Mastering Mastering CAD/CAMCAD/CAM
Ibrahim ZeidIbrahim Zeid
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CHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 1 - INTRODUCTIONGOALGOAL
Understand and master the nature of CAD/CAM systems, their Understand and master the nature of CAD/CAM systems, their basicbasic
structure, their use in engineering tasks, and their use to create structure, their use in engineering tasks, and their use to create geometricgeometric
models of simple parts.models of simple parts.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Product life cycleProduct life cycle Scope of CAD/CAMScope of CAD/CAM CAD/CAM ApplicationsCAD/CAM Applications Acquiring CAD/CAM SystemsAcquiring CAD/CAM Systems Installing CAD/CAM SystemsInstalling CAD/CAM Systems Becoming familiar with CAD/CAM systemsBecoming familiar with CAD/CAM systems GUIs and GUIs and HelpHelp menus menus Demo partsDemo parts
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CHAPTER 2 – 3D MODELING AND CHAPTER 2 – 3D MODELING AND VIEWINGVIEWING
GOALGOALUnderstand and master the basic concepts of 3D modeling Understand and master the basic concepts of 3D modeling
and viewing,and viewing,the difference between them, the control of modeling via the difference between them, the control of modeling via
sketch planes,sketch planes,and the effective use of CAD/CAM systems in geometric and the effective use of CAD/CAM systems in geometric
modeling.modeling.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVESAfter reading this chapter, you should understand the After reading this chapter, you should understand the
following concepts:following concepts: Types of geometric modelsTypes of geometric models Coordinate systemsCoordinate systems Sketching and sketch planesSketching and sketch planes Modeling entities and featuresModeling entities and features Modeling operationsModeling operations Modeling strategiesModeling strategies Model viewingModel viewing System modesSystem modes
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CHAPTER 3 – MODELING AIDS AND CHAPTER 3 – MODELING AIDS AND TOOLSTOOLS
GOALGOAL
Understand and master modeling aids and manipulations, know Understand and master modeling aids and manipulations, know thethe
available tools offered by CAD/CAM systems, and learn how and available tools offered by CAD/CAM systems, and learn how and whenwhen
to use the tools to speed up geometric construction.to use the tools to speed up geometric construction.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Geometric modifiersGeometric modifiers LayersLayers ColorsColors GridsGrids GroupsGroups Entity selectionEntity selection Entity manipulationEntity manipulation Entity editingEntity editing
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CHAPTER 4 – ENGINEERING DRAWINGSCHAPTER 4 – ENGINEERING DRAWINGSGOALGOAL
Understand and master the creation of engineering drawings, their Understand and master the creation of engineering drawings, their use inuse in
design documentation, their use in manufacturing activities, thedesign documentation, their use in manufacturing activities, the
information that a drawing stores, and how to avoid over- or under-information that a drawing stores, and how to avoid over- or under-
dimensioningdimensioning..
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Engineering drawings (blueprints)Engineering drawings (blueprints) CAD drawingsCAD drawings CAD viewsCAD views Title blockTitle block DimensioningDimensioning TolerancesTolerances Notes and labelsNotes and labels Manufacturing informationManufacturing information
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CHAPTER 5 – CAD/CAM PROGRAMMINGCHAPTER 5 – CAD/CAM PROGRAMMINGGOALGOAL
Understand and master the concepts of object-oriented Understand and master the concepts of object-oriented programmingprogramming
and their use in parametric design, become familiar with and their use in parametric design, become familiar with customizingcustomizing
CAD/CAM systems, and know the various methods of CAD/CAMCAD/CAM systems, and know the various methods of CAD/CAM
programmingprogramming..
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Object definitionObject definition Object creation and useObject creation and use InheritanceInheritance MacrosMacros CAD/CAM API functionsCAD/CAM API functions C++ and OpenGLC++ and OpenGL Java 3DJava 3D
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CHAPTER 6 - CURVESCHAPTER 6 - CURVESGOALGOAL
Understand and master the theory and practice of curves, their Understand and master the theory and practice of curves, their types,types,
parametric formulation, vector analysis, their implementation parametric formulation, vector analysis, their implementation byby
CAD/CAM systems, and their use in geometric modeling.CAD/CAM systems, and their use in geometric modeling.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Geometric modelingGeometric modeling Modeling entitiesModeling entities Curve implicit equationsCurve implicit equations Curve parametric equationsCurve parametric equations Curve propertiesCurve properties Analytic curvesAnalytic curves Synthetic curvesSynthetic curves Curve manipulationsCurve manipulations
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CHAPTER 7 - SURFACESCHAPTER 7 - SURFACESGOALGOAL
Understand and master the theory and practice of surfaces, their Understand and master the theory and practice of surfaces, their types,types,
parametric formulation, their implementation by CAD/CAD parametric formulation, their implementation by CAD/CAD systems, andsystems, and
their use in geometric modeling.their use in geometric modeling.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Surfaces and solid modelingSurfaces and solid modeling Surface entitiesSurface entities Extending curves to surfacesExtending curves to surfaces Surface parametric equationsSurface parametric equations Surface propertiesSurface properties Analytic surfacesAnalytic surfaces Parametric surfacesParametric surfaces Surface manipulationsSurface manipulations
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CHAPTER 8 - NURBSCHAPTER 8 - NURBSGOALGOAL
Understand and master the theory and practice of NURBS curves Understand and master the theory and practice of NURBS curves andand
surfaces, their formulation, their implementation by CAD/CAM surfaces, their formulation, their implementation by CAD/CAM systems,systems,
and the advantages of their use in geometric modeling.and the advantages of their use in geometric modeling.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
NURBS modelingNURBS modeling NURBS basics (knot vectors and weights)NURBS basics (knot vectors and weights) NURBS curvesNURBS curves NURBS linesNURBS lines NURBS arcs and circlesNURBS arcs and circles NURBS surfacesNURBS surfaces NURBS bilinear surfaceNURBS bilinear surface NURBS ruled surfaceNURBS ruled surface
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CHAPTER 9 - INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 9 - INTRODUCTIONGOALGOAL
Understand and master the concepts of solid modeling, the use Understand and master the concepts of solid modeling, the use ofof
primitives in geometric modeling, the basics of Boolean primitives in geometric modeling, the basics of Boolean operations, andoperations, and
the representation schemes of solids.the representation schemes of solids.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Geometry and topologyGeometry and topology PrimitivesPrimitives Primitives’ manipulationPrimitives’ manipulation Regularized setsRegularized sets Set membership classificationSet membership classification Constructive solid geometry (CSG)Constructive solid geometry (CSG) Boundary representation (B-rep)Boundary representation (B-rep) SweepsSweeps
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CHAPTER 10 - INTRODUCTIONCHAPTER 10 - INTRODUCTIONGOALGOAL
Understand and master the concept of features and their use in Understand and master the concept of features and their use in geometricgeometric
modeling; the basics of parametrics, relations, and constraints; modeling; the basics of parametrics, relations, and constraints; and the useand the use
of parametrics and relations in “what-if” design questions.of parametrics and relations in “what-if” design questions.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Features and primitivesFeatures and primitives Feature entitiesFeature entities 3D sketching3D sketching Feature representationFeature representation Creating featuresCreating features ParametricsParametrics Relations and constraintsRelations and constraints Feature manipulationsFeature manipulations
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CHAPTER 11 – GRAPHICS DISPLAYCHAPTER 11 – GRAPHICS DISPLAYGOALGOAL
Understand and master the concept of raster displays, the types Understand and master the concept of raster displays, the types of displayof display
monitors (including the digital flat panel displays), and the monitors (including the digital flat panel displays), and the parameters ofparameters of
these displays.these displays.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Impact of displays on CAD modelsImpact of displays on CAD models CRTsCRTs Flat screen CRTsFlat screen CRTs Flat panel displaysFlat panel displays LCDsLCDs Digital flat panel displaysDigital flat panel displays Comparing displaysComparing displays SpecificationsSpecifications
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CHAPTER 12 - TRANSFORMATIONSCHAPTER 12 - TRANSFORMATIONSGOALGOAL
Understand and master the concepts of geometric transformations, Understand and master the concepts of geometric transformations, theirtheir
types, their use in geometric modeling, how they speed up the types, their use in geometric modeling, how they speed up the creation ofcreation of
CAD models, and how CAD systems use them to create views andCAD models, and how CAD systems use them to create views and
engineering drawings.engineering drawings.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Need for geometric transformationsNeed for geometric transformations Translation, rotation, mirroring, scaling, and reflectionTranslation, rotation, mirroring, scaling, and reflection Homogeneous transformationsHomogeneous transformations Concatenated transformationsConcatenated transformations Inverse transformationsInverse transformations Projections of geometric modelsProjections of geometric models Orthographic projectionsOrthographic projections Perspective projectionsPerspective projections
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CHAPTER 13 - VISUALIZATIONCHAPTER 13 - VISUALIZATIONGOALGOAL
Understand and master the concepts of rendering and Understand and master the concepts of rendering and visualization andvisualization and
their importance to geometric modeling, and understand the their importance to geometric modeling, and understand the relatedrelated
algorithms.algorithms.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Need for renderingNeed for rendering Model cleanupModel cleanup Hidden line removalHidden line removal Hidden surface removalHidden surface removal Hidden solid removalHidden solid removal Visualization algorithmsVisualization algorithms ShadingShading ColorsColors
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CHAPTER 14 – COMPUTER ANIMATIONCHAPTER 14 – COMPUTER ANIMATIONGOALGOAL
Understand and master the concepts of motion and Understand and master the concepts of motion and animation and theiranimation and their
importance to geometric modeling, and understand the importance to geometric modeling, and understand the related algorithms.related algorithms.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:following concepts:
Need for motion and animationNeed for motion and animation Computer animationComputer animation Frame-buffer animationFrame-buffer animation Real-time playbackReal-time playback Keyframe techniqueKeyframe technique Simulation approachSimulation approach Animation-related problemsAnimation-related problems Animation of articulated bodiesAnimation of articulated bodies
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CHAPTER 15 – MASS PROPERTIESCHAPTER 15 – MASS PROPERTIESGOALGOAL
Understand and master geometric and mass properties, how to Understand and master geometric and mass properties, how to calculatecalculate
them, the concept of numerical integration, and how to use CAD them, the concept of numerical integration, and how to use CAD systemssystems
to calculate mass properties.to calculate mass properties.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Importance of mass properties in CAD designImportance of mass properties in CAD design Calculate curve and contour lengthsCalculate curve and contour lengths Calculate areasCalculate areas Calculate volumesCalculate volumes Calculate centroidsCalculate centroids Calculate inertia propertiesCalculate inertia properties Use Gauss quadratureUse Gauss quadrature Use mass properties in part designUse mass properties in part design
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CHAPTER 16 – ASSEMBLY MODELINGCHAPTER 16 – ASSEMBLY MODELINGGOALGOAL
Understand and master assemblies, the different approaches to Understand and master assemblies, the different approaches to creatingcreating
then, assembly analysis, and how to use CAD systems to create then, assembly analysis, and how to use CAD systems to create assemblyassembly
models.models.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Differences between part and assembly modelingDifferences between part and assembly modeling Mating conditionsMating conditions Bottom-up assembly modeling approachBottom-up assembly modeling approach Top-down assembly modeling approachTop-down assembly modeling approach WCS and mate methods to assemble partsWCS and mate methods to assemble parts Managing assembliesManaging assemblies Working with subassembliesWorking with subassemblies Assembly analysisAssembly analysis
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CHAPTER 17 – FINITE ELEMENT CHAPTER 17 – FINITE ELEMENT METHODMETHOD
GOALGOAL
Understand finite element modeling and analysis. How to Understand finite element modeling and analysis. How to calculatecalculate
stresses an strains, and how to use CAD systems to help performstresses an strains, and how to use CAD systems to help perform
FEM/FEA.FEM/FEA.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Why the finite element methodWhy the finite element method Procedure of the finite element methodProcedure of the finite element method FEAFEA FEMFEM Preprocessors: mesh generationPreprocessors: mesh generation Postprocessors: results displayPostprocessors: results display Understanding the resultsUnderstanding the results How CAD systems facilitate both FEM and FEAHow CAD systems facilitate both FEM and FEA
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CHAPTER 18 – PRODUCT DATA CHAPTER 18 – PRODUCT DATA EXCHANGEEXCHANGE
GOALGOAL
Understand data exchange standards including IGES and STEP, Understand data exchange standards including IGES and STEP, howhow
translators work, why we need preprocessors and translators work, why we need preprocessors and postprocessors, andpostprocessors, and
how to test translators to ensure the correct data conversion.how to test translators to ensure the correct data conversion.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Necessary evil of CAD/CAM data translationNecessary evil of CAD/CAM data translation Data exchange formatData exchange format IGES standardIGES standard STEP standardSTEP standard ACIS formatACIS format DXF DXF de factode facto standard standard File structure and formatFile structure and format Testing and verificationTesting and verification
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CHAPTER 19 – COLLABORATIVE DESIGNCHAPTER 19 – COLLABORATIVE DESIGNGOALGOAL
Understand the difference between traditional and collaborative Understand the difference between traditional and collaborative design,design,
become familiar with collaborative design concepts, understand itsbecome familiar with collaborative design concepts, understand its
requirements, and know what tools are needed to perform requirements, and know what tools are needed to perform collaborativecollaborative
design.design.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Synchronous and asynchronous communicationSynchronous and asynchronous communication Distributed computing modelDistributed computing model Instant messagingInstant messaging Virtual realityVirtual reality Collaborative design principlesCollaborative design principles Collaboration approachesCollaboration approaches Collaboration toolsCollaboration tools Collaborative design softwareCollaborative design software
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CHAPTER 20 – ENGINEERING CHAPTER 20 – ENGINEERING TOLERANCESTOLERANCES
GOALGOAL
Understand the importance and role of tolerances in Understand the importance and role of tolerances in manufacturing, themanufacturing, the
different types of tolerances, part inspection and its relation to different types of tolerances, part inspection and its relation to tolerances,tolerances,
and how CAD systems implement and use tolerances.and how CAD systems implement and use tolerances.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Tolerance concepts: limits and fits, accumulation, cost, and Tolerance concepts: limits and fits, accumulation, cost, and qualityquality
Conventional tolerancesConventional tolerances Geometric tolerancesGeometric tolerances DatumsDatums ANSI GD&T Y14.5M standardsANSI GD&T Y14.5M standards Inspection gagesInspection gages Tolerance stackup analysisTolerance stackup analysis Tolerance synthesisTolerance synthesis
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CHAPTER 21 – PROCESS PLANNINGCHAPTER 21 – PROCESS PLANNINGGOALGOAL
Understand the interface between design and manufacturing and Understand the interface between design and manufacturing and betweenbetween
CAD and CAM, the importance of process planning, the basics of CAD and CAM, the importance of process planning, the basics of CAPP,CAPP,
and the benefits of CAPP.and the benefits of CAPP.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Manual process planningManual process planning Essentials of CAPPEssentials of CAPP Input and output of CAPP systemsInput and output of CAPP systems CAPP modelsCAPP models Architecture of CAPP systemsArchitecture of CAPP systems CAPP approaches: variant, generative, and hybridCAPP approaches: variant, generative, and hybrid CAPP benefitsCAPP benefits CAPP softwareCAPP software
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CHAPTER 22 – PART PROGRAMMINGCHAPTER 22 – PART PROGRAMMINGGOALGOAL
Understand the basics of machine tools and their programming. PartUnderstand the basics of machine tools and their programming. Part
programming an its basics, the fundamentals of coding languages andprogramming an its basics, the fundamentals of coding languages and
structure, and the use of CAD/CAM systems for generating and structure, and the use of CAD/CAM systems for generating and verifyingverifying
toolpaths.toolpaths.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
Importance of part programmingImportance of part programming Working at the interface between CAF and CAMWorking at the interface between CAF and CAM CAM requirements of CAD dataCAM requirements of CAD data Fundamentals of machine tools: axes radius programming, and tool Fundamentals of machine tools: axes radius programming, and tool
offsetsoffsets APT programming: geometric and motion statementsAPT programming: geometric and motion statements Toolpath generationToolpath generation Toolpath verificationToolpath verification
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CHAPTER 23 – PRODUCT LIFECYCLE CHAPTER 23 – PRODUCT LIFECYCLE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT
GOALGOAL
Understand PLM, why it is crucial for companies to implement, Understand PLM, why it is crucial for companies to implement, what awhat a
PLM system offers, what PDM is and its relationship to PLM, and PLM system offers, what PDM is and its relationship to PLM, and analyzeanalyze
some PLM and PDM case studies.some PLM and PDM case studies.
OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES
After reading this chapter, you should understand the following After reading this chapter, you should understand the following concepts:concepts:
The current engineering and design practiceThe current engineering and design practice Types of product informationTypes of product information PLM goalPLM goal PLM benefitsPLM benefits PLM systemsPLM systems PLM enabling technologiesPLM enabling technologies PDMPDM Case studies of implementing PLM and PDMCase studies of implementing PLM and PDM