UV30424 Provide body massage f. Describe salon requirements for preparing yourself, the client and work area Make sure the area meets health and safety regulations by clearing the area of obstacles, clearing spillages and sterilising/disinfecting tools, returning lids to bottles. Regular visual checks are needed. Make sure tools are and equipment are easily accessible and working area is kept clean and tidy during and after treatments and fresh towels readily available for each client. Keep your uniform clean and well presented to optimise a professional appearance. g. Describe the environmental conditions suitable for body massage treatments The treatment room should be at a comfortable, warm temperature with soft lights, preferably no harsh spotlights or strip lights. Creating a relaxing atmosphere with calming music at a low background level. There should be sufficient ventilation so that the room does not become stuffy or polluted. The working area should be clean and tidy with enough space to manoeuvre around. Good décor. The room should be kept private and not easily accessible by others unless permitted. A sign should be placed on the outside of the door to show that a treatment is in progress. The client should be made to feel comfortable at all times. h. Describe the different consultation techniques used to identify treatment objectives Prior to carrying out a massage treatment, it is important to gain an understanding of what your client wishes to achieve, whether it be for relaxation, stress and tension relief, lymphatic drainage to help reduce
Transcript
UV30424Provide body massage
f. Describe salon requirements for preparing yourself, the client and work area Make sure the area meets health and safety regulations by clearing the area of obstacles, clearing spillages and sterilising/disinfecting tools, returning lids to bottles. Regular visual checks are needed. Make sure tools are and equipment are easily accessible and working area is kept clean and tidy during and after treatments and fresh towels readily available for each client. Keep your uniform clean and well presented to optimise a professional appearance.
g. Describe the environmental conditions suitable for body massage treatments The treatment room should be at a comfortable, warm temperature with soft lights, preferably no harsh spotlights or strip lights. Creating a relaxing atmosphere with calming music at a low background level. There should be sufficient ventilation so that the room does not become stuffy or polluted. The working area should be clean and tidy with enough space to manoeuvre around. Good décor.The room should be kept private and not easily accessible by others unless permitted. A sign should be placed on the outside of the door to show that a treatment is in progress. The client should be made to feel comfortable at all times.
h. Describe the different consultation techniques used to identify treatment objectives Prior to carrying out a massage treatment, it is important to gain an understanding of what your client wishes to achieve, whether it be for relaxation, stress and tension relief, lymphatic drainage to help reduce swelling, postural improvement or health management and general well being. This discussion will help you advise and prepare the client to ensure their experience is satisfactory. A body analysis will help you understand what type of massage is needed, such as what areas are troubling your client, If they have had any injuries or discuss areas that need to be avoided for medical reasons. Muscle tone, weight, height, cellulite, oedema, excessive hair and posture need to be analysed, along with noting a persons body shape, such as ectomorph, mesomorph or endomorph. The initial consultation will help you decide what products should be used. Costs should be discussed in advance so that you can create a treatment programme that meets the client’s budget. Client cards should be carefully managed for each individual to keep track of appointments, treatment outcomes and client satisfaction. Your client should be made aware of any expected sensations they may feel during the treatment so they have an idea of what to expect. The treatment process should be thoroughly explained. Contra-actions or indications, along with aftercare need to be outlined.Tact has to be employed with consultation technique, especially with elderly or disabled clients, as an offer of help must not be shown as patronising or over protective. Record card information must include: Client’s title, name and address Home and work telephone numbers [ to cancel /update appointments ]
Date of birth Medical history Doctors name and address State of health at consultation period
The purposes of asking personal and medical questions are to find out: The presence of conditions where medical referral is necessary Whether there are contra-indications present If any conditions present require special care If any localised conditions affect treatment of specific areas
The record card must be checked by the client that the information is correct and signed by both the therapist and the client.
i. Describe how to select products and tools to suit client treatment needs, skin types and conditions
Equipment for massage
Massage couch of suitable height Trolley with suitable products Towels
Lubricants/ Massage mediums
Oil
The advantages of using oil, is that it is relatively cheap, easy to use and is good for lubricating and softening dry skin. The disadvantages are that excessive oil can soil towels and clothing and is difficult to wash out,too much oil can lead to little pressure being applied, due to hands sliding over the surface of the area being worked on.
Talcum Powder
The advantages of using powder is that it is suitable for excessively hairy areas and is comparatively cheap to use, whilst the disadvantages are that it is not suitable for dry skin conditions and it can form a dust in the air which can cause an allergic reaction.
Massage creams/lotions and gels
The advantage of creams and lotions are that it gives the client a feeling of a much more luxurious treatment, but it may not be cost effective to use on large areas due to the need to replenish regularly.Gels can also be expensive due to the rate that they absorb into the skin.
j. Describe the different skin types and conditions Skin type is the description of how and why your skin looks, feels and behaves. The four most common skin types are:
1. Normal: This skin type displays a smooth texture and a rosy, clear surface, with fine pores. There are no visible blemishes, greasy patches or flaky areas. Sebum production, moisture content, well-balanced. Normal skin is often found in young persons.
2. Oily: Skin of this type is characterized by an increased amount of lpids on the skin surface due to overactive sebaceous glands. It is shiny and thick, often with enlarged pores. Oily skin is prone to blackheads and other blemishes. It occurs more often in men than in women, and it predominantly affects adolescents.
3. Dry: lack of moisture in its corneous layer, dry skin results in tightness and sometimes flaking. The skin appears dull, especially on the cheeks and around the eyes. It may lack elasticity, with more pronounce fine lines and wrinkles. In more severe cases, itching and burning may occur. Extremely dry skin shows signs of cracking and fissuring.
4. Combination: Combination skin is dry in some parts of the body and oily in other localisations. Mixed facial skin tends toward dryness on the cheeks and around the eyes while being oily in the t-zone (nose, forehead, chin). The dry parts and the oily parts require different skin care regimens.
5. Sensitive: skin often appears pale, can be dry, there can be redness, easily
reacts to products.
6. Dehydrated – normal sebaceous secretions but still flaky, tight.
7. Mature – loss of elasticity, loose muscle tone, wrinkles.
8. Young - firm, plump, and wrinkle-free. It bounces back and heals with minimal scarring
k. Explain the contra-indications that prevent or restrict body massage treatments The following conditions are not suitable for a full body massage:
Fever
Contagious diseases, including any cold or flu, no matter how mild it may seem
Under the influence of drugs or alcohol-including prescription pain medication
Recent operations or acute injuries
Neuritis
Skin diseases
The following conditions can allow a massage to be carried out but any affected areas must be avoided:
Varicose veins
Undiagnosed lumps or bumps
Pregnancy
Bruising
Cuts
Abrasions
Sunburn
Undiagnosed pain
Inflammation, including arthritis
It is important to find out whether your client has any medical conditions that they may be suffering from. A massage can only take place once it has been approved by the clients physician in writing. Conditions include:
Any condition already being treated by a medical practitioner
Oedema
Psoriasis or eczema
High blood pressure
Osteoporosis
Cancer
Nervous or psychotic conditions
Heart problems, angina, those with pacemakers
Epilepsy
Diabetes
Bell’s palsy, trapped or pinched nerves
Gynecological infections
A massage can be very therapeutic for many medical conditions. However, in the above cases it is best to have advice from a physician. Massage therapists, unless they are also qualified doctors, may not, under law, attempt to diagnose a condition.
l. State the objectives of massage treatments Therapeutic massage treatments can aid in relaxation, stress and tension relief, help with lymphatic drainage, can increase postural improvement and can enhance your overall sense of emotional and physical well-being.
m. State the benefits derived from massage treatmentsMassage therapy can play an important part of a persons health maintenance plan, improvements include:
Massage therapy can be used for the treatment of both acute and chronic conditions for all ages, in the treatment of illness, injury rehabilitation and disability.
There has been a wide variety of research, published in peer reviewed journals, proving the benefits of massage therapy for various conditions.
The following is a list of conditions for which massage therapy, when provided by a Massage Therapist, can prove beneficial:
Headaches Inflammatory conditions such as arthritis and bursitis
Insomnia Kyphosis and Scoliosis
Multiple sclerosis Parkinson’s disease
Muscle tension and spasm Palliative care
Post-surgical rehabilitation Pregnancy and labour support
Sports injuries Strains and sprains
Stress and stress related conditions Stroke
Tendinitis Whiplash
Massage Therapy can also be used as part of a preventative care program. This includes sports training, injury prevention, ongoing stress management, and more.
n. Identify general body types Body types are usually broken up into three types:
Ectomorph: Lean and long, with difficulty building muscle. Endomorph: Big, high body fat, often pear-shaped, with a high tendency to store body
fat. Mesomorph: Muscular and well-built, with a high metabolism and responsive muscle
cells.
o. Describe the different types of body fat
Types of Fat
We have adipose tissue all over the body. This tissue is made of adipocytes (fat cells) whose sole job is to store energy in the form of fat.
Howebver, body fat distribution differs from person to person. There are generally two types of fat storage: visceral (surrounding internal organs) subcutaneous (beneath the skin - about 80% of all body fat)
From a health perspective, visceral fat is the most dangerous.
Basic Areas Women - generally around the buttocks and thighs (gluteofemoral): "pear-
shaped". Men - generally around the abdomen: "apple-shaped".
Note that these are the predominant patterns - but both 'apple' and 'pear' shaped distribution can be found in either gender.Specific Areas
Knee Fat often builds up on the inside region of the knees in women.
Upper Arm
Also common in women, fat build up can occur in the middle to upper area of the upper arm - typically covering the triceps area.
AbdomenFat buildup around the navel area is common in both men and women. It is also one of the few fat deposits that are also found in slim women.
Inner Thigh
Fat storage between the thighs is common in women - but also occurs with men. It is more noticeable in women due to the width of the pelvis that in turn influences the position of the thigh (femur).
Outer Thigh
Sometimes called "Riding Breeches" - this area is the most likely place for the pitted or 'quilted' appearance of cellulite. This fat concentration also blends with fat tissue on the inner thigh and the buttocks.
Buttocks
Without fat here - sitting would be quite uncomfortable. Fat is held in place by the gluteal fold. If significant fat is lost from the buttock, then only appropriate training can prevent the buttock from sagging down against the thigh.
Lower Back This fat concentration often merges with the buttock area.
Chest
Breast tissue comprises the mammary gland (one's 'endowment') surrounded by fat. Men also have atrophied glands and fat in this area. Both sexes gain fat in this area. In men this can sometimes be mistaken for the condition of gynecomastia - a condition that includes not only fat build up, but growth in gland tissue.
Gender and Ethnic VariationThere is considerable research showing that fat distribution varies between gender and ethnic groups. For example men have an overall less body fat percentage than woman and Asian adults are more prone to visceral and central obesity than Europeans. Mediterranean women are prone to fat gain in the outer thighs.
Many people compare subcutaneous fat to the layers of an onion. Rather than disappearing from a particular place, it comes off layer by layer from the whole body.
Moreover, the way fat is shed is different from person to person. It tends to go from the most recent place it appeared.
Complications of Cellulites
This is further compounded by cellulite. With cellulite tissue, fatty acids are contained in a net of fibrous connective tissue. As fat loss occurs the net becomes compressed - making it difficult for the blood supply to readily remove the fat from these stubborn areas.
p. Outline common postural faultsThe three most common ones are Kyphosis, lordosis and Scoliosis.
Kyphosis is used to describe the curving of the back which leads to the top of the back rolling forward and causing a ‘hunchback’. The shoulders appeared curved and the scapulas are positioned further away from the spine. The chin also protrudes forward instead of being tucked neatly under the head.
It is caused by a plethora of factors including degenerative diseases, injuries, muscular conditions and problems such as slipped disks and also bad posture during adolescents, sometimes it will develop later in life, sometimes due to stress or a change in job which causes a stooped and rounded posture.
For some it can lead to pain, tiredness and in some causes breathing problems because the chest wall is not open as it should be.
Kyphosis can affect other areas of the body as the curve increases. The muscles in the upper back become out of balance and the pectoral, scapula muscles (shoulder blades) and internal rotators (within shoulders) will begin to tighten as they readjust to their new position, this in turn may lead to a weakness in the lateral and upward rotators in the shoulders. This causes a loss of strength in these areas. Due to the protrusion of the chin the sternocleidomastoid (neck muscle) becomes incredibly tight and uncomfortable which can lead to headaches.
Lordosis is an increase in curve in the spine. It is caused by certain muscles around the hip and lower back becoming tight such as the erector spinae and the hip flexors, whilst others such as the abdominals and the hip extensors become weaker, this presents a very inward curve in the central lower back. It is believed that if the spine is flexible and the curve can be straightened by bending forward then there is no need to seek help. But for some this curve can lead to lower back pain and can become uncomfortable as the muscles tighten often going into spasm. For some it can impede fitness routines as the muscles have very little mobility. Massage can really help with the release of tight muscles and help with the pain associated with Lordosis, the best treatment for Lordosis is to strengthen the core muscles and help loosen the lower back; massage combined with exercise will be the best medicine, loosen the back
muscles and tighten the abdomen muscles, some strong balancing and awareness of posture and lordosis can be cured.
Both Kyphosis and Lordosis occur naturally to a certain degree in everyone as the spine’s natural shape has a slight curve at the top and the bottom this enables the spine to deal with any daily impact. Only when these curves become exaggerated can they become a problem. The third common postural problem is another curvature of the spine but unlike Kyphosis and Lordosis it is not natural.
Scoliosis is described as the spine curving to either side of the body like ) or a (, the spine can also curve twice creating an S shape, in this circumstance the person may look straight as the curves counteract each other. The curve can impact on the ribs as it may start to pull the ribcage out of position. It is not always caused by anything in particular and can sometimes go unnoticed. Often it appears in adolescence during growth, sometimes comes about after injury because of overcompensating, it is sometimes treatable, although sometimes not fully, as with the other two, treatment varies depending on the severity. Massage can release the tightness in the muscles that are holding the vertebrae in their uneven position, sometimes this can encourage recovery of Scoliosis, often a visit to a Chiropractor after a few massage sessions can be the best prescription, although it cannot always be cured, massage will relieve the pain and discomfort caused by the curved spine.
h. Explain how to communicate and behave in a professional manner Verbal and Non verbal communication are key factors. Speaking manner and tone needs to be clear and polite. Must always respond to any situation professionally and be supportive, respectful and sensitive to a clients needs or queries. A client needs to know that you are engaged in your discussions and fully listening. Good posture and hygiene. Body language should be open and friendly, whilst also keeping good eye contact. Should refrain from talking loudly over your client to your colleagues.
i. Describe health and safety working practices ii. Fire Precautions Actiii. Health & Safety at Work Act iv. Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulationsv. The Management of Health & Safety at Work Regulations vi. The Workplace (Health, Safety & Welfare) Regulationsvii. The Manual Handling Operations Regulationsviii. The Personal Protective Equipment at Work Regulationsix. The Provision and Use of Work Equipment Regulationsx. The Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations (COSHH) xi. The Electricity at Work Regulations
xii. Reporting of Injuries, Diseases and Dangerous Occurrences Regulations (RIDDOR)
xiii. Disability Discrimination Act xiv. Data Protection Act xv. An employee must adhere to all product safety precautions and
manufacturers’ instructions xvi. Legislation which relates to the work being carried out.
j. Explain the importance of positioning yourself and the client correctly throughout the treatment It is important that yourself and your client feel relaxed and comfortable during treatments. Some examples include: keeping sufficient distance between you both to allow for personal space and having enough room to manoeuvre around. Correct positioning so that you are not frequently leaning over and you are able to keep good posture to avoid repetitive strains or injuries.The client needs to be correctly supported.Tools/equipment should be easily reachable.
l. Describe the benefits and uses of mechanical massage and pre-heat treatments
Massage is a method of manipulating body tissues and can be performed manually (by hand) and mechanically.
The main groups of massage manipulations are:
Effleurage
Petrissage [Pressure]
Tapotement [Percussion]
Vibrations
Frictions
A. Effleurage
Effleurage means to “stroke” but the two terms have slightly different meanings in massage. Effleurage can be:
Superficial – the pressure is lighter. Deep – the pressure is deeper.
Effleurage is a continuous movement performed with the whole palmar aspect of the hand, but on very small areas the padded surface of the fingers and thumbs may be used.
The movement follows the direction of the venous return [flow of blood back to heart] and along the flow of lymphatic vessels ending at lymphatic nodes.
The hands must be relaxed and moulded to the area being treated. Pressure is even for the whole stroke but it is increased more at the end where pressure is directed towards the nearest lymph nodes. At the end of the stroke the hands return each time to the start.
Effleurage is the stroke used at the beginning and end of massage, as well as for specific local dispersion of fluid or to increase circulation.
Effects and uses of Effleurage
Used as an introductory and completing movement. As a linking movement between strokes Induce relaxation Increase venous return Increase lymphatic flow Warming skin and producing erythema An increased circulation will improve nutrition to superficial organs, i.e in skin
it will promote healing and help carry away waste products of metabolism Increases desquamation by removal of dead skin cells, stimulation of sweat and
sebaceous glands improves elasticity and suppleness of the skin Has an effect on nerve endings- can be soothing or stimulatory depending on
rate or depth.
B.Petrissage [Pressure]
Petrissage are movements where the soft tissues are compressed against underlying structures [namely bone] or squeezed.
Petrissage movements are the deepest movements and include movements such as: Kneading Picking up Wringing Rolling Elbow and fist work
All these movements have a compression effect on the blood and lymph and will thus, stimulate drainage of these systems.
1.KneadingThis movement has many variations according to the shape, size and bulk of the area being treated and is thus adapted accordingly.
Pressure is in the direction of the venous return and the tissues are pressed and released against underlying bone. Kneading is a circular movement where the hand moves and applies pressure in an upward direction. The right hand always applies the movement in a clockwise direction whilst the left hand applies the same movement in an anti- clockwise direction. It is necessary to use body weight to increase pressure and depth.
Effects and uses
An increased blood flow to muscles and skin taking oxygen and nutrients with it
Increased lymphatic flow aiding removal of waste products of fatigue [lactic acid]
Aids peristalsis when giving over the colon To relieve tension nodules To relieve tension nodules
2. Picking upPicking up is a petrissage movement where the muscle is lifted away from deeper tissue or bone it can then be squeezed and released. One or both hands may be used, working simultaneously longitudinally along the length of the muscle, avoiding pinching between the fingers and thumb. The hands form a W shape when picking up with 2 hands, but form a V shape when applying a single handed movement.
Effects and uses of picking up Stimulates venous flow and lymphatic flow To loosen tight subcutaneous tissue/muscle tone
3. Wringing
Wringing is a petrissage movement where the tissues are compressed, lifted and gently stretched from the underlying structures. Once the tissues are held and stretched the motion concentrates on manipulating the fingers of 1 hand to the thumb of the other. Care must be taken to ensure that the hands do not pinch the skin.
Effects and uses of Wringing Improves circulation Improves muscle tone and elasticity
4. Rolling
Rolling is generally performed transversely across limbs, abdomen and back areas and can help drain waste products from the area to the nearest lymph node.
Effects and uses of Rolling
Stimulates blood circulation to muscles and skin thus increasing nutrients and function
Can stretch tight areas e.g old scar tissue Helps drain waste products
C.Frictions
Frictions are small, deep, concentrated movements applied with much pressure to localised areas. They are performed in circular or transverse directions with fingertips or thumbs.
Effects and uses of Frictions
To produce localised erythema To loosen and soften tight scar tissue Can breakdown muscle adhesions thus relieving “fibrositis” Increase joint mobility due to localised erythema Stimulating effect on spinal postural muscles
D. Tapotement [Percussion]
Tapotement/ Percussion manipulations are those which strike the body in a controlled manner. Both hands are used, which alternately provide stimulation to the area being worked on.
1. Hacking
Hacking is performed with the arms in abduction, elbows bent and wrists in extension. The hands alternately strike the area with the ulna side of the hand and little finger. The fingers must be relaxed and slightly apart so that as the manipulation is being performed the fingers fall successively on each other [should sound like raindrops]. Do not use the whole side of the hand as it is painful to the client.
Effects and uses of Hacking
Stimulates nerve endings Increases underlying muscle tone Can produce a stimulating, refreshed and invigorating feeling
2. Cupping
This manipulation is performed with the hands relaxed in a deeply cupped shape. The action is a rapid alternating flexion and extension of the wrist producing a hollow sound [horse’s hooves]. This action can cause underlying tissue to vibrate.
Effects and uses of Cupping
Produces immediate erythema Stimulates nerve endings Improve muscle tone
3. Beating and Pounding
These are heavier tapotement movements and consequently their use should be limited to heavier areas such as the gluteals.
Effects and uses of Beating and Pounding
Increase circulation Stimulates muscle tone quickly Increases nerve ending response
E. Vibrations
These are fine trembling movements using either 1 or 2 hands with the vibrations being transmitted to the area treated via the therapist’s hands. The whole palmar surface of the hand and fingers [or only 1 or 2 fingers for fine vibrations] must remain in contact with the skin with the arms and hands fully relaxed, taking care not to dig in the fingers. Vibrations can be static or running.
Effects and uses of Vibrations
Over the abdomen to relieve flatulence To loosen scar tissue
Heat Treatments Infra-red TreatmentInfra-red lamps emit infra-red rays – these have a heating and therapeutic effect on the epidermal tissues. Therefore:
Skin becomes warmer. Blood circulation increases locally as blood vessels dilate. Hyperaemia occurs - when skin reddens. Sensory nerve endings are soothed as a result of the heating action.
Application Apply to a clean skin – free from products. Carry out a tactile and thermal skin test prior to treatment and record results. Check for contra-indications Heat the lamp in advance of treatment. Apply at a distance of 20 – 40 cms (depends on skin sensitivity and area
treated). The rays emitted from the bulb must strike the skin at right angles
(perpendicular) for maximum penetration. For a pre-heat treatment apply 10 minutes prior to treatment. An effective treatment is to apply manual massage whilst the infra-red lamp is
currently on the area. Apply the lamp and massage for 15 minutes, then remove the lamp and continue the massage to complete the treatment e.g. the back area.
Over exposure and incorrect treatment technique can cause: Burns, headaches or fainting.
G5 Vibratory Treatments
There are three types of vibratory treatments which may be applied to the body, the large gyratory vibrators, smaller hand held percussion vibrators and audio sonic machines.
The gyratory vibrators work on a vertical and horizontal plane creating a circular movement whilst vibrating up and down thus achieving effects similar in action to manual massage. By altering the applicator heads and method of use, effects such as effleurage, petrissage, tapotement and frictions can be obtained.
Contra -indications that restrict treatment
Varicose veins Hairy pigmented moles and skin tags Menstruation Piercings Pregnancy Cuts/abrasions and bruises Certain types of medication that causes skin thinning and sensitivity
Contra – indications that prevent treatment
Epilepsy Pacemaker Dysfunction of nervous system Undiagnosed lumps or bumps
General effects and benefits of Vibratory treatments
Improves general stimulation of blood supply to the area worked on resulting in erythema and a feeling of warmth.
Improvement of muscle tone due to interchange of blood through the tissues bringing oxygen and nutrients.
Increases cellular metabolism Skin desquamation.
m. Describe how treatments can be adapted to suit client treatment needs, skin types and conditions A clients preferences and commitment should be considered. What products are available to meet their desired results. Deciding what can be achieved within a certain time frame, a clients affordability and frequency of maintenance.
n. State the contra-actions that may occur during and following treatments and how to respond Contra-actions
Insufficient protection and frequency over bony areas. Treatment applied too long – excessive erythema. Too much pressure applied – skin irritation. Bruising to delicate areas – excess frequency intensity
o. Explain the importance of completing the treatment to the satisfaction of the client It is important to conclude a treatment in the correct manner to meet a client’s needs. At the end of a treatment and during, if the client desires, a mirror should be offered so that the client can check the results and provide you with feedback. It is important to agree the results verbally and written on record card. Before and after photos are also helpful and give you a visual timeline on ho the treatments have progressed and improved. Making a record of any adjustments needed for the next treatment.
p. Explain the importance of completing treatment records
Details of the information obtained during consultation and of every treatment given must be kept on a record card or on computer. The record card is used for reference where the information taken will indicate the best way results can be achieved effectively.
Record card information must include: Client’s title, name and address Home and work telephone numbers (to cancel /update appointments) Date of birth Medical history Doctors name and address State of health at consultation period
The record card must be checked by the client that the information is correct and signed by both the therapist and the client. There may be times that the clients GP may need to give approval to treatment if certain contra-indications become present. This may only be carried out with the client’s permission and a GP will not release personal details to a therapist apart from a written approval letter but only if this has been requested by the client. Record cards contain confidential information and must not be left around for other people to see. Computer recorded details must appear by law in the Data protection register, which allows the client access to see their personal data and correct it.
r. Describe the aftercare advice that should be providedAdvise skin products to support treatment. Advise the client on the correct posture needed to prevent tension nodules.Client could be advised to ontinue relaxation with relaxing bath products and massage techniques that can be applied at home.
To avoid irritation, for 24 hours after treatment:
A client should be advised to drink plenty of water to assist the body's detoxification process. It is strongly advised to drink a full glass of water immediately after the treatment to avoid headaches that can be caused by the toxins released through the massage.
Eating a heavy meal after treatment should be avoided. The diet should be kept light while the body is using its energy for healing.
Avoid further toxins and stimulants such as smoking, alcohol, drugs, tea & coffee.
Avoid heat treatments & applying further products to the skin as it may be sensitive
Avoid strenuous exercise to allow the body to use its energy for healing
If oil has been used in the treatment, advise client to leave in for a couple of hours if possible to nourish skin & hair.
General lifestyle advice to prolong benefits of massage:
Don't smoke Get 8 hours of sleep per night Exercise 2-3 times per week Take time to relax - take up a hobby or simply have a hot bath to relax the
muscles and let mental tensions wash away Practice Tai Chi, Yoga or meditation if appropriate Practice the correct breathing techniques to create a feeling of calm
s. Describe the structure and the main functions of the following body systems in relation to massage:• skin improved circulation to the skin, increased nutrition to the cells and encouraging cell regenerationincreased production of sweat from the sweat glands, helping to excrete urea and waste products through the skinvaso-dilation of the surface capillaries helping to improve the skin’s colourimproved elasticity of the skinincreased sebum production, helping to improve the skin’s suppleness and resistance to infection.
• skeletal - Massage can help increase joint mobility by reducing any thickening of the connective tissue and helping to release restrictions in the facia.It helps to free adhesions, break down scar tissue and decrease inflammation. As a result it can help to restore range of motion to stiff joints.Massage improves muscle tone and balance, reducing the physical stress placed on bones and joints.
• muscular - Massage relieves muscular tightness, stiffness, spasms and restrictions in the muscle tissue.It increases flexibility in the muscles due to muscular relaxation.It increases blood circulation bringing more oxygen and nutrients into the muscle. This reduces muscle fatigue and soreness.It promotes rapid removal of toxins and waste products from the muscle.
• cardiovascular
improve circulation by mechanically assisting the venous flow of blood back to the heartdilate blood vessels helping them to work more efficientlyproduce an enhanced blood flow; delivery of fresh oxygen and nutrients to the tissues is improved and the removal of waste products, toxins and carbon dioxide is hastened via the venous systemhelp temporarily to decrease blood pressure, due to dilation of capillariesdecrease the heart rate due to relaxationreduce ischaemia (ischaemia is a reduction in the flow of blood to body parts, often marked by pain and tissue dysfunction).
• lymphatic - reduce oedema (excess fluid in the tissue) by increasing lymphatic drainage and the removal of waste from the systemregular massage may help to strengthen the immune system, due to increase in white blood cells.
• nervous - Massage stimulates sensory receptors: this can either stimulate or soothe nerves depending on the techniques used.It also stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, helping promote relaxation and the reduction of stress.Massage helps to reduce pain by the release of endorphins (endorphins are also known to elevate the mood).
• digestive - increase peristalsis in the large intestine, helping to relieve constipation, colic and gaspromote the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, which stimulates digestion.
• urinary - Massage increases urinary output due to the increased circulation and lymph drainage from the tissues.
EndocrineIncreases general circulation in the endocrine system and thus helps in transport of hormones; Indirectly aids immune system, as some hormones produce lymphocytes to aid in immunisation; Normalises endocrine activity through a balancing effect on the Autonomic Nervous.
t. Describe the main diseases and disorders of body systems
Diseases and illnesses target all body systems, such as the circulatory, digestive, reproductive, endocrine, neurological, skeletal and muscular systems. Sources of diseases include genetics, bacteria, poor nutrition, viruses, parasites and fungi.
Diseases include noncontagious, gender related and age related diseases. Most common are heart disease, cancer and stroke.
Liver diseases
A healthy liver helps the body fight infections and cleans blood of toxins. When the liver becomes damaged or diseased it can be life threatening.
Autoimmune Diseases
The body's immune system works to keep germs from overtaking the cells and organs. In autoimmune diseases, the body fails to recognize the parts of the body as belonging and attacks itself. Symptoms of autoimmune diseases include fatigue and dizziness and range from mild to severe. Autoimmune diseases that affect both men and women include diabetes type 1, Graves' disease, celiac disease, inflammatory bowel disease, multiple sclerosis, rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus
Thyroid Diseases
The thyroid gland, located in the front of the neck, is an endocrine gland that secretes hormones to help the functions of the heart, brain, muscles, reproductive system and intestines, as reported by the Cleveland Clinic. An overactive thyroid, known as hyperthyroidism, produces symptoms such as irritability, excessive sweating, rapid heartbeat, hair thinning and weight loss. Symptoms of an underactive thyroid, or hypothyroidism, include depression, weak muscles, coldness, moderate weight gain and constipation. An enlarged thyroid, or goiter, can be associated with hyperthyroidism or hypothyroidism. Other diseases of the thyroid include thyroid nodules, cancers and inflammation of the thyroid gland.
Prostate Diseases
The prostate gland, about the size of a walnut, surrounds part of the tube that carries urine from the bladder through the penis. Signs of an enlarged or infected prostate include difficulty passing urine and an increase in the urgency to pass urine. There are four types of prostatitis, which is inflammation of the prostate: acute bacterial, chronic bacterial, chronic prostatitis and asymptomatic inflammatory prostatitis.
u. Describe the effects of massage on the body Massage involves two types of responses:
mechanical responses as a result of pressure and movement as the soft tissues are manipulated
reflex responses in which the nerves respond to stimulation.
Effects on the Skeletal System Massage can help increase joint mobility by reducing any thickening of the
connective tissue and helping to release restrictions in the facia. It helps to free adhesions, break down scar tissue and decrease inflammation. As
a result it can help to restore range of motion to stiff joints. Massage improves muscle tone and balance, reducing the physical stress placed
on bones and joints.Effects on the Muscular System Massage relieves muscular tightness, stiffness, spasms and restrictions in the
muscle tissue. It increases flexibility in the muscles due to muscular relaxation. It increases blood circulation bringing more oxygen and nutrients into the
muscle. This reduces muscle fatigue and soreness. It promotes rapid removal of toxins and waste products from the muscle.
Effects on the Cardiovascular SystemMassage can:
improve circulation by mechanically assisting the venous flow of blood back to the heart
dilate blood vessels helping them to work more efficiently produce an enhanced blood flow; delivery of fresh oxygen and nutrients to the
tissues is improved and the removal of waste products, toxins and carbon dioxide is hastened via the venous system
help temporarily to decrease blood pressure, due to dilation of capillaries decrease the heart rate due to relaxation reduce ischaemia (ischaemia is a reduction in the flow of blood to body parts,
often marked by pain and tissue dysfunction).Effects on the Lymphatic SystemMassage helps to:
reduce oedema (excess fluid in the tissue) by increasing lymphatic drainage and the removal of waste from the system
regular massage may help to strengthen the immune system, due to increase in white blood cells.
Effects on the Nervous System Massage stimulates sensory receptors: this can either stimulate or soothe nerves
depending on the techniques used. It also stimulates the parasympathetic nervous system, helping promote
relaxation and the reduction of stress.
Massage helps to reduce pain by the release of endorphins (endorphins are also known to elevate the mood).
Effects on the SkinMassage can bring about:
improved circulation to the skin, increased nutrition to the cells and encouraging cell regeneration
increased production of sweat from the sweat glands, helping to excrete urea and waste products through the skin
vaso-dilation of the surface capillaries helping to improve the skin’s colour improved elasticity of the skin increased sebum production, helping to improve the skin’s suppleness and
resistance to infection.Effects on the Respiratory System Massage deepens respiration and improves lung capacity by relaxing any
tightness in the respiratory muscles. It also slows down the rate of respiration due to the reduced stimulation of the
sympathetic nervous systemEffects on the Digestive SystemMassage can:
increase peristalsis in the large intestine, helping to relieve constipation, colic and gas
promote the activity of the parasympathetic nervous system, which stimulates digestion.
Effects on the Urinary System Massage increases urinary output due to the increased circulation and lymph
drainage from the tissues.The Physiological Effects of MassageMassage can help to:
reduce stress and anxiety by relaxing both mind and body create a feeling of well-being and enhanced self-esteem promote positive body awareness and an improved body image through
relaxation ease emotional trauma through relaxation
v. Describe the uses of the five classical massage movements
1. Effleurage
These are the sliding or gliding Swedish massage techniques that cover different areas of the body. They arelong sweeping strokes that alternate between firm and light pressure and with can be performed using the palm of the hand or the fingertips. The knots and tension in the muscles tend to get broken with this massage technique.
2. Petrissage
This is the technique of kneading the muscles of the body to attain deeper massage penetration. The thumbs and the knuckles of the fingers are used to knead the muscles of the body and to squeeze them to prepare them for the other Swedish massage techniques that follow.
3. Tapotement or Rhythmic Tapping
This technique of Swedish massage, as the name suggests consists of rhythmic tapping that uses the fists of the cupped hands. This helps to loosen and relax the muscles being manipulated and also helps to energize them. The sides of the hands are used in this massage technique.
4. Friction
This move seeks to create heat to bring about relaxation of the muscles. The palms of the hand are rubbed together vigorously with each other, or they are rubbed onto the skin of the person being massaged in order to produce heat by friction. This technique can be used as a warm up for the muscles of the body to be treated for deeper massage.
5. Vibration or Shaking
This is the one among Swedish massage techniques that helps to loosen up the muscles by using a back and forth action of the fingertips or the heel of the hand over the skin. The muscles of the body are literally shaken up to loosen and relax the muscles. The sides of the hand, and any part of the hand such as the tips or heel can be used by the masseuse to shake up the muscles of the person.
w. Describe the uses of different massage mediums Massage mediums aid in keeping the massage movements fluid, which maintains the therapeutic and relaxing qualities of massage. Different mediums are suited for different types of massage.
Massage Oil
This is the most common massage medium. Traditionally, plant oils are used to promote slip and glide for extended periods of time, allowing the therapist to use smooth controlled movements without pinching or pulling the skin. The best varieties
of massage oils do not absorb into the skin quickly or are worked in easily, but are complimentary to the skin and resemble the same characteristics as skin’s own natural oils. It is easily combined with essential oils to add an aromatherapeutic element to the massage. Many popular massage oils contain a variety of natural ingredients that benefit the skin, such as antioxidants like vitamins A, C and E, and grapeseed extract, as well as lipids and amino acids. The most commonly found varieties of oil include sweet almond oil, grapeseed oil, jojoba oil and sunflower oil.
Massage Cream
This medium is suited for those clients who need deeper tissue work and require a heavier medium. The thick base provides longer-lasting slip and glide than lighter formulations. It is also good for clients who are oil-phobic or do not like the feel of oil on their skin. It can be easier to wash off than oil and leaves a non-greasy feel.
Massage Powder
This medium is not common, but has a tradition of use in both Ayurvedic and reflexology. Powders are not absorbed, so they can produce a long-lasting glide with a smooth, dry feel. Herbal powders, such as fenugreek powder, are used along with more traditional powders, such as cornstarch, millet and arrowroot. Powders are great for massaging areas prone to oil or perspiration, such as the scalp and feet. A lot of powder is needed to produce results.
Massage Lotion
Massage lotion is good for small areas or for quick treatments, since its consistency is lighter than oil or cream. Lotion tends to absorb into the skin on its own or very quickly with the application of pressure, so it is not suited for long treatments or full-body massages. It does not need rinsing or toweling off, and leaves the skin soft and hydrated.
x. Describe the legislation relating to the provision of massage treatments
Legislation
Health, safety and hygiene are of paramount importance in the workplace. Legally every place of employment must be healthy and safe for employees, clients and visitors. Failure to comply with legislation or rules governed by local authorities can have serious consequences including:
Claims from injured staff or clients.
Bad publicity. Business closure.
An establishment for special treatments, such as massage may require a licence, regulations may vary from county to county and must be thoroughly checked. Massage, aromatherapy and reflexology fall under the scope of special treatments. Applications should be made to a local authority, there is usually a fee and any information requested must be available.
In some circumstances the council may grant an exemption to a business or individual therapist.
Licences will be subject to conditions. An application may be refused for one of the
following reasons:
the premises are not suitable
there is a likelihood of nuisance being caused in the area
the person who will manage the premises is not fit and proper
the people giving the treatments are not suitably qualified
the safety of equipment is not satisfactory
there is a question as to the safety of the treatment being given
