Mastering Tort Law
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Carolina Academic Press Mastering SeriesRussell L. Weaver, Series Editor
Mastering BankruptcyGeorge W. Kuney
Mastering Civil ProcedureDavid Charles Hricik
Mastering Constitutional LawJohn C. Knechtle, Christopher Roederer
Mastering Corporate TaxReginald Mombrun, Gail Levin Richmond, Felicia Branch
Mastering Corporations and Other Business EntitiesLee Harris
Mastering Criminal LawEllen S. Podgor, Peter J. Henning, Neil P. Cohen
Mastering EvidenceRonald W. Eades
Mastering Family LawJanet Leach Richards
Mastering Intellectual PropertyGeorge W. Kuney, Donna C. Looper
Mastering Legal Analysis and CommunicationDavid T. Ritchie
Mastering Legal Analysis and DraftingGeorge W. Kuney, Donna C. Looper
Mastering Negotiable Instruments (UCC Articles 3 and 4) and Other Payment Systems
Michael D. Floyd
Mastering Products LiabilityRonald W. Eades
Mastering Professional ResponsibilityGrace M. Giesel
Mastering Secured TransactionsRichard H. Nowka
Mastering Statutory InterpretationLinda D. Jellum
Mastering Tort LawRussell L. Weaver, Edward C. Martin, Andrew R. Klein,
Paul J. Zwier II, Ronald W. Eades, John H. Bauman
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Mastering Tort Law
Russell L. WeaverProfessor of Law & Distinguished University Scholar
University of Louisville, Louis D. Brandeis School of Law
Edward C. MartinProfessor of Law
Samford University, Cumberland School of Law
Andrew R. KleinPaul E. Beam Professor of Law
Indiana University School of Law — Indianapolis
Paul J. Zwier, IIProfessor of Law
Emory University School of Law
Ronald W. EadesProfessor of Law Emeritus
University of Louisville, Louis D. Brandeis School of Law
John H. BaumanProfessor of Law
South Texas College of Law
Carolina Academic PressDurham, North Carolina
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Copyright © 2009Russell L. Weaver, Edward C. Martin, Andrew R. Klein,
Paul J. Zwier, II, Ronald W. Eades, John H. BaumanAll Rights Reserved.
Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Mastering tort law / Russell L. Weaver ... [et al.].p. cm.
Includes index.ISBN 978-1-59460-569-7 (alk. paper)
1. Torts--United States. 2. Liability (Law)--United States. 3. Damages--United States. I. Weaver, Russell L., 1952- II. Title.
KF1250.M328 2009346.7303--dc22
2009004952
Carolina Academic Press700 Kent Street
Durham, NC 27701Telephone (919) 489-7486
Fax (919) 493-5668www.cap-press.com
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To Ben, Kate and Laurence, with love,RLW
To Susan with love, and to all of my current and former Torts students who have made teaching this subject such a joy!
ECM
To Diane, Timothy & Jason,ARK
To my Torts students, and to Marlene with Love.PJZ
To Lillian,RWE
To Kathee, and to Mary, Hannah and Clare,JHB
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Contents
Table of Cases xvii
Table of Restatement References xxiii
Series Editor’s Foreword xxv
Chapter 1 • Introduction 3
Chapter 2 • Intentional Interference with Person or Property 5Roadmap 5I. Basic Definition 6
A. Intent and Motive Distinguished 8B. Children and the Mentally Challenged 9C. Transferred Intent 11
II. Interference with the Person 12A. Assault 12B. Battery 14C. False Imprisonment 15D. Intentional Infliction of Emotional Distress 19
III. Interference with Property 20A. Trespass to Land 21B. Trespass to Chattels 23C. Conversion 24Checkpoints 25
Chapter 3 • Defenses to Intentional Torts 27Roadmap 27I. Consent 28
A. Express Consent 28B. Implied Consent 29C. Medical Consent Cases: Battery vs. “Informed Consent” 30D. Sporting Events 31
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E. Summary Outline of Consent 31II. Self-Defense 32III. Defense of Property 33
A. Fresh Pursuit 34B. Abusive Tactics 35
IV. Necessity 35Checkpoints 37
Chapter 4 • Negligence 39Roadmap 39I. Introduction 39II. Duty 40
A. The Reasonably Prudent Person Standard 40B. The Duty Standard for Children 42C. The Duty Standard for Professionals 43D. The Duty Standard for Land Owners and Occupiers 44
III. Breach of Duty 44A. Risk-Utility Balancing Test 44B. Evidence of Custom 46C. Negligence Per Se 46D. Res Ipsa Loquitur 49
Checkpoints 50
Chapter 5 • Cause in Fact 53Roadmap 53I. Introduction: The Essential Link 53II. “But For” Test 54III. Substantial Factor Test 55IV. Allocation of Harms to Causes 56V. Proof of Causation 57VI. Loss of Chance, or “The Doctor Did It” 57VII. Statistical Proof 58Checkpoints 59
Chapter 6 • Proximate Cause 61Roadmap 61I. Introduction: The Issue 61II. Direct Cause Test 62III. Foreseeability as a Limitation on Duty: The Unforeseeable
Plaintiff 63
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IV. The Risk Rule 65V. The Thin-Skulled Plaintiff: Extent of Harm 67VI. Intervening and Superseding Causes and the Risk Rule:
The Basics 68VII. Within the Risk? Coping with Defendant’s Negligence 70VIII. Within the Risk? Superseding Causes 70Checkpoints 72
Chapter 7 • Multiple Tortfeasors 75Roadmap 75I. Joint and Several Liability 75II. Indeterminate Causation 77III. Indemnity and Contribution 78
A. Indemnity 79B. Contribution 79
Checkpoints 80
Chapter 8 • Compensatory and Punitive Damages 81Roadmap 81I. Pecuniary Damages 82II. Non-Pecuniary Damages 82III. The Movement to Cap Damage Awards 85IV. The Collateral Source Rule 85V. Punitive Damages 86VI. Statutory Reform 91Checkpoints 92
Chapter 9 • Limited Duty 93Roadmap 93I. No Duty to Act (Non-Feasance Versus Misfeasance) 94II. Exceptions to the “No-Duty” (Non-Feasance) Rule 96
A. Where Defendant’s Initial Negligence Imperils a Rescuer 96B. Where Defendant Voluntarily Assumes a Duty 97C. Where Some Type of “Special Relationship” Exists Between
the Plaintiff and the Defendant 98III. Public Versus Private Duties 100
A. The “Public Duty” Rule 100B. Voluntarily Assumed Public Duties 102
IV. Contractual Limitations on Duty 102
CONTENTS ix
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V. Negligent Infliction of Purely Emotional Distress Injuries 103Checkpoints 107
Chapter 10 • Premises Liability: Duties of Owners and Occupiers of Land 109
Roadmap 109I. Historical Background 110II. “Conditions” Versus “Activities” on the Land 112III. Common Law Categories of Entrants 113
A. Trespassers 113B. Licensees 114C. Invitees 115
IV. Exceptions to Common Law Category Classifications 116A. Child Trespassers 117B. “Discovered” Trespassers 118C. Fire-fighters 118D. Social Guests 119
IV. Recreational Premises 120V. Modifications to Common Law Category Classifications 121VI. Lessors 123VII. Conclusion 124Checkpoints 125
Chapter 11 • Wrongful Death and Survival 129Roadmap 129I. History of Wrongful Death and Survival 129II. Wrongful Death 131
A. Statutory 131B. Bases of Claims 131C. Proper Party Plaintiff 132D. Recovery of Damages 132E. Distribution of Awards 134
III. Survival 134A. Statutory 134B. Bases of Claims 135C. Property Party Plaintiffs 135D. Recovery of Damages 135E. Distribution of Awards 136
Checkpoints 137
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Chapter 12 • Defenses to Negligence 139Roadmap 139I. Defenses Based on Plaintiff ’s Conduct 139
A. Common Law Contributory Negligence 139B. Comparative Negligence 142C. Common Law Assumption of the Risk 146D. Implied Assumption of the Risk under a Comparative
Fault System 148II. Non-Conduct Defenses, Limitations, and Immunities:
Statutes of Limitation and Repose 152A. Accrual 152B. Immunities 154
1. Family Immunities 1542. Charitable Immunity 1563. Governmental (Federal, State, and Municipal) Immunity 1564. Federal Immunity 159
Checkpoints 161
Chapter 13 • Vicarious Liability 163Roadmap 163I. Respondeat Superior 165
A. Scope of Employment 1661. The “Going and Coming” Rule 1672. “Frolics” Versus “Detours” 1683. Intentional Torts and the “Dual Purpose” Test 169
B. Punitive Damages 171C. Direct Versus Indirect Liability 173II. Independent Contractors 175III. Joint Enterprises and Joint Ventures 177Checkpoints 180
Chapter 14 • Common Law Strict Liability 183Roadmap 183I. Common Law Strict Liability 183
A. Wild Animals and Domestic Animals Known to Be Dangerous 183
B. Livestock 185C. Abnormally Dangerous Activities — Rylands v. Fletcher 185
CONTENTS xi
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II. The Restatement and Strict Liability 187A. Historical Background 187B. Posner and Factor (f) 189
Checkpoints 192
Chapter 15 • Nuisance 193Roadmap 193I. Public Nuisance 194
A. Types of Claims 194B. Bases of Claims 195C. Proper Party Plaintiff 196D. Private Action for Public Nuisance 197
II. Private Nuisance 198A. Types of Claims 198B. Bases of Liability 200C. Substantial Harm 201D. Remedies 202
1. Damages 2032. Injunction 203
E. Defenses Consistent with Basis of Claim 2051. Intent 2052. Negligence 2053. Strict Liability 2064. Moving to the Nuisance 2065. Self-Help to Abate a Nuisance 208
Checkpoints 209
Chapter 16 • Products Liability 211Roadmap 211Introduction: Harm Caused by Defective Products 212I. Historical Background: Identifying the Policy Issues 212
A. Negligence Escapes the Privity Limitation 214B. The Policy Argument for Strict Liability in Tort:
The Escola Concurrence 215C. Breach of Implied Warranty and the Limits of Contract 217
II. Modern Product Liability Begins 217A. Defect: Manufacturing Defect 218B. Defect: Design Defect 219C. Defect: Failure to Warn 222
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D. Unavoidably Dangerous Products: Prescription Drugs and Medical Devices 224
III. The Cast of Potential Defendants: Who Is a Seller? 226IV. The Economic Loss Limitation 228V. The Plaintiff ’s Conduct 229Checkpoints 231
Chapter 17 • Defamation 233Roadmap 233I. Common Law Definitions 233III. Truth and Other Defenses 237III. The Constitutionalization of Defamation 239Checkpoints 245
Chapter 18 • Invasion of Privacy 247Roadmap 247I. Appropriation 248II. Intrusion on Plaintiff ’s Seclusion or Solitude 249III. Public Disclosure of Private Embarrassing Facts 251IV. False Light 253Checkpoints 255
Chapter 19 • Civil Rights 257Roadmap 257I. Tort Claims for Civil Rights Violations 257II. Basic Common Law Claims 258III. Constitutional and Statutory Claims 261
A. Constitutional Claims 262B. Statutory Claims 264C. Damages 266
Checkpoints 268
Chapter 20 • Misuse of Legal Process 269Roadmap 269I. Malicious Prosecution (of a Criminal Action) 270
A. Criminal Prosecution Initiated by the Defendant 271B. Lack of “Probable Cause” for the Criminal Prosecution 272C. Common Law Malice by the Defendant 273D. Termination of the Prosecution in Favor of the Accused 274
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E. Special Damages 275F. Special Defenses to the Tort of Malicious Prosecution 275
II. Malicious Prosecution (of a Civil Action) 276III. Abuse of Process 278
A. Issuance of Some Type of Legal Process 279B. An Ulterior Purpose by the Defendant 279C. Damages 280
IV. Misuse of Legal Process 281Checkpoints 281
Chapter 21 • Misrepresentation 283Roadmap 283I. Basic Elements 283
A. False Representation 284B. Material Fact 286C. Scienter 289D. Proper Party Plaintiff When Plaintiff Was Recipient
of Statement 290E. Proper Party Plaintiff When Plaintiff Was a Third Party 290F. Intent to Cause Reliance 291G. Justifiable Reliance 292
II. Damages 293Checkpoints 295
Chapter 22 • Business Torts 297Roadmap 297I. Intentional Interference with a Contract 298
A. General Nature of the Tort 298B. Justification 300C. Interference with Own Contract 301
II. Wrongful Discharge 302III. Intentional Interference with a Prospective Economic
Advantage 304A. General Nature of the Claim 304B. Gifts or Inheritance 305C. “At Will” Contracts 306D. Justification 306
IV. Interference with Evidence 307V. Negligent Interference with Business Relationship 307VI. Bad Faith in Insurance Contracts 308
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VII. Common Law Intellectual Property 309VIII. Unfair Trade and Competition 311
A. Passing Off 312B. Copyright 313C. Patent 313D. Right of Publicity 314
Checkpoints 315
Mastering Tort Law Checklist 317
Index 339
CONTENTS xv
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Adams v. Alabama Lime & StoneCorp. 142 So. 424 (1932), 238
Aguehounde v. District of Colum-bia, 666 A.2d 443 (D.C. 1995),158
Ainsworth v. Century Supply Co.693 N.E.2d 510 (Ill. App. Ct.1998), 248
Alamo Nat’l Bank v. Kraus, 616S.W.2d 908 (Tex. 1981), 176
Anaya v. Superior Court, 93 Cal.Rptr. 2d 228 (Cal. Ct. App.2000), 70
Anderson v. Minneapolis, St. Paul& Sault Ste. Marie. Ry., 179N.W. 45 (Minn. 1920), 55
Bagley v. Insight Commc’ns Co.,658 N.E.2d 584 (Ind. 1995), 177
Baldwin v. Gartman, 604 So. 2d347 (Ala. 1992), 113
Banks v. Nordstrom, 787 P.2d 953(Wash. Ct. App. 1990), 272
Barr v. Matteo, 360 U.S. 564(1959), 238
Bartnicki v. Vopper, 532 U.S. 514(2002), 253
Beauharnais v. Illinois, 343 U.S.250 (1952), 239
Bello v. Random House, Inc., 422S.W.2d 339 (Mo. 1967), 236
Bennett v. Hymers, 147 A.2d 108(N.H. 1958), 155
Beresford v. Starsky, 571 N.E.2d1257 (Ind. 1991), 120
Berkowitz v. United States, 486 U.S.531 (1988), 159
Bird v. Holbrook, 4 Bing. 628, 130Eng. Rep. 911, 34
Birwood Paper Co. v. Damsky, 229So. 2d 514 (Ala. 1969), 276
Bivens v. Six Unknown NamedAgents of the FBI, 403 U.S. 388(1971), 262– 66
BMW v. Gore, 517 U.S. 559 (1996),87–88
Bonte v. Bonte, 616 A.2d 464 (N.H.1992), 155
Bradley v. Appalachian Power Co.,256 S.E.2d 879 (W. Va. 1979),143
Brauer v. New York Cent. & Hud-son River R.R., 103 A. 166(1918), 71
Braun v. Armour & Co., 173 N.E.845 (N.Y. 1939), 234
Brown v. Superior Court, 751 P.2d470 (Cal. 1988), 225
Burton v. Crowell Publ’g Co., 82F.2d 154 (2d Cir. 1936), 235
Butterfield v. Forester, 103 Eng.Rep. 926 (K.B. 1809), 139
xvii
Table of Cases
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Byrne v. Boadle, 159 Eng. Rep. 299(Exch. 1863), 49
Cain v. Hearst Corp., 878 S.W.2d577 (Tex. 1994), 254
Cambridge Water Co. v. EasternCounties Leather PLC, 1 All E.R.53 (H.L. 1994), 191
Canterbury v. Spence, 464 F.2d 772(D.C. Cir. 1972), 30
Cantrell v. Forest City Publ’g Co.,419 U.S. 245 (1974), 254
Carolina C. & O. Ry. v. Hill, 89 S.E.902 (Va. 1916), 76
Carter v. Innisfree Hotel, Inc., 661So. 2d 1174 (Ala. 1995), 251
Chapman v. Craig, 431 N.W.2d 770(Iowa 1988), 119
Cintrone v. Hertz Truck Leasing,212 A.2d 769 (N.J. 1965), 227
Colyer v. Richard K. Fox Publ’gCo., 146 N.Y.S. 999 (1914), 248
Cooper Industries, Inc. v. Leather-man Tool Group, Inc., 532 U.S.424 (2001), 88–89
Cox Broad. Corp. v. Cohn, 420 U.S.469 (1975), 252
Cuffy v. City of New York, 505N.E.2d 937 (N.Y. 1987), 157
Cullip v. Domann, 972 P.2d 776(Kan. 1999), 177
Curtis Publ’g Co. v. Butts, 388 U.S.130 (1967), 241
Daubert v. Merrell Dow Pharma-ceuticals, Inc., 43 F.3d 1311 (9thCir. 1995), 59
Davies v. Mann, 152 Eng. Rep. 588(1842), 140
Delaney v. Towmotor Corp., 339F.2d 4 (2d Cir. 1964), 227
Derdiarian v. Felix ContractingCorp. 414 N.E.2d 666 (N.Y.1980), 69
Dietemann v. Time, Inc., 284 F.Supp. 925 (C.D. Cal. 1968), 249
Dillon v. Legg, 441 P.2d 912 (Cal.1963), 106
Dillon v. Twin State Gas & Elec.Co., 163 A. 111 (N.H. 1932), 56
Dun & Bradstreet, Inc. v. Green-moss Builders, Inc., 472 U.S. 749(1985), 244
Dzionski v. Babineau, 380 N.E.2d1295 (Mass. 1978), 106
Eilers v. Coy, 582 F. Supp. 1093(1984), 30
Escola v. Coca-Cola Bottling Co.,150 P.2d 436 (Cal. 1944), 215
Farwell v. Keaton, 240 N.W.2d 219(Mich. 1976), 99
Faul v. Jelco, Inc., 595 P.2d 1035(Ariz. Ct. App. 1979), 168
Fleming v. Kings Ridge RecreationPark, Inc., 525 N.Y.S.2d 866(N.Y. App. Div. 1988), 57
Florence v. Goldberg, 375 N.E.2d763 (N.Y. 1978), 102
The Florida Star v. B.J.F. 491 U.S.524 (1989), 252
Forster v. Manchester, 189 A.2d 147(Pa. 1963), 249
Friedman v. Dozorc, 312 N.W.2d585 (Mich. 1981), 278
Fruit v. Schreiner, 502 P.2d 133(Alaska 1972), 165
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Galella v. Onassis, 487 F.2d 986 (2dCir. 1973), 250
Garcia v. Texas Instruments, Inc.,610 S.W.2d 456 (Tex. 1980),152–53
Garrison v. Louisiana, 379 U.S. 64(1964), 239
Georgia v. Tennessee Copper Co.,206 U.S. 230 (1907), 204
Gertz v. Robert Welch, Inc., 418U.S. 323 (1974), 238, 242– 44
Gladdon v. Greater Cleveland Reg’lTransit Auth., 662 N.E.2d 287(Ohio 1996), 118
Gorris v. Scott, L.R. 9 Ex. 125(1874), 47
Green v. Chicago Tribune Co., 675N.E.2d 249 (Ill. App. Ct. 1996),251
Greenman v. Yuba Power Prods.,377 P.2d 879 (Cal. 1963),217–19, 229
Griffith v. George Transfer & Rig-ging, Inc., 201 S.E.2d 281 (W.Va. 1973), 166
Hall v. E.I. DuPont de Nemours &Co., 345 F. Supp. 353 (E.D.N.Y.1972), 77
Hamberger v. Eastman, 206 A.2d239 (N.H. 1964), 251
Hambright v. First Baptist Church-Eastwood, 638 So. 2d 865 (Ala.1994), 120
Harkey v. Abate, 346 N.W.2d 74(Mich. 1983), 250–51
Heaven v. Pender, 11 Q.B.D. 503(1883), 40
Henningsen v. Bloomfield Motors,Inc., 161 A.2d 69 (N.J. 1960),217
Herman v. Markham Air Rifle Co.,258 F. 475 (E.D. Mich. 1918), 54
Herskovitz v. Group Health Coop.of Puget Sound, 664 P.2d 474(Wash. 1983), 58
H.R. Moch Co. v. Rensselaer WaterCo., 159 N.E. 896 (N.Y. 1928),95, 98
Hughes v. Union Pac. R.R., 757P.2d 1185 (Idaho 1988), 118
Hustler Magazine v. Falwell, 485U.S. 46 (1988), 236, 253
In re Polemis and Furness, Withy &Co., 3 K.B. 560 (C.A. 1921),62– 63, 66– 67
Indiana Harbor Belt R.R. v. Ameri-can Cyanamid Co., 916 F.2d1174 (7th Cir. 1990), 189
Isaacs v. Huntington MemorialHospital, 695 P.2d 653 (Cal.1985), 71
Jones v. Hansen, 867 P.2d 303 (Kan.1994), 123
Katko v. Briney, 183 N.W.2d 657(Iowa 1971), 34
Kermac v. Compagnie GeneraleTranslantique, 358 U.S. 625(1959), 111
Knight v. Jewitt. 834 P.2d 696 (Cal.1992), 149–51
Kuhn v. Account Control Tech.,Inc. 865 F. Supp. 1443 (D. Nev.1994), 251
TABLE OF CASES xix
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Ladd v. Polidoro, 675 N.E.2d 382(Mass. 1997), 279
Laird v. Baxter Healthcare Corp.,650 N.E.2d 215 (Ill. App. Ct.1994), 169
Landmark Commc’ns, Inc. v. Vir-ginia, 435 U.S. 829 (1978), 252
Landrum v. Gonzalez, 629 N.E.2d710, 715 (Ill. App. Ct. 1994), 31
Law v. Superior Court, 755 P.2d1135 (Ariz. 1988), 145
Lega Siciliana Social Club v. St.Germaine, 825 A.2d 827 (Conn.App. Ct. 2003), 235
Li v. Yellow Cab Co., 532 P.2d 1226(Cal. 1975), 149
Lumley v. Gye, 2 El. & Bl. 216, 118Eng. Rep. 749 (1853), 299–300
Lundin v. Post Publ’g Co., 104 N.E.480 (1914), 237
MacPherson v. Buick Motor Co,111 N.E. 1050 (N.Y. 1916),214–15
Madison v. Ducktown Sulphur,Copper & Iron Co., 83 S.W. 658(1904), 204
Mark v. KING Broad., 635 P.2d1081 (Wash. 1981), 250
Marshall v. Nugent, 222 F.2d 604(1st Cir. 1955), 70
McDaniel v. Atlanta Coca-Cola Bot-tling Co., 2 S.E.2d 810 (Ga. Ct.App. 1939), 249
McLain v. Boise Cascade Corp., 533P.2d 343 (Or. 1975), 250
Midler v. Ford Motor Co., 849 F.2d460 (9th Cir. 1988), 314
Milkovich v. Lorain Journal, 497U.S. 1 (1990), 238
Miller v. Wal-Mart Stores, Inc., 580N.W.2d 233 (Wis. 1998), 40
Monitor Patriot Co. v. Roy, 401U.S. 265 (1971), 241
Mounsey v. Ellard, 297 N.E.2d 43(Mass. 1979), 123
Murphy v. Steeplechase AmusementCo., 166 N.E. 173 (N.Y. 1929),148
Nabonzy v. Barnhill, 334 N.E.2d258 (Ill. App. Ct. 1975), 31
Neiman-Marcus v. Lait, 13 F.R.D.311 (S.D.N.Y. 1952), 236
Nelson v. Krusen, 678 S.W.2d 918(Tex. 1984), 153
Nelson v. Miller, 607 P.2d 438 (Kan.1980), 277
New York Times Co. v. Sullivan,376 U.S. 254 (1964), 239– 41,274
O’Brien v. Cunard Steamship Co.,28 N.E. 266 (Mass. 1891), 29
O’Brien v. Muskin, 463 A.2d 298(N.J. 1983), 221
Olmstead v. United States, 277 U.S.438 (1928), 247
Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v.Miller Steamship Co., [1967] 1A.C. 617, 67
Overseas Tankship (U.K.) Ltd. v.Morts Dock & Engineering Co.,Ltd., [1961] A.C. 388, 66– 67
Owens v. Kroger Co., 430 So. 2d843 (Miss. 1984), 273
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Pagelsdorf v. Safeco Ins. Co. ofAmerica, 284 N.W.2d 55 (Wis.1979), 124
Paine v. Gamble Stores, 279 N.W.257 (Minn. 1938), 57
Palsgraf v. Long Island R.R., 162N.E. 99 (N.Y. 1928), 64– 65, 105
Peasley v. Puget Sound Tug & BargeCo., 125 P.2d 681 (Wash. 1942),274
People for the Ethical Treatment ofAnimals v. Berosini, 895 P.2d1269 (Nev. 1995), 249
Peterson v. Sorlien, 299 N.W.2d 123(Minn. 1980), 29–30
Philadelphia Newspapers, Inc. v.Hepps, 475 U.S. 767 (1986), 244
Pinkerton Nat’l Detective Agency,Inc. v. Stevens, 132 S.E.2d 119(Ga. 1963), 249
Ploof v. Putnam, 71 A. 188 (Vt.1908), 35–36
Plummer v. Center Psychiatrists,Ltd., 476 S.E.2d 172 (Va. 1996),171
Poulin v. Coby College, 402 A.2d846 (Me. 1979), 123
Proxmire v. Hutchinson, 443 U.S.157 (1979), 243
Roberts v. American Employers Ins.Co., 221 So. 2d 550 (La. Ct.App. 1969), 33
Rosenbloom v. Metromedia, Inc.,403 U.S. 29 (1971), 241, 244
Rowland v. Christian, 443 P.2d 561(Cal. 1968), 111, 121–22
Russell v. Thomson Newspapers,Inc., 842 P.2d 896 (Utah 1992),253
Ryan v. New York Central R.R., 8Tiffany 210 (N.Y. 1866), 62
Rylands v. Fletcher, (1868) 159 Eng.Rep. 737, 185–88, 191–92
Salmeron v. Nava, 694 A.2d 709(R.I. 1997), 178
Sanders v. Daniel Int’l Corp., 682S.W.2d 803 (1984), 273
Seely v. White Motor Co., 403 P.2d145 (Cal. 1965), 229
Siegler v. Kuhlman, 502 P.2d 1181(Wash. 1972), 188
Silvia v. Building Inspector of W.Bridgewater, 621 N.E.2d 686(Mass. App. Ct. 1993), 279
Sinclair v. Okata, 874 F. Supp. 1051(D. Alaska 1994), 184
Skinner v. Braum’s Ice Cream Store,890 P.2d 922 (Okla. 1995), 168
Smith v. Daily Mail Publ’g Co., 435U.S. 829 (1978), 252
Spade v. Lynn & Boston R.R., 168Mass. 285 (1897), 103
St. Joseph Hosp. v. Wolff, 94S.W.3d 513 (Tex. 2002), 178
State v. Dooley, 26 S.W. 558 (Mo.1894), 35
State Farm Mut. Auto. Ins. Co. v.Campell, 538 U.S. 408 (2003),89–91
Steinhauser v. Hertz Corp., 421F.2d 1169 (2d Cir. 1970), 68
Summers v. Tice, 199 P.2d 1 (Cal.1948), 77–78
TABLE OF CASES xxi
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Tedla v. Ellman, 19 N.E.2d 987(N.Y. 1939), 48
Thing v. La Chusa, 771 P.2d 814(Cal. 1989), 107
Thomas v. Winchester, 6 N.Y. 397(1852), 213–14
Thompson v. County of Alameda,614 P.2d 728 (Cal. 1980), 101
Time, Inc. v. Firestone, 424 U.S.448 (1976), 243– 44
Time, Inc. v. Hill, 385 U.S. 374(1967), 254
The T.J. Hooper, 60 F.2d 737 (2dCir. 1932), 46
Togood v. Spyring, [1834] 149 Eng.Rep. 1044, 238
Tunkl v. Regents of the Universityof California, 383 P.2d 441 (Cal.1963), 147– 48
Ultramares Corp. v. Touche, 174N.E. 441 (N.Y. 1931), 290–91
United States v. Caltex (Philip-pines), Inc., 344 U.S. 149 (1952),36
United States v. Carroll Towing,Co., 159 F.2d 169 (2d Cir. 1947),44– 45
Vandermark v. Ford Motor Co., 391P.2d 168 (Cal 1964), 226
Varnish v. Best Medium Publ’g, 405F.2d 608 (2d Cir. 1968), 254
Vaughan v. Menlove, 132 Eng. Rep.490 (C.P. 1837), 41
Vincent v. Lake Erie, 124 N.W. 221(Minn. 1910), 36
Wagner v. International Ry., 133N.E. 437 (N.Y. 1921), 96
Watson v. Kentucky & IndianaBridge & R.R., 126 S.W. 146 (Ky.1910), 71
Wegner v. Milwaukee Mutual Ins.Co., 479 N.W.2d 38 (Minn.1991), 37
Williams v. Kuppenheimer Mfg.Co., 412 S.E.2d 897 (N.C. 1992),273
Winterbottom v. Wright, 10 M. &W. 109, 152 Eng. Rep. 402(Exch. 1842), 213
Winterstein v. Wilcom, 293 A.2d821 (Md. Ct. Spec. App. 1972),147
Wolf v. Ford, 644 A.2d 522 (Md.1994), 147– 48
Wolston v. Reader’s Digest Ass’n,443 U.S. 111 (1979), 243– 44
Yania v. Bigan, 155 A.2d 343 (Pa.1959), 94–95
Zacchini v. Scripps-Howard Broad.Co., 433 U.S. 562 (1977), 248
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Restatement (Second) of AgencySection 217C, 172Section 220, 175Section 228, 166Section 235, 170Section 237, 169
Restatement of RestitutionSection 564, 237Restatement (First) of TortsSection 314, 94Section 519, 187Section 520, 187
Restatement (Second) of TortsSection 65, 32Section 77, 34Section 245, 171Section 313, 105Section 315, 99Section 330, comment h, 119Section 332, 115Section 339, 117Section 342, 114Section 402A, 218–19, 227Section 402A, comment f, 227Section 402A, comment g, 219Section 402A, comment j, 224Section 402A, comment k, 224Section 402A, comment n, 230Section 402B, 290Section 409, 175Section 411, 177
Section 416, 176Section 424, 176Section 427, 176Section 432, comment d, 57Section 479, 141Section 480, 141– 42Section 506, 184Section 519, 188Section 520, 187, 190Section 520, comment f, 191Section 559, comment e, 234Section 577A, 237Section 652A, 248, 251Section 652B, 248, 251Section 652C, 248, 251Section 652D, 248, 251Section 652E, 248, 251, 253Section 655, 271Section 656, comment b, 276Section 682, 279Section 892, 28Section 909, 172
Restatement (Third) of Torts:Apportionment of LiabilitySection 27, 76
Restatement (Third) of Torts:Liability for Physical HarmSection 3, comment d, 44– 45Section 5, comment c, 48Section 10, 43Section 15, comment e, 48– 49
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Table of Restatement References
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Section 17, comment b, 50Section 22(b), 184
Restatement (Third) of Torts:Products Liability
Section 1, comment c, 227Section 2, 218, 221
Section 2, comment f, 222Section 2, comment j, 223Section 2, comment m, 223Section 6, 225Section 8, 228Section 17, 230
xxiv TABLE OF RESTATEMENT REFERENCES
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Series Editor’s ForewordThe Carolina Academic Press Mastering Series is designed to provide you with
a tool that will enable you to easily and efficiently “master” the substance andcontent of law school courses. Throughout the series, the focus is on qualitywriting that makes legal concepts understandable. As a result, the series is de-signed to be easy to read and is not unduly cluttered with footnotes or cites tosecondary sources.
In order to facilitate student mastery of topics, the Mastering Series includesa number of pedagogical features designed to improve learning and retention.At the beginning of each chapter, you will find a “Roadmap” that tells youabout the chapter and provides you with a sense of the material that you willcover. A “Checkpoint” at the end of each chapter encourages you to stop andreview the key concepts, reiterating what you have learned. Throughout the book,key terms are explained and emphasized. Finally, a “Master Checklist” at theend of each book reinforces what you have learned and helps you identify anyareas that need review or further study.
We hope that you will enjoy studying with, and learning from, the Master-ing Series.
Russell L. WeaverProfessor of Law & Distinguished University ScholarUniversity of Louisville, Louis D. Brandeis School of Law
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