1-134_MILTARA_XIIIn general, watery or aquatic finds are usually
Actually, I know the shape of only 26 spearheads discovered in
rivers, brooks, springs, lakes, wells, (Table 1) from their total
number because only marshes, wetlands, peat bogs, besides fords and
seven specimens from 28 spearheads from the hoard on . of
Esztergom-Királyi város have been published so For instance, they
were labelled in English with far (Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:1-7). the
following terms: “watery depositions” (e.g. All of the studied
spearheads are clustered Raffield 2014, 639), “underwater finds”
(e.g. in the western and southwestern part of the Gaspari 2003,
42), or “aquatic finds” (e.g. Demo Carpathian Basin (Fig. 1). Two
of them were 2010, 84). In German we have “die Wasserfunden”
unearthed in the southwestern part of Slovakia, (e.g. Szentpéteri
1993, tab. 5-15; 1994, tab. 1) or 33 specimens come from western
Hungary and “die Gewässerfunden” (e.g. Scholtz 2007, 245; another
five from the north-western part of Anders, Gringmuth-Dallmer 2015,
13). Croatia, and, lastly, seven spearheads were dug
According to my research, it is now clear out or discovered in
Slovenia. The most that lances and javelins of the Early Middle
Ages numerous category of finds, to which spearheads
1in the Carpathian Basin might have been found belonged, is a
solitary stray find. In addition to 2in some of these locations as
well. this category, I also consider the following three
hoards as aquatic finds. The hoard of Fonyód- 3Space and
environment Ilonaberek is the deposit of agricultural tools,
The category of aquatic finds is represented and the hoard of
Moravský Svätý Ján is the in my database by 47 spearheads from 17
sites. deposit of agricultural and craft tools as well as
the border area between waters and land
STUDIA I MATERIAY – STUDIES AND MATERIALS
Acta Militaria Mediaevalia XII Kraków – Sanok – Wrocaw 2016, s.
7-23
Martin Husár
Abstract:
M. Husár 2016, Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from
watery locations of the Carpathian Basin, AMM XII: 7-23
th thAquatic finds of the aforementioned objects, namely lances and
javelins, are mainly dated from the 8 to the 11 c. and they are
concentrated in the western and southwestern parts of the
Carpathian Basin. These lances and javelins were found within the
borders of present-day Croatia, Hungary, Slovakia, and Slovenia in
rivers, brooks, wetlands, besides fords and on the border area
between waters and land. There are four presumed causes of their
deposition and author will discuss them in this paper. First, the
author will consider a possibility that spearheads were lost in the
waters by accident, during military operation, or they were a part
of an unknown settlement or a burial ground. Another possible
explanation is that these finds might also have been cult or
religious depositions. The majority of them includes
Western/Frankish forms of the studied spearheads.
Key words: Early Middle Ages, Carpathian Basin, Watery locations,
Spears, Javelins, Lances
FINDS OF THE EARLY MEDIEVAL THRUSTING POLE ARMS FROM WATERY
LOCATIONS OF THE CARPATHIAN BASIN
1 In addition to the regions of the Carpathian Basin, the area of
my research includes a part of the territory of present-day
Slovenia that lies to the east and southeast of the Alps and to the
east of the Trnovo Forest Plateau (Trnovski gozd in Slovenian) and
the Javornik Hills (Javorniki in Slovenian) as well. 2 To my
knowledge any complex research on this topic concerning the
territory of the Carpathian Basin during the early Middle
rdAges has not been carried out yet. I regard the early Middle Ages
in the discussed territory as a period between the last 3 of the th
th th6 and the 10 -11 c.
3 The hoard comprises of one symmetrical ploughshare, two hoe heads
and a harpoon head (Müller 1978, 10-11, Fig. 4).
8 Martin Husár
Total lenght
Inner diameter
Chronology Literature regarding
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
solitary stray find
1980, 98, Pl. 61:4
57.0 41.0 6.5 4.5 4.0 1.71 9 -11 c.th th
9 -11 c.th th
end of ththe 10 –
Kovács 1978, 67
2004, 112 BAd
Pl. 1-2 47.3 36.9 5.4 0.5 2.8 2.3 0.508
around 800
2002, 133
2002, 133
2002, 133
2002, 133
2002, 133
Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:6; Kovács 1980, 98, Pl. 60:2;
66:1; Szentpéteri ed.
2002, 133
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
9 c.th
6 Fonyód-
Ilonaberek Müller 1978, 5-11, Fig. 3:1 16.9 0.7 0.6 0.3 1.7
Müller 1978, 11 DB
Sekelj Ivanan 2007,
419-422, Pl. 1
rd
Sekelj Ivanan 2004,
Szentpéteri ed. 2002, 77 AAb
9 Lasinjska Kiselica
2:1 Beki 2004,
end of ththe 8 –
end of ththe 8 –
Bitenc, Knific eds. 2001,
11
12 Marcalt
Pl. 62:3
13 Moravský Svätý Ján 3:2
Bartošková 1986, 34;
800 Zábojník 2009, 103 BE
9Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery
locations of the Carpathian Basin
other items. Next, the hoard of Esztergom- In the vicinity of this
find spot a ford might Királyi város is composed exclusively of 28
have been located in the past. According to spearheads. There is
also one sacrificial find from T. Sekelj Ivanan (2007, 425) there
could have Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút. been a burial ground
from which these finds (and
Majority of the aquatic finds was discovered in others, such as
human and horse bones) originated, flowing waters or in their
vicinity. Four sites might but this is not certain. Another two
finds are be related to the River Danube. As I mentioned related to
the Sava River. They are Zasip pri above, the hoard of
Esztergom-Királyi város Bledu (in Slovenia) and Dugo Selo (in
Croatia). consists of an exceptionally large number of The former
(an uncertain aquatic find) was
5lance- or javelin heads (28 pcs.). This collection discovered at
the fringe of a hill with settlement was discovered during
construction of a building traces, on the shortest route to the
Sava River in present-day Lrinc utca, ca. 30 m to the east crossing
(Meterc 1985, 289) and the latter was of the Danube arm called
Kis-Duna (the Small probably collected from the riverbed or the
vicinity Danube) in Hungarian (Torma ed. 1979, 128, 130; of the
Sava River (Demo 2010, 84). In another Szentpéteri ed. 2002, 133)
which is regulated quite a big river of the Carpathian Basin, the
Váh nowadays. Next, I know about two spearheads River, which is
close to the present-day Slovak from the right bank of the Danube
riverbed, right town of Piešany, a lance- or javelin head was on a
site named Budapest-Dunameder (Kovács discovered (Ruttkay 1974,
Cat. VI; 1975, 167). 1970a, 85; 1970b, 323-339). Not so far from
Another spearhead was found in the former there, but on the left
bank of the Danube and location of the ford across the Kupa River
near closer to the Szilas Brook (about 46-50 m from Lasinjska
Kiselica, in Croatia (Beki 2004, 179). the brook), a spearhead from
the sacrificial find of A specimen from the Mrenica River, close to
Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút, was found (dated Duga Resa, belongs
to the same region of Croatia to the early Avar Period; see Nagy
1998a, 53; as the spearhead from Lasinjska Kiselica (Boškovi 1998b,
Pl. 46 B:1; 148:4; Szentpéteri ed. 2002, 77). 2002, 156, 168, Fig.
on page 168; Sekelj-Ivanan Except for the lance- or javelin head,
the 2004, 112). aforementioned sacrificial find includes two The
number of spearheads came from the
6stirrups and one snaffle. Ljubljanica River in Slovenia. There are
six In today’s gravel deposit of Jegeniš, next to spearheads from
four sites along the river, namely
the Drava River, two spearheads were identified. from Livada,
Rakova Jelša, Vnanje Gorice and
4
Cat. VI BDa
Pl. 18:3
Pl. 16:3
BB
BAd
BAd
16 Vnanje Gorice
Potonik 1987, 172, Fig. 9 32.0 23.9 3.3 0.7 2.9 8 -9 c.th th
Potonik 1987, 172;
Bavec 1991, 61-62
288-290, Fig. 118
59.0 47.5 4.8 4.2 3.2 10 -11 c.th th Bavec 1991, 66-67
BAd
Table 1. List of sites regarding finds of the early medieval
thrusting pole arms from watery locations of the Carpathian Basin.
Elaborated by M. Husár.
Tabl. 1. Zestawienie omawianych znalezisk wczesnoredniowiecznej
broni drzewcowej ze rodowiska wodnego na terenie Kotliny
Karpackiej. Oprac. M. Husár.
4 The hoard consists of the following items: one iron cauldron with
the repaired bottom and walls, fragments of another iron cauldron
(e.g. a handle), two axe heads, two stirrups, three snaffles, three
hoe heads, two metal parts for edging wooden spades or shovels, one
symmetrical ploughshare, three vineyard knives, one spoon drill,
two hammer heads, one hook key, one chain, one s-shaped hook, three
rings of various diameters, one bronze belt hardware set (nine
pcs.), one round bronze mirror decorated on its outer part with a
high relief cross pattern, etc. (Eisner 1941, 171; Bartošková 1986,
35, Fig. 12). 5 I thank László Schilling for the additional
information about this site and findings. 6 The river, where over
8.000 various artefacts dated between the Neolithic Period and late
Middle Ages have been discovered (Gaspari 2003, 46), can be assumed
to be the area of a sacral continuity (ibid., 51).
10
the site close to the Ljubljanica’s tributary – the was much larger
than today. The present-day Borovnišica (Potonik 1987, 172, Fig. 9;
Bavec immediate surroundings of Fonyód were at that 1991, 33,
61-62, Fig. 1:10J; Svoljšak et al. 1997, time surrounded by water
in the way of an island 259, 262, Pl. 12:7; 16:3, 18:3; Bitenc,
Knific eds. (Mészáros, Serlegi 2011, 201-202). Traces of 2001, 102,
Fig. 332-333). The Ljubljanica River settlement on the former
southern shoreline dated
th thhad been already regulated during the Roman to the 11 -16 c.
confirm this observation (ibid., Age, but marshes and peat bogs
remained there 202, Fig. 2).
thuntil the 18 c. (Bitenc, Knific 1997, 29). The last head of the
thrusting pole weapon Apart from the aquatic find of a spearhead
comes from the hoard of Moravský Svätý Ján
from the Marcal Brook, near Marcalt (Kovács (dated to about 800;
Zábojník 2009, 103), namely 1970a, 87, Fig. 4:3; 1980, 100, Pl.
62:3), another from the site of Malá Piesoná which is in the
specimen was unearthed in a peat bog near the immediate vicinity of
the former riverbed of the site of Fonyód-Ilonaberek in the Western
part of Morava. The fluvial plain of the Morava started to
Pannonia, next to Lake Balaton in the hoard be intensively
inhabited at the time when the hoard consisting also of
agricultural tools (dated to of Moravský Svätý Ján was deposited in
the watery
ththe 9 c.; Müller 1978, 5-11, Fig. 3:1). According location
(Opravil 1983, 63-64). It was influenced, th thto historical maps
of the 18 -19 c. the area inter alia, by a sedimentation gap of the
fluvial
around today’s Fonyód seems to have been formerly plain of the
Morava between the early Slavonic (considerably) surrounded by
waters. There was Period and Great Moravian Period (Hladík 2014,
Lake Balaton in the west and in the north and 36). The spearhead
from Moravský Svätý Ján wetlands in the east and in the south
(Zlinszky, was found with other items in an iron cauldron at Timár
2013, 4597, 4599, Fig. 5). The natural a depth of 40-50 cm and
covered with fragments extension of the past southern shoreline of
Lake of another iron cauldron (Eisner 1941, 171; Balaton shows that
the extent of open water Bartošková 1986, 34, Fig. 12:42).
Martin Husár
Fig. 1. Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery
locations of the Carpathian Basin. Number of findings: a – one
specimen; th th stb – two or three specimens; c – four or more
specimens. Chronology: A– between 568 and 650; B – the 2 half of
the 7 c.; C – the 1 half of
th nd th th th th th ththe 8 c.; D – the 2 half of the 8 c.; E –
the end of the 8 – beginning of the 9 c.; F – the 9 c.; G - the 10
-11 c. Sites: 1-2 – Budapest- Dunameder; 3 – Duga Resa; 4 – Dugo
Selo; 5 – Esztergom-Királyi város; 6 – Fonyód-Ilonaberek; 7 –
Jegeniš; 8 – Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút; 9 – Lasinjska
Kiselica; 10 – Livada; 11 – Ljubljanica at the Tributary
Borovnišica; 12 – Marcalt; 13 – Moravský Svätý Ján; 14 – Piešany;
15 – Rakova Jelša; 16 – Vnanje Gorice; 17 – Zasip pri Bledu.
Elaborated by M. Husár.
Ryc. 1. Znaleziska wczesnoredniowiecznej broni drzewcowej ze
rodowiska wodnego na terenie Kotliny Karpackiej: a – pojedynczy
zabytek; b – dwa lub trzy zabytki; c – cztery lub wicej zabytków.
Chronologia: A – pomidzy 568 a 650 r.; B – 2. poowa VII w.; C – 1.
poowa VIII w.; D – 2. poowa VIII w.; E – koniec VIII i pocztek IX
w.; F – IX w.; G – X-XI w. Stanowiska: 1-2 – Budapest-Dunameder; 3
– Duga Resa; 4 – Dugo Selo; 5 – Esztergom-Királyi város; 6 –
Fonyód-Ilonaberek; 7 – Jegeniš; 8 – Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút;
9 – Lasinjska Kiselica; 10 – Livada; 11 – Ljubljanica at the
Tributary Borovnišica; 12 – Marcalt; 13 – Moravský Svätý Ján; 14 –
Piešany; 15 – Rakova Jelša; 16 – Vnanje Gorice; 17 – Zasip pri
Bledu. Oprac. M. Husár.
- a
- b
- c
0 100 km
81-2
1413
12
6
7
49
3
10
15
17
16
11
3
11
Shapes and origins typical decoration with engravings in the shape
of The origins of 17 or 18 spearheads, i.e. the a pointed arch
which can be seen on the winged
majority of the discussed spearheads, probably lie spearheads of
Westphal’s type II, III, IV, and V. ndin the Frankish milieu of the
Merovingian and These types are roughly dated between the 2
half
th thCarolingian time. 12 specimens are winged of the 8 and the 10
c. (Westphal 2002, 257- spearheads with flat and wide or sharp
wings. 260; Szameit 2005, 154). The socket of one of The only
specimen with sharp wings comes from the spearheads from
Budapest-Dunameder (Fodor Lasinjska Kiselica (Fig. 2:1) and belongs
to the ed. 1996, 365, 366, Fig. 1-2) is also fitted with
transitional form between hooked and winged an extraordinary
decoration created by gilt spearheads. In the Frankish area this
transitional and niello tendrils of northern origin. These
thform can be dated from the end of the 7 to the two decoration
techniques were mainly used in st th1 half of the 8 c. (Steuer
1995, 252; Szameit 2005, Scandinavia and the Baltic Sea Region
during
153-154; Westphal 2002, 256; Husár 2014b, 32). the Viking age (
1966, Pl. VI:1-2; The studied winged heads with flat and wide
Chudziak 2006, 647-655, Fig. 2-3; Thunmark- wings can be identified
with type II, III and Nylén 2006, 306-307). Tendril decoration,
especially V of Westphal’s typological, chronological, and niello
tendrils, should be particulary associated technological scheme of
the Carolingian winged with the so called Ringerike style of
Scandinavia
st ndspearheads from today’s Germany. Type II (dated dated to the 1
half and the beginning of the 2 nd th st thto the 2 half of the 8
and the 1 half of the half of the 11 c. (Wilson 1971, 127; Kovács
1970b,
th9 c.; Westphal 2002, 256-259; Eichert, Mehofer, 324; Chudziak
2006, 653). Baier 2011, 145) is represented by the winged Among the
above mentioned spearheads there head from Dugo Selo (Fig. 2:2),
Esztergom- are six specimens embellished with pattern-welding,
Királyi város, the Ljubljanica at the Borovnišica namely on the
single spearheads from Budapest- Tributary, by the head from
Marcalt, and finally Dunameder, Esztergom-Királyi város and Rakova
by two winged heads from Jegeniš and Rakova Jelša, on the head from
Dugo Selo (Fig. 2:2) and Jelša (Husár 2014b, 35). Heads of type III
are known on two spearheads from Jegeniš. This kind of the from
Budapest-Dunameder (Kovács 1970a, 85, narrow pattern-welding does
not turn spearheads Fig. 3:2), Duga Resa (Fig. 2:3) and Vnanje
Gorice. into improved weapons, but just into decorative Their
counterparts from the area of present-day arms (Ypey 1982, 387). In
general, the pattern-
thGermany are dated from the end of the 8 to the welded blades
faded away and ceased to be nd th th th2 half of the 9 c. (Westphal
2002, 256-259; used in Europe in the 10 -11 c. (ibid., 387).
Eichert, Mehofer, Baier 2011, 145; Husár 2014b, Although the heads
with a flat triangular 35). Only the specimen from Zasip pri Bledu
or lozenge-shaped blades are of unspecified (Fig. 2:4) belongs to
Westphal’s type V which in provenance within the early medieval
Carpathian Germany is roughly dated to the late Carolingian Basin
(Husár 2014b, 61-63, 87), the spearhead Period and to the Ottonian
Period (Szameit from Moravský Svätý Ján (Fig. 3:2) might be 2005,
154). related to the Frankish milieu. It is unique because
Four other spearheads from my database can of zigzag engravings
under its blade and 10 be labelled as heads with a flat blade and
angular rings around its socket. Zigzag engravings are socket.
Three of them, namely from Esztergom- also known from Frankish
spearheads of the Királyi város, Livada and Rakova Jelša (Fig.
3:1), Merovingian Period where they were usually have got an
octagonal cross-section of the sockets, fitted with a rhombic blade
(e.g. Paulsen 1967, and the specimen from Budapest-Dunameder Fig.
57:1-4,6,8-9; Ament 1977, Fig. 3:8). has got a hexagonal
cross-section of the socket. Another form of a thrusting pole
weapon Although, according to data from Merovingian found in a
watery location is the (originally) five- burial grounds of the
left bank Rhineland arm harpoon head with a socket from Fonyód-
(Müssemeier et al. 2003, 50, Figs. 11-12), the Ilonaberek (Fig.
3:3). It cannot be compared with sockets of the Frankish spearheads
with an the early medieval harpoon heads of Germanic octagonal
cross-section should be younger (from origin from the Carpathian
Basin because they
st th670s/680s to the 1 half of the 8 c.) than those used to have
only two or three arms and they with tetra- and hexagonal socket
cross-section were fixed to a shaft by tangs as well as the
sockets. (from 640s/650s to 710). E. Szameit (1987, 169) They are
dated to the early Avar Period which
rd th stnoted that engravings on sockets or their angular lasted
from the last 3 of the 6 to the 1 half of thshape are typical
features of Frankish workshops the 7 c. (Husár 2014b, 70-71). Two-
and three-
th ththat produced weapons in the 8 and 9 c. arm harpoons were
unearthed also in the Great Moreover, a spearhead from Livada has
got the Moravian hillfort of Mikulice (Mazuch 2003, 361,
Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery
locations of the Carpathian Basin
12 Martin Husár
0 10 cm
1
2
3
4
Fig. 2. Selected early medieval aquatic findings of spearheads from
the territory of the Carpathian Basin: 1 – Lasinjska Kiselica
(after Beki 2004, Fig. 1); 2 – Dugo Selo (after Demo 2010, Fig. 1);
3 – Duga Resa (after Boškovi 2002, Fig. on page 168); 4 – Zasip pri
Bledu (after Meterc 1985, Fig. 118).
Ryc. 2. Wybrane znaleziska grotów wóczni ze rodowiska wodnego na
terenie Kotliny Karpackiej: 1 – Lasinjska Kiselica (wg Beki 2004,
Fig. 1); 2 – Dugo Selo (wg Demo 2010, Fig. 1); 3 – Duga Resa (wg
Boškovi 2002, Ryc. na s. 168); 4 – Zasip pri Bledu (wg Meterc 1985,
Fig. 118).
13
Fig. 8:2,1). The closest parallels to the harpoon After due
consideration I took the following into head from Fonyód-Ilonaberek
could be observed account. It was a matter of the cult or religious
in the La Tène Period counterparts, as stated by deposition, a loss
by chance or during military R. Müller already in the late 1970s.
He dated action, or the finds were part of a settlement or
ththe entire hoard from this site to the 9 c. (Müller a burial
ground (Scholtz 2007, 250; Anders, 1978, 11). Gringmuth-Dallmer
2015, 14). They could also
The simple spike with a hexagonal blade have been washed away over
an unknown distance (Fig. 3:4) and the head with a double
perforation from such sites. Eventually, I regard intentional of
the poplar leaf-like blade (Fig. 3:5) from the littering as the
most improbable reason for the hoard of Esztergom-Királyi város
(Torma ed. presence of thrusting pole arms in watery locations.
1979, Pl. 43:4, 2) represent specimens of Eastern In my opinion,
the discussed aquatic finds, European, Siberian, or Central Asian
provenance especially those of exceptional quality, decoration
(Husár 2014b, 21-22, 58-59, 113). The former and origin or those
from the aforementioned type of the spearhead was mainly used in
three hoards, might have been offerings to various gods
aforementioned regions during the early Middle or supernatural
entities, offerings made to secure Ages (e.g. 1967, 160, Fig. 43:3;
safe passage to destinations unknown to us, or 1980, 59-60, Tab.
4-5; 1986, 157, 161, Fig. 67:8; even sacrifices in favour of
concluded treaties, 88:3; 1997, 18, 23, 48, 55, 65, 132, Fig. 7:1,
11, etc. Some spears from the past had symbolic 30, 34, 40:1-2, 83;
ed. 1981, 144, 148, value, therefore, the deposition of spears in
watery 167, 178, 258, 260, Fig. 33:53; 36:2; 52:30, locations could
have been connected with their 110; 62:160-161; 82:53, 55; 83:3;
1985, cultic background as well. In Tacitus’ famous
stFig. 9:18-19, 10:12-13, 11:2-3). In my opinion, work “Germania”
(end of the 1 c. AD) it is noted analogies for the latter, the
perforated poplar that the initiation of a young Germanic man from
leaf-like head, can be found particularly in South- his family into
the community was carried out in
th theastern Europe between the 9 and 11 c. ( the assembly by his
chieftain, father or kinsmen – 2004, 80, 82, Pl. XLIII:529, Cat.
529) and they gave him a spear (Germanic “framea”) and
th th 7in Eastern Europe between the 7 and 10 c. a shield. Norse
mythology tells us about the ( 1985, 60, Fig. 9:18, 10:12, 11:2).
spear Gungnir which was an attribute of the god
8Another spike comes from the sacrificial Odin (Daly 2010, 43;
Michalak 2015, 297). It was find of Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút
(Fig. 3:6). claimed that a man marked with a spear could go It has
a hexagonal blade and decoration of lattice- to Odin and Goðheimr.
There was also a practice like engravings in the upper and lower
end of the of throwing a spear at hostile warriors during the
socket. This spike might have had originated from battle in order
to dedicate them to Odin (Schjødt the territory of the Eastern
Roman Empire until 2011, 285). The motif of cult “dancers”
horned
ththe middle of the 7 c. It should be noted that by two snake-bird
creatures and fitted with two this type of spearheads did not
appear in the spears among other weapons occurred mainly on
Carpathian basin after the early Avar Period (von metal fittings,
buckles, armour, etc. in Scandinavia Freeden 1991, 620; Husár
2014b, 22-24). and England in the Merovingian Period (since
the
thThe river finds of the spearhead with a poplar end of the 6 c.;
Hilgner 2015, 408-411, Fig. 9-13). leaf-like blade from Piešany and
three similar However, the dancers with spears were found at ones
from the hoard of Esztergom-Királyi város the same time in other
parts of continental Europe (Fig. 3:7; Torma ed. 1979, Pl.
43:1,3,5) can only be as well, namely in present-day northern
Russia, said to be the heads of unspecified origin in the in former
Alamannia and even among Germanic early medieval Carpathian Basin
which occurred finds (namely on the bronze mould) from Keszthely-
there before as well as after the early Middle Ages Fenékpuszta in
present-day Hungary (Müller 2008, (Husár 2014b, 52-56, 87).
236-237, Fig. 2:2; Hilgner 2015, 409). Moreover,
the following motifs of warriors were identified Primary literary
sources and archaeology by D. Quast on various artefacts in the
Germanic
thThere are several particular reasons why area from ca 600 to the
beginning of the 8 c.: thrusting pole arms were put into watery
locations. a rider throwing a javelin, a rider with a lance,
Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery
locations of the Carpathian Basin
7 sed arma sumere non ante cuiquam moris, quam civitas suffecturum
probaverit. tum in ipso concilio vel principum aliquis vel pater
vel propinqui scuto frameaque iuvenem ornant… (Cornelii Taciti de
Germania 13; Cornelii 1914, 282; 1999, 44). 8 Odin with his spear
could have been substituted for Jesus Christ with a spear too. It
can be seen on one side of the carved
nd thgravestone from Niederdollendorf dated to the 2 half of the 7
c. There is a man with a halo above his head who holds a spear in
his right hand. This was evidently the Germanic vision of armed and
mighty Christ (Giesler 2006, 106, Fig. on page 107).
14 Martin Husár
0 10 cm
Fig. 3. Selected early medieval aquatic findings of spearheads from
the territory of the Carpathian Basin. 1 – Rakova Jelša (after
Svoljšak et al. 1997, Pl. 12:7); 2 – Moravský Svätý Ján (drawing by
M. Husár); 3 – Fonyód-Ilonaberek (after Müller 1978, Fig. 3:1); 4 –
Esztergom-Királyi város (after Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:4); 5 –
Esztergom-Királyi város (after Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:2); 6 –
Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút (after Nagy 1998b, Pl. 148:4); 7 –
Esztergom-Királyi város (after Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:1). 4-5, 7 –
not drawn to the scale.
Ryc. 3. Wybrane znaleziska grotów wóczni ze rodowiska wodnego na
terenie Kotliny Karpackiej: 1 – Rakova Jelša (wg Svoljšak et al.
1997, Pl. 12:7); 2 – Moravský Svätý Ján (ryc. M. Husár); 3 –
Fonyód-Ilonaberek (wg Müller 1978, Fig. 3:1); 4 – Esztergom-Királyi
város (wg Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:4); 5 – Esztergom-Királyi város
(wg Torma ed. 1979, Pl. 43:2); 6 – Káposztásmegyer, Váci országút
(wg Nagy 1998b, Pl. 148:4); 7 – Esztergom-Királyi város (wg Torma
ed. 1979, Pl. 43:1). 4-5, 7 – bez skali.
15
and a wolf-like warrior (Quast 2002, 269, Fig. 2-3). 2004, 61-84;
Kurasiski 2005, 173-182; Wolf The typical military unit of Slavonic
tribes in the 2005, 23-51; Husár 2014b, 37). As far as I
know,
th th6 -10 c. consisted of light javelin men (Husár except for the
Eastern Roman and Byzantine 2014a, 85-87; 2015, 12) usually
equipped with ones, the rest of above mentioned lances had the two
(Mauricii Strategicon XI, 4; Mauricii 1984, form a winged spear.
121; 1994, 370; Leonis imperatoris tactica 18, The rivers were the
natural borders which
10100; Leonis 2010, 472-475) or even three javelins divided one
tribe or country from another, some (John of Ephesus,
Ecclesiastical History VI, 25; of them were navigable or they were
places of John of Ephesus 1860, 433; 1994, 278-279, 283). military
clashes, but these cannot explain all the Finally, a spear was
related to Veles, the Slavonic aquatic finds. As far as the finds
from the Thames
th th th thchthonic deity who was also the patron of dead River
between the 5 /7 and 10 /11 c. are warriors (Kurasiski 2005, 177).
concerned, only two swords, one saex and one
At least some leaders of Germanic tribes and shield boss, were
found in the riverbed apart kingdoms possessed a kind of monarchic
lances. from 64 pieces of spearheads (Clark 2013, 10-11). That is
the case of Lombard and Frankish kings. A predominance of
spearheads in this case shows Paul the Deacon (ca. 720-799) gives
an account of that this is more a sign of a cult or the religious
“hasta regia” (e.g. Pauli Historia Langobardorum I, deposition than
evidence of accidental losses or 15; Pauli 1878, 61; 2003, 26) or
“contus regius” losses during military actions. Other examples
(e.g. Pauli Historia Langobardorum V, 10; Pauli include aquatic
finds, such as a sword in its 1878, 190; 2003, 222) concerning
Lombard kings scabbard (Raffield 2014, 639), various tools,
and
th thof the 4 -7 c. (Wolf 2005, 24, 25). Frankish jewellery (Lund
2010) from early medieval sites King Gunthchramn handed over his
kingdom to in Scandinavia and England, which can be hardly
11Childebert by giving him his spear in 585 (ibid., explained as
losses during conflicts. Moreover, 25), as Gregory of Tours (ca.
538/539-593) stated the category of accidental losses does not
apply
9in his “Historia Francorum”. Probably the most to unnavigable
waters (Raffield 2014, 639). significant lance in the Middle Ages
was “lancea The deposition of hoards in waters of Europe sacra”. By
this weapon Longinus, the Roman after 1500 BC was accompanied by
the increasing soldier, stabbed Jesus Christ on the Cross.
significance of the weapons they included, which According to
tradition, the lance together with was especially the case of
isolated finds (Bradley Christ’s Cross and two nails from it were
1996, 306). What is more, the spearheads discovered by St. Helena
(ca. 248/249-328/329) in dominated aquatic finds in Central and
Western Jerusalem few years before her death. “Longinus’ Europe
during the Bronze Age (Wegner 1995, 269). lance” was kept in the
Church of the Holy Depositions of lance- or javelin heads in
aquatic Sepulchre or St. Simon’s Church in Jerusalem locations,
along with other kinds of weapons, can
thuntil the end of the 6 c. (ibid., 25, 26). With time be observed
in Europe even until the late Middle the alleged originals or
copies of “lancea sacra” Ages (Wegner 1995, 269; Clark 2013, 10-11;
became monarchic lances or one of the attributes Raffield 2014,
647-648), except for the period of of European rulers’ power.
Important bearers of the Hallstatt culture when iron items
disappeared “lancea sacra” were the Eastern Roman/Byzantine from
aquatic finds (Wegner 1995, 269; Bradley Emperors, Elder House of
Welf in Burgundy, 1996, 306). Kings and Emperors of the Holy Roman
Empire, Even though the Carpathian Basin, and mainly Árpád Dynasty
in Hungary, Pemyslid Dynasty in its western part, had come once
again (after the Bohemia, and Piast Dynasty in Poland (Dulinicz end
of the Roman presence) under the growing
Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery
locations of the Carpathian Basin
9 Post haec rex Gunthchramnus, data in manu regis Childeberthi
hasta, ait: Hoc est indicium, quod tibi omne regnum meum tradedi
(Gregorii Turonensis Historiarum VII, 33; Gregorii /sine anno/). 10
For instance, Lombard King Authari (584-590) is told to have
started his reign with a ride to the last Italian city before the
sea between Italy and Sicily. There was a certain column in the
sea. King Authari on horseback touched this column with the blade
or tip of his spear and said that the Lombards’ territories will be
terminated there: Circa haec tempora putatur esse factum, quod de
Authari rege refertur. Fama est enim, tune eundem regem per
Spoletium Beneventum pervenisse eandemque regionem cepisse et usque
etiam Regiam, extremam Italiae civitatem vicinam Sicilia,
perambulasse; et quia ibidem intra maris undas columna quaedam esse
posita dicitur, usque ad eam equo sedens accessisse eamque de
hastae suae cuspide tetegisse, dicens:‘Usque hic erunt
Langobardorum fines’ (Pauli Historia Langobardorum III, 32; Pauli
1878, 138; 2003, 145). Thus the Lombard king marked borders of
territory (Wolf 2005, 24; Citter 2007, 35). 11 L. Beki (2004, 179)
and T. Sekelj Ivanan (2004, 126-127) argued that the spearhead from
the River Kupa near Lasinjska Kiselica and the spearheads from the
gravel deposit Jegeniš (next to the River Drava) were lost there
during Frankish
th thinterventions against Avars and, later on, against the Prince
Ljudevit at the end of the 8 and the beginning of the 9 c. Three
years later, however, T. Sekelj Ivanan (2007, 422) admitted that
the spearheads from Jegeniš might have been votive deposits.
16
influence of the Christian Church, since Avar- inter alia, measures
against sacrifices for idols Frankish wars the aforementioned
aquatic finds or against intentional or forced pagan sacrifices
were deposited there in the early Middle Ages. without further
specification (Nomokanon XXXIX; Maybe Christianity and Christian
rulers had no Nomokanon 2013, 228, 270-272). However,
thconsiderable influence on the former or recent canons of the
Synod of Szabolcs (20 May 1092), believers of the non-Christian
indigenous religion which was presided by Hungarian and Croatian
who exercised this kind of cult or religious King Ladislaus I
(1077-1095), refer, under article practices, and it was changing
slowly. A document, XXII, to the native rites including sacrifices
by which gives testimony about sacrifices related the wells or
giving offerings to springs (“De ritu
th 12to waters persisting even in the 8 -c. Francia, gentilium”).
Sinners should expiate these practices 17is the so called
“Indicululus superstitionum et by handing an ox over (Berend 2013,
262).
paganiarium”. It either refers to the resolutions of Chronicler
Cosmas (ca 1045-1125) gives us an the Synod of Lestinnes in the
year 743 (Šprynarová account of the veneration of waters by the
Czechs 2010, 6) or it was compiled for the metropolitan since their
mythical history. Namely, one of Krok’s of Mainz in 790s (Cusack
2011, 39). The article daughters, Tethka, taught the Czechs to
adore parts 11 provides us with the information on spring/well of
nature and idols. Thereafter Cosmas lists some
13sacrifices. There is also a short supplementary practices which
they did until his days. Among explanation for these practices and
the consequences them there is also the worship of (running)
waters
18thereof. For my study the following section is and fire. The
Homiliary of Opatovice, dated to th thimportant: If anyone worships
a spring or the 11 -12 c. (Kalhous 2006, 360), confirms the
source of a stream, they will know that they lost existence of such
acts of worship during Cosmas’ life 14their faith and baptism. Two
other examples as well. The author of the homiliary notes
that
th 19from primary literary sources from the 8 c. are pagans worship
rivers until his time. In this regard directly related to the
Hessians and the Saxons. it should be noted that according to
Prokopios of Chaplain Willibald wrote in his “Vita Bonifatii
Caesarea (ca 500-562) the Sclavenes and Antes auctore Willibaldo”
(ca 768) that among the generally venerated rivers, nymphs and
other
thHessians (of the middle of the 8 c.) there spirits. They gave
sacrifices to them and used the were also some who, secretly or
openly, used to offerings for divination. Such account is
included
15sacrifice to trees and springs. Then, article 21 of in Prokopios’
seventh book of his “History of the Charlemagne’s “Capitulatio de
partibus Saxoniae” wars” or in the third book of the “Gothic war”
whose
20(ca 785) also states that anyone who says a prayer completion is
dated to 550 (Kalli 2004, 2). or makes sacrifices to springs,
trees, and groves Except for the aforementioned watery locations
after the fashion of the natives should pay a fine in present-day
Slovenia where the spearheads were in coins or be given to the
service of the Church found, there are other thematic
archaeological and
16until the fine is paid. historical sources from the early Middle
Ages The Moravian “Nomokanon”, which was which are related to
Carantanian or Carniolan
most likely translated into Slavonic language by settlement areas.
Such as the probable sanctuary ndMethodius of Thessalonica in the 2
half of the fitted with statues of gods close to Lake
Millstätter
th9 c., contains article XXXIX which mentions, which was destroyed
by St. Domitian of Carantania
Martin Husár
12 Veneration of springs or wells was already criticised by the
(Christian) Synod of Arles (443-452), Tours (567), and Toledo (681;
Fazioli 2015, 79). 13 De fontibus sacrificiorum (Indicululus
superstitionum et paganiarium 11; Indiculus 1894, 254). 14 Si quis
neptunalia in mare obseruat, aut ubi fons aut riuus de capite
exurget, quicumque ibi orauerit, sciat se fidem et baptismum
perdedisse (Indicululus superstitionum et paganiarium 11, Hom. § 3;
Indiculus 1894, 254). 15 ... alii etiam lignis et fontibus
clanculo, alii autem aperte sacrificabant… (Vita Bonifatii auctore
Willibaldo 6; Vita Bonifatii 1905, 31; 1916, 63). 16 Si quis ad
fontes aut arbores vel lucos votum fecerit aut aliquit more
gentilium obtulerit et ad honorem daemonum commederet, si nobilis
fuerit solidos sexaginta, si ingenuus triginta, si litus quindecim.
Si vero non habuerint unde praesentaliter persolvant, ad ecclesiae
servitium donentur usque dum ipsi solidi solvantur. (Capitulatio de
partibus Saxoniae 21; Capitulatio 1883, 69; 1987, 207). 17
Quicumque ritu gentilium iuxta puteos sacrificaverint, vel ad
arbores et fontes et lapides oblationes obtulerint, reatum suum
bove luant (Constitutiones synodi in civitate Zabolch, 20 Maii
1092, XXII; Constitutiones 1999, 53, 56). 18 ...sicut actenus multi
villani velut pagani, hic latices seu ignes colit, iste… (Cosmae
pragensis chronica Boemorum I, IV; Cosmae 1923, 10). 19 …alii solem
alii lunam et sidera colebant, alii flumina et ignes, alii montes
et arbores, sicut et adhuc pagani multi faciunt… (Homiliarium 1863,
4). 20 σβουσι μντοι καì ποταμος τε καì νμφας καì λλα ττα δαιμνια,
καì θουσι καì ατος πασι, τς τε μαντεας ν ταταις δ
τας θυσαις ποιονται (De bello Gothico III, XIV, 24; Prokopios 1962,
270, 271).
17
around the year 800, and the probable sanctuary arrows around this
place of worship (Androshchuk 21 23on Bled Island (Blejski otok) on
Lake Bled, as 2002, 12). Some sacrifices related to watery
well as the discovery of the pattern-welded winged places, might
also have been performed during nd thspearhead (the 2 half of the 8
c.) with flat and Frankish campaign against rebelling Ljudevit,
the
wide wings from Lake Längsee (Eichert, Mehofer, duke of Lower
Pannonia under the control of the 24Baier 2011, 147, 150-151, notes
44-45). Later Frankish empire, in 820. The Frankish forces
on, in 1331, a Franciscan inquisitor Franciscus were composed of
three armies (tres illi exercitus) de Clugia organised a crusade
with the help of assembled in Saxony, East Francia, Alamannia,
clergy against the non-Christian Slavs who lived Bavaria and Italy.
The army that came from in the mountains around Cavoreto
(present-day Carantania and the army that came from Bavaria Kobarid
in western Slovenia) and belonged to the and Upper Pannonia must
have crossed the Drava Aquileian diocese. They worshiped a certain
tree River during this campaign. Furthermore, a large and a spring
at its roots. The crusaders eventually number of troops of the
latter army (likely) suffered tore down the tree and filled the
spring with stones from diarrhoea due to unhealthy land and
water
22 25(Juvani 1984, 49). during their crossing of the Drava River.
B. Raffield (2014, 640) suggested that Most of the early medieval
aquatic finds in
depositions of weapons found close to crossing the Carpathian Basin
may be linked with the th thpoints, like bridges and fords, could
be connected 8 -11 c. It was the exact time of the revival of
with rituals related to the movements of the armed the watery
depositions in the territory of the British forces through the
contested landscape. They were Isles and in Scandinavia (Lund 2010;
Raffield probably to assure the safe return, influence the 2014,
636). J. Lund (2010) stated that the majority
th thoutcome of conflict, protect the border, express of 8 -11 c.
aquatic finds in Britain and Scandinavia territorial claims, etc.
“De Administrando Imperio” are solitary stray finds or small
hoards. Even one
26(950s) tells a story in which the Rs Vikings (or poem of the
“Poetic Edda”, “Grímnismál”, refers Varangians) reached the Island
of St. Gregory after to a watercourse called Geirvimul which means
the they had crossed the Dnepr’s ford of “Κραρου”. one bobbling
with spears (ibid.). According to the This group, heading to
Constantinople, performed results of my study regarding lances and
javelins, afterwards various sacrifices to worship a gigantic a
very similar situation might have developed also in oak tree
growing there. Inter alia, they used to peg the Carpathian Basin
during the early Middle Ages.
Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery
locations of the Carpathian Basin
th21 According to the excavations on Bled Island there was a burial
ground with its beginnings dated to the middle of the 9 c. and a
nearby wooden post building which could have stood there even
before the burial ground, and the first early medieval brick church
dedicated to St. Mary was founded there. The brick church was
superimposed on the wooden post building (Pleterski 1996, 172-173,
Fig. 8-9). It is also worth to mention that in the beliefs of
indigenous people of Northwestern Europe the other world was often
situated on the other side of water, for instance beyond a river or
on an island. Such locations were used for burial grounds in the
Iron Age and the Viking Age as well (Heide 2011, 59-60). 22 Veram
quia nonnulli Prelati, Clerici, et Religiosi in tanto opere
pietatis ad extirpandos errores predictos nobis adstiterunt; et
consilio, et personali subsidio laborando, et itinerando, non sine
periculo personali, usque ad locum de Gavoreto, ejusdem Dyocesis,
ubi inter montes Sclavi innumerabiles arborem quondam et fontem,
qui erat ad radices arboris, venerabant pro Deo, illam impendendo
creature reverentiam, que ex fidei debito Creatori debetur: quam
arborem fecimus cum auxilio predictorum fidelium, penitus
extirpari, et fontem lapidibus obturari (Crociata predicata in
Cividale per distruggere l’ idolatria in Caporeto, 1331, 16 Agosto,
Udine; Crociata 1845, 547-548). 23 Καì σιαβαíνουσιν ες τ λεγμενον
πραμα το Κραρíου, ν διαπερσιν π ωσíας ο Χερσωνται καì ο
Πατξινατκται πì Χερσνα, χον τ ατ πραμα τ μν πλος, σον το πποδρομου,
τ δ ψος π κτω ως του προκπτουσιν φαλοι, σον καì φθζειν σαγíτταν το
τοξεοντος νθεν κεσε. θεν καv ες τν τοιοτον τóπον κατρχονται ο
Πατξινατκται καì πολεμοσι τος σ. Μετ δ τ διελθεν τν τοιοτον τóπον
τν νσον, τν πιλεγομνην γιος Γρηγóριος καταλαμβνουσιν, ν νσ καì τς
θυσας ατν πιτελοσιν δι τ κεσε στασθαι παμμεγθη δρν, καì θουσι
πετεινος ζντας. Πηγνουσι δ καì σαγττας γυρθεν, λλοι δ κα ψωμα κα
κρατα, κα ξ ν χει καστος, ς τ θος ατν πικρατε. πτουσι δ καì σκαρφíα
περì τν πετεινν, ετε σφξαι ατος, ετε καì φαγεν, ετε καì ζντας σειν
ατος (Constantine Porphyrogenitus De Administrando Imperio 9;
Constantine Porphyrogenitus 1985, 60-61). 24 . Tomii (2010, 103)
associated the riverine find of the spearhead from the Ljubljanica
River, near the present-day village of Vnanje Gorice, with
movements of military units or the transfer of goods and services
in the time of Frankish-Avar wars and Frankish influence on
north-eastern Croatia after the year 800. 25 …alter et longitudine
itineris et Dravo flumine, quod traiciendum erat, impediebatur;
medius autem, qui per Carantanos intrabat, quamquam in tribus locis
ei resisteretur, feliciore usus fortuna ter hoste superato, Dravo
etiam transmisso celerius ad destinata loca pervenit…Is tamen, qui
per Pannoniam superiorem iter fecerat, in transitu Dravi fluminis
ex locorum et aquarum insalubritate soluti ventris incommodo
graviter adfectus est, et pars eius non modica hoc morbo consumpta
est. (Annales Regni Francorum, Anno 820; Annales 1895, 152-153;
1972, 107).
th26 “Grímnismál” occurs in the “Codex Regius” of the “Poetic
Edda”, which is a 13 -c. manuscript (Daly 2010, 42).
18
Concluding remarks Franks – such as the Saxons, or, more likely,
they Early medieval aquatic finds of lance- or may be the result of
cult and religious practices of
javelin heads are clearly concentrated in the western local
inhabitants of the Carpathian Basin. part of the Carpathian Basin
and on its southwestern Finally, I would like to note that aquatic
periphery. My typological evaluation as well as deposits across
early medieval Europe may have relevant scientific research on
these finds (see been the signs of uneasy times in the
Christianised Fig. 1 and Table 1) point out that most of them
European regions affected by the pagans (e.g. by
th thcan be dated to the 8 -11 c., particularly to the the
Vikings), subsequently losing their ties to the first two
centuries. Most of them are typologically Church structure, or they
could have been a reaction linked to Frankish workshops of the
Merovingian, of non-Christian believers (e.g. in the Carpathian
Carolingian, and possibly the Ottonian Periods, Basin) to the
invaders in times of conflicts. although there are some specimens
of unspecified, Nonetheless, the aforementioned problems will
eastern and south-eastern origins. My opinion that probably remain
unresolved and open. spearheads were deposited in watery locations
mainly because of cult or non-Christian religious Acknowledgements
practices is based largely on the analogies from the This work was
supported by the VEGA Viking world of the northern and
north-western (Scientific Grant Agency of the Ministry of Europe
and on early and high medieval primary Education, Science, Research
and Sport of the literary sources regarding the discussed area.
These Slovak Republic and the Slovak Academy of depositions may
either be somehow related to the Sciences) under Grant number
1/0468/15. The Frankish presence and movements there, including
author of the article thanks László Schilling and the presence of
independent ethnic groups of the Arkadiusz Michalak from whom he
has received non-Christian believers recently conquered by the
helpful advice.
Martin Husár
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829. qui dicuntur Annales Laurissenses Maiores
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Finds of the early medieval thrusting pole arms from watery
locations of the Carpathian Basin
Autor zaj si 26 wczesnoredniowiecznymi wana cz tego studium dotyczy
porówna wyni- znaleziskami grotów wóczni odkrytych na 17 sta-
kajcych z analizy pierwszorzdnych róde pisanych |nowiskach na
terenie Kotliny Karpackiej. Pochodz i wiedzy archeologicznej. Autor
sugeruje, i ujte w ni- one gównie z zachodniej czci tego obszaru i
wy- niejszym artykule groty wóczni dostay si do wody stpiy w kilku
rónych lokalizacjach: w rzekach, z powodów kultowych lub
religijnych. Udowodnio- strumieniach, na podmokych terenach, obok
brodów ne zostao, i tego typu praktyki byy stosowane a lub w
strefie granicznej midzy ldem a wod. Autor do pónego redniowiecza,
co moe wiza si z kon- zaj si przede wszystkim analiz typologiczn i
po- tynuacj pamici o sakralnym charakterze dawnych chodzeniem
znalezisk. Wikszo z nich jest zwiza- miejsc kultu. na z krgiem
merowiskim i karoliskim oraz praw- dopodobnie z terenem monarchii
ottoskiej. Ostatnia Tumaczy Piotr N. Kotowicz
Streszczenie