Marketing management module 3 consumer markets and consumer buyer behavior mba 1st sem by babasab...

Consumer Markets and Consumer Buyer Behavior

Babasabpatilfreepptmba.com Page 1


Buying behavior is never simple, yet understanding it is an essential task of marketing management.

Consumer buyer behavior refers to the buying behavior of final consumers—individuals and

households that buy goods and services for personal consumption. All of these final consumers

combine to make up the consumer market.

Consumers around the world vary tremendously in age, income, education level, and tastes. They also

buy an incredible variety of goods and services.

Model of Consumer Behavior

Consumers make many buying decisions every day. Most large companies research consumer buying

decisions in great detail to answer questions about what consumers buy, where they buy, how and how

much they buy, when they buy, and why they buy. But learning about the whys of consumer buying

behavior is not so easy—the answers are often looked deep within the consumer’s mind.

Figure A : Model of Buying behavior

This figure shows that marketing and other stimuli enter the consumer’s “black box” and produce

certain responses. Marketers must figure out what is in the buyer’s black box. Marketing stimuli

consist of the four Ps: product, price, place, and promotion. Other stimuli include major forces in the

environment: economic, technological, political, and cultural. All these inputs enter the buyer’s black

box, where they are turned into a set of buyer responses. Marketers want to understand how the stimuli

are changed into responses inside the consumer’s black box, which has two parts. First, the buyer’s

characteristics influence how he or she perceives and reacts to the stimuli. Second, the buyer’s

decision process itself affects his or her behavior.

Characteristics Affecting Consumer Behavior: Consumer purchases are influenced strongly by

cultural, social, personal, and psychological characteristics, as shown in Figure B. For the most part,

marketers cannot control such factors, but they must take them into account. Cultural Factors

Marketers need to understand the role played by the buyer’s culture, subculture, and social class.



A. a) Culture: Culture is the set of basic values, perceptions, wants, and behaviors learned by

a member of society from family and other important institutions. Every group or society has a

culture, and cultural influences on buying behavior may vary greatly from country to country. A

failure to adjust to these differences can result in ineffective marketing or embarrassing mistakes.

Figure B: Factors Influencing Consumer Behavior

Marketers are always trying to spot cultural shifts so as to discover new products that might be

wanted. For example, the cultural shift toward greater concern about health and fitness has created a

huge industry for health-and-fitness services, exercise equipment & clothing, organic foods, and a

variety of diets.

b) Subculture

Each culture contains smaller subcultures, or groups of people with shared value systems based on

common life experiences & situations. Subcultures include nationalities, religions, racial groups, and

geographic regions. Many subcultures make up important market segments, and marketers often

design products and marketing programs tailored to their needs. Examples: Hindu, Maratha, Parasiee,

Muslim, Christian etc. In every country these subcultures are made on different aspects like in India

the subcultures are on the basis of religion , In America it is like Hispanic, African American

Consumer, Asian American Consumers. Mature Consumers ( U.S. population ages ). Mature

consumers remain an attractive market for companies in all industries, from pharmaceuticals,

furniture, groceries, beauty products, and clothing to consumer electronics, travel and entertainment,

and financial services.

c) Social Class

Every society has some form of social class structure. Social classes are society’s relatively

permanent and ordered divisions whose members share similar values, interests, and behaviors.

In India the ancient classes were Sudras( workers, servants, laborer), Vaisyas (hearder, merchants, big

farmers), Kshatriyas ( Warriors), Brhmins( Priests). But today in general in India three classes are

there, i.e, Upper-class, Middle class and lower class. In American social classes are upper class,

middle class, working class and lower class.



Social class is not determined by a single factor, such as income, but is measured as a combination of

occupation, income, education, wealth, and other variables. Marketers are interested in social class

because people within a given social class tend to exhibit similar buying behavior such as clothing,

home furnishings, and automobiles.

B. Social Factors : A consumer’s behavior also is influenced by social factors, such as the

consumer’s small groups, family, and social roles and status.

a) Groups and Social Networks : Many small groups influence a person’s behavior. Groups that

have a direct influence and to which a person belongs are called membership groups. Reference

groups serve as direct (face-to-face) or indirect points of comparison or reference in forming a

person’s attitudes or behavior. Marketers try to identify the reference groups of their target markets.

Reference groups expose a person to new behaviors and lifestyles, influence the person’s attitudes and

selfconcept, and create pressures to conform that may affect the person’s product and brand choices.

Word-of-Mouth Influence and Buzz Marketing. Word-of-mouth influence can have a powerful

impact on consumer buying behavior. The personal words and recommendations of trusted friends,

associates, and other consumers tend to be more credible than those coming from commercial sources,

such as advertisements or salespeople. Word-of-mouth happens naturally: when Consumers start

chatting about a brand they use or feel strongly about one way or the other.

Opinion leaders are people within a reference group who, because of special skills, knowledge,

personality, or other characteristics, exert social influence on others. Marketers try to identify

opinion leaders for their products and direct marketing efforts toward them. Buzz marketing involves



enlisting or even creating opinion leaders to serve as “brand ambassadors” who spread the word about

a company’s products.

Online social networks are online communities where people socialize or exchange information and

opinions. On social network.

b) Family

Family members can strongly influence buyer behavior. Marketers are interested in the roles and

influence of the husband, wife, and children on the purchase of different products and services. Buying

roles change with evolving consumer lifestyles. In the US, the wife traditionally has been the main

purchasing agent for the family in the areas of food, household products, and clothing. But it is reverse

in India. Children may also have a strong influence on family buying such as food, clothing,

entertainment, and personal care items.

c) Roles and Status : A person belongs to many groups—family, clubs, organizations, online

communities. The person’s position in each group can be defined in terms of both role and status. A

role consists of the activities people are expected to perform according to the people around them.

C. Personal Factors

A buyer’s decisions also are influenced by personal characteristics such as the buyer’s age and life-

cycle stage, occupation, economic situation, lifestyle, and personality and self-concept.

a) Age and Life-Cycle Stage : People change the goods and services they buy over their lifetimes.

Tastes in food, clothes, furniture, and recreation are often age related. Buying is also shaped by the

stage of the family life cycle. Lifestage changes usually result from demographics and life-changing

events—marriage, having children, purchasing a home, divorce, children going to college, changes in

personal income, moving out of the house, and retirement. Marketers often define their target markets

in terms of life-cycle stage and develop appropriate products and marketing plans for each stage.

b) Occupation : A person’s occupation affects the goods and services bought. Blue-collar workers

tend to buy more rugged work clothes, whereas executives buy more business suits. So marketers try

to identify the occupational groups.

c) Economic Situation: A person’s economic situation will affect his or her store and product choices.

Marketers watch trends in personal income, savings, and interest rates. Following the recent recession,

most companies have taken steps to redesign, reposition, and reprice their products.

d) Lifestyle : People coming from the same subculture, social class, and occupation may have quite

different lifestyles. Lifestyle is a person’s pattern of living as expressed in his or her

psychographics. It involves measuring consumers’ major AIO dimensions, Activities (work, hobbies,

shopping, sports, social events), Interests (food, fashion, family, recreation), and Opinions (about

themselves, social issues, business, products). Lifestyle captures something more than the person’s

social class or personality. It profiles a person’s whole pattern of acting and interacting in the world.

The lifestyle concept can help marketers understand changing consumer values and how they affect

buying behavior.

e) Personality and Self-Concept : Each person’s distinct personality influences his or her buying

behavior. Personality refers to the unique psychological characteristics that distinguish a person

or group. Personality is usually described in terms of traits such as self-confidence, dominance,

sociability, autonomy, defensiveness, adaptability, and aggressiveness. Personality can be useful in

analyzing consumer behavior for certain product or brand choices. The idea is that brands also have

personalities, and consumers are likely to choose brands with personalities that match their own. A



brand personality is the specific mix of human traits that may be attributed to a particular brand. One

researcher identified five brand personality traits:

sincerity (down-to-earth, honest, wholesome, and cheerful);

excitement (daring, spirited, imaginative, and up-to-date);

competence (reliable, intelligent, and successful);

sophistication (upper class and charming); and

ruggedness (outdoorsy and tough).

A person’s self-concept also called self-image. To understand consumer behavior, marketers must

first understand the relationship between consumer self-concept and possessions.

D. Psychological Factors A person’s buying choices are further influenced by four major psychological factors: motivation,

perception, learning, and beliefs and attitudes.

a) Motivation : A person has many needs at any given time. Some are biological, arising from states

of tension such as hunger, thirst, or discomfort. Others are psychological, arising from the need for

recognition, esteem, or belonging. A need becomes a motive when it is aroused to a sufficient level of

intensity. A motive (or drive) is a need that is sufficiently pressing to direct the person to seek

satisfaction. Psychologists have developed theories of human motivation. Two of the most popular

are the theories of Sigmund Freud and Abraham Maslow.

Sigmund Freud assumed that people are largely unconscious about the real psychological forces

shaping their behavior. He saw the person as growing up and repressing many urges. These urges are

never eliminated or under perfect control; they emerge in dreams, in slips of the tongue, in neurotic

and obsessive behavior, or, ultimately, in psychoses.

Freud’s theory suggests that a person’s buying decisions are affected by subconscious motives

that even the buyer may not fully understand. Thus, an aging baby boomer(Us citizen) who buys a

sporty BMW Z4 Roadster convertible might explain that he simply likes the feel of the wind in his

thinning hair. At a deeper level, he may be trying to impress others with his success. At a still deeper

level, he may be buying the car to feel young and independent again.

Abraham Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs: He tells that the human needs are arranged in a

hierarchy, as shown in Figure. They include physiological needs, safety needs, social needs, esteem

needs, and self-actualization needs.

Physiological needs or Biological needs - air,

food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep.

Physiological needs are the physical requirements for

human survival. If these requirements are not met, the



human body cannot function properly and will ultimately fail. Air, water, & food are metabolic

requirements for survival in all animals, including humans. Clothing & shelter provide necessary

protection from the elements. While maintaining an adequate birth rate shapes the intensity of the

human sexual instinct.

Safety needs - protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, and stability. Eg: due to

economic crisis and lack of work opportunities th preference for job security is more. The procedures

for protecting the individual from unilateral authority, savings accounts, insurance policies, reasonable

disability accommodations, etc. Safety and Security needs include: Personal security, Financial

security, Health and well-being, Safety net against accidents/illness and their adverse impacts

Social Needs - Belongingness and Love, - work group, family, affection, relationships. After

physiological and safety needs are fulfilled, the third level of human needs is feelings of

belongingness. These need include Friendship, Intimacy(close personal relationship), Family. The

sense of belonging and acceptance among their social groups such as clubs, co-workers, religious

groups, professional organizations, and sports teams.

Esteem Needs- self-esteem, achievement, mastery, independence, status, dominance, prestige,

managerial responsibility. All humans have a need to feel respected; this includes the need to have

self-esteem and self-respect. Esteem presents the typical human desire to be accepted and valued by

others. People often engage in a profession or hobby to gain recognition. These activities give the

person a sense of contribution or value. Low self-esteem or an inferiority complex may result from

imbalances during this level in the hierarchy. Psychological imbalances such as depression can hinder

the person from obtaining a higher level of self-esteem or self-respect.

Self-actualization - realizing personal potential, self-fulfillment, seeking personal growth & peak

experiences. This level of need refers to what a person's full potential is and the realization of that

potential. Maslow describes this level as the desire to accomplish everything that one can, to become

the most that one can be.

b) Perception : All of us learn by the flow of information through our five senses: sight, hearing,

smell, touch, and taste. However, each of us receives, organizes, and interprets this sensory

information in an individual way. Perception is the process by which people select, organize, and

interpret information to form a meaningful picture of the world.

c) Learning : Learning describes changes in an individual’s behavior arising from experience.

Learning occurs through the interplay of drives, stimuli, cues, responses, & reinforcement. A drive is a

strong internal stimulus that calls for action. A drive becomes a motive when it is directed toward a

particular stimulus object. For example, a person’s drive for selfactualization might motivate him or

her to look into buying a camera. The consumer’s response to the idea of buying a camera is

conditioned by the surrounding cues. Cues are minor stimuli that determine when, where, & how the

person responds. Eg: the person might spot several camera brands in a shop window, hear of a special

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Metabolism

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weather

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Job_security

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belongingness

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-esteem

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inferiority_complex

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Depression_(mood)



sale price, or discuss cameras with a friend. These are all cues that might influence a consumer’s

response to his or her interest in buying the product. Suppose the consumer buys a Nikon camera. If

the experience is rewarding, the consumer will probably use the camera more & more, & his or her

response will be reinforced. Then the next time he or she shops for a camera, or any electronic good

then he or she will buy a Nikon product.

d) Beliefs & Attitudes

Through doing & learning, people acquire beliefs & attitudes. A belief is a descriptive thought that

a person has about something. Beliefs may be based on real knowledge, opinion, or faith. Marketers

are interested in the beliefs that people about products & services because these beliefs make up

product & br& images that affect buying behavior. If some of the beliefs are wrong & prevent

purchase, the marketer will want to launch a campaign to correct them. People have attitudes

regarding religion, politics, clothes, music, food, & almost everything else. Attitude describes a

person’s relatively consistent evaluations, feelings, & tendencies toward an object or idea.

Attitudes put people into a frame of mind of liking or disliking things. Attitudes are difficult to

change. Eg: today’s beverage marketers now cater to people’s new attitudes about health. Pepsi’s

br&, offers juices, cold drink & teas all packed with vitamins, minerals, herbal ingredients, &

antioxidants but without artificial preservatives, sweeteners, or colors.

Types of Buying Decision Behavior

Buying behavior differs greatly for a tube of toothpaste, an iPhone, financial services, & a new car.

More complex decisions usually involve more buying participants & more buyer deliberation. Figure

shows the types of consumer buying behavior based on the degree of buyer involvement & the degree

of differences among brands.

1. Complex Buying Behavior : Consumers undertake complex buying behavior when they are

highly involved in a purchase & perceive significant differences among brands. Consumers may be

highly involved when the product is expensive, risky, purchased infrequently, & highly self-



expressive. Typically, the consumer has much to learn about the product category. For example, a PC

buyer may not know what attributes to consider. Many product features carry no real meaning: a

“3.2GHz Intel Core i7 processor,” or “8GB dual-channel DDR2 SDRAM memory.” This buyer will

pass through a learning process, first developing beliefs about the product, then attitudes, & then

making a thoughtful purchase choice. Marketers need to help buyers learn about product-class

attributes & their relative importance. They need to differentiate their brand’s features, & benefits.

2. Dissonance-Reducing Buying Behavior : Dissonance-reducing buying behavior occurs

when consumers are highly involved with an expensive, infrequent, or risky purchase but see little

difference among brands. For example, consumers buying carpeting may face a high-involvement

decision because carpeting is expensive & self-expressive. In this case, because perceived brand

differences are not large, buyers may shop different brands relatively quickly. After the purchase,

consumers might experience postpurchase dissonance (after-sale discomfort) when they notice certain

disadvantages of the purchased carpet brand or hear favorable things about brands not purchased. To

counter such dissonance, the marketer’s After-sale communications should provide help consumers

feel good about their brand & choices.

3. Habitual Buying Behavior : Habitual buying behavior occurs under conditions of low-

consumer involvement & little significant brand difference. For example, take table salt. Consumers

have little involvement in this product category—they simply go to the store & reach for a brand. If

they keep reaching for the same brand , it is out of habit rather than strong brand loyalty. Consumers

appear to have low involvement with most low-cost, frequently purchased products. In such cases,

consumer behavior does not pass through the usual belief-attitude behavior sequence. Consumers do

not search extensively for information about the brands, evaluate brand characteristics, & make

weighty decisions about which brands to buy. Consumers select the brand because it is familiar.

4. Variety-Seeking Buying Behavior : Variety-seeking buying behavior is characterized by

low consumer involvement but significant perceived brand differences. In such cases, consumers often

do a lot of brand switching. For example, when buying cookies, a consumer may hold some beliefs,

choose a cookie brand without much evaluation, & then evaluate that brand during consumption. But

the next time, the consumer might pick another brandout of boredom or simply to try something

different. Brand switching occurs for the sake of variety rather than because of dissatisfaction. In such

conditions marketer will try to encourage habitual buying behavior by dominating shelf space, keeping

shelves fully stocked, & running frequent reminder advertising. Challenger firms will encourage

variety seeking by offering lower prices, special deals, coupons, free samples, & advertising that

presents reasons for trying something new.



The Buyer Decision Process

Figure shows that the buyer decision process consists of five stages: need recognition, information

search, evaluation of alternatives, purchase decision, & postpurchase behavior. Clearly, the buying

1. Need Recognition

The buying process starts with need recognition; the buyer recognizes a problem or need. The need

can be triggered by internal stimuli when one of the person’s normal needs for example, hunger or

thirst. A need can also be triggered by external stimuli. For example, an advertisement or a discussion

with a friend might get you thinking about buying a new car. At this stage, the marketer should

research consumers to find out what kinds of needs or problems arise.

2. Information Search

Information search related to the need. For example, once you’ve decided you need a new car, at the

least, you will probably pay more attention to car ads, cars owned by friends, & car conversations Or

you may actively search the Web, talk with friends, & gather information in other ways.

Consumers can obtain information from any of several sources. These include personal sources

(family, friends, neighbors, acquaintances), commercial sources (advertising, salespeople, dealer Web

sites, packaging, displays), public sources (mass media, consumer rating organizations, Internet

searches), & experiential sources (handling, examining, using the product).

3. Evaluation of Alternatives

Marketers need to know about alternative evaluation, that is, how the consumer processes

information to arrive at brand choices. The consumer use some evaluation procedure to select brand

depends on the individual consumer & the specific buying situation. Sometimes consumers make

buying decisions on their own; sometimes they turn to friends, online reviews, or salespeople for

buying advice.

4. Purchase Decision

In the evaluation stage, the consumer ranks brands and the purchase decision will be to buy the most

preferred brand, there consumer will think of intension and situational factors. Sometime unexpected

events may change the purchase intention. Thus, preferences & even purchase intentions do not

always result in actual purchase choice.

5. Postpurchase Behavior



The marketer’s job does not end when the product is bought. After purchasing the product, the

consumer will either be satisfied or dissatisfied & will engage in postpurchase behavior. What

determines whether the buyer is satisfied or dissatisfied with a purchase? The answer is, If the product

falls short of expectations, the consumer is disappointed; if it meets expectations, the consumer is

satisfied; if it exceeds expectations, the consumer is delighted. The larger the gap between

expectations & performance, the greater the consumer’s dissatisfaction. This suggests that sellers

should promise only what their brands can deliver so that buyers are satisfied. Almost all major

purchases, however, result in cognitive dissonance. It is discomfort caused by postpurchase

conflict.

Why is it so important to satisfy the customer?

Customer satisfaction is a key to building profitable relationships with consumers to keeping &

growing consumers & reaping their customer lifetime value. Satisfied customers buy a product again,

talk favorably to others about the product, pay less attention to competing brands & advertising, & buy

other products from the company.

A dissatisfied consumer responds differently. Bad word of mouth often travels farther & faster than

good word of mouth. It can quickly damage consumer attitudes about a company & its products. Most

unhappy customers never tell the company about their problems. Therefore, a company should

measure customer satisfaction regularly.

The Buyer Decision Process for New Products

We now look at how buyers approach the purchase of new products. Anew product is a good,

service, or idea that is perceived by some potential customers as new. Selecting new product needs

a huge process like adoption process. Adoption process is “the mental process through which an

individual passes from first learning about an innovation to final adoption,”

Stages in the Adoption Process

Consumers go through five stages in the process of adopting a new product:

1. Awareness: The consumer becomes aware of the new product but lacks information about it.

2. Interest: The consumer seeks information about the new product.

3. Evaluation: The consumer considers whether trying the new product makes sense.

4. Trial: The consumer tries the new product on a small scale to improve his or her estimate of its

value.

5. Adoption: The consumer decides to make full & regular use of the new product.



Industrial Market/ Business Markets & Business Buyer

Behavior Business buyer behavior refers to the buying behavior of the organizations that buy goods & services

for use in the production of other products & services that are sold, rented, or supplied to others. It also

includes the behavior of retailing & wholesaling firms that acquire goods to resell or rent them to

others at a profit. In the business buying process. Business-to-business (B-to-B) marketers must do

their best to understand business markets & business buyer behavior. Business Buying process is the

decision process by which business buyers determine which products & services their

organizations need to purchase, & evaluate & choose among alternative suppliers & brands.

Business Markets: The business market is huge. Their market structure, demand & nature of

buying unit, types of decisions & the decisions process. The differences between business Market &

consumer market

Consumer market Business Market

It is aimed at large demographic groups through

mass media & retailers

Entails shorter and more direct channels of

distribution

The negotiation process between the buyer and

seller is more Professional

The negotiation process between the buyer and

seller is more personal in business marketing

More promotional activities though Advertising Advertising is limited, it often helps the business

marketer set up successful sales calls

Consumers buys goods for personal use Businesses buys goods for making profit

It deals with more geographically and

demographically wider buyers.

business marketer normally deals with far fewer but

far larger buyers

buying is done by normal individuals buying is done by trained purchasing agents

Less people are involved in decision making several people will participate in the decision-



process making process

Derived Demand: Business demand is derived demand as it ultimately comes from (derives

from) the demand for consumer goods. HP & Dell buy Intel microprocessor chips to operate the

computers they manufacture. If consumer demand for computers drops, so the demand for

microprocessors falls.

Many business markets have inelastic demand; that is, the total demand for many business

products is not much affected by price changes, especially in the short run. A drop in the price of

leather will not cause shoe manufacturers to buy much more leather unless it results in lower shoe

prices that, in turn, will increase the consumer demand for shoes. Finally, business markets have more

fluctuating demand.

Characteristics of Business Markets/ Industrial Markets 1. Marketing Structure and Demand

Business marketer contains fewer but far larger buyers

Business customers are more geographically concentrated

Business buyer demand is derived from final consumer demand

Demand in many business markets is more inelastic i.e not affected as much in the short run by

price changes.

Demand in business markets fluctuates more, and more quickly. 2. Nature of buying unit

Business Purchase involves more buyers

Business buying involves a more professional purchasing effort

3. Types of decision and the decision process

Business buyers usually face more complex buying decisions

The business buying process is more formalized.

In business buying, buyer and seller work closely together and build long term relationship

Supplier development, is systematically developing networks of supplier partners to ensure an

appropriate & dependable supply of products & materials that they will use in making their own

products or resell to others.

Business Buyer Behavior: A Model of Business Buyer Behavior



Figure shows a model of business buyer behavior. Marketing & other stimuli affect the buying

organization & produce certain buyer responses. These stimuli enter the organization & are turned into

buyer responses. To design marketing strategies, marketers must understand what happens within the

organization to turn stimuli into purchase responses. Buying activity consists of 2 major parts: the

buying center composed of all the people involved in the buying decision, & the buying decision

process. The model shows that the buying center & the buying decision process are influenced by

internal organizational, interpersonal, & individual factors as well as external environmental factors.

Major Type of Buying Situations

There are three major types of buying situations. In a straight rebuy, the buyer reorders something

without any modifications.

In a modified rebuy, the buyer wants to modify product specifications, prices, terms, or suppliers. A

company buying a product or service for the first time faces a new task situation. In such cases, the

greater the cost or risk, the larger the number of decision participants & the greater the company’s

efforts to collect information. The new task situation is the marketer’s greatest opportunity &

challenge. The marketer not only tries to reach as many key buying influences as possible but also

provides help & information.

Participants in the Business Buying Process

The decision-making unit of a buying organization is called its buying center—all the individuals &

units that play a role in the business purchase decision-making process. The buying center includes all

members of the organization who play any of five roles in the purchase decision process.

• Users are members of the organization who will use the product or service.

• Influencers often help define specifications & also provide information for evaluating alternatives.

Technical personnel are particularly important influencers.



• Buyers have formal authority to select the supplier & arrange terms of purchase. Buyers may help

shape product specifications, but their major role is in selecting vendors & negotiating. In more

complex purchases, buyers might include high-level officers participating in the negotiations.

• Deciders have formal or informal power to select or approve the final suppliers. In routine buying,

the buyers are often the deciders, or at least the approvers.

• Gatekeepers control the flow of information to others. For example, purchasing agents often have

authority to prevent salespersons from seeing users or deciders.

Major Influences on Business Buyers

Business buyers are subject to many influences when they make their buying decisions. Figure lists

various groups of influences on business buyers—environmental, organizational, interpersonal, &

individual.

Environmental Factors

Business buyers are heavily influenced by factors in the current & expected economic environment,

such as the level of primary demand, the economic outlook, & the cost of money. Another

environmental factor is the supply of key materials. Many companies now are more willing to buy &

hold larger inventories of scarce materials to ensure adequate supply. Business buyers also are affected

by technological, political, & competitive developments in the environment. Finally, culture &

customs can strongly influence business buyer reactions to the marketer’s behavior & strategies,

especially in the international marketing environment. The business buyer must watch these factors,

determine how they will affect the buyer, & try to turn these challenges into opportunities.

Organizational Factors

Each buying organization has its own objectives, strategies, structure, systems, & procedures, & the

business marketer must understand these factors well.

Interpersonal Factors



The buying center usually includes many participants who influence each other, so interpersonal

factors also influence the business buying process. Participants may influence the buying decision

because they control rewards & punishments, are well liked, have special expertise, or have a special

relationship with other important participants.

Individual Factors

Each participant in the business buying decision process brings in personal motives, perceptions, &

preferences. These individual factors are affected by personal characteristics such as age, income,

education, professional identification, personality, & attitudes toward risk.

The Business Buying Process

Figure lists the eight stages of the business buying process. Buyers who face a new task buying

situation usually go through all stages of the buying process. Buyers making modified or straight

rebuys may skip some of the stages. We will examine these steps for the typical new task buying

situation.

1. Problem Recognition : The buying process begins when the company recognizes a problem or

need that can be met by acquiring a specific product or service. Problem recognition can result from

internal or external stimuli. Eg: launch a new product, a machine break down etc

2. General Need Description : Having recognized a need, the buyer next prepares a general need

description that describes the characteristics & quantity of the needed item. Ex: For complex items,

the buyer may need to work with others—engineers, users, consultants—to define the item. In this

phase, the alert business marketer can help the buyers define their needs & provide information about

the value of different product characteristics.

3. Product Specification: The buying organization develops the item’s technical product

specifications, often with the help of a value analysis engineering team. Product value analysis is an

approach to cost reduction in which components are studied carefully to determine if they can be

redesigned, standardized, or made by less costly methods of production. The team decides on the best

product characteristics & specifies them accordingly.



4. Supplier Search : The buyer now conducts a supplier search to find the best vendors. The buyer

can compile a small list of qualified suppliers by reviewing trade directories, doing computer searches,

or phoning other companies for recommendations.

5. Proposal Solicitation :In the proposal solicitation stage, the buyer invites qualified suppliers to

submit proposals. In response, some suppliers will send only a catalog or a salesperson. However,

when the item is complex or expensive, the buyer will usually require detailed written proposals or

formal presentations from each potential supplier.

6. Supplier Selection : The members of the buying center now review the proposals & select a

supplier or suppliers. During supplier selection, the buying center often will draw up a list of the

desired supplier attributes & their relative importance. Such attributes include product & service

quality, reputation, on-time delivery, ethical corporate behavior, honest communication, &

competitive prices. The members of the buying center will rate suppliers against these attributes &

identify the best suppliers. Buyers may attempt to negotiate with preferred suppliers for better prices &

terms before making the final selections. In the end, they may select a single supplier or a few

suppliers. Many buyers prefer multiple sources of supplies to avoid being totally dependent on one

supplier & allow comparisons of prices & performance of several suppliers over time.

7.Order-Routine Specification : The buyer now prepares an order-routine specification. It includes

the final order with the chosen supplier or suppliers & lists items such as technical specifications,

quantity needed, expected delivery time, return policies, & warranties. In the case of maintenance,

repair, & operating items, buyers may use blanket contracts rather than periodic purchase orders. A

blanket contract creates a long-term relationship in which the supplier promises to resupply the buyer

as needed at agreed prices for a set time period.

Many large buyers now practice vendor-managed inventory, in which they turn over ordering &

inventory responsibilities to their suppliers. Under such systems, buyers share sales & inventory

information directly with key suppliers. The suppliers then monitor inventories & replenish stock

automatically as needed.

8. Performance Review : In this stage, the buyer reviews supplier performance. The buyer may

contact users & ask them to rate their satisfaction. The performance review may lead the buyer to

continue, modify, or drop the arrangement.

E-Procurement: Buying on the Internet

Advances in information technology have changed the face of the B-to-B marketing process.

Electronic purchasing, often called e-procurement, has grown rapidly in recent years. Online

purchasing is standard procedure for most companies today. E-procurement gives buyers access to



new suppliers, lowers purchasing costs, & hastens order processing & delivery. In turn, business

marketers can connect with customers online to share marketing information, sell products & services,

provide customer support services, & maintain ongoing customer relationships.

e-procurement yields many benefits. First, it saves transaction costs & results in more efficient

purchasing for both buyers & suppliers. E-procurement reduces the time between order & delivery. &

a Web-powered purchasing program eliminates the paperwork associated with traditional requisition

& ordering procedures & helps an organization keep better track of all purchases. Finally, e-

procurement frees purchasing people from a lot of drudgery & paperwork.

Institutional & Government Markets

Institutional Markets

The institutional market consists of schools, hospitals, nursing homes, prisons, & other institutions

that provide goods & services to people in their care. Institutions differ from one another in their

sponsors & their objectives. Each institution has different buying needs & resources. Institutional

markets can be huge. Many institutional markets are characterized by low budgets & captive patrons.

For example, hospital patients have little choice but to eat whatever food the hospital supplies. A

hospital purchasing agent has to decide on the quality of food to buy for patients. Because the food is

provided as a part of a total service package, the buying objective is not profit. Nor is strict cost

minimization the goal—patients receiving poor quality food will complain to others & damage the

hospital’s reputation. Thus, the hospital purchasing agent must search for institutional-food vendors

whose quality meets or exceeds a certain minimum standard & whose prices are low.

Government Markets

The government market offers large opportunities for many companies, both big & small. In most

countries, government organizations are major buyers of goods & services. Government organizations

typically require suppliers to submit bids, & normally they award the contract to the lowest bidder. In

some cases, a governmental unit will make allowances for the supplier’s superior quality or reputation

for completing contracts on time. Governments will also buy on a negotiated contract basis.

Like consumer & business buyers, government buyers are affected by environmental, organizational,

interpersonal, & individual factors. One unique thing about government buying is that it is carefully

watched by outside publics, ranging from Congress to a variety of private groups interested in how the

government spends taxpayers’ money. Because their spending decisions are subject to public review,

government organizations require considerable paperwork from suppliers, who often complain about

excessive paperwork, bureaucracy, regulations, decision-making delays, & frequent shifts in

procurement personnel.

Date post:	12-Sep-2014
Category:	Documents
View:	799 times
Download:	1 times

Marketing management module 3 consumer markets and consumer buyer behavior mba 1st sem by babasab...

Documents