MARTIN LUTHER & BEYOND

The Protestant Reformation

Social Causes

The values of humanism and secularism led people to question the Church.

The printing press helped to spread ideas critical of the Church.

Political Causes

Monarchs challenged the Church for power in Europe (like Henry VIII)

Many leaders viewed the pope as a foreign ruler and challenged his authority

Religious Causes

Some Church leaders had become worldly and corrupt.

Many people found Church practices no longer acceptable

Martin Luther (1483-1546)

Priest and Professor from Wittenberg, Germany.

Grew tired of the Church and its corruption, especially indulgences.

Started the Reformation

Luther’s 95 Theses

A list of 95 critiques that he posted on the door of his town’s church.

Against the selling of indulgences. Thought people were

trying to buy there way into heaven and the Church was OK with it.

Luther’s teachings

People could win salvation only by faith.

All Church teachings should be based on the words of the Bible.

All people with faith were equal.

His teachings were written in pamphlets and distributed across Europe.

Response to Luther

Excommunicated in 1520 by Pope Leo X

Holy Roman Emperor Charles V issues the Edict of Worms in 1521 declaring Luther an outlaw.

In 1524, German peasants revolt seeking an end to serfdom.

Protestant Church

Two sacraments Baptism & Eucharist

Bible and Sermons in native language Allows people to make

their own decisions on Christianity

Focus on the individual

Elimination of the Pope

Catholic Reformation

Council of Trent 1545-1563 Illegal to sell offices or

religious goods Established the seminary to

teach priests Bishops cannot reside

outside their seat of authority

Creation of the Jesuit order, their goal was to: Establish public institutions Convert as many people as

possible Be warriors for God

Effects of the Reformation

Calvinism Predestination

Creation of the Church of England by Henry VII

Catholic reformation

Emphasis on role of education

Enlightenment