Marx’s Grundrisse

The Grundrisse, 779 pages in the English translation, comprises seven notebooks written by Marx in the winter of 1857-8 in a dash (so he hoped) to get his "Economics" finished.

Almost unknown until the 1970s. First edition published in Moscow in 1939-40, but only three or four copies reached the West. New German edition 1953; first English translation 1973.

Discussed in the 1970s, but mainly in regard to its “Hegelian” language and its concept of “capital in general”, not the ideas discussed in this presentation.

Commodification In the most advanced capitalism, writes Marx, everything will be a commodity.

“The highest development of capital exists when... all needs are satisfied through the exchange form... [and] the socially posited needs of the individual... are likewise not only consumed but also produced through exchange, individual exchange”.

“The separation of public works from the state, and their migration into the domain of the works undertaken by capital itself, indicates the degree to which the real community has constituted itself in the form of capital”.

Privatisation

“All general conditions of production, such as roads, canals, etc... presuppose, in order to be undertaken by capital instead of by the government... the highest development of production founded on capital”

“The invading socialist society”?

“Free competition changes into monopoly, and the production without any definite plan of capitalistic society capitulates to the production upon a definite plan of the invading socialistic society… The official representative of capitalist society — the state — will ultimately have to undertake the direction of production…... State-ownership of the productive forces is not the solution of the conflict, but concealed within it are the technical conditions that form the elements of that solution.” - Engels, Socialism Utopian and Scientific (1880)In the 20th century Marxists generally believed that:

Capitalism moved more and more towards state ownership; The more state ownership, the more advanced the society; More state ownership brought us closer to socialism.

These views helped Stalinism win influence. Experience since 1980 puts that into question. The Grundrisse offers another perspective.

Capital drives labour beyond the limits of

capital... The Grundrisse presents a different view of how capital creates “along with the elements for the formation of a new society, the forces for exploding the old one”.

“Capital's ceaseless striving towards the general form of wealth drives labour beyond the limits of its natural paltriness, and thus creates the material elements for the development of the rich individuality”.

It does this by extending and enlarging: science and technology (“general intellect”)“general industriousness” workers of wider and wider general capabilities human needs way beyond mere subsistence.

“The civilising influence of capital”

In the Grundrisse Marx writes of “the civilising influence of capital”.

Capitalist technology increases the wealth of production

It calls for wider general education

The capitalist market expands needs and horizons

... the cultivation of all the qualities of the social human being, production of the same in a form as rich as possible in needs, because rich in qualities and relations - production of this being as the most total and universal possible social product, for, in order to take gratification in a many-sided way, he must be capable of many pleasures, hence cultured to a high degree - is likewise a condition of production founded on capital....

Just as production founded on capital creates universal industriousness on one side... so does it create on the other side a system of general exploitation of the natural and human qualities...

How capital generates a working class capable of remaking society

According to Marx, the most important wealth developed by capital is “social knowledge”, “the general intellect”. At the same capital mis-measures it, enslaves it.

“Hence the great civilising influence of capital; its production of a stage of society in comparison to which all earlier ones appear as mere local developments of humanity and as nature-idolatry…

The mass of workers must themselves appropriate their own surplus labour. Once they have done so… real wealth is the developed productive power of all individuals. The measure of wealth is then not any longer, in any way, labour time, but rather disposable time”.

“General intellect”

Revolt against capitalThus capital:

Is compelled to train a working class with a wide general education, fit for the most varied work;

Fixes each worker in a narrow groove, and imposes variation of work in the form of throwing her or him out of employment unpredictably;

Develops an ever-wider variety of needs, wants, and desires;

Frustrates them by confining the working class in relative poverty and insecurity;

Creates vast productive powers, allowing the creation of rich free time for all;

Uses those productive powers to push for more intense and longer work hours.

These conflicts breed revolution and the basis for a new society.

“All that is solid melts into air”

As capital develops, therefore, labour becomes every more differentiated and ever more fluid. Every form of labour organisation built up on fixed communities or trades is, in time, dissolved.

Marx suggests that every building-up of the labour movement, until our final victory, must be only provisional and temporary, subject to be undermined by the constant whirl of capitalist restructuring. The movement will then need to be built up again, with a changed, more developed, more "individualistic" working class.

“Up to its blessed end”

Capital generates not only working-class socialist revolt, but also, romantic reactionary anti-capitalism, right “up to the end”.

“In bourgeois economics... this complete working-out of the human content appears as a complete emptying-out, this universal objectification as total alienation, and the tearing-down of all limited, one-sided aims as sacrifice of the human end-in-itself to an entirely external end.....

It is as ridiculous to yearn for a return to the original fullness as it is to believe that with this complete emptiness history has come to a standstill. The bourgeois viewpoint has never advanced beyond this antithesis between itself and this romantic viewpoint, and therefore the latter will accompany it as legitimate antithesis up to its blessed end”.

Reactionary anti-capitalismMarx wrote in the Communist Manifesto about the “reactionary socialism” of people like Thomas Carlyle, but as a political remnant about disappear.

The Grundrisse indicates that “reactionary anti-capitalisms” like Stalinism, Maoism, Islamism will be a factor “up to the blessed end”.

Reactionary anti-globalisationMarx also sketches a critique of reactionary anti-globalisation ideas. Henry Carey was Abraham Lincoln’s economic adviser - not socialist but very concerned to defend the righteous development of US capitalism against the economic imperialism of… England.

“All the relations which appear harmonious to him within specific national boundaries... appear as disharmonious to him where they appear in their most developed form -- in their world market form -- as the relations which produce English domination on the world market...

Where the economic relations confront him in their truth, i.e. in their universal reality, his principled optimism turns into a denunciatory, irritated pessimism”.

What Russia wasfor Urquhart...

Marx on Carey: What Russia is, politically, for Urquhart, England is, economically, for Carey...

David Urquhart, the man who introduced the Turkish bath to Britain, was also a political figure who saw Tsarist Russia as the cause of all evil in the world. Or “the Great Satan”?

The Grundrisse argues against getting diverted into defending in the smaller or earlier form the capitalist relations which you abhor in big and new forms. Go to the root!

“Adam Smith... is right, of course, that, in its historic forms as slave-labour, serf-labour, and wage-labour, labour always appears as repulsive, always as external forced labour; and not-labour, by contrast, as 'freedom, and happiness’…

Labour time as the measure of value posits wealth itself as founded on poverty, and disposable time as existing in and because of the antithesis to surplus labour time; or, the positing of an individual’s entire time as labour time, and his degradation therefore to mere worker, subsumption under labour. The most developed machinery thus forces the worker to work longer than the savage does, or than he himself did with the simplest, crudest tools…”

Attack capital at the root!

Capital creates the conditions for its replacement by a society where wealth is measured by free time requires through: Developing the powers of science and the technology of production; Developing a working class capable of appropriating science and culture.

“[When] labour becomes attractive work, the individual's self-realization, [that] in no way means that it becomes mere fun, mere amusement, as Fourier... conceives it. Really free working, e.g. composing, is at the same time precisely the most damned seriousness, the most intense exertion.The work of material production can achieve this character only (1) when its social character is posited, (2) when it is of a scientific and at the same time general character, not merely human exertion as a specifically harnessed natural force, but exertion as subject…”