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DENISE BARGER, BSN, RN PAT SCHLAGEL, BSN, RN LISA THIELKE, BSN, RN
MINNESOTA STATE UNIVERSITY MOORHEAD
NURSING 600
Martha Rogers The Science of Unitary &
Irreducible Human Beings
Martha Rogers 1914-1994
Grand
Nursing
Theorist
2
retrieved from: http://www.nurses.info/nursing__theory__person__rogers__martha.htm
Origins
Rogers was one of the first nurse scholars to explicitly identify the person (unitary man) as the central phenomena of nursing concern
1970 – Science of Unity Human Beings (SUHB)
Rogers realized there had to be something to know in nursing that required increased education for its transmission
(Fawcett interview, n.d.)
3
Purpose
• SUHB theory offers a new look at nursing, providing a framework for practice, education and research that moves away from the traditional medical model approach to the delivery of nursing care
(Fawcett interview, n.d.)
To promote human-environment field patterning and the nursing process
(n.a., 2009, para. 11)
4
Evolution Over Time
Radical
Difficult to understand
Greatly influenced all facets of nursing
(n.a., 2009, para. 7)
5
Science of Unitary Human Beings
• Five basic assumptions underlay Rogers' conceptual framework:
1. Wholeness
2. Openness
3. Unidirectionality
4. Pattern and Organization
5. Sentience and Thought
(Rogers as cited in Barrett, 2009, para. 4)
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Science of Unity Human Beings
There are four main topics (metaparadigms) that are addressed by nursing theorists:
1. People
2. Environment
3. Health
4. Nursing
(Rogers as cited in Barrett, 2009, para. 5)
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Application to Health
Individually defined
Multicultural dimensions
Influenced by health behaviors
Goal of nursing: health promotion
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Application to Nursing
Promote health
Positive optimistic approach
“The study of unitary, irreducible, indivisible human & environmental fields: people and their world.”
(Rogers as cited in McEwen & Wills, 2007, p.204)
9
Application to Environment
Continually exchanging energy with the unitary human being
Constant state of change
Helix
Represents environment energy field
Co-existing & interactive with unitary human
10
INTERACTION BETWEEN
HUMAN AND ENVIRONMENT 11
Environment
Energy Field
Human Being
Energy Field
Application to Person
Unitary energy system
Whole entity – sum of the parts
Continually exchanging energy with the environment
“These energy fields may be described as open systems, with each person having his/her own unique pattern of energy which constitutes the person’s identity.”
(Tettero, Jackson, & Wilson, 1993, p.777)
12
Examples of Application to:
Nursing Practice
Education
Research
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Application to Nursing Practice 14
Maintain Health
Prevent Illness
Promote Health
Application to Research
Model is abstract & testable in principle
Study humans as individuals & groups
Challenges traditional thinking
15
THE FLOW OF ENERGY
Energy is constant and ever flowing
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Application to Education
“Nursing aims to assist people in achieving their maximum health potential”
Martha Rogers – 1970 (as cited by Wright, 2007, p. 65)
Rogers stated nurses must commit to lifelong learning and noted, “the nature of the practice of nursing (the use of the knowledge for human betterment)”. Martha Rogers – 1990 (as cited by Tomey & Alligood, 2006, p. 252)
•
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CLARITY
SIMPLICITY
GENERALITY
EMPIRICAL PRECISION
DERIVABLE CONSEQUENCES
SPECIFIC EXAMPLES
Critique of the Theory
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Clarity
Major elements of Rogers’ work: 5 key definitions
3 principles of homeodynamics
6 assumptions
This approach appears simplistic
But is difficult for nurses to understand
Too abstract
Parsimony
(McEwen & Wills, 2007)
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Simplicity
• “Ongoing studies and work within the model have served to simplify and clarify some of the concepts and relations. However, when the model is examined in total perspective, some still classify it as complex”
• More work is required: use in practice, research and education needed
• May determine that the model is simple
(Tomey & Alligood, 2006)
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Rogers’ Nursing Theory Implementation
1981 at San Diego Veteran’s Medical Center
(SDVMC)
Review the process SDVMC nursing applied to arrive at this nursing model
Process took 8 years to implement
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CNS Committee Evaluation Process
Implementation of Rogers’ Nursing Theory (Heggie, Schoenmahl. Chang, & Grieco, 1989)
Current care model was a medical model
Limitation to nursing practice
Model needed to change focus
Medical problems focus individual focus
CNS committee determined need for model change
Review of nursing models and theories
Review of nursing service philosophy and care standards
Determined focus a metaparadigm model
400 Nurse knowledge/attitudes survey
Creating disequilibrium drove need for change
Discussion groups validate conflict with present medical
model framework A
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Implementation of Rogers’ Nursing Theory
Rogerian Theory Expert visits to present application
of Rogers’ Theory
Created openness and awareness of new ideas
Survey results/nursing philosophy compared to
nursing theories
CHOSE ROGERS’ THEORY
RATIONALE: 1. Most congruent with hosp. philosophy
and nursing staff beliefs 2. Foundational for future oriented
growth 3. Holistic in nature
Staff attend classes on nursing theory models
Staff attend classes on Rogers’ Theory
Classes included actual patient application
Leadership attend classes on Rogers’ Theory
B
Continued nursing staff education over 3 years
Martha Rogers visited and addressed nursing staff
Generality
Rogers’ theory is a synthesis of phenomena
Important to nursing
Abstract, unified, and highly derived framework
Does not define particular hypotheses or theories
Instead provides a worldview
Nurses may derive theories and hypotheses and propose relationships specific to different situations
(McEwen & Wills, 2007)
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Rogers’ Theory Applied to ADN Program 25
hel
icy
• Increasing diversity
• Humans and their environment characterized by increasingly complex change
• Example: Nursing students as they study will find their beliefs changing
reso
na
ncy
• Continuous change
• Humans and their environment are constantly changing and evolving together
• Example: Sleep patterns change as humans age
inte
gra
lity
• Mutual process • Continuous
interaction between humans and their environment and is constantly changing
• Example: As an new nursing student learns skills, coming aware of the way their tensions elicit to the patient
(Hellwig & Ferrante, 1993)
Empirical Precision
Early criticism identified major limitations
Difficult to understand principles
Lack of working definitions
Poor tools for measurement
Deductive in logic
Characteristic lack of immediate empirical support
(Tomey & Alligood, 2006)
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Derivable Consequences
Intends to assist in the understanding of human evolution and human potential
Organized in a manner that place nursing’s identity as a science
Focus is on the human and environmental connection as highly significant
Many have used the conceptual model for research
(Tomey & Alligood, 2006)
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Summary
To understand the Rogers’ Theory principles and concepts requires:
A general education base
A readiness to part from the traditional
Be imaginative in viewing our world
New and challenging theories are emerging to move the understanding of the unitary human being
(Tomey & Alligood, 2006)
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References
Fawcett, J. (n.d.). Interview of Martha Rogers nursing theory [Video file]. Retrieved from http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V1XN3rPKndE
Heggie, J., Schoenmehl, P., Chang, M., & Grieco, C. (1989). Selection and implementation of Dr. Martha Rogers' nursing conceptual model in an acute care setting. Clinical Nurse Specialist: The Journal for Advanced Nursing Practice, 3(3), 143-147.
Hellwig, S. & Ferrante, S. (1993). Martha Rogers’ model in associate degree education. Nurse Educator, 18(5), 25-27.
McEwen, N. & Wills, E. (2007). Theoretical basis for nursing (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkin
n.a. (2009). Martha Rogers. Retrieved from http://www.scribd.com/doc/17667393/NURSING-THEORIST-MARTHA-ROGERS
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References
Read, P., Shearer, N., & Nicoll, L. (2004). Perspectives on nursing theory (2nd ed.). Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott, Williams & Wilkin
Tettero, I., Jackson, S., and Wilson, S. (1993). Theory to practice: Developing a Rogerian-based assessment tool. Journal of Advance Nursing, 18(5), 776-782. doi:10.1046/j.13652648. 1993.18050776.x
Tomey, A. & Alligood, M. (2006). Nursing theorists and their work (6th ed.). St. Louis, MO: Mosby Elsevier.
Wright, B. W. (2007). The evolution of Rogers’ s Science of Unitary/Human Beings: 21st century reflections. Nursing Science Quarterly, 20(1), 64-67.doi: 10.1177/089-4318406296295
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