethanol or other suitable solvents

EXW: Ex works - Buyer arranges for pick-up of goods at the seller's location. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, and preparing goods for shipment on a specified date or time frame

Farm Gate Price: Refers to the dollar value of agricultural products that you receive from direct farm sales or the value of primary products used for processing

FAS: Free alongside ship - Buyer arranges for ocean transport. Seller is responsible for packing, labelling, preparing goods for shipment and delivering the goods to the dock

FAS Value: Value of exports at the seaport, airport, or border port of exportation, based on the transaction price including inland freight, insurance, and other

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charges incurred in placing the merchandise alongside the carrier at the port of export

FCA: Free carrier: seller is responsible for costs until the buyer's named freight carrier takes charge

FCL: Full container load FLO: Fairtrade International FOB: Free On Board - means that the price only includes the cost of the item.

Seller arranges for transport of the goods, preparing goods for shipment, and loading the goods onto the vessel

FOR & FOT: Free On Rail or Free on Truck; both refer to goods being carried by rail and should only be used when the goods are carried by rail. The risk of loss or damage is transferred when the goods are loaded onto the rail

FTA: Free Trade Agreement GACP: Good Agricultural and Collection Practice GMP: Good Manufacturing Practice ha: Hectare Herbal Drug Preparations:

Obtained by subjecting Herbal Drugs to treatments such as extraction, distillation, expression, fractionation, purification, concentration or fermentation. These include comminuted or powdered herbal drugs, tinctures, extracts, essential oils, expressed juices and processed exudates

Herbal Drugs: Whole, fragmented, or cut plants, parts of plants, algae, fungi or lichen, in an unprocessed state, usually in dried form but sometimes fresh. Certain exudates that have not been subjected to a specific treatment are also considered to be herbal drugs

Herbal Teas: Consist exclusive of one or more Herbal Drugs intended for oral aqueous preparations by means of decoction, infusion or maceration; usually supplied in bulk form or in sachets

HPLC: High Performance Liquid Chromatography HPTLC: High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography HS Code: Harmonized System Tariff Code ITC (HS) Indian Trade Classification Harmonized System ITC International Trade Centre / UNCTAD / WTO MAP: Medicinal and Aromatic Plants NLT: Not less than NESOI: Not Elsewhere Specified or Included NMT: Not more than NOP: National Organic Program (USDA) NTFP: Non Timber Forest Products OTC: Over the Counter medicines: Medicines sold without a prescription PE: Powdered Extract PhEur: European Pharmacopoeia SE: Soft Extract TBC: Tea bag cut TCM: Traditional Chinese Medicine THMP: Traditional Herbal Medicinal Product TLC: Thin Layer Chromatography UPI: Unani Pharmacopoeia of India USD: United States Dollar USP: United States Pharmacopeia VAT: Value Added Tax

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1. Industry News and Trends

1.1. Medicinal plants feature at International Conference on Industrial Crops in Greece

by Market Insider 12 September 2014 Medicinal plants topics are prominent on the agenda of this year’s International Conference on Industry Crops and Products taking place 13-19 September 2014 in Athens, Greece. Medicinal and nutraceutical plant presentations will include, among others:

Effect of convection-, vacuum- and freeze drying methods on essential oil content and composition of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) leaf;

Effect of different drying methods on the antioxidant properties of Greek species of Mountain Tea (Sideritis spp.);

Impact of drying on secondary metabolites of lemon balm (Melissa officinalis) leaves, chamomile (Matricaria recutita) flowers and valerian (Valeriana officinalis) roots;

Phytochemical study of the Mexican medicinal plant Psacalium paucicapitatum (camote de venado) used in Oaxaca as traditional medicine for its hypoglycemic activity.

Also occurring at the International Conference is the 26th Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops (AAIC) during which there will be a meeting of the Medicinal and Essential Oils Crop Germplasm Committee (MEOCGC), convened by J. Bradley Morris, Ph.D., Plant Genetic Resources Conservation Unit of United States Department of Agriculture (USDA) Agricultural Research Service (ARS). Sources 1. International Conference on Industrial Crops and Products. Athens, Greece: 13-19 September

2014: http://www.aaic.org/2014%20AAIC%20program%2028%20August.pdf 2. USDA, ARS, National Genetic Resources Program. Medicinal and Essential Oils Crop

Germplasm Committee (MEOCGC). In: Germplasm Resources Information Network - (GRIN). [Online Database] National Germplasm Resources Laboratory, Beltsville, Maryland. Available: http://www.ars-grin.gov/cgi-bin/npgs/html/mbrship.pl?MEDICINAL (Accessed: 10 September 2014).

1.2. Albania’s wild medicinal and aromatic plants and oils trade

by Market Insider 12 September 2014 An overview of Albania’s medicinal and aromatic plants and herbal essential oils industries will be presented at the upcoming 2014 conference of the International Federation of Essential Oils and Aroma Trades (IFEAT) in Rome Italy, 21-25 September 2014.

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The presentation will be made by Mr. Xhevit Hysenaj, Chairman of the Albanian Essence Producers and Cultivators Association (EPCA) and colleague Marsela Luarasi, Agricultural University of Tirana, Albania. Mr. Hysenaj is also the owner of the Albanian medicinal and aromatic plant company ‘Xherdo’s Herbs’ and a member of the ‘Association for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries’ (AMAPSEEC) as well as being an IFEAT member. Hysenaj and Muarasi will discuss Albania’s rich biological diversity of over 3,250 plant species including many medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), most of which (>95% of species) are wild-collected and not grown on farms; mainly dried herbs and distilled essential oils for export market. In 2012, Albania exported about 52,000 MT of MAPs. Some of the main value-added products of Albanian biodiversity include essential oils of:

Black pine (Pinus nigra) leaf (needle) Cade juniper (Juniper oxycedrus) berry cone Dalmatian sage (Salvia officinalis) leaf Juniper (Juniperus communis) berry cone Laurel (Laurus nobilis) leaf Myrtle (Myrtus communis) leaf Rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis) flowering aerial parts Silver fir (Abies alba) leaf (needle) Spanish-type origanum (Thymus capitatus) flowering herb Thyme (Thymus vulgaris) flowering aerial parts Winter savory (Satureja montana) leaf

Furthermore, Hysenaj and Muarasi will address challenges facing the sector, such as labor availability, environmental and sustainability issues, the impact of legislative and regulatory issues, rising production costs and market volatility. Sources 1. Hysenaj X, Luarasi M. An overview of Albania’s medicinal aromatic plants and essential oils

industry. In: IFEAT Rome 2014 Lecture Abstracts. 2014: http://www.ifeat.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/08/Abstracts-Rome-Final-for-website-only.pdf

2. Hysenaj X. Organization of value chains actors and their role for future of biodiversity in Albanian MAP. 2014: http://www.agrowebcee.net/uploads/media/Albania_01.pdf

3. IFEAT 2014 Conference: http://www.ifeat.org/conference-2014/programme/ 4. Kathe W, Honnef S, Heym A. Medicinal and Aromatic Plants in Albania, Bosnia-Herzegovina,

Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania: A study of the collection of and trade in medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), relevant legislation and the potential of MAP use for financing nature conservation and protected areas. Bonn, Germany: German Federal Agency for Nature Conservation (BfN). 2003: http://www.bfn.de/fileadmin/MDB/documents/skript91.pdf

5. Xherdo’s Herbs: http://xherdo.com/18-2/

1.3. Italy’s four year plan to increase medicinal plant production by Market Insider 08 August 2014 From 2000 to 2010 the surface area of medicinal and aromatic plant (MAP) cultivation in Italy increased by 200%. The most recent agricultural census shows that the cultivation of MAPs in Italy involves 2,938 farms and a surface of 7,191 hectares, of which about 2900 or 41% are certified organic. Average farm size is 2.5 hectares.

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A recent article in the journal Medicinal and Aromatic Plants, written by Cinzia Barbieri (Dept. of Agricultural, Forest and Food Sciences, University of Torino, Italy), states that specialized MAP farms are situated in traditional production areas including Piemonte Region, Provinces of Cuneo and Municipalities of Moretta, Pancalieri e Savigliano, ‘Mint of Pancalieri’; and areas between Puglia and Basilicata regions, and in the Sicily Regions. Research carried out by ISMEA (Istituto per i Servizi del Mercato Agricolo Alimentare) led to the development of a four-year-plan (2013-2016) for the Italian medicinal plants sector, which identifies the objectives and actions to be taken in order to increase the competitiveness of domestic production. Recommended actions in the four-year-plan include:

Better coordination of public and private research, for example through the establishment of ‘Centres of Excellence’ that provide support and services, e.g. logistics, to MAP producers;

Development of certified seed production in order to reduce imports and to better control the quality of botanical raw materials;

Manufacture of machines for MAP production and collection (to contain or lower the cost of production);

Preservation of germ-plasm, natural and indigenous; Development of plant protection products suitable for organic agriculture.

There are no direct funding sources for the recommended actions but only indirect sources, for example as components of various Rural Development Programmes (regional level in Italy) that make use of EU funds. Sources 1. Barbieri C (2014) The Italian Plan 2013-2016 to Develop the Officinal Plants Sector. Med Aromat

Plants 3:153. doi: 10.4172/2167-0412.1000153. Available at: http://omicsgroup.org/journals/the-italian-plan-to-develop-the-officinal-plants-sector-2167-0412.1000153.pdf

2. Ministero delle politiche Agricole, Alimentari e Forestali. Piano di Settore della filiera delle Piante Officinali 2014-2016. Available at: http://www.politicheagricole.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeAttachment.php/L/IT/D/a%252F0%252F8%252FD.e69db6ecc64b575aad5d/P/BLOB%3AID%3D7562

3. Tavolo tecnico del Piano di settore delle Piante Officinali. Istituito con D.M. 15391 del 10 dicembre 2013. Available at: http://www.politicheagricole.it/flex/cm/pages/ServeBLOB.php/L/IT/IDPagina/7038

1.4. SAGARPA plans to develop Mexican medicinal plants sector

by Market Insider 12 August 2014 Ing. F. Alberto Jiménez Merino, the commercial representative of SAGARPA (Secretariat of Agriculture, Livestock, Rural Development, Fisheries and Food, Government of Mexico) for the Free and Sovereign State of Puebla, has been promoting plans to develop the Mexican medicinal plants sector, especially in the State of Puebla.

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Earlier this year, Jiménez Merino made a presentation at the Autonomous University of Tlaxcala (UAT) on the topic of medicinal plant sector development. UAT presented Jiménez Merino with a special recognition for the valuable contribution he is making in the promotion of cultivation and sustainable management of Mexican medicinal plants for the benefit of rural farmers. According to Jiménez Merino, there are 22 main companies engaged in wild collection, cultivation, harvesting, processing, and marketing of medicinal plants in all of Mexico. Furthermore, the State of Puebla is the main region for supply of medicinal and aromatic plants to the domestic market but also has potential to export its botanical raw materials and eventually value-added extracts to countries including France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Spain, Switzerland, and the United States. Jiménez Merino lists the following as the most popular domestically produced medicinal and aromatic plant species for the international market:

Basil leaf (Ocimum basilicum) Chia seed (Salvia hispanica) Damiana leaf (Turnera diffusa) Chaparral herb (Larrea tridentata) Cuachalalate bark (Amphipteryngium adstringens) Epazote (Chenopodium ambrosioides) German chamomile flower (Matricaria recutita) Hibiscus flower (Hibiscus sabdariffa) Hierba de la pastora (Salvia divinorum) Jalap root (Ipomoea purga) Mexican oregano leaf (Lippia graveolens) Mexican valerian root (Valeriana edulis ssp. procera) Nopal leaf (Opuntia ficus-indica) Peppermint leaf (Mentha × piperita) Sarsaparilla root (Smilax moranensis, S. subpubescens, S. cordifolia, S. jalapensis, S.

ludellii and other Smilax species) Scouringrush horsetail stem (Equisetum robustum ssp. affine) Sweet orange blossoms (Citrus sinensis) Tepezcohuite bark (Mimosa tenuiflora) Tilia estrella flower (Ternstroemia pringlei) West Indian lemongrass leaf (Cymbopogon citratus) Wright’s eryngo leaf (Eryngium heterophyllum) Zacatechichi leaf (Calea ternifolia var. ternifolia)

Jiménez Merino is calling for training and capacity building for medicinal plants farmers, development and investment in technologies for production, harvest and post-harvest, drying and processing, including value-addition such as for manufacture of medicinal plant extracts. He is also emphasizing the importance of relevant certifications for the export market. Through CONAZA (National Commission for Arid Zones), this year SAGARPA will invest 3.5 million pesos in a Project to develop Mexican oregano (Lippia graveolens) which will be implemented in the municipalities Tepexi de Rodríguez, Molcaxac, Zacapala, Santa Clara Huitziltepec and in 11 communities of the Mixteca Poblana region. Sources 1. Promueven SAGARPA y UAT aprovechamiento de plantas medicinales en Puebla. La entidad

poblana es la principal abastecedora al mercado nacional. 28 de Julio de 2014. Available at: http://pueblanoticias.com.mx/noticia/promueven-sagarpa-y-uat-aprovechamiento-de-plantas-medicinales-en-puebla-56681

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2. Plantas medicinales, la gran oportunidad de generación de recursos y atención de padecimientos. Available at: http://desdepuebla.com/plantas-medicinales-la-gran-oportunidad-de-generacion-de-recursos-y-atencion-de-padecimientos

1.5. Medicinal plants among main exports of Afghanistan

by Market Insider 27 August 2014 In its July 2014 quarterly report to the United States Congress, the Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR) states that, excluding the illicit export trade of opium (Papaver somniferum) poppy, principal legal exports from the Islamic Republic of Afghanistan are carpets and rugs, dried fruits, and medicinal plants. The Small and Medium Enterprise Development (SMED) Directorate of the Ministry of Commerce and Industries has been investigating options for supporting SME development in sectors with growth potential, such as medicinal and herbal products, among others. One of the value chain challenges thus far has been that 100% of the medicinal plants produced in Afghanistan are being value-added (processed and packaged) in either Pakistan or India. The primary medicinal and aromatic plants produced in Afghanistan for domestic consumption and export trade include asafetida (Ferula assa-foetida) oleo-gum-resin, liquorice (both Glycyrrhiza glabra and G. uralensis) root, caraway (Carum carvi) fruit, cumin (Cuminum cyminum) fruit, jujube (Ziziphus jujuba) fruit, and saffron (Crocus sativus) style and stigma. There is some value addition starting to occur in Afghanistan, for example essential oil distillation from rose (Rosa spp.) flowers. Sources 1. Büchner R. Ätherisches Bio-Rosenöl aus Afghanistan. F-O-R-U-M Zeitschrift für Aromatherapie-

Aromapflege-Aromakultur. 2012;40:7-9. 2. Islamic Republic of Afghanistan Ministry of Commerce and Industry and Ministry of Agriculture,

Irrigation and Livestock. Implementing the SME Strategy Action Plan for Developing Afghanistan’s Agri-Business Sector: May 2011 - April 2013. Available at: http://moci.gov.af/Content/files/Agribusiness%20SME%20Action%20Plan%20for%20Afghanistan%20Final%20%28Eng%29.pdf

3. Ottens BJ, Dürbeck K, Ottens G. Alleviating poverty in Afghanistan through sustainable resource management and marketing of medicinal and aromatic plants. Medicinal Plant Conservation. November 2006;12:28-31. Available at: http://cmsdata.iucn.org/downloads/mpc12.pdf

4. Special Inspector General for Afghanistan Reconstruction (SIGAR). Quarterly Report to the United States Congress. 30 July 2014. Available at: http://www.sigar.mil/pdf/quarterlyreports/2014-07-30qr-intro-section1.pdf#page=20

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1.6. What does ADM acquiring WILD have to do with the American herbal trade?

by Market Insider 10 July 2014 In an all-cash transaction valued at approximately €2.3 billion enterprise value, Archer Daniels Midland Company (NYSE: ADM), a food and feed ingredient company founded in 1923 and based in Decatur, IL, announced on Monday that it is acquiring WILD Flavors GmbH (Heidelberg / Eppelheim, Germany), founded in 1931. WILD Flavors produces a range of natural botanical ingredients such as natural flavors and extracts, natural colors, natural fruit sweeteners, and other specialty ingredients. ADM is a world leader in corn sweeteners, dextrose, crystalline fructose, maltodextrin, cocoa powders, citric and lactic acids, but also offers nutritional ingredients such as natural-source vitamin E, soy isoflavones, soy lecithin, soy protein, and plant sterols. What does this have to do with the American herbal extract trade? It turns out that it has quite a-lot to do with the rich history of botanical ingredients production in the United States. In order to answer the question, a number of related mergers and acquisitions that have taken place in the United States botanical extract industry over the past fifteen years are outlined. 1999 Botanical extract and flavor producer FOLEXCO (Montgomeryville, PA) founded in 1988, a division of the specialty mint oil company A.M. TODD GROUP (Kalamazoo, MI) founded in 1869, acquired the medicinal herbal extract company EAST EARTH HERB (Eugene, OR) founded in 1971. Initially the two companies merged and became FOLEXCO/EAST EARTH HERB but later in the same year the company name was changed to A.M. TODD BOTANICALS. A.M. TODD BOTANICALS would become an operating division of ZINK & TRIESTE CO. INC. (Montgomeryville, PA) founded in the 1930’s, one of the largest buyers and sellers of vanilla beans in the world (that was acquired by A.M. TODD in the 1960’s). 2007 A.M. TODD GROUP acquired MOORE INGREDIENTS (Hamilton, OH) founded in 1992, a manufacturer of natural, certified organic and fairtrade specialty ingredients including botanical extracts. 2011 WILD FLAVORS acquired A.M. TODD GROUP, by now a world leader for mint ingredients and value-added natural ingredients including botanical extracts and oils.

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2013 WILD FLAVORS acquired ALFREBRO LLC (Monroe, OH) founded in the 1980’s, a manufacturer of natural extracts and aromas. 2014 ARCHER DANIELS MIDLAND COMPANY (ADM) acquires WILD FLAVORS GmbH. So, in 2014, the 145-year botanical ingredient production and trading history that comprised all of these companies, the A.M. Todd Group (founded in 1869), Rudolf Wild GmbH (founded in 1931), Zink & Trieste Co. Inc. (founded in the 1930’s), East Earth Herb (founded in 1971), Alfrebro LLC (founded in the 1980’s), Folexco (founded in 1988), and Moore Ingredients (founded in 1992), is all rolled into one at ADM to become one of the world’s leading flavor and specialty ingredient companies. Sources 1. News Release: ADM Expands Food-Ingredient Offering with Acquisition of WILD Flavors. 07 July

2014: http://origin.adm.com/en-US/news/_layouts/PressReleaseDetail.aspx?ID=592 2. WILD Flavors Acquires Natural Aroma Chemical Suppliers. Nutraceuticals World. 26 November

2013: http://www.nutraceuticalsworld.com/contents/view_breaking-news/2013-11-26/wild-flavors-acquires-natural-aroma-chemical-suppliers/

3. News Release: WILD Finalizes Acquisition of A.M. Todd Ingredients | Flavors. 02 November 2011: http://www.amtodd.com/pdfs/WILD-AMT-Aquisition-Press-Release.pdf

1.7. Legalizing it - finally some good news for kava-kava farmers?

Image source: Wikimedia Commons: Starr 021122-0034 Piper methysticum

by Market Insider 07 July 2014 Kava-kava (Piper methysticum) rhizome had been an important medicinal plant crop for smallholder farmers in Fiji, Vanuatu, Tonga, Samoa and Hawaii, with an ever growing export market, particularly to European buyers, that is, until June 2002 when the German Federal Institute for Drugs and Medical Devices (BfArM) revoked the marketing authorizations for medicinal products containing kava-kava. Following Germany’s decision, several other countries around the world quickly moved to ban kava-kava which turned out to be a devastating blow to farmers in the Pacific Island nations depending on its export for income. The story starts twenty-four years ago, in June 1990, when the German Federal Health Agency (BGA; predecessor to BfArM) authorized the use of kava-kava rhizome (and/or galenical preparations made from it) for treating conditions of nervous anxiety, stress, and restlessness. The global market for kava-kava really took off in the 90’s.

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But twelve years later, in June 2002, BfArM made a decision to implement a ban and immediate recall of kava-kava containing medicinal products in the German market. It was a controversial decision based on a few case reports of liver toxicity. Now twelve years on, in May 2014, a decision to repeal BfArM’s kava-kava ban was issued by Germany’s Federal Administrative Court (Verwaltungsgericht Köln) also requiring the defendant (BfArM) to pay the costs. BfArM has the right to appeal this new decision and it is not yet known whether or not they will. Furthermore, administrative court decisions are not necessarily legally binding. The court’s decision was applauded by the German Association of Medicinal Product Manufacturers (BAH) as they were never in agreement with BfArM’s 2002 decision. Back in 2002, ITC’s Market News Service (MNS; predecessor to ITC’s Market Insider) covered the kava-kava story in some depth as one country after another followed Germany to remove kava-kava from their markets while, at the same time, wreaking havoc on the kava-kava farming sector in several Pacific Island nations. Here is a still relevant excerpt from an ITC MNS kava-update published in September 2002:

‘Needless to say, the current situation is an economic disaster for the producers and traders in Pacific Islands, particularly those situated in Fiji, Hawaii, Samoa, Tonga and Vanuatu. At the end of June, Vanuatu’s Chamber of Commerce President stated that some kava growers were already going out of business and other farmers were not harvesting their crops. Some exporting companies have also shut down and prices have dropped significantly. Vanuatu projects losing nearly US$4 million of export revenue per year as a result. In July, the Fiji Agriculture Minister met with the Cook Islands Prime Minister to discuss the problem of kava exports and stated that the Pacific Island countries must be more proactive in ensuring that the issue gets resolved quickly, as it may also have implications for other medicinal plant exports from the region. The situation is also severe for producers and traders in Hawaii, whose kava exports to Europe had averaged about US $200,000 per month in 2001. In mid-August, the kava crisis was on the agenda at the Pacific Island Forum where the chairman of Fiji’s National Kava Council urged Forum leaders to concentrate on protecting the kava industry. It is sobering to observe how vulnerable a high-demand economic medicinal plant crop can be in the world market. In this case, an entire producing region of the Pacific Islands spent years gearing up infrastructure and production capacity in order to meet an ever increasing demand, mostly from Europe and North America. In a matter of a few short months, Germany’s BfArM, followed by the Agence Française de securite sanitaire des produits de sante, and others, ostensibly destroyed the world trade of kava-kava. Though kava remains legal in the US, the damage has been done and demand is now quite low. Many American companies are distancing themselves from kava assuming that it may eventually be restricted. Many consumers are also avoiding kava because it is difficult to discern from the sensationalized media reports as to whether it poses a significant health risk, or not.’

Can the kava-kava export market be built up again to pre-2002 levels? Should farmers start scaling up production? Perhaps too soon to speculate but it appears that kava-kava farming may be on a slow road to recovery and could again one day become a source of additional household income for smallholder farmers of the Pacific Island regions where it is traditionally grown. Stay tuned.

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Sources 1. MNS Regulatory Profile: Kava Update. Market News Service for Medicinal Plants and Extracts.

September 2002;4:36. 2. Kommission E beim BGA., BAnz-Nr. 101 vom 01.06.90 (1990). 3. Sucker-Sket K. Kava-Kava: Widerruf der Zulassung war rechtswidrig. DAZ.online. 20.06.2014:

http://www.deutsche-apotheker-zeitung.de/recht/news/2014/06/20/kava-kava-widerruf-der-zulassung-war-rechtswidrig/13143.html

4. Verwaltungsgericht Köln, 7 K 2128/12. 20.05.2014: http://www.justiz.nrw.de/nrwe/ovgs/vg_koeln/j2014/7_K_2128_12_Urteil_20140520.html

1.8. European Medicines Agency calling for data on Peru Balsam

by Market Insider 17 July 2014 Peru Balsam, a viscous liquid obtained from the scorched and wounded trunk of Myroxylon balsamum var. perieraeis, is a product of Peruvian biodiversity. It is used medicinally in topical application preparations for the treatment of poorly healing wounds, burns, frostbite and haemorrhoids. On 09 July, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) put out a call for scientific data which may be used in the assessment of Peru Balsam as part of the establishment of a European Community herbal monograph which would provide labelling standards for licensed or registered herbal medicinal products. A quality standards monograph for Peru Balsam already exists in the European Pharmacopoeia. Scientific contributions on Peru Balsam may be submitted by email to the EMA Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) up until the deadline of 15 October 2014: hmpc.secretariat@ema.europa.eu Sources 1. European Directorate on the Quality of Medicines (EDQM). Peru Balsam. In: European

Pharmacopoeia, eighth edition (PhEur 8.0). Strasbourg, France: EDQM. 2014. 2. European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Call for

scientific data for use in HMPC assessment work on Myroxylon balsamum (L.) Harms var. perierae (Royle) Harms. London, UK: EMA. 09 July 2014: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_Call_for_data/2014/07/WC500169867.pdf

3. Wichtl M (ed.). Balsamum peruvianum. In: Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals: A Handbook for Practice on a Scientific Basis, Third Edition. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm Scientific Publishers. 2004.

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1.9. Alleged smuggling of Peruvian maca planting stock to China

Image source: Promperú

by Market Insider 28 July 2014 Maca (Lepidium meyenii) is an important medicinal plant crop for Peruvian export of value added ingredients and products. Native to the high Andes of Peru, domestication of maca is estimated to have begun at least 2,000 years ago in the Junín Plateau. Up until recently, maca was supplied to the global market mainly from Peruvian farmers. In news reports this week Alejandra Velazco, President of the Natural Product Committee of the Peruvian Association of Exporters (ADEX), stated that that a large number of Chinese buyers have been present in Peru this summer making advance cash payments directly with maca farmers but informally without proper transaction and export documentation, evading taxes and violating other Peruvian laws concerning maca. While maca generally represents about 33% of Peru’s natural products exports, if the unregulated exports are not stopped this year’s maca export trade data may be skewed by as much as 50% of current year projection. A 14 minute interview with Velazco on this topic from TV Perú 7.3 is available on the ADEX homepage at: http://www.adexperu.org.pe/ Furthermore it is alleged that the Chinese buyers are purchasing viable planting stock in the form of unprocessed whole maca hypocotyls and seeds, presumably for the purpose of transplanting in China. An alert has been issued to Peruvian customs regarding this informal cash trade and illegal export. Under Peruvian law it is illegal to export raw unprocessed whole maca that could be viable for planting elsewhere, i.e. some value-adding processing must occur in Peru prior to export such as drying and powdering or extracting. Velazco also emphasized that the export of unprocessed raw material is adversely affecting Peruvian jobs that would normally be employed this time of year in post harvest value-addition. The news also reached North America this week as the Nutraceuticals International Group®, one the main importers and traders of maca ingredients in the United States, put out press releases and tweets alerting their customers that Chinese buyers are presently buying maca direct from Peruvian farmers well above market price. Their press release goes on to state: 'This demand from China goes hand in hand with the illegal handling of the product, whereby whole Maca (root) is being exported. This is prohibited by law, which classifies this act as a form of smuggling across borders and is an affront to Peruvian customs.'

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The Nutraceuticals press release also provides a link to the referenced Peruvian regulation (DECRETO SUPREMO Nº 039-2003-AG) of the Peruvian Ministry of Justice. Sources 1. ADEX Channel. Entrevista a Alejandra Velazco en TV Perú 7.3. Julio 2014:

http://www.adexperu.org.pe 2. Adex alerta compra ilegal de toneladas de maca de chinos. 23 de Junio 2014:

http://www.rpp.com.pe/2014-06-23-adex-alerta-compra-ilegal-de-toneladas-de-maca-de-chinos-noticia_702574.html

3. Exportación de derivados de maca cerraría el año con caída de 50%. 01 Julio 2014: http://trujilloinforma.com/noticias/peru/exportacion-de-derivados-de-maca-cerraria-el-ano-con-caida-de-50

4. Demands for maca have dramatically increased. Nutraceuticals International Group® Newsletter. 22 July 2014: http://nutraintlgroup.com/news/2014/7/22/dont-be-subjected-to-the-maca-shortage.html

5. Sistema Peruano de Información Jurídica (SPIJ). DECRETO SUPREMO Nº 039-2003-AG: http://origin.library.constantcontact.com/download/get/file/1101795213575-693/SPIJ+2003_Peruvian+law+against+export+of+maca.pdf

1.10. California poppy: a traditional herbal medicinal product in Europe

by Market Insider 04 August 2014 California poppy (Eschscholzia californica), a.k.a. 'amapola de California' or 'copa de oro' (cup of gold) in Spanish, is a native plant of North American biodiversity. This medicinal plant is native to the western United States of America throughout California (and parts of Oregon and southern Washington) extending south into Baja California Sur of the United Mexican States. Its natural range includes the Sonoran Desert region (US states of Arizona and California and Mexican states of Baja California, Baja California Sur, and Sonora) as well as the Channel Islands of California. On March 2, 1903, California poppy became the official state flower of California. While the medicinal use of California poppy flower is not recognized in the United States of America, it is an approved active ingredient in neighbouring Canada for use in licensed medicinal products. In 2008, Health Canada Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD) published a labelling standards monograph for California poppy herb (aerial parts) in the form of powder or prepared as an herbal tea infusion for oral ingestion with the authorized indications for use of 'Traditionally used in Herbal Medicine as a mild sedative and/or sleep aid (hypnotic)' and/or 'Traditionally used in Herbal Medicine as an analgesic.' The Australian Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA) also classifies California poppy as an active substance that may be used in listed medicines. TGA has recently granted

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marketing authorisations for some mild sedative and sleep-aid medicines that contain California poppy. Early in 2012, the European Medicines Agency (EMA) put out a call for scientific data to be used in the assessment of California poppy herb as part of the establishment of a European Community herbal monograph which would provide labelling standards for licensed or registered herbal medicinal products. Interestingly, the only official quality standards monograph available for California poppy comes from a European Union (EU) Member State, France. Pharmacopée Française (11th edition 2012) includes a monograph under the pharmacopoeial name 'Eschscholziae herba' (parties aériennes fleuries d’). Now in July 2014, the EMA published a draft European Community labelling standards monograph for public consultation. EMA proposes that registered Traditional Herbal Medicinal Products (THMPs) containing powdered California poppy herb in solid dosage forms should be labelled with the following indications for use: 'Traditional herbal medicinal product for relief of mild symptoms of mental stress' and/or 'Traditional herbal medicinal product to aid sleep.' Comments on the California poppy monograph may be submitted by email to the EMA Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC) up until the deadline of 31 October 2014: hmpc.secretariat@ema.europa.eu It appears that international demand for this native Californian medicinal plant could increase more than domestic demand (in the U.S.) due to these governmental authorizations for use as an active ingredient of medicines, particularly in the European Union (EU) Member States as well as in Australia and Canada. Sources 1. Agence nationale de sécurité du médicament et des produits de santé (ANSM). Eschscholziae

herba. In: Pharmacopée Française 11ème édition. 19 April 2012: http://ansm.sante.fr/Mediatheque/Publications/Pharmacopee-francaise-Substances-d-origine-vegetale

2. Australian Government Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). Substances that may be used in listed medicines in Australia. December 2007: http://www.tga.gov.au/pdf/cm-listed-substances.pdf

3. European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). Draft Community herbal monograph on Eschscholzia californica Cham., herba. London, UK: EMA. 01 July 2014: http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Herbal_-_Community_herbal_monograph/2014/07/WC500170473.pdf

4. Health Canada Natural Health Products Directorate (NHPD). Drugs and Health Products. Monograph: California poppy. 17 March 2008: http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/monoReq.do?id=58&lang=eng

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1.11. Growing and marketing ginseng and other woodland medicinals

by Market Insider 15 July 2014 The fully revised, updated and expanded Second Edition of 'Growing and Marketing Ginseng, Goldenseal and other Woodland Medicinals' is now available. This 480 page book provides practical information on cultivation of more than a dozen shade-loving native North American medicinal herbs including American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), black cohosh (Actaea racemosa), bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) and goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis). The book is co-written by Jeanine Davis, Associate Professor and Extension Specialist, North Carolina State University, Dept. of Horticultural Science and W. Scott Persons, widely recognized as an expert in the growing and marketing of wild-simulated and woods-cultivated ginseng and owner of Tuckasegee Valley Ginseng Farm. Source 1. New Society Publishers: http://www.newsociety.com/Books/G/Growing-and-Marketing-Ginseng-

Goldenseal-and-other-Woodland-Medicinals

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2. Markets for African Medicinal Plants and Extracts 2.1. African medicinal tree bark Yohimbe remains a top-seller in

the U.S.

Image Source: HerbalGram Summer 2014 cover

http://cms.herbalgram.org/herbalgram/images/HG102/HG102_coverweb.jpg

by Market Insider 08 September 2014 Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe) tree bark is a product of African biodiversity. The yohimbe tree is native to Middle African regions of Democratic Republic of Congo, Gabonese Republic, Republic of Cameroon, Republic of the Congo, and Republic of Equatorial Guinea. In the United States, products that contain yohimbe bark or yohimbe bark extract (alone or in combination with other ingredients) are marketed as herbal dietary supplement products generally labeled as athletic performance and/or sexual enhancement products. Once annually, the non-profit organization American Botanical Council (ABC) publishes its HerbalGram herb market report that is based on herb supplement sales statistics obtained from the Nutrition Business Journal (NBJ) and market research firms IRI and SPINS. The report published this week shows that yohimbe dietary supplement products ranked at #2 in mainstream multi-outlet channel for 2013. Retail sales of yohimbe products in this channel in the United States amounted to US$67,393,961, a 19.2% increase over 2012 sales. The HerbalGram report covers only retail sales of herbal dietary supplements and does not reflect the sales of most herbal teas (even if they are regulated as dietary supplement products), botanical ingredients in natural cosmetics, or government-approved herbal drug ingredients in over-the-counter (OTC) or prescription herbal medicinal products. If global demand should continue to increase for this African tree bark, sustainable harvesting practices, resource management and monitoring, and sustainable use remain considerable challenges and issues for the herb trade and consumers to deal with. Sources 1. Betz JM. Yohimbe. In: Coates PM et al (eds). Encyclopedia of Dietary Supplements, Second

Edition. Informa UK Ltd. 2010;861-868. 2. Lindstrom A, Ooyen C, Lynch ME, Blumenthal M, Kawa K. Sales of Herbal Dietary Supplements

Increase by 7.9% in 2013, Marking a Decade of Rising Sales: Turmeric Supplements Climb to

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Top Ranking in Natural Channel. HerbalGram Journal of the American Botanical Council. 2014;103:52-56.

3. Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. Pausinystalia johimbe. In: Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. 2009. Available at: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Pausinystalia_johimbe.pdf

4. Sunderland TC et al (2004). Yohimbe (Pausinystalia johimbe) in Clark L and Sunderland T (2004). The Key Non-Timber Forest Products of Central Africa: State of the Knowledge. Technical paper No.122, United States Agency for International Development.

2.2. Canada, a new market for medicinal African wild mango seeds?

by Market Insider 01 September 2014 African wild mango (Irvingia gabonensis) seed (a.k.a. kernel) is a product of African biodiversity. According to PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa), the trees are indigenous to the humid forest zone of the Gulf of Guinea from western Nigeria east to the Central African Republic, and south to Angola and the westernmost part of Democratic Republic of Congo; it also occurs in São Tomé et Príncipe. There is also commercial cultivation of African wild mango trees in southern Nigeria and southern Cameroon. The seeds are widely and extensively traded domestically but also exported to Europe and beyond. PROTA reports that Cameroon is probably the main exporter with a combined export trade of the fruit kernels (of two species; Irvingia gabonensis and Irvingia wombolu) of 107 t annually valued at about US$ 260,000. The World Agroforestry Centre of Kenya states that, in southern Cameroon, wild African mango seed could be described as the most important, legal, non-timber forest product from the area. At the end of July 2014, the Canadian government’s 'Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate' (NNHPD) published a Wild African Mango monograph that is intended to serve as a guide to industry for the preparation of Product License Applications (PLAs) and labels for natural health product market authorization.

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Now in Canada, companies wanting to market finished products that contain Wild African Mango seed as an active ingredient may be granted marketing authorization and permitted the following claim statements for labeling:

Could be a complement to a healthy lifestyle that incorporates a calorie-reduced diet and regular physical activity for individuals involved in a weight management program;

Helps support healthy cholesterol levels/Helps support cardiovascular health by reducing total and LDL cholesterol;

Helps support healthy glucose levels; and/or Provides antioxidants.

Additionally, the NNHPD is permitting the use of 'Irvingia Gabonensis Kernel Butter' as a non-medicinal component of licensed topical application Natural Health Products (NHPs) when used in formulations as an occlusive skin-conditioning agent (ingredients which retard the evaporation of water from the skin surface). Although the Canadian labeling standards monograph is brand new, at the time of this writing (August 2014), there were already 71 licensed NHPs in the Canadian market containing extracts or preparations of African wild mango seed as an active ingredient. Prior to the establishment of the monograph, the applicant companies submitted their own proposed indications for use based on their own efficacy evidence for their product. The establishment of a government issued compendial monograph for African wild mango seed paves the way for a much faster and streamlined process for gaining market access in Canada. Sources 1. Health Canada Natural and Non-prescription Health Products Directorate (NNHPD). Drugs and

Health Products: African Wild Mango. Ottawa, Ontario: NNHPD. 23 July 2014. Available at: http://webprod.hc-sc.gc.ca/nhpid-bdipsn/atReq.do?atid=irvingia.gabonensis&lang=eng Accessed 29 August 2014.

2. Orwa C, Mutua A, Kindt R, Jamnadass R, Simons A. 2009. Irvingia gabonensis. In: Agroforestree Database: a tree reference and selection guide version 4.0. Available at: http://www.worldagroforestry.org/treedb2/AFTPDFS/Irvingia_gabonensis.pdf Accessed 29 August 2014,

3. Tchoundjeu, Z. & Atangana, A.R., 2007. Irvingia gabonensis (Aubry-Lecomte ex O’Rorke) Baill. [Internet] Record from PROTA4U. Lemmens, R.H.M.J., Louppe, D. & Oteng-Amoako, A.A. (Editors). PROTA (Plant Resources of Tropical Africa / Ressources végétales de l’Afrique tropicale), Wageningen, Netherlands. http://www.prota4u.org/search.asp. Accessed 29 August 2014.

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2.3. The big (unsustainable) export trade of wild pygeum bark from Cameroon

Image source: http://www.cifor.org/uploads/webservice/4923.jpg

by Market Insider 28 August 2014 The commercial supply of pygeum bark, obtained mainly from wild Prunus africana trees, is a product of African biodiversity. Pygeum trees occur in Burundi, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Kenya, Madagascar, Nigeria, Uganda and United Republic of Tanzania, among other African countries. A research study / working paper titled ‘Power, profits and policy: a reality check on the Prunus Africana bark trade’ has just been published by the Center for International Forestry Research (CIFOR), available to download at: http://www.cifor.org/library/4923/power-profits-and-policy-a-reality-check-on-the-prunus-africana-bark-trade/ In this study, the researchers (international ethnobiology expert Dr. Tony Cunningham and colleagues) seek to answer important questions about why unsustainable wild harvesting of pygeum bark persists in Cameroon despite the existing knowledge of how to implement sustainable resource management plans for biodiversity conservation, and despite strong recommendations from experts over the years to transition the pygeum trade from its dependence on wild populations to cultivated sources. In the case of pygeum, which is not necessarily true for all wild medicinal plant species, feasibility of scaling up sustainable agriculture production has already been demonstrated as well as comparable quality (between farmed and wild). This study points out that several other tree barks, commercially harvested for large-scale export, have made the shift from wild harvest to on-farm production, for example cassia (Cinnamomum aromaticum), cinchona (Cinchona spp.), cinnamon (Cinnamomum verum), and wattle (Acacia spp.). Also noted is the fact that thousands of Cameroonian farmers have been cultivating pygeum trees for over 30 years yet the market still prefers to source bark from wild trees standing in

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globally significant conservation areas such as in protected areas of national parks. This study suggests that the answers may be found by following the money and finding out who profits the most from arrangements for access to trees in protected areas. It doesn’t appear to be the local people who are benefiting from the current method of harvesting and trade. The study authors summarize that ‘The costs of maintaining an inventory, monitoring and managing sustainable wild harvests are far greater than the benefits to harvesters. Without the current substantial international donor subsidies, sustainable harvest cannot be sustained. To supply the current and future market, we must develop separate, traceable P. africana bark supply chains based on cultivated stocks. More Cameroonian small-scale farmers cultivate P. africana than farmers in any other country. This change requires CITES and European union (EU) support and would catalyze P. africana cultivation in Cameroon, doubling farm-gate prices to harvesters – from the current FCFA (Central African CFA Franc) 150 per kg (USD 0.33) received by wild bark harvesters to FCFA 294 per kg (USD 0.66) – that could be paid to farmers after a 15% traceability cost was deducted.’ Most of the pygeum bark exports go to buyers in Europe for the manufacture of extracts which are then used as active ingredients of herbal medicinal products. Cameroon’s share of the global pygeum bark trade has risen from an average of 38% between 1995 and 2004, to 72.6% (658.6 (metric tons or t)) in 2012. Not discussed in this study is the fact that while the European Pharmacopoeia (PhEur) quality standard for pygeum bark requires it to be composed of the ‘dried stems and branches,’ in reality pygeum bark continues to be supplied from tree trunks and via destructive harvesting practices (although some claim that certain methods like 5-year rotation times could be sustainable). Meanwhile the European Medicines Agency (EMA) has not yet completed its assessment (begun in 2011) of pygeum bark towards the eventual establishment of a European Community Herbal Monograph (labelling standards for herbal medicines in the EU market). According to the World Health Organization (WHO) monograph, uses of pygeum bark preparations (that are supported by clinical data) include treatment of lower urinary tract symptoms of benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) stages I and II (e.g. nocturia, polyuria and urinary retention), in cases where diagnosis of prostate cancer is negative. The publisher of this study emphasizes that ‘CIFOR Working Papers contain preliminary or advance research results on tropical forest issues that need to be published in a timely manner to inform and promote discussion.’ If this study is read and considered by all those involved in the global pygeum bark trade, including manufacturers and marketers of finished herbal medicinal products, it will indeed promote discussion. Hopefully such discussion will lead to appropriate action that supports sustainable production, use and equitable trade that can improve the livelihoods of local smallholder medicinal tree farmers in Cameroon. Sources 1. Cunningham AB, Avana Tientcheu M-L, Anoncho VF, Nkuinkeu R and Sunderland T. 2014.

Power, profits and policy: A reality check on the Prunus africana bark trade. Working Paper 153. Bogor, Indonesia: CIFOR. Available at: http://www.cifor.org/library/4923/power-profits-and-policy-a-reality-check-on-the-prunus-africana-bark-trade/

2. European Directorate for the Quality of Medicines (EDQM). Pruni africanae cortex. In: European Pharmacopoeia, 7th edition (PhEur 7.0). Strasbourg, France: EDQM. 2013.

3. European Medicines Agency (EMA) Committee on Herbal Medicinal Products (HMPC). HMPC meeting report on Community herbal monographs, guidelines and other activities. The 58th HMPC meeting, held on 05-06 May 2014. London, UK: EMA. Available at:

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http://www.ema.europa.eu/docs/en_GB/document_library/Committee_meeting_report/2014/05/WC500167583.pdf

4. World Health Organization (WHO). Cortex Pruni Africanae. In: WHO Monographs on Selected Medicinal Plants, Volume 2. Geneva, Switzerland: WHO. 2004; pp. 246-258. Available at: http://apps.who.int/medicinedocs/pdf/s4927e/s4927e.pdf

2.4. South African rooibos cooperative wins 2014 Equator Prize

Image source: Heiveld rooibos farmers

by Market Insider 15 August 2014 The Equator Prize is awarded biennially to recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions for people, nature and resilient communities.’ Out of this year’s 1,234 nominations, the Heiveld Co-operative Ltd. (Nieuwoudtville, South Africa) was among the 35 winners of the 2014 Equator Prize, their award presented in the category of 'Sustainable Land Management in Sub-Saharan Africa.' The Heiveld Co-operative has 64 members, all of whom cultivate rooibos herb, the needle-like leaves and fine stems of the plant Aspalathus linearis. According to Equator Initiative 'Since 2001 Heiveld Co-operative has worked with small-scale rooibos tea farmers to provide organic and fair trade certification, as well as support with market access. In response to climate variability, farmers are cultivating drought-resistant varieties of rooibos. Collaborative work with research institutes has led to an industry-wide code of conduct on the sustainable harvesting and production of rooibos. The cooperative invests revenues back into community water access, education and health projects. Local tea farming incomes have increased by 400 percent, while soil erosion has been reduced in thousands of hectares of drylands where the tea is cultivated.' Heiveld’s rooibos herb is produced according to both the European Union (EU) and the United States National Organic Program (NOP) Organic Standards and also according to both the Fairtrade International (FLO) Fairtrade Standards and the Naturland and Fair Standards. Sources 1. Equator Initiative. Equator Prize 2014 Winners: http://www.equatorinitiative.org/ 2. Heiveld Co-operative Ltd: http://www.heiveld.co.za/

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3. Republic of South Africa Department of Agriculture. Standards and requirements regarding control of the Export of rooibos and rooibos mixtures. 2001: http://www.nda.agric.za/docs/plantquality/

2.5. Joint Venture for international distribution of South African indigenous plant extracts

by Market Insider 11 August 2014 A joint venture was announced this month between Döhler Group (Darmstadt, Germany) and Afriplex (Pty) Ltd (Paarl, South Africa) to establish a new company to be called Doehler South Africa (Pty) Ltd. The initial aim of the joint venture is to deliver natural ingredient solutions that are tailored to the needs of the Southern African markets. Döhler Groups international distribution channels however will enable customers worldwide to have easier access to a whole range of indigenous South African plant extracts manufactured with state-of-the-art extraction and processing technologies suitable for applications in natural health and nutritional products. Afriplex is a vertically integrated company that operates its own medicinal plant farming operations, extraction facilities, product development services and even packaging of finished products for clients. The main medicinal plants cultivated by Afriplex for production of their indigenous plant extracts are:

Aloe vera (Aloe vera); Buchu (Agathosma betulina); Cape Aloe (Aloe ferox); Honeybush (Cyclopia subternata and C. genistoides); Hoodia (Hoodia gordonii); Pelargonium (Pelargonium sidoides); Rooibos (Aspalathus linearis).

Afriplex also uses sustainably wild-collected plant parts for some of its indigenous plant extracts such as baobab (Adansonia digitata) fruit and sausage tree (Kigelia africana) fruit. Afriplex has organic certification for some of its botanical ingredients including those obtained from wild collection like baobab fruits. Sources 1. Afriplex (Pty) Ltd. Plant cultivation: http://www.afriplex.co.za/what-we-do/plant-cultivation 2. Afriplex (Pty) Ltd. Press release: A joint venture for integrated ingredient solutions – Afriplex and

Doehler consolidate strengths and activities in Southern Africa. 07 August 2014. 3. Döhler Group. Health and Nutrition Ingredients: http://www.doehler.com/en/our-products/health-

and-nutrition/health-ingredients.html

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3. Sustainable use of Biodiversity News 3.1. New rules for trading FairWild Certified herbs

by Market Insider 11 July 2014 The FairWild Standard (FWS) couples fair trade principles with sustainable resource management plans to ensure social and ecological sustainability of wild harvested medicinal and aromatic plants. In the early 2000’s, development of the FWS began through a multi-stakeholder process with test implementation and evaluation of early draft versions taking place in several countries around the world. FWS version 1.0 was published in 2006 and version 2.0 in 2010. The FairWild trading network has grown considerably over the past few years now with certified wild collection companies operating in several countries including Bosnia & Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Macedonia, Poland, and Spain. The FWS is also being implemented at a number of herbal wild collection sites in other countries including China, India, Georgia, and Morocco. Now in July 2014 the FairWild Foundation (FWF), a non-profit foundation based in Switzerland and founded in 2008, published new Trading Rules (version 1/2014) and revised Labelling Rules (version 3/2014), following feedback from clients and actors in the field. The Rules clarify existing requirements and introduce several changes, including:

Clarification of chain-of-custody requirements for FairWild certified ingredients and products;

Fair trading obligations for first buyers of FairWild certified ingredients; Introduction of a Trader Registration system for FairWild Traders, Processors and

Licensees; Revision of the fee structure for FairWild Traders, Processors and Licensees; Revision of the labelling categories and rules on use of the FAIRWILD® word or design

mark; and Introduction of a new FAIRWILD® design mark.

Popular branded herbal products, bearing the FairWild® certification mark on their labels, can now be found on retail store shelves in several EU and non-EU European countries, throughout Canada and the United States, and in several Asian and Oceanic regions, in particular Australia, Hong Kong, Japan, New Zealand, the Philippines, and Taiwan. The FairWild Foundation’s new rules documents are available for download from http://www.fairwild.org/certification-process/. Feedback, questions and clarifications on the new Rules are welcomed, and should be directed to secretariat@fairwild.org. An overview of the main changes and the actions required for existing certification scheme participants is also available from the FWF. Sources

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1. FairWild Foundation. FairWild Foundation publishes new Trading and revised Labelling Rules. 01 July 2014. Available at: http://www.fairwild.org/news/2014/7/1/fairwild-foundation-publishes-new-trading-and-revised-labell.html

2. Brinckmann JA, Huggins K, Gardner ZE. Managing natural resources for sustainable livelihoods: threats to the future of sustainable wild collection and field experience with implementation of the FairWild Standard for medicinal plants. International Journal on Biodiversity Watch. 2014 [in publication].

3.2. Ginseng conservation, democracy, Tom Petty & the Heartbreakers

by Market Insider 15 July 2014 The mission of the non-profit organization United Plant Savers (UpS) is to protect native medicinal plants of the United States and Canada and their native habitat while ensuring an abundant renewable supply of medicinal plants for generations to come. This year UpS has been chosen to be a featured non-profit for participation at the upcoming LOCKN’ INTERLOCKING MUSIC FESTIVAL 4-7 September 2014 in Arlington, Virginia. 30,000 people are expected to attend the festival. UpS will set up shop in the festival’s 'Participation Row Non-Profit Village', which is being organized by HeadCount, a non-partisan organization that uses the power of music to register voters and promote participation in democracy. UpS plans to use this opportunity to get signatures on their petition to United States Secretary of Agriculture, Tom Vilsack, called 'Save American Ginseng, Panax quinquefolius.' Submission of this petition aims to demonstrate that the public would like to see Congress dedicate funds towards ginseng conservation and cultivation, and that plants are just as worthy of protection and just as vulnerable to wildlife trafficking. What else? Oh, Willie Nelson, Tom Petty and Heartbreakers, Hot Tuna, Wilco, and various members of the Grateful Dead will be performing at LOCKN’ 2014. Sources 1. HeadCount: http://www.headcount.org/mission-statement/ 2. LOCKN’ MUSIC FESTIVAL News: http://www.locknfestival.com/ 3. Saving American Ginseng Petition by United Plant Savers: http://www.change.org/petitions/save-

american-ginseng-panax-quinquefolius 4. United Plant Savers: http://www.unitedplantsavers.org/

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3.3. AHPA calls on producers and traders to contribute to its eighth tonnage survey of wild harvested medicinal plants

by Market Insider 18 July 2014 Founded in 1982, the American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) is a non-profit organization and trade association that is focused primarily on herbs and botanicals and herbal products. This week, AHPA put out a call to botanical raw material producers and traders for participation in their eighth tonnage survey aiming to estimate the annual quantities of selected North American medicinal and aromatic plants harvested mainly from wild populations during the years 2011 to 2013. Some of these herbs of commerce are both wild collected and cultivated on farms. AHPA’s first seven tonnage surveys captured harvest for the years from 1997 through 2010. Some of these herbs of commerce are both wild collected and cultivated on farms. AHPA’s first seven tonnage surveys captured harvest quantities for the years from 1997 through 2010. According to AHPA, producers and traders who participate in the tonnage survey help to play a crucial part in the sustainable harvest, trade and use of herbs. The survey is available at: http://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/2011-2013AHPATonnageQuestionnaire_FINAL.pdf There are 46 botanical articles of commerce included in the AHPA 2011-2013 tonnage survey questionnaire: 1. Aletris (Aletris farinosa) root 2. Arnica (Arnica spp.) any part 3. American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius) root 4. Barbasco (Dioscorea composita) rhizome 5. Bethroot (Trillium erectum) root 6. Black cherry (Prunus serotina) bark 7. Black cohosh (Actaea racemosa) root 8. Black walnut (Juglans nigra) hulls 9. Bloodroot (Sanguinaria canadensis) root 10. Blue cohosh (Caulophyllum thalictroides) root 11. Cascara sagrada (Frangula purshiana) bark 12. Damiana (Turnera diffusa) leaf 13. Echinacea angustifolia root 14. Echinacea angustifolia herb 15. Echinacea pallida root

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16. Echinacea pallida herb 17. Echinacea purpurea root 18. Echinacea purpurea herb 19. False unicorn (Chamaelirium luteum) root 20. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) leaf 21. Goldenseal (Hydrastis canadensis) root 22. Hydrangea (Hydrangea arborescens) root 23. Lady’s slipper (Cypripedium spp.) root 24. Lomatium (Lomatium dissectum) root 25. Oregon grape (Mahonia aquifolium) root 26. Osha (Ligusticum porteri) root 27. Partridge berry (Mitchella repens) fruit 28. Passionflower (Passiflora incarnata) flower 29. Pipsissewa (Chimaphila umbellata) leaf 30. Sarsaparilla (Smilax aristolochiifolia) rhizome 31. Sarsaparilla, Mexican (Smilax cordifolia) rhizome 32. Sarsaparilla, Mexican (Smilax ludellii) rhizome 33. Sarsaparilla, Mexican (Smilax moranensis) rhizome 34. Sarsaparilla, Mexican (Smilax subpubescens) rhizome 35. Saw palmetto (Serenoa repens) fruit 36. Slippery elm (Ulmus rubra) bark 37. Sundew (Drosera spp.) whole plant 38. Usnea (Usnea spp.) lichen 39. Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula) whole plant 40. Virginia snakeroot (Aristolochia serpentaria) root 41. Wild yam (Dioscorea villosa) root 42. Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) bark 43. Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) dormant twigs 44. Witch hazel (Hamamelis virginiana) leaf 45. Yerba mansa (Anemopsis californica) root 46. Yerba santa (Eriodictyon californicum) leaf Source American Herbal Products Association (AHPA). AHPA Botanical Tonnage Survey for 2011-2013. Silver Spring, MD: AHPA. 14 July 2014. Available at: http://www.ahpa.org/Portals/0/pdfs/2011-2013AHPATonnageQuestionnaire_FINAL.pdf

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4. Currency Rates of Exchange

Rates of Exchange: 05 September 2014

CURRENCY CODE UNITS 1 / USD UNITS 1 / EUR

Chinese Yuan Renminbi CNY 6.1407 7.9532

EURO EUR 0.7721 1.0000

Indian Rupee INR 60.2110 77.9819

Nepalese Rupee NPR 97.8675 126.755

Russian Ruble RUB 36.9663 47.8774

United States Dollar USD 1.0000 1.2951

Source: XE Currency Converter: http://www.xe.com/currencyconverter/

5. Indicative Prices for Selected Medicinal Botanical Ingredients Note: Prices should be considered indicative only and reflect the price of a product of a specific grade or quality from the specified origin. Great care should be taken when comparing prices of medicinal herbs of different origins, grade, qualities and quantities.

AJOWAN FRUIT Botanical name: Trachyspermum ammi / Hindi name: Ajwain / Sanskrit name: Yavani

Pharmacopoeial name: Trachyspermi Ammi Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) flatulence with a gurgling sound; b) distension of abdomen due to obstruction to passage of urine and stools; c) diseases of abdomen; d) abdominal lump; e) intestinal parasites; f) sharp piercing pain.

Traditional Unani Medicine: a) flatulence in the stomach; b) gastric pain; c) anorexia; d) colic; e) pertussis; f) diarrhoea; g) hysteria; h) cholera.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Kurnool Andhra Pradesh

5000~12482 INR / Quintal (modal price: 11298 INR /

Quintal)

$0.83~$2.07 / kg (modal price: $1.88 /

kg)

05.09.2014

Neemuch Madhya Pradesh

6100~10252 INR / Quintal (modal price: 9900 INR /

Quintal)

$1.01~$1.70 / kg (modal price: $1.64 /

kg)

06.09.2014

ASHWAGANDHA ROOT Botanical name: Withania somnifera / Sanskrit name: Asvagandha (v'oxa/kk)

Pharmacopoeial name: Withaniae Somniferae Radix

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) inflammatory disorders; b) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease, weakness, diseases due to vata dosha); and c) male impotence.

Traditional Siddha Medicine: a) oligospermia; b) lancinating pain; c) loss of body strength; d) anemia; e) convulsions/seizures/fits; f) disordered humor; g) eczema; h) edema/swelling; and i) tuberculosis.

Traditional Unani Medicine: a) leucorrhoea; b) spermatorrhoea; c) decreased viscosity of semen; d) sexual debility; e) lumbago; f) arthritis.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Madhya Pradesh Mandi

6000~27002 INR / Quintal (conventional)

$1.00~$4.48 / kg

04.09.2014

Ex-factory Jodhpur,

US$7.00 / kg (Qty: >10,000 kg;

$7.00 / kg

21.08.2014

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Rajasthan certified organic)

BARBARY WOLFBERRY FRUIT Botanical name: Lycium barbarum / Chinese name: gou qi zi (枸杞子)

Pharmacopoeial name: Fructus Lycii

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) general debility with deficiency of vital essence manifested by aching of the loins and knees, dizziness and tinnitus; b) diabetes caused by internal heat; c) anemia; d) impaired vision.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

(Ningxia origin) Chengdu mkt.

(380 Grade) 52.65 CNY / kg

$8.57 / kg 06.09.2014

(Xinjiang origin) Anguo market

(380 Grade) 53.00 CNY / kg

$8.63 / kg 06.09.2014

CALAMUS RHIZOME Botanical name: Acorus calamus

Chinese name: zang chang pu (藏菖蒲) / Nepalese name: Bojho / Sanskrit name: Vaca

Pharmacopoeial name: Rhizoma Acori Calami

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) colic pain; b) epilepsy; c) asthma; d) constipation; e) mania; f) flatulence; g) otorrhoea; and h) weak memory

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) to tonify stomach yang; b) treat maldigestion and food stagnation; c) diphtheria.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Kathmandu, Nepal

100 NPR / kg $1.02 / kg 31.08.2014

Tanakpur, Uttarakhand

133 NPR / kg $1.36 / kg 31.08.2014

CHIRATA HERB Botanical name: Swertia chirayita

Nepalese name: Chiraito / Sanskrit name: Kiratatikta

Pharmacopoeial name: Swertiae Herba

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) fever; b) thirst; c) burning sensation; d) inflammation; e) skin diseases; f) ulcer; g) intestinal worms; h) itching; and i) excessive flow of urine.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Kathmandu, Nepal

600 NPR / kg $6.13 / kg 31.08.2014

Tanakpur, Uttarakhand

656 NPR / kg $6.70 / kg 31.08.2014

CRANBERRY FRUIT Botanical name: Vaccinium macrocarpon

Pharmacopoeial name: Fructus Macrocarponii

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Western Herbal Medicine: to help prevent recurrent urinary tract infections

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Ex-warehouse New Jersey

US$2.25 / lb (Min. qty: 1,000 lbs)

$4.96 / kg (Min. qty: 454 kg)

04.09.2014

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FENNEL FRUIT Botanical name: Foeniculum vulgare

Chinese name: xiao hui xiang (小茴香) / Hindi name: Saunf / Sanskrit name: Misreya

Pharmacopoeial name: Fructus Foeniculi

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) colic pain; c) cough; d) vitiated blood; e) dysentery; and f) piles.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) treatment of scrotal hernia with pain and cold extremities; b) dysmenorrhea with lower abdominal pain and cold sensation; and c) distending pain in the epigastrium with anorexia.

Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating, and flatulence; b) symptomatic treatment of minor spasm associated with menstrual periods; and c) as an expectorant in cough associated with cold.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chennai Market Tamil Nadu

120.00 INR / kg $1.99 / kg 30.08.2014

FOB Egyptian Port

US$1,470 / MT (Qty 12.5 MT / 20’ FCL)

$1.47 / kg 01.09.2014

FOB Mumbai,

Maharashtra

US$1,920~$2,100 / MT (Qty: 14 MT / 20’ FCL;

certified organic)

$1.92~2.10 / kg 28.08.2014

Yumen Market Gansu

10.00~10.50 CNY / kg $1.63~$1.71 / kg 06.09.2014

FENUGREEK SEED Botanical name: Trigonella foenum-graecum

Chinese name: hu lu ba (胡蘆巴) / Sanskrit name: Methi

Pharmacopoeial name: Trigonellae Foenugraeci Semen

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) malabsorption syndrome; b) fever; c) increased frequency and turbidity of urine; and d) loss of taste sensation.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) cold syndrome of the kidney due to yang deficiency marked by pain and coldness in the lower abdomen; b) hernia; and c) weakness and edema of the legs caused by cold-damp.

Traditional European Medicine: a) (oral) temporary loss of appetite; b) (cutaneous) symptomatic treatment of minor inflammations of the skin.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Chennai Market Tamil Nadu

70.50 INR / kg $1.17 / kg 30.08.2014

Gondal Market Gujarat

3655~5605 INR / quintal

$0.61~$0.93 / kg 05.09.2014

FOB Mumbai,

Maharashtra

US$1080 / MT (Sortex clean; certified

organic)

$1.08 / kg 28.08.2014

GINGER RHIZOME Botanical name: Zingiber officinale

Chinese name: gan jiang (干姜) / Nepalese name: Sutho ( ) / Sanskrit name: Sunthi

Pharmacopoeial name: Rhizoma Zingiberis

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) digestive impairment; b) flatulence; c) anemia; d) asthma; e) abdominal diseases; and f) rheumatism.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) epigastric pain with cold feeling, vomiting and diarrhea accompanied with cold extremities and faint pulse;

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and b) dyspnea and cough with copious expectoration.

Traditional European Medicine: a) symptomatic relief of motion sickness; and b) symptomatic treatment of mild, spasmodic gastrointestinal complaints including bloating and flatulence.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Luoping County Yunnan Prov.

19.00 CNY / kg $3.09 / kg 07.09.2014

Shizong County Yunnan Prov.

20.00 CNY / kg $3.26 / kg 07.09.2014

Cochin Market Kerala, India

307.50~325.00 INR / kg

$5.11~$5.40 / kg 30.08.2014

Nepalgunj Nepal

300.00 NPR / kg $3.07 / kg 31.08.2014

FOB Mumbai,

Maharashtra

US$5300.00 / MT (Qty: 14 MT / 20’ FCL;

certified organic)

$5.30 / kg 28.08.2014

GOTU KOLA HERB Botanical name: Centella asiatica

Chinese name: ji xue cao (积雪草) / Sanskrit name: Mandukaparni ( ) Pharmacopoeial name: Centellae Asiaticae Herba

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) inflammation; b) tastelessness; c) fever; d) cough; e) itching; f) skin diseases; g) excessive bleeding disorder; h) excessive flow of urine; i) asthma; j) anemia; k) blood disorders

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) jaundice caused by damp-heat; b) heat stroke with diarrhea; c) urolithiasis and hematuria; d) carbuncles and boils; e) traumatic injuries.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

FOB Mumbai Port

US$3000 / per MT (Qty: 1-20’ FCL)

$3.00 / kg 25.07.2014

ISPAGHULA SEED Botanical name: Plantago ovata

Pharmacopoeial name: Plantaginis Ovatae Semen

Medicinal uses:

Well-established uses: a) for the treatment of habitual constipation; and b) for conditions in which easy defecation with soft stool is desirable, e.g. in cases of painful defecation after rectal or anal surgery, anal fissures and hemorrhoids.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

NMCE Spot Price

10475.00 INR / quintal $1.74 / kg 05.09.2014

JATAMANSI ROOT AND RHIZOME Botanical name: Nardostachys jatamansi

Chinese name: gan song (甘松) / Nepalese name: Jatamansi ( ) / Sanskrit name:

Jatamansi / Pharmacopoeial name: Nardostachyos Radix et Rhizoma

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) diseases of skin; b) erysipelas; c) burning sensation; d) mental disorders; e) insomnia.

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) epigastric and abdominal distension with anorexia and vomiting; b) external use for toothache and swelling of the foot.

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MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

Panzhihua, Sichuan

31.00 CNY / kg $5.05 / kg 06.09.2014

Kathmandu, Nepal

600.00 NPR / kg $6.13 / kg 31.08.2014

Tanakpur, Uttarakhand

1280.00 NPR / kg $13.08 / kg 31.08.2014

LIQUORICE ROOT Botanical name(s): Glycyrrhiza uralensis, G. inflata, or G. glabra

Chinese name: gan cao (甘草) / Sanskrit name: Yasti

Pharmacopoeial name: Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) cough; b) hoarseness of voice; c) phthisis (any wasting or atrophic disease, weakness, diseases due to vata dosha); d) ulcer; and e) gout,

Traditional Chinese Medicine: a) weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; b) cardiac palpitation and shortness of breath; c) cough with much phlegm; d) spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs; e) carbuncles and sores; and f) often added to formulas to reduce drastic or toxic effects of other drugs.

Traditional European Medicine: a) for the relief of digestive symptoms including burning sensation and dyspepsia; and b) used as an expectorant in cough associated with cold.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

(Gansu origin) Anguo, Hebei

market

13.50 CNY / kg $2.20 / kg 07.09.2014

(Inner Mongolia origin) Anguo, Hebei market

10.00 CNY / kg $1.63 / kg 07.09.2014

(Xinjiang origin) Chengdu market

16.00 CNY / kg $2.61 / kg 07.09.2014

FOB Mumbai Port

US$3000 / per MT (Qty: 1-20’ FCL)

$3.00 / kg 25.07.2014

NIGELLA SEED Botanical name: Nigella sativa

Hindi name: Kalaunji (कलौंजी) Sanskrit name: Upakuncika

Pharmacopoeial name: Nigellae semen

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) abdominal lump; b) flatulence; c) diarrhea; d) worm infestation.

MARKET PRICE CONVERTED TO US$ / kg

DATE OF PRICE

FOB Mumbai, Maharashtra

US$2900 / per MT (Qty: 18 MT / 20’ FCL;

certified organic)

$2.90 / kg 28.08.2014

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Price Sources China:

Chengdu Traditional Chinese Medicine Price Index: http://www.ysindex.com Chinese Medicinal Herb E-Commerce Office: http://www.zyctd.com/

Egypt:

Private companies India:

Agmarknet, Directorate of Marketing & Inspection (DMI), Ministry of Agriculture, Government of India: http://agmarknet.nic.in/arrivals1.htm

Madhya Pradesh State Agricultural Marketing Board (Mandi Board): http://mpmandiboard.gov.in/

National Multi-Commodity Exchange of India Ltd. (NMCE): http://www.nmce.com/marketdata/SpotPriceInfo.aspx

Private companies Spices Board India: http://www.indianspices.com/php/domestic_weekly.php

Nepal:

Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources: http://www.ansab.org/ USA:

Private companies

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6. Selected Events

September 13-19, 2014 International Conference on “Industrial Crops and Products” and “26th Annual Meeting of the Association for the Advancement of Industrial Crops (AAIC)” There will be a number of practical sessions on the effects of different drying methods on the composition and quality of selected medicinal plants. There will also be a meeting of the USDA Agricultural Research Service (ARS) Medicinal and Essential Oils Crop Germplasm Committee (MEOCGC), Athens Greece http://www.aaic.org/2014_meeting.htm

MEDICINAL PLANTS, FOLK TRADITIONS, ARCHAEOBOTANY, HISTORY OF MEDICINE,

ETHNOMEDICINE, ANCIENT AND MODERN HEALING,PHARMACOLOGY,

PHARMACOGNOSY, PHYTOCHEMISTRY, GEOBOTANY, SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

September 17-25, 2014 XII International Ethnobotany Symposio Peru 2014 Conference focus will be nutritional and medicinal plants, naturopathy, traditional medicine. Lima and Cusco, Peru http://www.hum-molgen.org/meetings/meetings/6227.html

September 18-19, 2014 National Seminar on Contemporary Importance of Intercropping of Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Main topics to be discussed at this national seminar taking place at the Dr. Sarvepali Radhakrishnan Rajasthan Ayurved University and sponsored by the Government of India National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) include ancient techniques of intercropping of medicinal and aromatic plants (MAPs), mixed intercropping and MAPS, row cropping and MAPs, tropical multi-tier system, and the overall importance of intercropping for MAPs. Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India http://www.raujodhpur.org/pdf/National-Seminar-on-Medicinal-Plants.pdf

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September 23-25, 2014 BÉNÉFIQ - International Rendezvous on Health Ingredients Conference and Exhibition Bénéfiq 2014 will include an exhibition with suppliers of natural ingredients used in natural health products, functional foods, medical foods and cosmeceuticals. Québec City Convention Centre, Québec, Canada http://www.benefiq.ca/eng/

September 29 – October 4, 2014 8th International conference on Aromatic and Medicinal Plants (CIPAM 8) The 8th International conference on Aromatic and Medicinal Plants (CIPAM 8) will address the development of Caribbean plants under the themes Biodiversity, Traditional Knowledge, Innovative techniques and active ingredients, Economic issues, and Legislation. Creole Beach Hotel & Spa, Gosier 97190, Guadeloupe French West Indies http://aplamedarom.fr/8eme-cipam-en

October 6-10, 2014 Supply Side West One of largest trade shows with 1,700 of the world's top health ingredient suppliers and equipment companies, as well as lab-testing firms, logistics and packaging experts. Mandalay Bay, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA http://west.supplysideshow.com/

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October 8-10, 2014 Health Ingredients Japan 2014 There will be over 800 exhibitors specializing in functional, natural & organic ingredients, food additives, cosmeceuticals and more. Tokyo, Japan https://www.ubm-media.jp/hi_stec/inquiry/visitor_regist-e.php

October 9-11, 2014 HERBAL ASIA 2014: The 8th International Trade Show & Conference for Herbal, Green & Natural Industry - Co-located with Herbal Asia Packaging & Health Ingredient Expo and Herbal Asia Career Fair Exhibitors will include growers and suppliers of botanical raw materials, traders, finished herbal product manufacturers, herbal product retailers, industry associations and relevant governmental agencies. Attendees may also register for the Buyer Seller Meeting as well as the Career Fair with opportunities for knowledge workers in the herbal industry. MATRADE Exhibition & Convention Centre, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia http://www.herbalasia.biz/

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October 12, 2014 III BioTrade Congress @ CBD COP 12 The III BioTrade Congress: Promoting Sustainable use through Business Engagement will discuss key trends and emerging approaches for the sustainable production and commercialization of biodiversity-based products and services. Pyeongchang, Republic of Korea http://www.biotrade.org/save.the.date.btcongress3.asp

October 14-16 2014 3rd European Workshop on Sea Buckthorn (EuroWorkS 2014) “Producing Quality Sea Buckthorn” Conference themes include technology for cultivation and quality control of seabuckthorn berries and products in Europe. Naantali, Finland http://www.sanddorn.net/2nd%20announcement%20EuroWorkS2014%202.9.14.pdf

October 14-17, 2014 7th Int. Conf. and Exhibition on Nutraceuticals and Functional Foods Istanbul, Turkey http://www.isnff2014.org/

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October 16-17, 2014 Shanghai International Conference on Traditional Chinese Medicine and Natural Medicine Hosted by the Modern Biotechnology and Pharmaceutical Industry Office of Shanghai Municipality, the conference theme is technology innovation and industry development. Shanghai, People’s Republic of China http://www.s-tcm.com/english.html

October 27-30, 2014 The 11th International Symposium on Ginseng 2014 In addition to the scientific program there will be an exhibition. Seoul, Korea http://www.ginsengsympo.org/

November 5-7, 2014 National Conference on Herbal Drug Research: Opportunities and Challenges

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One of the highlights of this seminar will be an emphasis on Good Agricultural and Collection Practices (GACPs) for medicinal plants, authentication and standardization, making the connection between quality assurance systems for herb production and quality and efficacy of herbal medicinal formulations and products. B. V. Patel Pharmaceutical Education and Research Development (PERD) Centre, Ahmedabad, Gujarat, India http://www.perdcentre.com/events/events08.html

November 17-21, 2014 VIth International Congress of Ethnobotany (IECB 2014) IECB 2014 symposia topics include agrobiodiversity, traditional knowledge, ethnobotany and economic botany as a tool for innovation. Córdoba, Spain www.etnobotanica2014.com/

November 24 – December 6, 2014 The 2nd Pure Grenada Nutmeg and Spice Festival A two week nutmeg, mace and spice festival sponsored in part by the Caribbean Export Development Agency including a Nutmeg & Spice Fair & Expo on December 5th. St. George, Grenada http://www.puregrenadanutmeg.com/

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December 2-4, 2014 Health ingredients Europe (HiE) & Natural ingredients (Ni) Health ingredients Europe (HiE) & Natural ingredients (Ni) is one of leading global events for ingredients used in dietary supplements, nutraceuticals, functional foods and healthy beverages. Amsterdam, Netherlands http://www.figlobal.com/hieurope/home

December 4-8, 2014 NHI KOREA 2014, NHE & BIO-Pharma 2014 Natural Health Ingredients, Extracts, Nutraceutical Products & Bio-Pharma Expo 2014 — co-located with World Food Expo 2014 Exhibitor profile: Suppliers of Botanical Extracts, Essential Oils, Nutraceutical and Pharmaceutical Ingredients, Health Food Ingredients, Herbal Preparations, Food Additives, Seasonings, and more. KINTEX (Korea International Exhibition Center), Gayong City, Republic of Korea http://www.worldfoodexpo.co.kr/?doc=list_read.php&id=notice&number=36

March 6-8, 2015 Engredea 2015 — co-located with Natural Products Expo West Exhibitor profile: Suppliers of botanical and other natural ingredients, packaging, technologies, equipment, and services. Anaheim Convention Center, Anaheim, California USA http://www.engredea.com/

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May 5-8, 2015 The 15th International Congress of the International Society for Ethnopharmacology Topics will include Arab-European intercultural ethnopharmacology, Biodiversity and ecological aspects of ethnobotanical sources, Ecopharmacognosy and the Globalization of Traditional Medicines, Quality assurance, and Traditional and modern herbal medicinal products, among others. Petra, Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan http://15icse.bau.edu.jo/

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7. Herb Profile: Ajowan fruit In India, ajowan fruit, also known as ajmo, ajwain, or ajwayan, among other trade names, is used as a medicinal ingredient in systems of Traditional Medicine including Ayurveda, Siddha, Tibetan (Sowa Rigpa) and Unani medicines as well as in regional folk medicine traditions.1 But the fresh or dried fruits also have various culinary uses as well as the extracted oleoresin and/or distilled essential oil. In India, ajowan is a frequently used spice, for example as a flavour-enhancing component of pungent dishes. In Ethiopia, it is used similarly as a spice in bread but also as a component of alcoholic beverages.2 Pharmacopoeial name(s): Trachyspermi ammi fructus or Ajowani fructus Botanical name(s): Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague; Fam. Apiaceae;

Syn. Carum copticum Benth et Hook. f. ex C.B. Clarke Common names:3 Arabic اجوان ajwan or ami

Chinese 细叶糙果芹 xi ye cao guo qin

Gujarati ajmo

Hindi ajwain

Sanskrit yavani

Tamil omam

English ajowan (U.S.) or bishop’s weed (India) Origin, Distribution and Cultivation Although the precise origin of this species is uncertain, it is believed to have originated in India but possibly other parts of Asia and Northern Africa, particularly Egypt. According to Flora of Pakistan, its range of distribution includes parts of southern Asia (Afghanistan, India and western Pakistan), republics of the former Soviet Union, parts of the Middle East and Northern Africa (Egypt).4 Other sources claim that Trachyspermum ammi is a native of Egypt but is cultivated in Iraq, Iran, Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India (e.g. states of Madhya Pradesh, Uttar Pradesh, Gujarat, Rajasthan, Maharashtra, Bihar and West Bengal).5 According to Spices Board India, the major ajowan producing states in India are Rajasthan and Gujarat, where Rajasthan produces about 90% of India's total production.6 According to Flora of China, this species is apparently native to India but is adventive in dry open ruderal areas in the western parts of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, where it is also cultivated.7

1 Ved, D.K.& G.S.Goraya (2008). Demand and Supply of Medicinal Plants in India, Bishen Singh, Mahendra Pal

Singh, Dehra Dun & FRLHT, Bangalore, India. 2 Teuscher E et al. Medicinal Spices: A Handbook of Culinary Herbs, Spices, Spice Mixtures and their Essential

Oils. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm Scientific Publishers.2006;51-53. 3 Sorting Trachyspermum names. In: Multilingual Multiscript Plant Name Database:

http://www.plantnames.unimelb.edu.au/Sorting/Trachyspermum.html 4 Trachyspermum ammi (L.) Sprague. In: Flora of Pakistan:

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=5&taxon_id=242426007 5 Bairwa R, Sodha RS, Rajawat BS. Trachyspermum ammi. Pharmacognosy Review. 2012;6(11):56-60, doi:

10.4103/0973-7847.95871 6 Bishop’s weed. In: Spices Board India: http://www.indianspices.com/html/s062gajw.htm

7 Trachyspermum ammi (Linnaeus) Sprague. In: Flora of China, Vol. 14:

http://www.efloras.org/florataxon.aspx?flora_id=2&taxon_id=242426007

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Teuscher et al (2006) states that while India is the main exporting country, other areas where cultivation occurs include parts of Africa (Egypt, Ethiopia), eastern Asia (China), southern Asia (Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan), south-eastern Asia (Indonesia), western Asia (Yemen), and parts of the Russian Federation.8 Production technology for ajowan [including information on soil and climate requirements, varieties, inputs, cultivation (propagation, irrigation and inter-culture, plant protection against major insects and major diseases, harvesting and yield)] are provided in the book:

Farooqi AA, Vasundhara M, Agarwal A. Ajwain. In: Production Technology of Medicinal and Aromatic Crops, 4th Edition. Bangalore, India: Trust for Medicinal Plant Research & Development (TMPRD). 2004.

Therapeutic uses in systems of Traditional Medicine

Trachyspermi Ammi Fructus

Medicinal uses:

Traditional Ayurvedic Medicine: a) flatulence with a gurgling sound; b) distension of abdomen due to obstruction to passage of urine and stools; c) diseases of abdomen; d) abdominal lump; e) intestinal parasites; f) sharp piercing pain.

Traditional Unani Medicine: a) flatulence in the stomach; b) gastric pain; c) anorexia; d) colic; e) pertussis; f) diarrhoea; g) hysteria; h) cholera.

Export Trade Republic of India is a main producer and exporter. In the 2012-2013 agricultural year (Apr-Mar), India exported 1,732,590 kg of ajowan fruit (under Indian Trade Classification (ITC): HS 0910.99.14) and 1,129,650 kg in the subsequent 2013-2014 year, mainly to Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, United States of America, and Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal. These four countries accounted for nearly 80% of India’s ajowan exports for both of the past two years. India does import some quantities of ajowan from neighbouring Islamic Republic of Pakistan, for example 267,230 kg in 2012-2013 season and 624,020 kg in the 2013-2014 season. Table 1 lists the top 20 importers of India’s ajowan fruit in terms of quantity (thousands of kgs). Table 1: India exports of Ajowan Fruit (ITC HS 0910.99.14)

Apr-Mar 2012-2013 / Apr-Mar 2013-2014 / Unit: Thousands of KGS / %Growth

Importers Quantity in thousands of kgs

2012-2013 2013-2014 %Growth

Republic of India total exports ITC HS 0910.99.14 1732.59 1129.65

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia 575.97 492.00 -14.58

United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland 283.11 166.30 -41.26

United States of America 318.51 131.81 -58.62

Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal 186.11 110.69 -40.52

Canada 105.58 66.30 -37.20

United Arab Emirates 44.61 38.31 -14.13

People’s Democratic Republic of Algeria 0.00 20.00

Republic of South Africa 13.38 14.04 4.93

8 Teuscher E et al. Medicinal Spices: A Handbook of Culinary Herbs, Spices, Spice Mixtures and their Essential

Oils. Stuttgart, Germany: Medpharm Scientific Publishers.2006;51-53.

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2012-2013 2013-2014 %Growth

Commonwealth of Australia 39.69 10.56 -73.40

Republic of Singapore 9.32 8.95 -3.97

Republic of Fiji 13.07 7.63 -41.63

Japan 19.25 5.71 -70.32

Republic of Kenya 9.42 5.55 -41.10

Federal Republic of Germany 10.34 5.06 -51.06

State of Kuwait 17.93 4.84 -73.01

New Zealand 6.44 4.38 -31.98

Republic of Mauritius 2.95 3.61 22.47

State of Israel 1.00 3.00 200.00

Kingdom of Spain 0.00 3.00

Kingdom of Bahrain 1.73 2.97 71.96

ALL OTHERS 74.18 24.94

Source: Government of India, Ministry of Commerce & Industry, Department of Commerce, Export Import Data Bank Version 7.1 – TRADESTAT: http://commerce.nic.in/eidb/default.asp

Quality Standards For the quality control testing of ajowan as an active medicinal ingredient, there are national pharmacopoeial monographs published in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I (API I 1990)9, Indian Pharmacopoeia 7th Edition (IP 2014)10, and Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume VI (UPI VI 2009),11 any of which can be utilized as the basis for the establishment of quality specifications. Additionally there are specifications available for grades of ajowan appropriate for evaluating quality when used as a food or spice, for example the Government of India’s AGMARK Standard “Ajowan Seeds (Whole and powdered) Grading and Marking Rules, 1997,” which provides specifications for three different quality grades.12 Table 2 compares pharmacopoeial quality standards of ajowan fruit (Indian Pharmacopoeia (IP) and Unani Pharmacopoeia of India (UPI)) and AGMARK Grade I quality.

9 Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia Committee. YAVANI. In: The Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume I.

New Delhi, India: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Ayurveda, Yoga-Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 1990 (reprint 2001);129. 10

Indian Pharmacopoeia Commission. Ajwain. In: Indian Pharmacopoeia, 7th

Edition (IP 2014). New Delhi, India: Government of India, Ministry of Health & Family Welfare. 2014 11

Unani Pharmacopoeia Committee. Ajwain (Fruit) In: The Unani Pharmacopoeia of India, Part I, Volume VI. New Delhi, India: Government of India, Ministry of Health and Family Welfare, Department of Ayurveda, Yoga-Naturopathy, Unani, Siddha & Homoeopathy (AYUSH). 2009;7-8. 12

Government of India. AGMARK Standard: Ajowan Seeds (Whole and powdered) Grading and Marking Rules, 1997: http://agmarknet.nic.in/ajowan.pdf

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Table 2: Comparison of quality standards for ajowan fruit; AGMARK, IP and UPI

Standard Ajowan Agmark Grade I Ajwain IP Ajwain UPI

Definition The dried ripe fruits of the plant Trachyspermum ammi (L.).

The dried fruits of Trachyspermum ammi Mill. (Fam. Apiaceae).

The dried fruits of Trachyspermum ammi (Linn.) Sprague ex Turril (Fam. Apiaceae), uprooted and thrashed for collecting the fruits.

Characters Taste and smell shall be fresh and normally associated with the produce. It shall not give rancid taste and musty odour.

Colour: greenish-brown to yellowish-brown; Odour: characteristic aromatic; Taste: sweet aromatic.

Colour: greyish-brown; Odour: characteristic, thymolic; Taste: pungent

Content NLT 3.5 per cent volatile oil.

NLT 1.0 per cent w/w of thymol, calculated on the dried basis (by gas chromatography).

NLT 2 per cent volatile oil.

Identification Organoleptic evaluation (appearance, colour, odour, taste).

1) Macroscopic evaluation;

2) Microscopic examination;

3) Thin layer chromatography test

1) Macroscopic evaluation;

2) Microscopic examination;

3) Thin layer chromatography test.

Foreign matter Organic extraneous matter: NMT 1.0%; Inorganic extraneous matter: NMT 0.25% Shrivelled, immature, weevilled, damaged and discoloured fruits: NMT 1.0%.

NMT 2.0 per cent. NMT 2 per cent.

Loss on drying NMT 10.0 per cent. NMT 10.0 per cent. No requirement

Total ash Powder: NMT 7.0 per cent by mass.

NMT 15.0 per cent. NMT 9 per cent.

Acid-insoluble ash Powder: NMT 0.5 per cent by mass.

NMT 7.0 per cent. NMT 0.2 per cent.

Water-soluble extractive No requirement. NLT 15.0 per cent NLT 13 per cent.

Ethanol-soluble extractive

No requirement. NLT 2.0 per cent. NLT 2 per cent.

Non-volatile ether extract

Powder: NLT 20.0 per cent by mass.

No requirement. No requirement.

Crude fibre Powder: NMT 14.0 per cent by mass.

No requirement. No requirement.

Storage Pack in clean, sound and dry containers that are securely closed and sealed.

Store protected from light in well-filled containers, at a temperature not exceeding 30º C.

No specification.

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8. Company Profile: Heiveld Co-operative Ltd., South Africa Organisation name: Heiveld Co-operative Ltd.

About Heiveld Co-op: The Heiveld has 64 members, all of whom produce rooibos (Aspalathus linearis) herb in the Suid Bokkeveld. 3 of the members are small businesses owned by groups that have gained ownership of farms through the government's land reform programme. Since 2001 Heiveld Co-operative has worked with small-scale rooibos tea farmers to provide organic and fair trade certification, as well as support with market access. In response to climate variability, farmers are cultivating drought-resistant varieties of rooibos. Collaborative work with research institutes has led to an industry-wide code of conduct on the sustainable harvesting and production of rooibos. The cooperative invests revenues back into community water access, education and health projects. Local rooibos tea farming incomes have increased by 400 percent, while soil erosion has been reduced in thousands of hectares of drylands where the tea is cultivated.

Heiveld case study: Oettle, N., Goldberg, K., Koelle, B. (2009) The Heiveld Co-operative: a vehicle for sustainable local development. Drynet/ Both ENDS, Amsterdam: http://www.heiveld.co.za/resources/Heiveld-Case-Study.pdf

Heiveld presentation: http://www.heiveld.co.za/multi-media.html

Address: PO Box 154, Nieuwoudtville 8180, Republic of South Africa

Contact(s): Alida Strauss: General Manager and Financial Manager Rene Marinus: Export and Office Manager Zelda De Wee: Administrative Officer

Telephone: +27 (0)27 218 1318

Fax: +27 (0)27 218 1318

Email: marketing@heiveld.co.za

Website: http://www.heiveld.co.za/

MAIN MEDICINAL PLANTS AND NATURAL INGREDIENTS OFFERED BY KAITE

The needle-like leaves and fine stems of the plant Aspalathus linearis in three grades: Supergrade Rooibos: high quality Rooibos, medium cut Superfine Rooibos: High quality Rooibos, fine cut, suitable for high quality tea bags Coarse grade: Medium strength, suitable for ice teas, flavoured teas and extracts

CERTIFICATIONS

FAIR TRADE Certification Agent: FLO-CERT FLO ID: 2585

ORGANIC: EU Certification Agent: EcoCert S.A. Certification Number: 1252ZA

ORGANIC: US Certification Agent: EcoCert S.A. Certification Number: 1252Za1200Z1E (NOP)

AWARDS

2014 Equator Prize in the category of 'Sustainable Land Management in Sub-Saharan Africa’: http://equatorinitiative.org/index.php?option=com_winners&view=winner_detail&id=186&Itemid=683&lang=en

The Equator Prize is awarded biennially to recognize and advance local sustainable development solutions for people, nature and resilient communities.’ The Equator Initiative is a multi-sector partnership that brings together the United Nations, governments, civil society, and grassroots organizations. Current partners to the Equator Initiative include: Conservation International, Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD), Ecoagriculture Partners, Fordham University, The German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ), the Government of Norway, IUCN-International Union for Conservation of Nature, The Nature Conservancy, PCI Media Impact, Rare, Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency (Sida), the United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), the United Nations Foundation and the United States Agency for International Development (USAID).

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9. Medicinal Plants & Natural Ingredients Sector Organizations Agribusiness in Sustainable Natural African Plant Products (ASNAPP) http://www.asnapp.org.za/ Agricultural Export Council (AEC) Egypt, Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Committee http://www.aecegypt.com/ American Botanical Council (ABC) http://abc.herbalgram.org/ American Council for Medicinally Active Plants (ACMAP) http://www.acmap.org/ American Herbal Products Association (AHPA) http://www.ahpa.org Asia Network for Sustainable Agriculture and Bioresources (ANSAB): http://www.ansab.org/ Association for African Medicinal Plants Standards (AAMPS) http://www.aamps.org/en/ Association for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants of Southeast European Countries (AMAPSEEC) http://www.amapseec.org/ Association pour les Plantes Médicinales et Aromatiques de Guadeloupe (APLAMEDOM-Guadeloupe) http://aplamedarom.fr/ Association pour les Plantes Aromatiques et Medicinales de la Réunion (APLAMEDOM- Réunion) http://www.aplamedom.org/ Associazione Italiana fra Coltivatori, Raccoglitori, Trasformatori, Importatori, Esportatori, Grossisti e Rappresentanti di Case Estere di Piante Medicinali, Aromatiche, Spezie, Estratti Vegetali, Oli Essenziali e loro derivati (ASSOERBE) http://www.assoerbe.eu/ Canadian Herb, Spice and Natural Health Products Coalition (CHSNC) http://www.saskherbspice.org/CHSNC/ Central Herbal Agro Marketing Federation of India (CHAMF) http://www.chamf.org/ Chamber of Herbal Industries of the Philippines, Inc. (CHIPI) http://chipi.org.ph/ Egyptian Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (EMAP) http://www.emap-eg.org/ European Herb Growers Association (EUROPAM) http://www.europam.net/

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European Herbal Infusions Association (EHIA) http://www.ehia-online.org/ Federazione Italiana dei Produttori di Piante Officinali (FIPPO) http://www.fippo.org/ Filière biologique des plantes de santé du Québec http://www.plantesmedicinales.qc.ca/ Instituto Peruano de Productos Naturales (IPPN) http://www.ippn.org.pe/ International Council for Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (ICMAP) http://www.icmap.org/ International Trade Union of Genuine Regional Materia Medica (TUGRMM) www.tugrmm.com/en/ Jadi Buti Association of Nepal (JABAN) http://www.jaban.com.np/ National Medicinal Plants Board (NMPB) http://nmpb.nic.in/ PELERO CZ o.s. (Association of the Producers and Processors of Medicinals and Aromatic Plant and Spices) http://www.pelero.cz/ Phytotrade Africa http://phytotrade.com/ Polski Komitet Zielarski (Polish Herbal Committee) http://www.pkz.pl/ Regional Network for Medicinal and Aromatic plants in the Near East and North Africa (AARENINA) http://www.aarinena.org/MHPWeb/ Singapore Chinese Medicines and Health Products Merchant Association http://www.tcm.org.sg/ Société Marocaine des Plantes Aromatiques et Médicinales (SOMAPAM) http://somapam.voila.net/ Verein für Arznei- und Gewürzpflanzen (SALUPLANTA e.V.) http://www.saluplanta.de/