KR0100936
KAERI/RR-2077/2000
til-
Materials Characterization by Resonant Ultrasonic
Spectroscopy
3 2 / 48
2001. 1.
;§ -g-
A] ^ JS.
- 1 -
A £
II.
Q-factor
ffl. ^ ^ 7 f l « ^ ufl-g-
- 11 -
iv.
^ ^ r 7fi >£*}&_&
RMS error7} 0.07 - 0.10
V.
(grain boundary, grain size, precipitation, defect, dislocation -§•)
Q-factor# ^^§<>1 7}^}v\. ZL$\} ^ ^ ^ > Q-factor -
Q-factor
S U M M A R Y
I. Project Title
Materials Characterization by Resonant Ultrasonic Spectroscopy Method
II. Objectives and Importance of the Project
For the several decades, various nondestructive methods have been
applied to characterize microscopic variations in materials. However, it
is not successful to give a satisfactory result to monitor the nuclear
material degradation by neutron irradiation embrittlement. Therefore it
is necessary to develop a more sensitive nondestructive characterization
method. The resonant ultrasonic spectroscopy (RUS) can be a possible
candidate for this purpose. The objective of the project is to develop
the RUS technology to determine the dynamic elastic constants with an
accuracy less than 0.1^. In addition, RUS technology can determine the
high temperature elastic constant as well as Q-factor by an improvement
of the present RUS system. This technology can also be applied to
characterize the microstructural variations, such as material degradation
including neutron irradiation embrittlement.
III. Scope and Contents of the Projects
The dynamic elastic constants of weld heat affected zone(HAZ) of SA 508
Class 3 reactor pressure vessel(RPV) steel, which has various different
localized microstructures was investigated by RUS. A high temperature
device for the RUS measurement was designed and fabricated. The high
temperature elastic constants of the RPV steel was measured.
- IV -
IV. Results and Proposal for Application
Through the measurement of elastic constants from the various
localized microstructures we can confirmed that the RUS method is very
sensitive to the microstructure of the test materials. By comparing the
RMS error of the range of 0.07 - 0.10 % for this measurement to the
general limit of 0.2& for the effectiveness of the measurement, we can
confirm the measrements were highly reliable.
RUS can also be used to measure Q-factor (mechanical damping) which
related to the microstructural variations (grain boundary, grain size,
precipitation, defects, dislocations etc. ). In order to get an accurate
measurement of Q-factor, environmental pressure and contact pressure
between ultrasonic sensor and sample should be measured and controlled.
Thus the vacuum system for the environment and a load cell to control
contact pressure should be attached for accurate measurement of Q-factor.
The complete RUS system can be use to determine the anisotropic elastic
constant, temperature dependence and Q-factor. These capabilities will be
useful to monitor the degradation of nuclear materials, including neutron
irradiation embrittlenient. In addition, RUS technology can be applied to
various areas, such as the nondestructive identification of the fluid
inside a vessel, nondestructive quality test for precision components as
well as nondestructive materials characterization.
- v -
CONTENTS
Chapter 1 Introduction 1
Chapter 2 State-of-the-art 4
Section 1 State-of-the-art of similar research 4
1. Case of foreign countries 4
2. Case of domestic area 4
Section 2 Evaluation of the specific technologies 5
Section 3 Technical status of the Project 5
Chapter 3 Study results and discussion 7
Section 1 Theory of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy 7
1. Elastic constant of isotropic materials 7
2. Elastic constants of anisotropic materials 8
3. Calculation of resonance frequency 10
3.1 Minimization of the Lagrangian 12
3.2 Solution for rectangular parallelepiped shape 17
Section 2 Calculation of elastic constant 21
1. Levenberg-Marquardt algorithm 21
2. Consideration of Error bars and goodness-of-fit 25
Section 3 Measurement of ultrasonic resonance frequency 27
1. Ultrasonic transducer for resonant ultrasound
spectroscopy 27
2. Q-factor in the resonant ultrasound spectroscopy 28
Section 4 High temperature for resonant ultrasound spectroscopy— 31
Section 5 Experiment of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy 35
1. Determination of dynamic elastic constants of RPV steel
- vi
weld due to localized micro-structural variation 35
1.1. Introduction 35
1.2. Preparation of Specimen 36
1.3. Measurement of elastic constants by resonant
ultrasound spectroscopy 40
1. 4. Experimental results and discussion 42
1. 5 Conclusion 56
Chapter 4 Accomplishment and contribution of the study 58
Section 1 Accomplishment of the study 58
Section 2 Contribution to technology development 58
Chapter 5 Application of the results 59
^1 1 Necessity of additional study 59
^1 2 ^ Application to the other research 59
Chapter 6 References 60
Appendix
1. Detail drawings of high temperature resonantultrasound spectrospopy system 63
- vn -
,5*
l
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7
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2. 6)uo^ :a*)l^ Q^n^r 8
3. ^ ^ r s ) - ^ T f l ^ 10
3.1. Lagrangian 3]4x£f 7l»g<ifl 5]*> •g-'g^nH5 ^ 12
3.2 ^^-^A(|ofl nfl?t i^afg- ig «H 17
2 ^ ^ ^ 4 - r 4^1 21
1. Levenberg-Marquardt iKnelil 21
2. Error bars ^ goodness-of-fitofl tfltl 3 - ^ 25
3 ^ i-g-aVg-'g ^ 4 ^ r ^ ^ 27
1. 3^-sF§-^^ ^-^# ^« %^> 27
2. J ^ s F g - ^ 1 ^ ^ ^ ^ 1 ^ ^ Q-factor 28
4 ^ Jl^r 5i^3i>^-tg«.^ A 1 ^ B | ^||3|- 31
5 ^ J i - i - s } ^ ^ ^ ^ 35
-^^f.^^1^ 4^ 35
1.1. * ^ 351 9 11 TEJ ^ . H l _ - - - Qfi1 , u. s^X xj. ^ C o | — OD
1.3. ^ ^ a } * ^ ^ * ^ ^ ^l t> f > A ^ l ^ r ^H§ 40
- viii -
1.
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m ^^ ^ fl^ H 581 ^ ^^fll ^ ^ B ^ ^-S ^ ^ £ 58
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2 ^ Bf <=*^-o\)$) -§--§- 59
60
63
- IX -
1 S- M
Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy) £
t:Hf-7) ^]^r canonical geometry^]
Lord Raleigh 7}
3. a l ^ . ^ ] 1970
3 j
1 5] *o}7] A}4^> 1980^^1] o)^:e>lt:}. 1987^
Los Alamos ^ - ^ ^ ^ ^ i ^ l Dr. Migliori^ °M7\]
o l S ^ PC - oflAl ^ - ^ ^ 3 ^ § <Sp§S} ^ oife hardware^
^ ^ ^ ^ ^ T W ^A l^ f e software^ n^W ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ r ^ ^ (RUS
Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy) 2J-.2. ^ ^ ^ ^ l ^ . ^ 1990\lc}|
S E
- 1 -
O.I*
ufl -ofl ^fl*fe c^o>*> # M - $ (grain boundary,
defect, dislocation, precipitation ^-) afl
mechanical damping
pulse echo
mechanical
s.t:|-. al^oil S.-g-aVg-'g^^igoJI^^. ^.ig^a).^^ H>7}^- (FWHM, Full Width
Half Maximum)^ ^ ^ § * } ^ <^1S Q-factorS
Q-factor# ^ 1 ^
damping jL2f7> S ^ £ ] J I $X°^S. o|e|*> ^ ^ - 3.3l*llo> ^ c } . o]
# ^ Q-factorl
^^ ^ 1 # 7H1**H
Q-factor
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Q-factor-^
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1991-d
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solution)^©] 7f-^^ e|| o?aflfe -
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r ^ J. D. Maynard [2]
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M #Sti^.^ Fraser and
[3]. ol*: Anderson, Kumazawa
rfl 1960
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Mochizuki [7]7}
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Resonant Ultrasoniat Spectroscopy) B}3. x^x^^}^-\ [8].
mechanical Lagrangian£) sfl
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11 -
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Lagrangian L •&
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cm
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k=l x-axis translationk=2 y-axis rotationk=3 z-axis rotationk=4 x-axis rotationk=5 volumetrick=6 z-axis translationk=7 y-axis translationk=8 complex motion
- 20 -
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set
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fit7>
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Tflo]7114
- 26 -
mm l 4 \ & ] M ^ ^
g ^ > B ) ^ M ^ §]51 geometry
fl flfl ( ^ mm
o] ^Hl^olt:]-. Undisturbed free-sample*J ^ ^ I # ^ - ^ ^ f e
fe ^ ^ 4 «H7]^ <H^^r ^ ^ : 1 mm 3 7 ] *| A)
mm U ^ > 7 } Hl^*}t:>^ ^o
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cfl ^-^o] 3 km/s 6] ^3}oflA-l ^ c | 1.5 mm<>]
S ^ 1 MHz
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^ # ^71 ^*H^fe "I 3717} ^X]7| 4 ^
Q-factor 7} ^^Sr | ^ ^ - ^ ^ 1 ' Slc>.
match7f -f^r^v) 7l7iH Q7f 50
PVDF(Polyvinylidine fluoride) s t r i p # mm
j>}$) x]^o]} greased - ^ * H
& Curie
- 27 -
(Lithium Niobatefe 800 - 1100 K <>M ^ 7 l ^ ^ S short $\S.7\ 5\7\\-\ -g--g-
Q) ^r£6fl 11> ^ 1 1 - *M*}7l ^ a o^-^5 - buffer rod
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buffer rod^l 4 ^ ^ ^ISl^- ^ - j ^ §- 1 ^IJl #<Hl convolution^ ^1^1
rod :?H1 7^flxlfe ?Q$] o]v\. -7-^)1^ o^ z}o\ 20 cm, « | ^ 3 mm^ <g
l^^cH # ^ f e 10,000m/s ^-S^lnl-. o]
3 . stiffness7l- ^^c f l ) -^ ^ ^^1 cflsf 3mm
5,000 m/sH ^ ^ - A j t l t : ^ ^ irfl SL7\ 507fl
0.438 - 1.25 MHz o\]*\ T-M^c}. O\ ^ S } ^ ^^<Hl>H buffer rod
reverberation Iimit7> *Xt\. o\7%.~§: cfle>
Q=1000 <y 3 . ^ ^ ^ - a l ^ ^ ^g-?- S H 7 } ^ 4 * W 1 ^ ^ 5 ] ^ ^ ^ l ^ ^ l 3 l^ fe X\
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rodS # 41 Sllt:>. n}eM <^^-nlL| buffer rod#
M rod S] ^-^1 # ^ ^ - nle} ^ 4 *
^ s f | ^ ^ c K • a t ^ ^ S MHz
Q71-
fe Q
2. J i ^ - s F g - ^ ^ ^ •^ 'H l^^ Q-factor
Q-factor
§ }. Q-factor fe ^-«g i ^ j
(FWHM; Full Width Half Maximum) J£fe ^/r •# ( / = ^ -^ ^rSHr, r =
- 28 -
J7Sfl
(thermodynamic dissipation)^- JS/ sfl
^ ^ • 4 ^*|fe <as. ^^£)<H i ^ J^ fe JL3}<H1 911-^A^ t};g;§ ^-^- g r a in
boundary 4I?>, ^ 1 grain size7> ^ flS«Hl #*j7l-
dissipation »] o}ij4.
ring ^Efl 5)^2} ^o] nodal direction^- 7f?li:}.
Q-factor ^
(FWHM), ^ ^ ^ J # ^ ^ * f e 5 ^ £ ^ Q-factor
, ii) #Q2§ (grain boundary, inclusion, defect
., (elastic and non-dissipative) JS.71,
radiation,
- 29
mm 3.7}$]
radiation^
7}
Shear SJE.
T&$] 3.717}
$\ 3.7]±r gas
lfe ^ ^ r 0.1 N x]
^ radiation o|
moUnt $} A | ^
^r dipole-like radiation^ 'ti^.T'lS
) radiation match7} ofl
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^ torr ^§S.S ^ ^ " 3 71^)1^ radiation
order ^cflA]^ ^ 51^}. 7 1 ^ 1 cfl^; Q
50K ol^} ^£6l|XI 7l<& (He
Q-factor ^ A^l &x\}7\ ^ c } . Isaak, Cynn, and Andeson [ 9 ] ^
^1 3*} fHJ 7^1^(third order elastic constant)# ^ •W&fe- tfl
bar *W ^ ^ 1 ^ 1 fe *^> Q ^ *i
- 30 -
l ^ ^ ^ r Fig. 4-1*11
synthesizer,
l^^ l B > Silfe § V § ! ^ g ^ | ( ] ^ Quatrosonic
Ruspec ^H])6fl 4 i ^ 7f<iS. ^ ^rJE 1<H ^ 1 # ¥ ^
Curie
-£-.§. wave guideS 4~§-*H 5.-B"47> furnace
^ ^ ] f e F i g .
wave guided] ^ ^ * H 4 ^ ^
31 W a M wave guide#
& holding ^ f e ^
fe 1000 °C 7}*1
- <% 500 °C ^ ^ 4 ^
31 ^ r ^ ^ ^ l 7fe*}J£-^ ^SftcK Fig. 4-3 £ 4-4 afl
Q ^ i
o}e\*} *}*£& ^^611 «><g*>7l ^ l ^ H 2*1- te^l^ife ^ ^ load cell-i
- 31 -
MicrcPro©
Prir
>essor
r
iter
p Synthesizer
DigitizerL
Receiver
Test 7Object VS.
Driver—, Transducer
spa Receive
Transducer
Fig. 4-1. Block diagram of resonant ultrasound spectroscopy (RUS).
32 -
ReceivingTransducer
Specimen
Wave Guide(Alumina Rod)
Thermocouple
TransmittingTransducer
Fig. 4-2. A design of high temperature device for RUS experiment.
- 33 -
Fig 4-3.
Fig. 4-4. furnace il wave guided SA 508
- 34 -
5 ^
1. #*}$.
1.1. *m
. alfe -#-§- 3»*>S ^^-§-71 (reactor pressure
vessel, RPV)fe ASME SA 508 Cl. 3 i&£#(Mn-Mo-Ni
(heat affected zone, HAZH tflsfl
[10.11].
[12].
1 6 l € - £ J. D. Maynard [13]
Holland [4]^- Demarest [5]fe ^ > ^ ^ ^ - S ^ » o ^ ^ l ^ ^
cfl ol ^ a j ^ g ; Ohno [6]ofl
Visscher
7>*1 Ji-i-31}- u o ^ 7> rc-il 3.^-2> ^ - ^ ^ (resonant ultrasound
- 35 -
spectroscopy ; RUS)-b
^ * 1 H * ! £ ?}¥*}** i < 8 ^ 371(1 mm
[14].
(anisotropic elastic constant)^ ^-^^fe ^ d ] 7 } ^ H [15,16]
3.7} 5
a]el
5J r>S.
1.2.
xf-g-51 ^ 1 ^ ^ ^ i ^S-8 - ASME SA 508 Cl. 3 ^ Mn-Mo-Ni Tfl
^: Table 5 - 1 ^ £v\ [17]. ^4^}S-§- ^ ^ ^ - ^ S^flfe i 6 j 5l
^•(quenching & tempering)<Hl ^*H S^Bfe tempered bainite
T:}. *>^ o]$\ - § - ^ ^ - ^ S^f|5l ^^7)1 220 mm!- <$ 130 pass
(post weld heat treatment)^ 7 l ^ ^ ^.d
(unit
- 36 -
SI Fig. 5-
Table 5-
mm X 3.5 mm X 4.0 mm
si 3.0
- 37 -
Table 5-1. Chemical composition of SA 508-3 steel
Elements
wt. %
C
0.19
Si
0.08
Mn
1.35
P
0.006
S
0.002
Ni
0.82
Cr
0.17
Mo
0.51
Table 5-2.
-*1 1 Identification
SI
S2
S3
S4
S5
S6
S7
S8
Thermal cycle simulation
(I*} 3l 2*} thermal cycle
1350° C
1350° C
1350° C
900° C
900° C
700° C
650° C
Base c
& 1350 ° C
& 950 ° C
& 750 ° C
& 900 ° C
& 700 ° C
& 700 ° C
& 680 ° C
naterial
CGTM
(TM)+TB
(TM) + TB
FGTB
FGTB + (TB
TB + (F) +
TB+CC
TB
+ F
* F)
CC
%CGTM: Coarse Grained Tempered Martensite
*TM: Tempered Martensite
*TB: Tempered bainite
*F: Ferrite
$FGTB: Fine Grained Tempered bainite
*CC: Coarse Carbide
- 38 -
S1(CGTM) S2 ((CGTM)+TB) S3 ((CGTM)+TB+F) S4(FGTB)
S5 (FGTB+CTB+F)) S6 (TB+(F)+CC) S7(TB+CC) S8CTB)
Fig. 5-1. Microstructures in various HAZ regions in SA 508 RPV weld.
- 39 -
1.3.
7M2
[14].
^ Levenberg-Marquardt»g#
merits a]
* H
Fig.5-2<H1
3 .3^ 'RPMODEL' 3:71
H7f degenrate
*1H4.5 mm
'RUSPEC'#
figure of
£.7]
Tfl
^ 3 . 5 mm X 4 . 0 mm X
2 " g 'RPR' JEEfe 'RPMODEL'
Levenberg-Marquardt^<^1
97fl<y orthorhombic symmetry
7 ^ * 1 SA 508 Cl. 2
- 40 -
Determine MaterialsStructure
(Isotropic, Cubic, Etc)
Prepare RectangularParallelepiped Sample
Determine Initial Estimateof Mode Resonant Frequencies
'btain Measured Frequencies
Run RPMODEL &Evaluate Error
\
Input Measured Frequenciesinto RPR using RPMODEL as
the Interface
Remeasure Missing or LargeError Mode Frequencies
\
/
Output Elastic Moduli
- Literature- lab Experience-Other Measurement
- Input Weight or Densityand Dimension to betterthan 0.1% Accuracy- Input Elastic Moduli "Guesses"Obtained from Literature orother Experiments
Iterate UntilError is
Acceptable
Fig. 5-2.
- 41 -
1) E - 207.200 - 57.09 T/1000 (GPa, T=° C /# ^ - § - « H [18], 25°
Young's modulus-H -r^}1?!,
E = 205. 77275 Gpa.
2) -&uo^ I ^ ^ I T 1 5i PQisson's ratio 2/ = 0.30 3. 7}^}3. 4 4 shear
modulus (7, Lame constant ^ , elastic stiffness eu , c12/ £44 -
= 75. 143 GPa,
*= MX. ,V1_O.A ~ 118- 7 1 5 °Pa>
1.4.
7.001 Gpa,
c12 = A = 118.715 GPa,
cu = -i- (c u - c12) - 79.143 GPa.
- 42 -
H (k)
5 -
4 -
2 -
1 -
0 -
500.0k 1.0M 1.5M
Frequency2.0M
Fig. 5-3. Typical resonance spectrum of SA 508 rectangular parallelepiped
shaped specimen.
- 43 -
SA 508 Cl. 3 #aovt8 *flfi°fi tfl*> ^ 4 * 1 ^ ^ 4 ^ - ^ ^ r ^ ^ S ) ^ ^ Fig
J ^ Table 5-3 <Ml ^ ^ 4 * 3 3 } } l
^ H r ^ o f l *NI3$i * § * A^KRMS e r r o r ) ^ ^ 4 i 0.07
0.14XS. ^-^SlSacK «aa>4AS. ^ 5 : ^.^}7> 0.2% fl
Fig. 5-4 91 Fig. 5-5<Hl Young's modulus ^ shear modulus
C>. 4 *]^ofl cflt!: Young's modulus $} shear modulus^ -H
JiSJ^K S?> Young's modulus^ ^.7] ^^§^2f -g^l ^ a H - H] Lsfl j £ £ 205
GPa ^ § £ S ^ ^ § € ^o l ^ ^ . a ^ i g ^ ^ i g ^ S ^ ^ « > ^-?-^lfe 209 ~ 212 GPa
71 >0
Fig. 5-4 5l Fig. 5-5<Hl-H 4 4 ^ o f l ^ ^ Young's modulus Q shear
modulus
J i 6 | a | o] ^ ^ - ^ % > ^ Young's modulus^)- shear modulus<Ml
fi^ 1350
l K ^ ^ 900°
2^}
S6-S7-S: 750
^7iuK5»), ^Bfl7f £]x l^ *tSJt^1^ tempering
(57)olc}. ^#^<?1 nl^l ^ 4 ^ ^ ^ # Table 5-2*11
5} ^t:]-. o]z\Q n}4] 3L^$] X}O]^. E > A ^ ^ ] ^ ^ <£3f*H A ^ tempered
martensite(57-S3) J£t:]-b tempered bainite(5^~55)^
tempered bainite ^ 4
S5, S6, S7
- 44 -
Table 5-3.
Speimen
No.
SA5O8_1A
SA5O8_1A1
SA5O8_1B
SA508 1B1SA508 1CSA508 1C1SA508 IDSA508 1D1SA508 2ASA508 2A1SA508 2BSA508 2B1SA508 2CSA5O8_2C1SA508_2DSA508 2D1SA508 3ASA508 3A1SA508 3BSA508 3C1SA508 3CSA508 3C1SA508 3DSA508 3D1SA508_4ASA508 4A1SA508_4BSA5O8_4B1SA508_4CSA508 4C1SA508_4DSA5O8_4D1SA508_5ASA5O8_5A1SA508 5BISA5O8_5B1SA508_5CSA508 5C1SA508_5D
[1012
dyn/cm2]
2.7661
c12 [ lO"
dyn/cm2]
1.1244
2.76461 1.125
2.7654
2.7611
1.1282
1.12392.7681 1.12872.7546J 1.11612.7554J 1.1182.75872.724
2.72262.7398
1.12171.09571.0931
1.112.7419J 1.11062.7528 1.12362.7678 1.13772.7732| 1.14722.7801 1.15342.7565 1.1265
2.757J 1.12672.76781 1.13832.7658! 1.13592.75511 1.12542.7567i 1.12592.758 1.1273
2.7619 1.13062.7534 1.12432.7566; 1.1263
2.757: 1.12922.7567 1.12822.7602 11.12752.7629 1.13242.7613 1.13242.7681 1.13842.7687: 1.12992.7653 1.12612.7676 1.1278
2.77 1.1292.7685 1.12942.7718 1.13082.7723 1.1324
ISA508 5D1 j 2.7668 1.127
c« [10"dyn/cm2]
0.8208
0.8198
0.8186
0.81860.81970.81920.81870.81850.81420.81480.81490.81560.81460.8151
0.8130.8134
0.8150.81520.8147
0.8150.81490.81540.81530.81570.81456.81520.81390.81420.81630.81530.81450.81490.81940.81960.81990.82050.81960.8205
0.820.8199
Young's
Modulus,
E (Gpa)
211.607
211.383
211.159
211.083211.425211.086211.001
211.02209.548209.641209.971210.147210.143210.506210.181210.379210.288210.337210.426210.451210.244210.371210.374210.522210.134210.329210.078210.133210.611
210.46210.273210.471211.376211.355211.456211.617211.412211.649211.559211.441
Shear
Mudulus
(Gpa)
82.08
81.98
81.86
81.8681.9781.9281.8781.8581.4281.4881.4981.5681.4681.5181.3
81.3481.5
81.5281.4781.5
81.4981.5481.5381.5781.4581.5281.3981.4281.6381.5381.4581.4981.9481.9681.9982.0581.9682.05
8281.99
BulkModulus,B (Gpa)
167.17
167.153
167.393
166.963167.517166.233166.38
166.737163.84163.62
165.327165.443166.667
168.1168.92
169.557166.983167.007168.153167.913166.857166.95
167.093167.43166.74
166.967167.18167.11167.18
167.582167.53
168.159167.617167.25167.44167.6
167. 57167. 78
167.897167.36
Poisson'sj RN6Ratio j error
<*)
0.28903J 0.106
0.28923J 0.0816
0.28976J 0.0909|0.28929J 0-0807
0.28965J 0.11880.28836J 0.08020.28864J 0.08460.28907| 0.08040.28684| 0.22790.28646| 0.19280.28833] 0.14780.28883J 0.14540.28986J 0.12140.291291 0.12640.29262[_0.13270.293211 0.12120.290111 0.10530.29009| 0.10160.29143| 0.1210.2911l| 0.1145
0.29| 0.08450.289991 6.08630.290161 0.11690.29044J 0.10610.289961 6.10710.29005! 0.11580.29057| 0.09860.29043 0.09640.29004J 0.11960.290691 0.07780.29081 j 0.10130.29139J 0.09890.289821 0.08090.289381 0.06890.289521 0.07050.28956! 0.06940.289731 0.07390.28976! 0.08280.289991 0.09330.289431 0.07
Density[g/cm3]
7.8838187.883818
7.837368
7.8373687.8497.849
7.8579267.8579267.8425497.8425497.8893137.88313
7.8502967.8502967.8221547.8221547.8384667.8384667.8346247.8346247.8460367.8460367.8483987.8483987.8387967.8387967.8219427.8219427.8656657.8656657.8443277.8443277.8369497.8369497.8694137.8694137.8527157.8527157.8481727.848172
Index
1
1
1
111112222222233333333444J
1 444445555555
5
- 45 -
Table 5-3. (?lHf).
Speimen
No.
en L10 |Ci2 LIU
dyn/cm ] dyn/cm ]
=„ [10"dyn/cm2]
Young's
Modulus,
E (Gpa)
Shear
Mudulus
(Gpa)
Bulk Poisson' RMS
Modulus, !s Ratio error
B (Gpa) I (%)
Density | Index I
[g/cm3] i
SA5O8 6A 2.76051 1.1221 0.8192 211.191 81.92J 166.8231 0.28901; 0.0642 7.83646JSA508 6A1 2.7636J 1.1237 0.82 211.404 82| 167.0271 0.28905: 0.0696 7.83646!SA508 6B 2.754J 1.1164 0.8188 210.996 81.88! 166.2271 0.28845; 0.0864 7.823086 6!SA508 6B1 2.7573! 1.1203 0.8185 210.996 81.85! 166.597| 0.28892; 0.0594 7.823046SA508_6C 2.75661 1.118 0.8193 211.141 81.93! 166.42] 0.28855; 0.0841 7.843055
81.98! 166.733] 0.28878i 0.10247.843327SA508 6D 2.7604! 1.1208 0.8198 211.308 6!SA508 6D1 2.764SA5O8 7A 2.7459SA508 7A1 2.7477!
SA508 7B 2.7571;SA5O8_7B1SA508 7C
2.7608
1.1252 0.8194 211.293 81.941 167.147| 0.28931 j 0.0696 7.8433271.1116 0.8172 210.535 81.72! 165.63J 0.28815; 0.0795 71.1125 0.8176 210.646 81.76i 165.757 0.28882! 0.075471.1212 0.8179 210.873 81.79; 166.657
2.7462!1J2571.1096
JUS1750.8183
210.86210.757
81^75!81.83!"
167.080.289111 0.11437
165.513|0.28966J
~o] 28777!0.088170."'1024 7,
,817048.817048!"817048f8170481823595F
_77
it7!
SA508 7C1 2.7506 1.1148 0.8179 210.757 81.79J 166.0071 0.28841 0.07487.823595]U
SA508_7D 2.7519 1.1148 0.8186 210.919 81.86| 166.043! 0.28829;SA5O8_7D1ISA508 8A
2/7551J2.74681
0.8182 210.897 81.82; 166.417!1.1121 0.8174 210.59 81.74J
81.79"165.93j
0.28879;0.28817!
7.818946[ 707967.818946! 7
0.10410.0.0743 7.829797!
SA508 8A1 2.7479! 1.112 0.8179 210.709 165.737! 0.28811; 0.0739 7.829797!;SA5O8_6C1SA508 8B
2.7563! 1.1181 0.81912.7612; 1.1268 0.8172
211.096210.807
81.9181.72
166.4171167.16!
0.2885910J28981!
0^057370.0805 7
843055!8178351
SA508 8B1 2.762! 0.818 210.98 81.8 167.133! 0.28961! 0.08 7.817835!SA508_8CSA5O8_8C1SA508_8D "SA508 8D1
2. 7553; 0.8181 210.881 81.81 166.45! 0.28884; 0.0844 7.822957!2. 7537;2.750H
1.11691.116
0.8184 210.911 81.84U
0.8171 210.59 81.71166.25! 0.28856! 0.0753 7.822957;166. 711 0.28864r~0.0753I7.813875!
2.7527! 1.1167 0.818 210.815 81.8 0.2886 0.0834 7.813875! 8!
- 46 -
212.0i
O)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Specimen Group
Fig. 5-4. Young's modulus of SA 508 Cl. 3 alloy by WS.D
! I! I
i !
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Specimen Groups
Fig. 5-5. Shear modulus of SA 508 Cl. 3 alloy by RUS.
5 i: 1350C-1350C,S Z 1350C-900C,S Z 1350C-750C,S £ 900C-900C,S S 900C-750C,S 6:750C 750C,S T. 680C-680C,S X raw material
47 -
tempered martensite(Si ~S3)$) t M ^ ^ f e ^ ^ -3.7H cflfjflA-J <*>;?>
7fl^r7} pearlite-bainite-martensite£) ^A-j.3. 4 4 : * H tempered
martens i t e ^ H f e v}X\ ^7>*>t|- pearliteS}
2 ^ [19] <£xmr.\.
Fig. 5-6 51 Fig- 5-7<Hl 4 4 ^1^*1) ^«>
^ 7 | « t > « ^ I ^ S . C^- A)^#2ffe ^51 SI*]} tbQ cUr
scattering*}3. Sl-c- 1 d]*fl tfltl ^ ^ 1 ^ : ^ r^^l ?it:>. J£SV Young's modulus
7} specimen group<Hl v%$ ^ ^ « > * H t ^ - ° f e ^ ^ °H1 ^ S " * f e cu^r C>
^}^^} . °lfe stiffness ^ ^ , cs <$W off-diagonal ty<& c122] «g
Young's modulus, E-b c,y5| ^*J^^1 S« # ^ S l ¥) £ = 1 / S U
&<$ da # 0 61 ^ . f Cll2f^ c}^ . ^o ] Tfl^ig ^ jJlcK C44
shear modulus(Fig. 5-5)^-
Sife tfl Fig. 5-8 gj Fig. 5-9<Hl 4 4
Tfl s ca t t e r ing*^ $1^ cfl < lfe
^ 44
* f e cfl dl<>1lfe 1) martensite^l tetragonality£] 4 ^ 5J ^ T S , 2) #$1 4
4i, 3) carbide <Qx}*\ "&% ^ 7-AoV f ^ & ^ ^ « ^r Slc}[20].
martensite S ^ J i c f e bainite 2I^°L3. %^r^, £3!^SJ 3.7]7\ 4
S73} •%•*}# tempered bainite
307fl
- 48 -
2.78-
2.77-
V" 2.76-
jo" 2.75-O
S, 2.74-
° 2.73-
2.72-
2.71-
•
•
•
:
s
J•1
•I
i ,i<
ii •
; :
tt
at••
••
1 2 3 4 5 6
Specimen Group
Fig. 5-6. Elastic stiffness ( cn) of SA508 Cl. 3 alloy by
1.16-j
1.15-
1.14-
"t 1.13-o
I 1.12-j
>< 1-11-
o" 1.10-
1.09-
1.082 3 4 5
Specimen Group
Fig. 5-7. Elastic stiffness ( C-Q) of SA508 Cl. 3 alloy by RUS.
S l: 1350C-1350C,S 2: 1350C-900C,S 3: 1350C-750C,S 4: 900C-900C,S 5: 900C-750C,S 6: 750C 750C,S 7: 680C-680C,S 8: raw material
- 49 -
5970
5960-
!F 5950-
— 5940-
'o•§ 5930-
o>5 5920-
73
O) 5900-o
5890
: !
3 4 5 6
Specimen Group
Fig. 5-8. Longitudinal wave velocity of SA 508 Cl. 3 alloy by RUS. 3)
I1IS
3235-
3230-
3225-
3220-
3215-
3210-
•
••
•
•
!
s•t•••
••••
1 1
1•1
• •
• ••
•
3 4 5 6
Specimen Group
Fig. 5-9. Shear wave velocity of SA 508 Cl. 3 alloy by RUS.
S i: 1350C-1350C,S Z 1350C-9WC,S X 1350C-750C,S 4: 900C-900C,S S 900C-750C,S K 750C 750C,S 7. 680C-680C,S & raw material
- 50 -
v}*\] ^2:5} lattice distortion, ^ ^ ^ 37] ^
K Palanichamy et al.^r [21, 22] i ^ M ^ B
lattice distortion, ^ ^ ^ , *1# - <>1 db*f7j nfi^-0!^^! JL2.*}9Ji:f. Ahn
and et al.^r [23] t>*fi ^^>^ 7O H1^ ^ ^ 4 ^ £ 5 } ^ ^ ^ j 3.7],
} martensite ll<Hl ^ S ^ U ^ 3 .71^ - - Bfl < 1 <H1 ^cfl»> austenite
37)$} 2*^*1 # ^ Sife cfl ^ 1 3 . bainiteU martensite
fe ferrite+pearlite
ferrite+pearlite+bainite S ^ , bainite+martensite
[24] <HH-£ retained austenite + martensite
3 . martensite ^ , martensite + bainite -#,
ferrite + pearlite + bainite ^h ferrite + pearlite
Fig. 5-10 ?1 5-llofl ^ r £ ^5f<Hl 4^r Young's modulus «! shear modulus^]
l A ^ Fig. 5-12 iJ 5-136fl £5. ^Sf6fl tc>s. ^ , 4 ^ £ ^ ^ 1
-S.O}- Young's modulusif shear modulus^
nfl -ofl ^}5|*1 ^4>o) ^>EJ) Al^oj) 5 | ^ ^%>?]x] ^ ^ * > data scattering
Fig. 5-lOofl-M 7 l ? H A|^6]l S]*> Young's modulus^ £5. S]^ Tfl^ £• 207.200 - 57.09 T/1000 (GPa, T=° C)
- 51 -
^ l ^ ^ -57.09 MPa/°
^ -70.27 MPa/° CS.
- 52 -
215-,
210-
185-
SA5081BSA508 1A
s.to33
lod
(0"CDc
1
205-
200-
195-
190-
E=207.2-0.05709T
. E=214.54-0.07087T
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Temperature [C]
Fig 5-10. Variation of Youngs modulus of SA508 Cl. 3 steel.
[GP
a]M
odul
usS
hear
8 2 -
8 0 -
7 8 -
7 6 -
7 4 -
7 2 -
7 0 -
t
•
t
SA508 1BSA508 1A
•
• #
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Temperature [C]
Fig 5-11. Variation of shear modulus of SA508 Cl. 3 steel.
- 53 -
5950-
5900-
5850-
5800-
t
2 5750-
5700-
5650
• SA5081B• SA5081A
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Temperature [C]
Fig 5-12. Variation of longitudinal wave velocity of SA508 Cl. 3 steel.
3250-,
3200-
3150-
"o
I0) 31C
Ira^ 3050-
co
3000-
SA5081BSA5081A
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450
Temperature [C]
Fig 5-13. Variation of shear wave velocity of SA508 Cl. 3 steel.
- 54 -
Zirconium ^ # 2 } ?l7ll^4; 3.-g-£(Terminal Solid Solubility: TSS)
1.5. £^
M *> ^ ] B I SA 508 Cl. 3
4 ^r*
*>Sgl .t -^^ -i-^ Young's modulus 209 -212 GPa^ ^^m^l 3L7]
205 GPa 1 4 ^>^V ^5tt4.
— ^ tempered martensite S^jjtcl- tempered bainite
3. ^i-sVg-ig& S L ^ % 4 ^ S f e ^ ^ ^ ' ^ 3717} # i * K ^ , martensite
bainite 2 2 , ' ^ ^ ^ ^ - ^-^<>1 ^7>*
4. Young's modulus gj shear modulus^-
5.
- 55 -
Zirconium ^^$] rS.<H] ty^ Sb!|*f4i 5L%&.(Terminal
Solid Solubility: TSS)£| ^ifi ^ - ^ # t\<gQ ^-§-o] 7 > ^ * H ^*1 7]^]X\
- 56 -
7ii
. o]
- 57 -
mechanical Q-factor7} iLt:>
«fl ti4tt ^ ^ ^ Q-factor#
Q-factor
wave guide
71
1) Load cell#
2) 1^- l^^l
Ef o Qo o
. -§-71 71
- 58 -
1. L. D. Landau and E. M. Lifshitz, Theory of Elasticity, 3rd ed.
(Pergamon Press, London, 1986).
2. J. D. Maynard, "Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy", Phys. Today, 49, pp.
26-31 (1996).
3. D. B. Frazer and R. C. LeCrew,"Novel method of measuring elastic and
anelastic properties of solids",Rev. Sci. Instrum., 35 (9) pp.1113-1115
(1964).
4. R. Holland,"Resonant properties of piezoelectric ceramic rectangular
parallelepipeds", J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 43 (5) pp. 988-997 (1968).
5. H. H. Demarest,"Cube-resonance method to determine the elastic
constants of solids", J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 49 (3) Pt. 2, pp. 768-775
(1971).
6. I. Ohno,"Free vibration of a rectangular parallelepiped crystal and its
application to determination of elastic constants of orthorhombic
crystals", J. Phys. Earth, 24, pp. 355-379 (1976).
7. E. Mochizuki,"Sphere-resonance method to determine elastic constants
of crystal", J. Appl. Phys. 63 (12) pp.5668-5673 (1988).
8. W. W. Visscher, A. Migliori, T. M. Bell, R. A. Reinert, "On the normal
modes of free vibration of inhomogeneous and anisotropic elastic
objects", J. Acoust. Soc. Am., 90 (4) Pt. 1, pp. 2154-2162 (1991).
9. D. G. Isaak, 0. L. Anderson, J. D. Carnes, and H. Cynn, "Elasticity of
fused silica shperes under pressure using resonant ultrasound
spectroscopy", J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 104 (4) pp2200-2206 (1998).
IRHAZ £| n | 4
37 (8) pp. 1000-1007 (1999).
11. 3 ^ , ^ « h " S A 508 Cl. 3*}s§3} n]M] 3 ] ^Sf", cfl^^^-^SIxl, 36 (8) pp. 1329-1337 (1998).
12. A. Miglioli, W. M. Visscher, S. E. Brown, Z. Fisk, S. -W. Cheong, B.
- 59 -
Alten, E. T. Ahrens, K. A. Kubat-Martin, "Elastic constants and
specific-heat measurements on single crystals of La2CuO4", Phys. Rev. B,
41 (4) pp. 2098-2102 (1990).
13. J. D. Maynard, "The use of piezoelectric film and ultrasonic resonance
to determine the complete elastic tensor in one measurement", J. Acoust.
Soc. Am., 91 (3) pp. 1754-1762 (1992).
14. A. Miglioro, J. Sarrao,"Resonant ultrasound spectroscopy", John Wiley
& Sons Inc. (1997).
15. Y. -M. Cheong, S. -C. Kwon, H. -K. Jung,"Determination of anisotropic
elastic moduli of Zr-2.5Nb CANDU pressure tube materials", J. Mater.
Sci., 35 (5) pp. 1195-1200 (2000).
16. ;§-§-?-, 1 , £<3*J, ^ W , " ^ * } ^ ^ ^ o]-§- Zr-2.5Nb ^
pp.13-27 (1999).
17. ASME B & PV Code Sec. II, Part A, SA 508 (1995).
18. D. R. Ireland, W. L. Server, R. A. Wullaert, ETI Technical Report No.
75-43, pp.5-10 (1975).
19. E. P. Papadakis,"Ultrasonic attenuation and velocity in three
transformation products in steel", J. Appl. Phys., 35 (5) pp.1474-1482
(1964).
20. R. Prasad, S. Kumar,"An investigation into the ultrasonic behavior of
cast and heat-treated structures in steel", British J. NDT, 33 (10)
PP. 506-509 (1991).
21. P. Palanicharmy, M. Vasudevan, T. Jayakumar, S. Venugopal, B.
Raj,"Ultrasonic velocity measurements for characterizing the annealing
behavior of cold worked austenitic stainless steel", NDT&E Int., 33, pp.
253-259 (2000).
22. P. Palanichamy, A. Joseph, T. Jayakumar, B. Raj, "Ultrasonic velocity
measurements for estimation of grain size in austenitic stainless
steel", NDT&E Int., 28 (3) pp.179-185 (1995).
23. B. -Y. Ahn, S. S. Lee, S. T. Hong, H. C. Kim, S. -J. L.
Kang,"Application of the acoustic resonance method to evaluate the grain
- 60 -
size of low carbon steel", NDT&E Int., 32, pp. 85-89 (1999)
24. *]&q, *}&<$. ^ , tf<3«. ^^<i,. pp. 27 (1995).
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BIBLIOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SHEET
Performing Org.
Report No.
Sponsoring Org.
Report No.Stamdard Report No. ! INIS Subject Code
KAERI/RR-2077/20001l
Title / SubtitleMaterials Characterization by Resonant Ultrasound
Spectroscopy Method
Yong-Moo Cheong(NucIear Materials Technology)Project Manager
and DepartmentResearcher and JH.K. Jung(Quantum Optics Lab.), Y.S. Joo(KALIMER), C. M.
Department ]Sim(HANARO),
Publication
Place
Page
Taejon i Publisher KAERIPublication
p. 72 !! 111. & Tab. | Yes( o), No ( )
! Date
I Size
2001
Cm.
Note
Classified Open( o ), Restricted( ),
Class DocumentReport Type Research Report
Sponsoring Org. Contract No.Abstract (15-20;
Lines) j
A high temperature resonant ultrasound spectroscopy(RUS) was developed. The dynamic
elastic constant of RPV weld, which has various different microstructure was determined by
RUS. It was confirmed the RUS method is very sensitive to the microstractures of the
material. RUS can be used to monitor the degradation of nuclear materials including neutron
irradiation embrittlement through the measurement of dynamic elastic constants, elastic
anisotropy, high temperature elastic constant and Q-factor.
Subject Keywords
(About 10 words)
Resonant Ultrasound Spectroscopy, Elastic Constant, Material
Characterization, Nuclear Materials