MATERIALS AND TESTINGMATERIALS AND TESTINGPAST, PRESENT, & FUTURE

M t i l & T tiMaterials & TestingPresentation Committee

Frank Fee – NuStar Asphalt Refining, LLCJohn Bukowski – FHWARamond Bonaquist – AAT, LLCRandy West – NCATHarold Von Quintus – ARA, Inc.

OverviewPast, Present & Future

Asphalt BindersMix DesignMix DesignEngineering Property/Performance TestingQuality AssuranceQuality Assurance

Past: ’70s  ’80sIntroduction – The PastPast: ’70s – ’80sEmpirical procedures in place.p p p

Penetration & Viscosity grading of binder. Marshall & Hveemmixture Marshall & Hveemmixture design.

Changes occur.Mid ’70s – oil embargo .Radial tires; contact pressures increase.increase.

Agencies report more rutting & Agencies report more rutting & cracking cracking –– ““They have taken They have taken the sticky outthe sticky out ””the sticky outthe sticky out..

Asphalt Bindersp

Past: ’80s  ’90sAsphalt Binders

Past: ’80s – ’90sPen & Vis. grading.g gSHRP authorized to fundamentally fundamentally understand asphalt.

Past: ’90s  ’00sAsphalt Binders

Past: ’90s – ’00s

DSR  d BBR   DSR and BBR ; Tests to measure fundamental fundamental properties of the binder  binder. Performance‐Graded (PG) Graded (PG) specification.

Asphalt BindersPresentPresent FHWA ALFFHWA ALFPresentPresentAPT for validating effects of binder & 

FHWA ALFFHWA ALF

effects of binder & engineering binders for better for better performance.NCAT T t T kNCAT T t T k R

ut Dep

NCAT Test TrackNCAT Test Trackpth, m

m

P t

Asphalt Binders

Present:MSCR & SSAT to measure MSCR & SSAT to measure rutting and cracking potential of binderspotential of binders.Fundamental 

d t di   f h  understanding of how RAP & modified binders 

k i  th   i  t  work in the mix to improve quality & 

fperformance.

Present:Asphalt Binders

Present:

Binder additives for Binder additives for lower mix and compaction compaction temperatures for a more sustainable more sustainable product with longer life .

2 % RAP i i h PG 6 22 WM bi de

25% RAP mix with PG 76-22 WM binder placed in NJ in Nov. @ 270˚F mix

Avg. in-place air voids = 4.9%g p

The Future:Asphalt Binders

The Future:

Increased/Expanded use of RAP, RAS, pWMA, & PMA.

The FutureAsphalt BindersThe Future

Hybrid/bio asphalts using Hybrid/bio asphalts using non‐petroleum bases.

Tests that provide l t   h t i ti  complete characterization 

of different binders for all li ti  t   id  applications to provide 

maximum benefit (RAS, GTR  Pl ti   t )GTR, Plastics, etc.).

Mix Designg

Past: ’70s ‐ ’80sMix Design

Past:  70s  80sMarshallHHveemMix Compaction

Past: ’80s – ’90sMix Design

Past:  80s  90sAAMASGyratory Compaction; COE & TexasFundamental Mixture Tests

Past: ’90s – ’00sMix Design

Past: 90s  00sSuperior Performing Asphalt PavementRestricted zoneVolumetric propertiesTorture tests

PresentMix Design

PresentAsphalt Institute SP‐2 and AASHTO Standards 

PresentMix Design

Present

Superpave Gyratory CompactorAggregate propertiesNdesignNdesign

Internal angleVolumetric propertiesVolumetric properties

The Future:Asphalt Binders

The Future:

Increased/Expanded use of RAP, RAS, pWMA, & PMA.

The Future:Mix Design

The Future:

Increased use of RAP, RAS, WMA, & PMA.

NCHRP 9‐33: Mix Design 9 33 gManual for HMAProcedures for dense, gap, , g p,& open‐graded mixesDesign VMA values gDesign gyration levelsHMA performance testsp

Mix DesignThe Future:The Future:Accommodate new materialsIncorporate new tests

or

Engineering Property/g g p yPerformance Testing

Past: ’80s  ’90sPerformance Testing

Past: 80s – 90sTests developed in support of 

h i i    d imechanistic pavement designDynamic modulusUniaxial creep Early |E*| Test, AAPT Vol. Uniaxial creepIndirect tensile strength, creep,  and modulus

y | |33, 1964

Repeated load permanent deformationFlexural fatigue

Testing was cumbersome and i d  l d t   l i

Strip Chart Recorder , AAPT V l 39 1970required manual data analysis Vol. 39, 1970

Past: ’90s  ’00sPerformance TestingPast: 90s – 00sSHRP performance testsSSTIDTFlexural Fatigue

Wheel‐tracking devicesSuperpave shear test

Georgia Loaded Wheel TesterHamburg Wheel‐Tracking D iDeviceAPA

Original Georgia Loaded Wheel Tester, NCHRP Report 508

Present:Performance TestingPresent:AASHTO MEPDGAsphalt Mixture Performance Tester

New fracture &  fatigue testsfatigue tests

Disk shaped

Semi-Circular Bend T t MNDOT

Disk-shaped Compact Tension, University of

Test, MNDOTIllinois

The Future:Performance TestingThe Future:Virtual testing/Image analysis.

X-ray Computed Tomography, Texas A&M University

Quality Assurancey

Past:Quality AssurancePast:■ Asphalt Content■ Gradation; sieve analysis

Solvent ExtractionSolvent Extraction

■ Gradation; sieve analysis■ Volumetric Analysis

Disposal of Disposal of TerpeneTerpeneSolventSolvent

VolumetricVolumetricVolumetric Volumetric PropertiesProperties

Quality AssurancePast:Past:■ Temperature■ In Place Density

CoresCores

■ In Place Density■ Smoothness

TemperatureTemperatureTemperature Temperature GunGun

Nuclear Density Nuclear Density GaugeGauge

Dial Dial ProfilographProfilographThermometersThermometers

ProfilographProfilograph

Quality AssurancePresent:Present:■ Asphalt Content■ Gradation■ Gradation■ Volumetric Analysis

NCAT Ignition OvenNCAT Ignition OvenSuperpaveSuperpave Gyratory Gyratory

CompactionCompaction

gg

Computers in QC Computers in QC LabsLabsLabsLabs

Statistical Based Specs.Statistical Based Specs.

Quality Assurance Electromagnetic Electromagnetic Density GaugeDensity GaugePresent:Present:

■ Temperature■ In Place Density■ In Place Density

Infrared Bar on a Paver ScreedInfrared Bar on a Paver ScreedInfrared CameraInfrared Camera

Infrared Bar on a Paver ScreedInfrared Bar on a Paver Screed

Quality AssurancePresent:Present:■ Smoothness

Lightweight Profiler

Ultra- Lightweight Inertial Profiler

Quality AssuranceThe Future:The Future:

Automated Gradation

UnitUnit

Image Analysis of Aggregate

Automated Asphalt

Portable Seismic Portable Seismic AnalyzerAnalyzer Asphalt

Viscosity Probe

AnalyzerAnalyzer

Quality AssuranceThe Future:The Future:■ Asphalt Content

D itAutomated Pavement Condition Automated Pavement Condition

Survey VehicleSurvey Vehicle

■ Density■ Thickness

FullFull--lane Highlane High--Speed Ground Speed Ground Penetrating RadarPenetrating Radar

■ Smoothness■ Texture■ Texture■ Condition