Material Testing Lab Lectures

8/11/2019 Material Testing Lab Lectures

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Faculty of EngineeringIslamic University of Gaza

Materials & Soil LabsCivil Engineering Department


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Sampling


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- Sampling from Roadway (Bases & Subbases)

- Sampling Stockpiles- Belt sampling

- Tube Sampling

- Quartering or Splitting Samples

- Sampling Bituminous Paving Mixtures

Sampling


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!"#$"% '"()*+,-

-Two random samples shall be obtained from different areasof the lot and Tested separately.

-The samples shall be a minimum of 30 kg. each.

- The sample shall be Taken for the full depth of the layerbeing sampled using a steel sampling ring approved byThe Department. No sample shall be taken from within(0.6 m) of the edge Of The spread of material.


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!"#$%&'"( *&"%+,'-. */0,-'(1- Obtain the sample from an area that represents material.

-The material should be approximately one loader bucket load.

-The loading unit shall dump the material on the ground .

-Strike off and level to approximately half the original pile height.

-The flat surface shall be divided into four sections.

- Identify sampling areas as A, B, C, and D, as shown below.Opposite quadrantssuch as A and D, shall be used To acquire the sample

Material first dumped Material after being

on Ground Leveled off and sectioned


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2.-& */0,-'(1

-Two random samples shall be obtained from differentportions of the lot and tested separately .

-The samples shall be taken from the conveyor belt before theMaterial has passed through the pug mill.

-The sample is obtained by isolating a cross section of thebelt and removing all material inside of the isolated cross

section.


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3$4. */0,-'(1

-Fine aggregate samples may be obtained from the stockpileusing a tube approved by the Department. The tube shallbe a minimum of 1 ! ( 30mm) in diameter by 6 Feet (

2m) in length.-The tube shall be constructed of aluminum and shall havesquare cut ends.

-The sample is obtained by inserting the tube into thestockpile

-At evenly spaced locations across the load face of the pile. Aminimum of five insertions of the tube shall be made.

-The insertions are to be made at a minimum height of threefeet from the bottom of the pile.


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Building Materials Laboratory Manual Fall 2007-2008

Reducing Field Sample of Aggregate to Test SampleASTM C 702, D75

Purpose: To obtain laboratory samples of aggregates from stockpiles.

Equipment: Shovel, scoop , boom.

Procedure:1-Obtain a sample of aggregate (about 50 kg) from three places in the

stockpile: from the top third, at the midpoint, and from the bottom third

of the volume of the pile.2- Place the field sample on a hard, clean level surface.

3- Mix the material thoroughly by turning the entire sample three times.

4- Shovel the entire sample into a conical pile.5- Carefully flatten the conical to a uniform thickness and diameter by

pressing down the apex with a shovel. ( The diameter should beapproximately four to eight times the thickness).

6- Divide the flattened mass into four equal quarters with a shovel.

7- Remove two diagonally opposite quarters. Brush the cleared spaces

l


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Aggregate Testing


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511!.1/&. 3.6&'(1 Physical: Grading, Shape, Relative Density, Bulk Density,

Water Absorption

Strength: Franklin Point Load

Mechanical: Los Angeles Abrasion ,crushing test,impact

Durability: Sulphate Soundness, Frost Heave, Slake DurabilityIndex.

Chemical: Organic Matter, Chloride, Sulphate or full analysis

Specialist: Petrography, Chemical Test, Mortar Bar and

Accelerated Mortar Bar and Concrete Prism Method


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511!.1/&. /(# 7/&.!'/-6 3.6&'(1

Basic Properties Gradation Moisture Content Bulk Specific Gravity Unit Weight

Dry Rodded Density Absorption Organic Content Clay Lumps Material Finer than 75 m m by Washing Sand Equivalent

Flat and Elongated Coarse Aggregate Particles Crushed Particles Count (one face and two face) Petrographic Examination of Fine and Coarse Aggregates Petrographic Number evaluation of Coarse Aggregates


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Durability

Magnesium or Sodium Sulphate Soundness Testing on Fine orCoarse Aggregate

Los Angeles Abrasion of Coarse Aggregate Aggregate Crushing Value

Slake Durability

Expansion Testing

Freezing and Thawing of Coarse Aggregate

Degredation Test Durability Index

Sand Equivalent


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Alkali-Aggregate Reaction:

Accelerated Mortar Bar Test (ASTM C-1260)

Concrete Prism Expansivity Test (ASTM C-1293

Alkali-Carbonate Reaction (by Chemical Analysis)

Petrographic Examination of Hardened Concrete(ASTM C-856)


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Specific Gravity and Mois


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Aggregate Moisture

Absorbed water (n.) water presethe pervious pores of porous aggreparticles.


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Aggregate Moisture

Surface water (n.) water presentthe surface of aggregate particles called free water).


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Aggregate Moisture

+ =


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Moisture States of Aggre

oven-dry SSD


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Moisture Content

Total moisture content (n

.) the weight of water present, expressed

percentage of the oven-dry weight

=

ODaggmtotal MC

m100%


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Moisture Content

Surface moisture content (n

.) tweight of water in excess of that ne

to saturate the sample.

=

Sagg SDmsurface MC 100

m


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Moisture Content

Absorption (n

.) the weight of waneeded to saturate the sample.

=

DSSD O

mabsorption 100%

m


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Achieving an SSD Sta

Coarse aggregate should be soin room temperature water for 24then rolled in a large absorbent clo

remove all visible surface moisture


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Achieving an SSD Sta

Fine aggregate should be brouga moisture content of at least 6% allowed to stand for 244 h. Aggre

is then spread out on a nonabsorbsurface and warm air is blown acr


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Question

A 1-ft3bucket holds

100 lb of aggregate.

How much of the 1-ft3

volume is occupied by

the aggregate particles


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Particle Density

Particle density (n

.) the ratio of thof an aggregate particle to its own

(also called mass density of solids).

partm


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Specific Gravity

Specific Gravity (n

.) the mass deof an object relative to the mass de

of de-aired, distilled water.

parts m


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Specific Gravity

Specific gravity depends on the vyou assume for the aggregate part


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Measuring Specific Gra

= =

particle in air

swater displaced in air in

W W

G W W W


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Buoyancy

Wdispl

=


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Apparent Specific Grav

=

OD

in air

in

app ODair in water

WGW W


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Bulk Specific Gravity

= in air

in air

bulk SS

O

in water

OD

D

D WGW W


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Bulk Specific Gravity

=

SSD

in air

in ai

bulk SSDr in water

SSD WGW W


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Porosity

Porosity (n

.) the volume of the pepores expressed as a percentage

gross volume.

gross volume net volume


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Bulk Density and Void


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Question

A 1-ft3bucket holds

100 lb of aggregate.

How much of the 1-ft3

volume is occupied by

the air between the


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Void Content

Void Content(n

.) the volume of vspaces between particles expressed a

percentage of the volume needed to c

all of the particles.

voidsV


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Which Void Content?


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Question

What determines the

void content of a givenaggregate sample?


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Effects of Particle Siz


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Effects of Particle Grada


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100% CA CA:FA Blend


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30

40

Void

Content(%)


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Aggregate Gradation


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Gradation Analysis

percent coarser

or

percent retained

percent finer

or

Percen

are caby ma


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Sieves


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Shakers


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Gradation Analysis - Sieve

Analysis (ASTM D 422)


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Gradation Analysis - Sieve Analysis (ASTM D 422)

1- Apparatus and Equipments


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2- Weigh out about 500g of sandy soil.

Note: The size of the sample depends on the maximum grain size. Check Table in ASTM standards


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3- Determine the masses of the sieves.


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4- Assemble sieves, with the sieves with the larger openings on top and a pan at

the bottom. Place the soil on top


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5- Place lid on top. Tighten down on to sieving machine


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6- Run sieving machine for 4 minutes. Inspect sieves, and visually

assess the masses retained in the sieves


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7- Determine the masses of the sieves including the retained soil

8- Calculate percent passing for each sieve aperture, and draw plot on graph. Determine Cu and

Cc of the soil


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FINENESS MODULUS


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Gradation Chart

20

40

60

80

100

Percent

Passing

Total mass percent passing e


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Gradation Example


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Coarse Aggregate SievSieve

Designation

Opening

(in)

Openin

(mm)3 in 3.00 75.0

2 in 2.00 50.0

1 in 1.50 37.5

1 in 1.00 25.0

3/4 in 0.75 19.0

1/2 in 0.50 12.5


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Fine Aggregate SieveSieve

Designation

Opening

(in)

Opening

(mm)No. 4 0.187 4.75

No. 8 0.0937 2.36

No. 16 0.0469 1.18

No. 30 0.0234 0.60

No. 50 0.0117 0.30

No. 100 0.0059 0.15


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Aggregate Size

Gravel Sand S

4.75 2.36 1.18 0.60 0.30 0.15 0.075

Coarse Fine

Soil Mechanics

Concrete

No. 4 No. 8 No. 16 No. 30 No. 50 No. 100 No. 200


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Range of Sieve SizesSieve

Designation

Opening

(in)

Openin

(mm)3 in 3.00 75.0

. . .

. . .

. . .


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Gradation Chart

20

40

60

80

100

PercentPassing(%)

20

40

60

80

100

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20


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Open-Graded Aggrega

20

40

60

80

100

Percen

tPassing

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20

open

graded


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Open-Graded Aggrega

Grain-to-grain contaHigh void content

Low but variable de

High stability if con

Low stability uncon

Difficult to compact


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Dense-Graded Aggrega

20

40

60

80

100

Percen

tPassing

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20

open

graded

dense

graded


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Grain-to-grain contaLow void content

High density

High stability if con

High stability uncon

Difficult to compact


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Gap-Graded Aggregat

20

40

60

80

100

Percen

tPassing

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20

open

graded

dense

graded

gapgraded


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Gap-Graded Aggregat

No grain-to-grain coHigher void content

Lower density

Low stability if conf

Low stability unconf

Easy to compact


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Uniformly-Graded Aggre

20

40

60

80

100

Percen

tPassing

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20

uniformly

graded


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Aggregate for Concret


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Source: Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures (PCA 2007)


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Source: Design and Control of Concrete Mixtures (PCA, 2007)

Standard Sizes of Processed Aggregate (AST


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SizePercent By Weight Passing Each Laboratory Sieve

Number 4" 3" 3" 2" 2" 1" 1" " " 3/8" No. 4 N

1 100 90100 2560 015 05

2 100 90100 3570 015 05

24 100 90100 2560 010 05

3 100 90100 3570 015 05

357 100 95100 3570 1030 05

4 100 90100 2055 015 05

467 100 95100 3570 1030 05

5 100 90100 2055 010 05

56 100 90100 4085 1040 015 05

57 100 95100 2560 010 0

6 100 90100 2055 015 05

67 100 90100 2055 010 0



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SizeMidpoint Percent By Weight Passing Each Laboratory Sieve

Number 4" 3" 3" 2" 2" 1" 1" " " 3/8" No. 4 N

1 100 95 42.5 7.5 2.5

2 100 95 52.5 7.5 2.5

24 100 95 42.5 5 2.5

3 100 95 52.5 7.5 2.5

357 100 97.5 52.5 20 2.5

4 100 95 37.5 7.5 2.5

467 100 97.5 52.5 20 2.5

5 100 95 37.5 5 2.5

56 100 95 62.5 25 7.5 2.5

57 100 97.5 42.5 5

6 100 95 37.5 7.5 2.5

67 100 95 37.5 5



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GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION GRAPH

20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

PERCE

NTPASSI

1" " " 4 83"

2 3 4 5 6 7 8



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20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

PERCE

NTPASSI

1" " " 4 83"

5 6 7



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20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

PERCE

NTPASSI

1" " " 4 83"

5 7

57



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20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

PERCE

NTPASSI

1" " " 4 83"

57

3

357



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20

30

40

50

60

70

80

90

100

PERCE

NTPASSI

1" " " 4 83"

67

4

467


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Fineness ModulusFineness modulus (n.) an index o

coarseness or fineness of an aggreit is computed as the sum of the fra

retained on each full series sieve sfrom the No. 100 sieve.


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Fineness Modulus

20

40

60

80

100

PercentPassing

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200

+ + + + += =

94 80 58 32 10 0FM 2.74

100


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Fineness Modulus

20

40

60

80

100

PercentPassing

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200

FM

=FM 2.74


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ASTM C-33 Sand

20

40

60

80

100

PercentPassing

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200

Coarse Sand

Fine Sand


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ASTM C-33 Coarse Sa

20

40

60

80

100

PercentPassing

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200

=FM 3.45

Coarse Sand


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ASTM C-33 Fine San

20

40

60

80

100

PercentPassing

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 200

Fine Sand

=FM 2.15


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Aggregate for Asphal


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20

40

60

80

100

PercentPassing

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20


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Fullers Curve Fuller, W.B. and Thompson, S.E. The law

proportioning concrete," Transactions of tASCE, v. 159, 1907.

=

0.50

ii

dp

D

pi = percent passing

di = opening size of i


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Fullers Curves

20

40

60

80

100

PercentPassing

1" " 3/8" 4 8 16 30 50 100 20


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Fullers Curve In 1962 FHWA published a modified vers

Fullers equation with a different exponen

=

0.45

0.50

ii

dp

D

pi = percent passing

di = opening size of i


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0.45 Power Chart

20

40

60

80

100

Perce

ntPassing

"3/8"4830200


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0.45 Power Chart

20

40

60

80

100

Perce

ntPassing

"3/8"4830200


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Aggregate Blending

Aggregate Blending Example


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gg g g p


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Aggregate Particle Shape


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Cr ushing Concrete Slabs M aking Recycled

Aggregate


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Aggregate

Recycled Aggregate Cr ushed PC Concrete


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Effects of Part icle Shape and Surface Texture

of Aggregate on Concrete


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# Rough textured and angular aggregates give better bondbetween the aggregate and the cement paste and thus higherstrength for the same water cement ratio.# However, rough and angular aggregates requires more water

to produce the same workability in a fresh concrete.# The two effects offset one another. With satisfactorygradation, both crushed and noncrushed aggregates (of thesame rock type) generally give about the same strength forthe same cement content.# It is undesirable to have flaky & elongated particles.


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."/01 21!3+*01


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LASS, UT Austin

Automated Quality AssessmentAutomated Quality Assessment


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Image creation

Wavelet AnalysisClassification

Aggregates

Quality report

Laser profiling

4"56-1!7,# 89!,:;#


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3D Image

of Particles

(20 ~35 mm)

=> ?("-0 '0-(0,:":+!, 89!,:;#

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Material Testing Lab Lectures

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