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BETWEEN THE “BIG” WARS
an intermission in which you see previews of the next war
Europe in 1919
League of Nations Members in 1919
Washington Naval Conference 1922
U. S. Britain Japan France Italy 5 5 3 1.67 1.67
Kellogg Briand Pact1928
France
France
Counted on German reparations to pay for rebuild of infrastructure
liberals under Populist Party run gov’t for a while
inflation and bad economy make trouble for France
Severe economic problems1) war debt to US2) need to build defense against Germany - Maiginot line
France
France
Guaranteed the common boundaries of Belgium, France, and Germany as specified in the Treaty of Versailles of 1919.
England
ARTreally, what will art say about society after WWI?
United States
China
China
•That nationalist feeling the Boxer Rebellion generated stayed with the Chinese people
•The Kuomintang = Nationalist Party was born
•Leader Sun Yixian (Sun Yat-sen)
•They wanted a constitution, civil liberties, and a modern economy
•1911 The Chinese overthrew the Empress
•A 4000 year old monarchy was dead!
•A new China was born
•Except is wasn’t all good.
•Sun Yixian couldn’t keep control
•Warlords came
•Sun Yixian fled to Japan
•KMT (Nationalists or the Kuomintang) tried to control the warlords
•Of all the foreign powers only the USSR would help
The KMT splits when Sun Yixian died in 1925
New leader is of conservative right is Chiang Kai-shek. *he controls the army
The new leader of the liberal left is Mao Zedong
Mao ZedongChiang Kai-shek
Chiang Kai-shek runs the KMT and runs the Communists out. Mao Zedong and his
followers begin the Long March
ChinaOct 1934, the Chinese Communist Army was facing annihilation, surrounded by hundred thousand Nationalist soldiers. 86,000 begin the Long March- 4,000 milesonly 10,000 survive
MEANWHILE....
•The Japanese begin to encroach on Chinese resource rich territory
•This invasion & the Chiang Kai-shek’s inability to protect the Chinese people will push many Chinese to Mao Zedong’s side.
•In particular, the peasants begin to trust Mao more...and there a LOT of peasants
LATER...•Eventually Chiang Kai-
shek will flee to Taiwan Island (the other China)
•Mao Zedong will take over China after World War II
•China will become Communist
Japan
Meiji Restoration•All things Western
•Modern industrial and military power
•Japan began to expand its own imperialistic empire
•need raw materials/markets
•want to show modernity to the West
Japan & Manchuria•Manchuria is resource
rich
•Japan has growing industrial economy
•Russian threat in Manchuria was large
•Japan allies with the great British empire to protect Japanese & British interests in the area
Japan & Manchuria
•Diplomacy fails
•Japan and Russia go to war over Manchuria
•Russo-Japanese War
•strategic port of Port Arthur in Manchuria
•Japanese overrun Korea then on to Manchuria
Japanese Attack Manchuria
League of Nations condemns the action.
Japan leaves the League
Japan & Manchuria•Japanese are winning
but costs are high
•US President Teddy Roosevelt negotiates Russo-Japanese peace treaty (he wins the Nobel Peace Prize for this)
•This is called the Treaty of Portsmouth
Japan & Manchuria•Treaty of Portsmouth
•Japanese get Port Arthur
•Japanese get southern tip of Russian island of Sakhalin
•Japanese are officially recognized as official power in Korea
•it eliminated competition in Manchuria - it was dominated by Japanese now
Japan & ManchuriaRusso-Japanese War
of 1905
What is the big deal?
First war to demonstrate an Asian country could defeat a European power
Japan & Modernization
Problems
•Too fast
•1. higher industrialization, medical care, cities, population, need for more food
•lots of Japanese emigration to US, Hawaii, Korea, Taiwan
Japan & Modernization
Problems•2. Economic appetite so large for raw materials that Japan must expand....
•Labor unions rise
•urban intellectuals argue for all things Western
•young people begin to question value of traditional Japanese society
•when Great Depression hit, many blamed the move away from traditional values
Japan & Military•3. growing influence of
military
•Japanese leaders difficult time dealing w/ problems & pressures of rapid change
•more and more people oppose Westernization
•atmosphere of turmoil
• ENTER THE MILITARY
Japan & Military
•World War I meant total war which meant military had to draw on total resources of the nation
•With turmoil of 1920s and 1930s, Japan found itself increasingly militarized - military needs, values, and goals shape a nation’s policies
Rape of Nanjing
In December of 1937, the Japanese Imperial Army marched into China's capital city of Nanking and proceeded to murder an estimated 300,000 out of 600,000 civilians and soldiers in the city. The six weeks of carnage would become known as the Rape of Nanking and represented the single worst atrocity during the World War II era in either the European or Pacific theaters of war.
Japan Taken Over By Military
•Emperor Hirohito
•also known as Emperor Showa
•he will rule as Japan moves from a rural country to a militarized state
•he will officially surrender at the end of WWII
Japan Taken Over By Military
•Hideki Tojo
•a general who will become the prime minister of Japan during WWII
•he will be sentenced to death at the end of WWII for his war crimes
Japan & China War1937
What is the big deal?
This war created negative chaos that weakened European control over China and enabled Mao and communism to come to power and destroy all aspects of European
colonialism in China.
Japan Taken Over By Military
•So answer this:
•How did World War I contribute to the growing rise of military influence over the gov’t of Japan?
Militarized Societies•Japan ItalyGermany
Spain
SpainNationalists vs. Republicans
Spain
Spain
Dictator Francisco Franco
Italy
Italy
Italy
Italy
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany
Germany