MAST AND RIGGINGSUBMITTED BY:

RAHUL REGHU KRAHUL THAKURS SANTHOSH KUMAR

MAST The mast of a sailing vessel is a tall spar, or

arrangement of spars, erected more or less vertically on the centre-line of a ship or boat. Its purposes include carrying sail, spars, and derricks, and giving necessary height to a navigation light, look-out position, signal yard, control position, radio aerial or signal lamp.

 Large ships have several masts, with the size and configuration depending on the style of ship. Nearly all sailing masts are guyed.

The additional masting is provided for steaming lights, signaling apparatus, radio aerials etc. It is fairly common practice to erect a light pole mast above the navigating bridge.

• The masts are of tubular steel construction with steel wire shrouds.

• This stays as necessary, and provision is made for

additional stays to be rigged when heavy lifts are undertaken.

• Steel vertical ladders are secured directly to the

mast and derrick posts for access purposes.

• Bipod masts are fitted in some new merchant ships.

Nomenclature Sprit topmast: a small mast set on the end of

the bowsprit (discontinued after the early 18th century); not usually counted as a mast, however, when identifying a ship as "two masted" or "three masted"

Fore-mast: the mast nearest the bow, or the mast forward of the main mast.

Main-mast: the tallest mast, usually located near the center of the ship.

Mizzen-mast: the third mast, or the mast immediately aft of the main-mast. Typically shorter than the fore-mast.

CONVENTIONAL MAST-PARTS AND FITTING

• A mast is generally made in either one or two pieces,

Lower mast Upper mast

• If a mast is made of one piece it is called as pole mast.

• If pole mast is particularly tall the upper part is called the top mast and the lower part is called the lower mast. An upper mast is stepped at the head of its lower mast.

DESIGN & CONSTRUCTION

The top of mast is called the head and the bottom is called the heel.

   When a mast pasts through a deck the deck

round the mast hole is strengthened by guiders and beams called mast partners and the mast is secured in the hole by wedges, the mast hole in the weather deck is made water tight by a canvas cover called the mast coat.

The heel of a mast stepped on the upper deck is fitted into a box like structure called tabernacle which supports the lower part of the mast.

The masts of river going vessels which are stepped in tabernacle may be hinged so that they can be laid on deck when the vessels have to pass lower bridges.

For the same purpose a topmast is fitted so that it can be lowered and secured along side its lower mast, in which position it is said to be housed; but if it is sent right down on deck said to be strock.

The housing, the hounding, the master head:

• The housing of a lower mast is the part which extends from its heel to the upper deck or the top of its tabernacle.

• The housing of the topmast is that part which extends from its heel to the head of its lower mast.

• The hounding is that part which extends from the top of housing to a position some distance below the head where the standing rigging is secured.

• The lower part of the hounding of a lower mast just above the upper deck is called the foot.

• The mast head extend from the top of the hounding to the head of the mast that of a lower mast being called the lower mast head and that of a top mast beign called top mast head.

MAST SPARS Mast spars are the projections made from mast

which are intended for placing the navigational, communication and cargo handling.

Yard is spar which is crossed horizontally athwart a mast is called a yard. Yards are used to carry signal halyards and wireless aerials.

• Gaff is a spar projecting aft from a main mast and cocked up at an angle of about 45degree with a mast. It is used for wearing an ensign.

• Derricks : are the booms fitted at the foot of most merchant ships’ masts and are used for working cargo.

• Spurs : are steel arms of varying sizes projecting horizontally from the mast and used for carrying signal halyards or the gantlines for hoisting oil navigating lights and other gear into place.

LATTICE MAST

• Plated masts is a later adopted trend for masts.

• Its advantages are;

Provides extra strength for carrying heavier and more complex aerials.

Provides space inside for radio offices etc.

RIGGING• Rigging is the mechanical sailing apparatus

attached to the hull in order to move the boat as a whole. This includes cordage (ropes attached to the spars and sails in order to manipulate their position and shape), sails (aerofoils, usually made of fabric, used to catch the wind), and spars (masts and other solid objects sails are attached to). Cordage is more usually the term for stocks of rope, yarn, or other types of line in storage, before it has been put to some use in a vessel, where after is commonly referred to as part of the rigging.

RIGGING• Rigging is the rope work done for supporting the

mast operations.

• There are mainly two kinds of rigging;

Standing rigging which supports the mast during the action of different forces acting upon the mast in different directions.

Running rigging which is the rigging operations which are done during the sailing of ships. In the days of sail the running rigging of a full- rigged ship was very complex and included.

STANDING RIGGING It refers to lines, wires, or rods which are more or

less fixed in position while the boat is under sail. This term is used in contrast to running rigging, which represents elements of rigging which move and change fairly often while under sail.

Standing rigging is placed under tension to keep the various spars securely in position and adequately braced to handle loads induced by sails.

a modern sailboat rigged as a sloop will carry the following pieces of standing rigging: a forestay, a backstay, and upper and lower shrouds (side stays)

• When we talk about sailboat rigging, we mean all the wires, ropes and lines that support the rig and control the sails. To be more precise, the highly tensioned stays and shrouds that support the mast are known collectively as standing rigging, whilst the rope halyards, sheets and other control lines come under the heading of running rigging.

• Forestays and backstays gives support in a fore and aft direction.

• Shrouds gives supporting port- star board direction.

• Insulators are fitted in all standing wire rope rigging to prevent electrical interference with radio and radar installations whose positions must not be altered.

Standing rigging is at left, running rigging at right

• The shrouds of the lower mast are led each side to the gunwales; they serve to some extend as back stays.

• The fore stays of afore lower mast is usually led to the eyes of the ship, and its back stays (if fitted) are leading abaft the shrouds each side to the gunwales.

• The fore stay of a main lower mast is usually led to a position on the upper deck well before the mast and on the midship line and the backstay is led to the stern.

RUNNING RIGGING  It is the rigging of a sailing vessel that is used for

raising, lowering and controlling the sails - as opposed to the standing rigging, which supports the mast and other spars.

Traditionally the running rigging was easily recognized since, for flexibility, it was not coated with tar and therefore of a lighter colour than the standing rigging which was tarred for protection from weather and therefore darker or even black in colour

RUNNING RIGGINGFor running rigging, Halyards for hoisting and lowering the yards and

sails. Sheets for trimming the sails. Braces for slewing the yards and lifts for squaring

them together with various tackles for working them.

• But nowadays the running rigging of a mast is comparatively simple and consists chiefly of signal halyards and dressing lines.

• Gantlines are made of cordage, of small size wire rope or of chain, and are rove through blocks on the masts or funnels.

They are used for hoisting gear aloft and can be kept permanently rigged, and they often have to bear the weight of a man they must be inspected frequently.

• Dressing lines are used on ceremonial occasions for dressing ships i.e. for hoisting flags bent at close intervals on lines which , in a two masted ship run from the stem to the fore – masthead and then to the stern

THE MAST AND RIGGING OF A SAILING SHIP

THANK YOU