Materials Handling and Wastage Control

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Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost housing projects

ADDIS ABABA

UNIVERSITY

FACULTY OF TECHNOLOGY SOUTH

DEPARTMENT OF CONSTRUCTION TECHNOLOGY AND

MANAGEMENT

THESIS FOR UNDER GRADUATE PROGRAM (BSc.)

TITLE: MATERIAL HANDLING AND WASTAGE CONTROL IN ADDIS

ABABA LOW COST HOUSING PROJECTS

ADVISOR: Belay Yitayew (Ato.)

PREPARED BY:

1. Dechasa Haile

2. Gebrehiwot Hintsay

3. Saron Anteneh

Prepared by: Dechasa, Gebrehiwot, Saron 1


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February 2010

APPROVED BY BOARD OF EXAMINERS

ADVISOR: ______________________________

SIGNITURE: _____________________________

DATE: ______________________________

EXTERNAL EXAMINER: __________________

SIGNITURE: ______________________________

DATE: ______________________________

INTERNAL EXAMINER: ___________________

SIGNITURE: ______________________________

DATE: _______________________________



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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

This research would have been impossible to realize without the tremendous

assistance and cooperation of various individuals and construction

companies. It is therefore our great pleasure to acknowledge and thank them

for their collaboration and helpful support.

We sincerely thank and express deep gratitude to our advisor Ato Belay

Yitayew for providing valuable advice, continuous support and guidance andfor his comments and suggestions during the progress of the research in a

more realistic way.

Our special credit also goes to those contractors, consultants and employer

for giving their precious time to respond our survey questioners and

interviews.

The Ministry of Works and Urban Development, the Ethiopian Association of

Civil Engineers also deserves our acknowledgement for the ease access of

the important information for this study.

And finally we are highly indebted to all site engineers, and supervisors, who

have shown their keen interest of cooperation by providing us with the

necessary information and data required for the thesis work.



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TABLE OF CONTENT

Acknowledgement I Table of content .. II , IIIAbbreviation .. IVAbstract .. V

CHAPTER ONE

1. INTRODUCTION 1

1.1 Research back ground ... 1

1.2 Objective of this research .. 3

1.3 Methodology .. 3

1.4 Scope and limitation .. 4

1.5 Structure of the paper .. 4

CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

. 52.1 Construction Management 5

2.2 Construction Resource Management 6

2.3 Construction Materials Management 7

2.3.1 Materials Planning 8

2.3.2 Materials Procurement Process 10

2.3.3 Inventory Control 11

2.3.4 Store-Keeping and Warehousing

12

2.3.5 Handling and Transportation 12

2.3.6 Codification and Standardization

13

2.3.7 Disposal of surpluses .. 14



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2.4 Construction Materials Wastage Management .. 15

2.4.1 Definition .. 15

2.4.2 Materials wastage standard .. 15

2.4.3 Causes of material wastage 17

2.4.4 Side effect of the problem 19

2.4.4.1 Side effect due to poor material handling . 19

2.4.4.2 Side effect due to material wastage . 20

2.4.5 System of material wastage control .. 22

2.4.5.1 Accounting for construction materials .. 22

2.4.5.2 Material wastage analysis .. 22

CHAPTER THREE

3. ANALYSIS

3.1. Profile of the questionnaires 24

3.2. The respondents 25

3.3. Data presentation, Analysis and Discussion .. 26

3.3.1 Section one Existence of the problem 26

3.3.2 Section two Major causes .. 27

3.3.3 Section three Side effects . 38

3.3.4 Section four Proposed systems ..

41

CHAPTER FOUR

4. CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1. Conclusion .. 44

4.2. Recommendation .. 45References .. 46

Appendix A Research proposal



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Appendix B Research questionnaires

ABBRIVATIONS

LCH Low Cost HouseMSE Micro and Small Enterprises4Ms Materials, Money, Manpower and Machineries4Rs Review, Reduce, Reuse and RecycleMSM Material Storage ManagementAAHDPO Addis Ababa Housing DevelopmentHCB Hollow Concrete Block



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ABSTRACT

In any construction project especially in Low Cost Housing there should be a

great concern for construction material wastage control system in order to

avoid maximum material wastage generation. Since construction industry is

one of the emerging economy of our country which consumes larger

percentage of the annual budget, construction material handling and

wastage control system desires serious consideration and due attention.

Based on this assumption, we have conducted our research on construction

material handling and wastage control systems in LCH projects with in Addis

Ababa. And we attempted to answer the following questions. What are the

most recent material handling systems in these projects? What are the main

causes for material wastage and their consequence? And what are the

systems adopt to reduce the wastage generated?

In this thesis we have explored construction material handling systems,

wastage control mechanisms, and tried to identify wastage causes and their

remedial measures to decrease wastages. Data were collected using

questioner survey distributed randomly to selected and concerned stake

holders for those operating in Addis Ababa LCH projects. In this research

work, all questions are grouped and analyzed according to their relationship,

discussed and possible conclusions and recommendations forwarded.

Generally, 100% of the cost efficient LCH construction stake holders proved

that, the existences of material wastage, therefore implementing effectivewastage control system, early identification and awarenesss on wastage

causes and use of some sort of material plan and management systems are

vital to minimize the unavoidable material wastages.



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CHAPTER - ONE

1. INTRODUCTION

1.1 Research back ground

"Low-Cost-Housing Technology (LCH)" was instituted for the first time in

Tigray province and then in other regions of Ethiopia [7]. The city of Addis

Ababa, being the capital of the nation, is facing numerous challenges in

trying to meet the demands aroused by the ever increasing population and

high rate of urbanization. Consequently, the need for an increase in quantity

and quality of shelter, infrastructure, employment and various social services

become crucial to sustain the city life.

Accordingly the city government has planned to address these challenges

strategically with the help of the National Integrated Urban Development

Plans along with other municipal administration of Addis Ababa Grand

Housing Program. Since September 2003, the municipal administration of

Addis Ababa has been working on the planning and implementation of the

Addis Ababa Grand Housing Program, which is an action program for the

construction of living space. The national plan on housing has allocated about

50% of its 2006 - 2010 plans, which are about 200,000 housing units, to be

executed in the city of Addis Ababa.

The long term objective of housing program is to improve the living standard

of citizens, especially low-income citizens of the city, which are the majority,

through the creation of employment opportunities and the provision of the

decent affordable housing.

The specific immediate objectives of the program are to be serving the

purpose of:



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Regenerating the slum area of the inner city,

Increasing the land delivery amount in the inner city as a process

of densification and vertical growth,

Promotion of micro and small-scale enterprise, which can absorb

more labor force and operate at a lower overhead cost,

Promotion of cost efficient housing construction technology,

Empowering citizens of the city through ownership of houses and

possession security,

Changing the image of the city [6].

Construction is proceeding on the basis of LCH technology with prefabricated

components. People wishing to move in to the apartment buildings and

become owners, by paying some 30% of the construction costs. The

remainders are financed through building loans with a 15-year term, pre-

financing being advanced by the city municipal administration. In the socially

integrated settlements, complete with municipal infrastructure facilities, the

residents themselves are to take responsibility for maintaining their houses

[7].

Following the first successful LCH pilot projects in 2004, Addis Ababa city

government administration under "Grand Housing Program" allocated huge

sum of budget to alleviate shortage of housing and also reduce house slum in

the city [8]. Besides it is part of the national government plan for the

reduction of poverty in the new millennium particularly in the capital city of

Ethiopia. Since huge investments are deployed to construct LCH projects,

implementation of the existing material handling and wastage control

systems and further study will be crucial to save the extra lost cost due to

material wastages.



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1.2 Objective of this research

The main objectives of this research are:

Assess whether material handling and wastage control problems

exist or not?

Find out the main causes of material wastage and poor material

handling.

Explore the side effects of material wastage and poor material

handling.

Forward appropriate material wastage reducing techniques and

poor material handling corrective procedures to alleviate problems

faced on different stages of the project.

1.3 Methodology

The methodology adopted for this research is based on actual survey. In this

process data has been collected and discussion has been made with different

professionals from the low cost housing construction sector.

For the data collection survey, construction industry stakeholders like

contractors, consultants and employer, local firms that actively participating

in low cost housing construction projects have been selected to fill our

questionnaires.

Analysis of the collected survey data and interviews are used to answer thefollowing four vital questions:

Is material handling and wastage control problem exist or not in LCH

projects?

What are the major causes of material wastage and handling

problems?



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What are the side effects of the problems in the project?

What are the proposed systems used to minimize poor material

handling and wastage?

The following procedure were used in order to prepare the research

Procedure DescriptionTopic SelectionResearch proposal We discussed with our advisor on the contents of

research proposal.Literature review Referring different literatures and assessing different

web sites through internet then supervised by our

advisor.Research instrument Questionnaire survey and desk study were done.Data collection Questionnaire were collected from respondentsSample identification Taking all samplesAnalysis Analysis were done on the collected questionnaireThesis writingSubmission

1.4 Scope and limitation

The scope of this research bases only to Low Cost Housing projects in Addis

Ababa. The limitations are time for the research, and absence of conducted

researches on construction material handling and wastage control system,

since LCH projects have been started in recent times and due to lack of

properly collected and documented datas.

1.5 Structure of the paper

This paper comprises of four chapters:

Chapter two present an overview of different literatures on construction

materials management and causes of poor material handling and

wastage in construction industry, chapter three deals with the analysis of

the collected data, and chapter four explains the conclusion and

recommendations of the findings.



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CHAPTER TWO

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT

Different writers define construction management on their own ways as;

Construction management is defined as the art of arranging and/or

organizing various activities, operating equipment and group of people in

a suitable manner to create systematic operation with continuity to

achieve a common goal. Management can also be defined as the use of

people and other resources to accomplish objectives. That is,management by necessity involves the creation of an environment in

which people can use resources to reach the stated goal. It also involves

the implementation of the function of management: - planning,

organizing, implementing and controlling. These functions are the very

essence of management [3 ].

Construction management is dealing with the system of how

relationships among stakeholders, resources and activities are planned,

implemented and monitored for the successful completion of any

construction work or activities.

Construction management addresses how the resources available to the

manager can be best applied. Typically when speaking of resources for

construction, we think of the four Ms of construction: Manpower,

Machine, Material and Money. Management involves the timely and

efficient application of the four Ms to construct a project. Many issues

should be considered when managing a project and successfully

applying the four Ms [2].



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2.2 CONSTRUCTION RESOURCE MANAGEMENT

Construction resource management is a concept of strategically

managing basic resources for the successful completion of construction

project.

A complete resource study identifies when and how many of each trade

will be on the job site each day of the project. This allows management

to ensure that work scheduled concurrently is compatible and that

adequate supervision is provided.

Efficient & effective implementation of construction project require good

management of relationships for and among resources, activities and

stakeholders as applied to the context where such projects are

implemented. Materials, money, manpower & machineries (the 4M's)

are usual resources.

The principal resource involved in construction project is material. The

correct management of this resource ensures that the stakeholders keeptheir profit and complete the project according to required quality, cost

and time.

In our world construction resources are scarce, hard to obtain easily and

becoming expensive every day in spite of the fact that their demand is

high. It is this reality which obliged us to utilize them efficiently and

effectively.



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2.3 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS MANAGEMENT

Materials management is a process: It is how a building is designed

and how materials are estimated. It is how materials are acquired and

even how the packaging is specified. It is how the delivery schedule is

designed. It is how contractors plan materials use and how they manage

previously used materials and cuts. It is how waste is managed for use

elsewhere or recycling rather than being discarded in a landfill [9].

It is a culture how the customer expects the contractor and the

contractor its subcontractors and the subcontractors its workers to care

for and properly manage the materials provided.

Material Management can be defined as integrated management

system for planning, controlling or redirecting efforts to achieve a

smooth, timely, efficient flow of materials to the project in the required

quality, the required time, and at an acceptable price and quality.

In building construction projects, materials account for more than 50% of

the project total cost. A small saving in materials cost through efficient

management of materials can result in a large contribution.

A great opportunity for the construction industry to reduce cost and

increase profit and competitiveness is in the area of materials

management. Better materials use can, additionally, result in improved

project economy, conservation of natural resources and reduced

pollution. Therefore, the opportunity to reduce cost and increase profits

is also the Opportunity to protect the environment.

Efficient materials management in project environment calls for an

integrated approach covering numerous functions such as materials



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planning, purchasing, inventory control, store keeping and ware

housing, handling and transportation, codification and standardization,

and the disposal of surpluses[1].

2.3.1 MATERIAL PLANNING

Materials planning is the key function of materials management, is

closely linked with project planning and control set up. Both these work

together to develop a plan for procurement and stocking of construction

materials so as to provide at site materials of the right quality in right

quantity at the right prices from the right sources at the right time.

A few hours spent in planning can produce project cost savings through:* Reducing the amount of materials purchased

* Better use of the materials purchased

* Reduced labor in handling materials and having to purchase

Make-up materials

* Reduced waste and disposal costs.

Construction materials planning involves identifying materials,

estimating quantities, defining specifications, forecasting requirements,

locating sources of materials approved, designing materials inventory,

developing procurement plans, and monitoring flow of materials till the

connected construction works are completed.

A Materials Management Plan, formulated through the process of these

guidelines, consist of procedures guiding all the professionals and trades

involved in the entire process of the building creation from design

through finish. It is a two-phase plan corresponding to the Design Phase

and the

Construction Phase of your project. Within each of these phases there

are four sections -Review, Reduce, Reuse and Recycle [9].

The process and results of the planning done in the design Phase

corresponds directly to the site materials management plan.



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Design and Construction Phase

The Plan that design should consider the "Four R's":

Review: Reconsider the design philosophies and practices. Review the

company's policies regarding estimating and purchasing and the site

construction practices. And review the sources of those policies and are

they valid in today's economy or procedures: ecology?

Reduce: Reduce quantities purchased as well as waste. A way of looking

at the estimator's and purchaser's "fudge factor" is that they are actually

Specifying the waste amounts. More care taken on the jobsite and

different cleanup practices could dramatically reduce waste. Then finally

create a substantial list of waste-reducing practices.

Reuse: Reuse materials as possible. For instance form lumber is used

more than once, but generally for another concrete form, and used

plastic film can be stored and used to cover exposed work in case of

inclement weather.

Recycle: Plan the recycling of the construction waste before the project

starts at the site. Once the project is underway, treat the waste recycling

as rigorously as quality of the construction.



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2.3.2 MATERIALS PROVISIONING (PROCUREMENT) PROCESS

Construction materials needed for a project work vary with the nature

of the project. The determination of the type, quantity and specifications

of the construction materials needs a detailed study of the contract

documents, including the bill of quantities, drawings, specification,

pretender estimates, and preliminary vendor enquires. Such a study

consumes considerable time, and is a systematic and gradual process[1].

Materials Procurement

Preliminary investigations for developing sources for procurement of

materials are made by floating enquiry indents, containing quantities,

specifications and delivery times are jointly prepared by the project

planning cell and materials procurement department. These are

processed by the materials procurement department for invitingquotations with samples of materials, where applicable.

On receipt of quotations, a comparative study of the price, quality,

delivery time, terms of delivery and payment terms is made jointly by

both materials and project planning in charges. During the course of this

study, vendors proposals are compared with enquiry specifications and

stipulated requirements, and the resulting deviations are examined for

acceptability. The key criteria for evaluating the potential of the supplier

to deliver the right quantity product at the right time should include

quality of material, companys financial status, companys management

team and their professional competence and engineering skills, and

support services.



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The quotation comparison sheet can be best termed as a summary of

the alternative proposals for given materials. These proposals undergo

further processing before making a decision about placing of purchase

order. The various stages encountered prior to the purchase decisions

are approval in principle for processing proposals, clients approval of

proposed materials and negotiations of terms of supply. And the final

step in the procurement of materials is monitoring materials delivery

schedule.

2.3.3 INVENTORY CONTROL

The term inventory implies the cost of materials in stock at a given

time. This stock of materials is held to act as a cushion between supply

and demand. The monetary value of inventory indicates the extent of

investment required to maintain minimum stock of materials for the

smooth running of the project. Higher inventory implies higher

investment, and fewer inventories carry the risk of supplies falling

behind demand. A balanced inventory acts as a cushion between supply

and site requirement till supplies are received. It includes pre-

determined safety stock to cater for slippages in delivery schedules [1].

Inventory control not only looks into the physical balance of various

materials but also looks into aspects of minimizing the inventory cost.

Another aspect of inventory control is control of the inventory carrying

cost. Avoiding shortage, avoiding excessive stocking and increasing

inventory turnover, are some of the main issues concerning inventory

control. Further, methods of reducing the component of materials cost in

the product cost is an important consideration in cost reduction. This

means that the purchase of materials should be for the quantity needed

and the purchase quantity should be neither more nor less. Purchases

have to be made at the right time and at the most economic cost.



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Inventory control is therefore a strong management tool for cost

reduction.

2.3.4 STORE KEEPING AND WAREHOUSING

Store keeping: means whereby goods are received, identified, stored,

issued, account for and replenished in accordance with defined servicelevels and with due regard of legal requirements for health and safety.

Store keeping is both a science and an art. Some of the essentials of

good store keeping are assigning and placing each item in a proper

place, providing protection against damage and pilferage, using proper

method of identifying and coding, and keeping record and inventory of

stores up-to-date.

Warehouse: is a place where items are housed or a building designed

for storage purposes and constructed with roof and complete side and

end walls.

Warehouses must be seen as providing services to the rest of the

organization in which they operate. The levels of these services will

affect the overall efficiency of the organization. Therefore, the

relationship between warehouses and other Departments (or functional

areas) within the organization are very important aspects of store

management.

2.3.5 HANDLING AND TRANSPORTATION

Materials handling: refers to techniques employed to move, transport,



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and store or distribute store items with or without the aid of mechanical

appliances. The movements of materials to, through, or from productive

process, and in receiving and shipping areas. Transportation

encompasses all activities involved in the movement and flow of

materials from the time they are received to the time they are shipped.

The transportation costs are affected by shipment sizes and other

factors. Shipment by the full load of a carrier often reduces prices and

assures quicker delivery, as the carrier can travel from the origin to the

destination of the full load without having to stop for delivering part of

the cargo at other stations. Avoiding transshipment is anotherconsideration in reducing shipping cost. While the reduction in shipping

costs is a major objective, the requirements of delicate handling of some

items may favor a more expensive mode of transportation to avoid

breakage and replacement costs.

2.3.6 CODIFICATION AND STANDARDIZATION

The received of goods should be identified by a clear way of

identification. Without identification it is impossible to uniquely identify

the materials needed. This problem can be solved using codification.

The code must be developed to identify all items held in store. All

materials should be given a code identifying the material specifically,

definitely, and unambiguously. Adopting a well designed codification

system enables the stores manage to have a unique, precise (i.e. exact),

simple and consistent method of identifying stocks. Code should be

compact, concise, and flexible enough to accommodate future addition.

The primary purpose of classifying materials is to control quality, cost

and timely supply. There are many factors that need consideration while

classifying materials. These include storage space, shelf life, supply



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reliability, inventory costs, ease of identification, construction sequence,

transportation requirement, price, procurement time, procurement

source and project life.

2.3.7 DISPOSAL OF SURPLUSES

Construction activity leads to generate of solid wastes, which include

sand, gravel, concrete, stone, bricks, wood, metal, paper etc.Construction waste can occur at every stage of the activities but most of

those involved in the operation do not aware of that. Waste level for

initial stage of construction activities can be low and the most significant

waste level can be observed during the construction phase especially on

site where most of the resources are being used in this stage.

Construction waste is bulky and heavy and is mostly unsuitable for

disposal by incineration or composting. Due to continuing shortage of

dumping sites and increase in transportation cost, the disposal of

surpluses is very expensive.



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2.4 CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS WASTAGE MANAGEMENT

2.4.1 DEFINITION

Construction material wastages can be defined as the difference

between the value of materials delivered and accepted on site and those

properly used as specified and accurately measured in the work, after

deducting the cost saving of substituted materials transferred elsewhere

in which unnecessary cost and time may be incurred by materials

wastage [4].

2.4.2 MATERIALS USAGE STANDARDS

Generally, the materials and labor costs in a project are conceptualized

during the inception stage by using past experience. While contracting

the quantities of work involved in a project are detailed in the contract

bill of quantities. These are derived from the design and drawings. But

there is inherent materials wastage associated with all types of

materials.

Some wastage is inevitable in actual work. This wastage in materials is

generally expressed as percentage of materials calculated theoretically

from the quantities of work involved, and is termed as Standard

Wastage.



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The total quantity of materials to be provisioned should cater for the

standard wastage by increasing the theoretical quantity proportionately.

Materials to be provisioned

= Theoretical quantity of materials * (100 + standard wastage

(%))/100

Standard wastage of the construction materials depends upon many

variables such as the nature of work, type of materials, method of

application, etc.

It may be noted that standard wastage caters for wastage during

utilization only for causes considered beyond control at site. In addition

to the uncontrollable wastage, there is wastage/pilferage which falls in

the category of controllable wastage. The main causes of controllable

wastage at various stages can be due to the following:-

a. Wastage during design and supervision.

b. Wastage during materials procurement.

c. Wastage during handling and storage.

d. Wastage during utilization.

Since, controllable wastage falls under the purview of the materials

management staff the additional provisions to compensate for such

wastage should be made by them so as to ensure that the right quantity

and right quantity of materials are available at the right time.

Table 2.1 Construction Materials Wastages Planning Norms [4].

Item No. Types of Materials Planned Wastage ( % )1 Cement 22 Sand 103 Aggregate 54 Reinforcement steel bars 3



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5 Stone masonry 56 Steel sheet roofing 27 Tile roofing 58 Floor tiling 2-59 Marble lining 2010 Reinforced concrete 211 Lean concrete 1012 Painting 5

2.4.3 CAUSES OF MATERIAL WASTAGE

Wastage of materials can take place during various stages of the project.

1. Wastage arising from design may result from the following reasons -

Dimension dis-coordination.

Variations in design at the construction stage (demolishing).

Discrepancies in drawings and specifications.

Over design.

Specification failing to match the quality of the building

required.

Resistance to adopt alternative materials.

2. Wastage during procurement can result from one or more of the

following main causes -

Buying materials of wrong specification.

Buying more than the actual requirement.

Unnecessary buying of items to cater for unrealistic and

unforeseen eventualities.

Untimely buying of short-life materials.



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Improper and unnecessary handling of materials.

Wastage in transportation.

3. Wastage during storage can occur due to the following reasons -

Damaged and breakages during handling.

Deterioration due to incorrect storage, incorrect maintenance

and short-shelf life.

Losses due to fire, thefts and exposure to climatic conditions.

4. Wastage during utilization (usage) can be attributed to one or more of

the following reasons -

Excess quantity estimation.

Shortage in delivery.

Theft and pilferage.

Breakages and damages during handling.

Lack of pre-work preparation and coordination.

Inferior quality of materials.

Improper accounting and poor store keeping.

Negligent and careless attitude of the supervisor.

Unforeseen circumstances like accidents, fire, etc.

High rate of deterioration due to long storage at the place of

work.

Over-issues from the central stores and failures to return

unused surplus materials.



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2.4.4 SIDE EFFECT DUE TO MATERIAL HANDLING AND WASTAGE

CONTROL PROBLEMS

2.4.4.1. Side effects due to poor materials handling

a) High level of materials wastage

Due to poor storage system, materials are exposed to damage, loss,

vandalism etc. Higher level of wastage may be occurring due to over

order or under supply of materials. A lot of materials are being wasted

due to poor handling system and poor workmanship.

b) Poor materials storage

When the materials are not in properly arranged, it may cause damage

to materials and obstruct the handling of mechanical plant. Materials

should be unloaded and stored near to the point of use to prevent double

handling of work. Without proper planning a location of materials

storage, the site may be congested and affect site accessibility. There is

always a tendency for some of materials to be stored in wrong place. For



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example small and valuable items like door closers and lockset, which

are always stolen by workers or sub-contractors when stored in an open

store.

c) Materials shortage or excesses on site

Without proper planning of ordering and delivering of materials, there is

a high tendency facing the shortage of materials in site. Excess of

materials delivered to site creates lot storage problems, if the materials

are delivered too early on site; the risk of materials damaged by

progressing works is high.

2.4.4.2. Side effects due to materials wastage

a) Low profitability

The profitability of a project can be influenced by the cost of materials.Large costs can be saved from the materials since it contributes to a

substantial value of a project. As a rule of thumb, the higher level of

wastage, the lower profitability of the project. Therefore, sound Material

Storage Management is needed to maximize profitability of a project.

b) Construction time delay

The delay of construction work may occur when wrong types or quality of

materials are used and the time spent for the re-construction and

replacement for the goods. Another cause of delays is damages during

the transit of materials, shortage of materials, and late delivery of

materials and so on. Without proper planning in Material Storage

Management, the project is likely to be delayed.



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c) Low productivity

Poor Materials Storage Management will affect productivity. For

example, a congested site with materials not properly allocated will

create a lot of double handling works and obstruct the operation works.

The productivity of the work will be reduced with shortages and delay of

materials supply that disrupt program.

d) Environmental impact

Since the environmental issue is in concern globally, waste generated by

industrial operations need to be categorized in list of concern too as

waste levels indicate the appreciation of use of environment natural

resources. Among those industry operations, construction industry also

contributes a significant waste to the overall waste volume annually for

majority country.

The impact of construction operations on natural conservation is

cumulative and collective in most situations, such as disturbance ofsensitive habitats and species by water pollution. In addition, where

large amounts of waste are generated, loss of grassland can result from

the need for landfill sites.

New concepts of waste control are being applied in many countries

nowadays. Material Storage Management (MSM) is in great concern.

These are all done to ensure the waste is being controlled as well as the

environmental condition is being protected.



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2.4.5 SYSTEM OF MATERIAL WASTAGE CONTROL

Some unavoidable wastage is inherent during utilization, but it is the

excessive wastage which is of concern to the management. Excessive

wastage during the utilization stage affects the productivity adversely,

and consequently results in extra costs. Productivity control aims at

minimizing wastage in usage. Productivity control at the construction

responsibility center level can be broadly divided into accounting for

materials, analyzing usage variances to determine the causes of

wastage and implementing measures to minimize wastage [1].

2.4.5.1 Accounting for Construction Materials

Materials accounting system documents the materials data, it provides

the materials procurement status. It shows the holding of materials



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inventory for the incoming works. It identifies and quantifies issues of

materials to the site and it reveals the materials costs.

Project planners are especially concerned with materials-flow data for

ensuring the timely procurement of materials, and site availability of

materials of right quantity and quality at the required time and place.

They also aim at minimizing wastage during usage, evaluating

implications of variations from the acceptable wastage standard,

updating costs, estimates and expenditures of materials, and

formulating materials costing norms for future works.

2.4.5.2 Materials Wastage Analysis

The first step in materials wastage analysis is to quantify standard

quantity and type of direct material needed for each work item. The

actual materials consumed for each work item can be complied from the

material issues and return notes transacted between supervisors and

stockholders. In case of materials delivered directly to the construction

sites by the supplier, such as ready-mix concrete from site batching

plant of fabricated steel for reinforcement from the site steel yard, or

aggregate from the crusher, the suppliers delivery note along with

materials return note can be used to determine the quantity consumed

for a given work item. These issue slips and delivery notes, when

consolidated from the start to completion of the work-item can give the

quantities of materials consumed. The difference between the standard

materials requirement and the materials usually consumed indicates the

excess (if any) from the accepted materials wastage standard prepared

at the time of estimation.

Material usage variance



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= standard acceptable materials wastage - Actual materials

wastage.

CHAPTER THREE

3. ANALYSIS

3.1. PROFILE OF THE QUESTIONNAIRES

As discussed in the methodology part of this paper, the second approach to

assess the existence of material handling and wastage problems, the main

causes of wastage, their side effects and proposed methods is the use of

questionnaires survey based on firms experience. The questionnaires were



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1

Is there any material handlingand wastage problem directlyconnected to low cost housingprojects? Yes or No

A. Contractor

Yes 100 100

No 0 0

B. Consultant

Yes 100 100

No 0 0

C. Employer

Yes 100 100

No 0 0

Fig. 3.1, Existence of materials handling and wastage problems.

Discussion - The above Table 3.2 and Fig. 3.1 indicated that the

existence of material handling and wastage problem in projects.

According to the result found from the survey study, 100% of the

stakeholders respondents believe that; the materials poor handling and

wastage problem exist in Addis Ababa Low Cost Housing projects.

3.3.2 Section two - is related to the major causes of materials poor

handling and wastage.



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Table 3.3, Major causes of poor materials handling and wastage.

Item

No.Questions

Respondents

In No. In %

2What are the major causes of poor materialhandling and wastage in LCH projects?

1. Poor workman ship

A. Contractor 4 50

B. Consultant 5 63

C. Employer 4 67

2. Improper material handling and storagesystem

A. Contractor 3 38

B. Consultant 4 50

C. Employer 4 67

3. Utilization

A. Contractor 4 50

B. Consultant 5 63

C. Employer 5 83

4. Design problem

A. Contractor 6 75 B. Consultant 4 50

C. Employer 2 33

5. Variation in design at construction stage

A. Contractor 4 50

B. Consultant 2 25

C. Employer 2 33

6. Incorrect procurement of materials

A. Contractor 2 25

B. Consultant 2 25

C. Employer 1 177. In bulk material supply by the owner

A. Contractor 4 50

B. Consultant 3 38

C. Employer 3 50



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Fig. 3.2, Major causes for materials handling and wastage.

Discussion - Table 3.3 and Fig. 3.2 shows that, the major causes for

poor material handling and wastage in LCH project. According to the

survey data, some of the main causes of materials poor handling and

wastage are poor workmanship, lack of appropriate handling and

storage, utilization, design problems, variations in design at construction

stage, incorrect procurement of materials and material supply in bulk

quantity.

1. Poor workmanship

According to the result found from the study, averages of 60% of the

respondents believe that; poor workmanship is one of the major causes

of material wastage in LCH project. Besides, most LCH projects are

awarded on fixed price bases for selected qualified consultants and

contractors; this makes the contractors unable to employ qualified



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professionals and skilled manpowers. In addition to this, since the

contractor employ laborers with low basic salary, mostly workers seek

another company which pays better. Thus poor and non-sustainable

workmanship contributes for the increase of material wastage.

Photo 1: Material wastage due to poor workmanship, utilization ofimproper quality materials and improper supervision.

The problem may rise due to poor workmanship during production stage

and lack of supervision.

Under supervision the following steps should be properly implemented.

During production stage; right vibration, quality material selectionand correct mix ratio should be kept.

The mould has to be cheeked and properly prepared for fixingreinforcement bars and to pour concrete.

After casting it has to be properly dismantled and get propercuring.

Until precast beams attain its comprehensive strength, it should beproperly cured. After that it should be well transported to workingsite and properly handled.



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This grade beam bulge out is due to lack of quality material selectionand Skilled laborers. As a result of this, the entire bulge out concreteamount increases the wastage limit to become out of standard.

Photo 3: Excess voids observed on casted grade beam and foundationcolumn junctions due to poor workmanship.


Photo 2: Material wastage due to poor workmanship.


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Photo 4: Forwarded recommendations.As observed in photo 3 & 4, materials are wasted due to poorworkmanship; in addition the contractor incurs additional labor cost. Here

also the employer loses the on time functioning of the building due todelays of project completion time unless some compensation mechanismsimplemented here.

2. Lack of appropriate handling and storage



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As the result of the study shows, nearly 67% of the employer and 50% of

the consultant believes that, lack of appropriate handling and storage of

materials by the contractors (sub-contractors) contribute for the wastage

of materials in the project. Some problems associated with this, are

damages and breakages during loading and un-loading, deterioration

due to incorrect storage, losses due to theft and exposure to extreme

climatic condition. As they replied, wastages are more in cases of labor

based contracting system, this is because; mostly sub-contractors are

not sensitive to materials rather, they focus on outputs. Hence the client

should provide close supervision in order to make the subcontractors

give attention to material handling and control their negligence.

Inaddtion to this the owner should provide material handling and

wastage control item in the contract document.

Photo 5: Inappropriate material (cement) storage.

As observed in photo 5, cements are stored directly in contact with floor

and it is stockpiled randomly.



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Employer always not supply newly produced reinforcement bars. As it is

easily observed in the picture, the reinforcement bars get corroded from

the very beginning. In addition the reinforcement bars not stockpiled

properly; which means it is placed directly in contact with earth and

which is not under shed, due to this the corrosion extent enhanced a lot.As a result, it creates a direct additional cost to the contractor and

delays on project completion time.

3. Utilization

As the result of the study shows, 66% of the stakeholders respondent

believes that; improper utilization (usage) is one of the major causes for

material wastage. Some of the improper utilization problems mentioned

is; excess mortar/concrete preparation, poor handling of materials,

misuse of ratio to various grades, using unsuitable tools and machines,

and use of dry cement etc.


Photo 6: Inappropriate reinforcement stockpiling.


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Photo 7: Material wastage during concretetransportation to cast a structure.


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Photo 8: Material wastage during concrete mixing.

4. Design problems

As the result of the study shows,

75% of the contractors and 50% of

the consultants believe that; design

problems as the major cause for

material wastage. Some problems associated with this, are over design,

dimension dis-coordination, and design without soil test. In this case,

larger material volumes are mandatory for construction than should be

the case, and this become a cause for material wastages. A good design

can reduce wastages by considering dimensional coordination and grid

system of designing.

5. Variations in design at construction stage


Material wastage mostly observedin LCH project to a maximumdegree than other high scale projects. This is due to variousreasons:-

- LCH projects are labor basedcontract from the verybeginning. Beside this thecontractor not handle thematerials by using propertechniques and mostly the


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In this section, the study indicates that, 50% of the contractors accept

variations in design at the construction stage have effect for the increase

of material wastage in the project. The effect is manifested by not having

complete design and design change order given to the contractor by the

consultant or/and employer at the construction stage. Design change

(modification) at construction stage which leads to the additional

wastage in the form of demolishing of faulty design works.

6. Incorrect procurement of materials

As the result of the study shows, almost 75% of the respondents replied

that, incorrect procurement of materials does not have an influence on

material wastage. However, during our site visit and discussion with the

employees of stakeholders; we have reached to a common

understanding of its existence, since it is observed on contractors when

procuring and delivering incorrect materials which are inferior in quality,

however they remove it from site when it is understood by theconsultant.

7. In bulk material supply by the owner

It is agreed by nearly 55% of stakeholders that, bulk supply of materials

by the owner (AAHDPO) and MSE has influence to the increase of

material wastage in the project. They have explained the impact of its

influence as follows:

a. The supply of materials by the owner (AAHDPO) is not conceding with

the project material delivery schedule, which facilitates untimely bulk

supply of materials.



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b. Due to lack of supervision, MSEs produce poor quality materials and

supply materials with out keeping the required quantity and right time.

Table 3.4, Does the involvement of MSEs increase wastage

Item

No.Questions

Respond

Respondents

In No. In %

3

Does the involvement of MSE'S havecontribution for the increase ofmaterial wastage in LCH projects?

Yes or No, if yes what are the side

effects in your context? Pleaseforward possible justification?

A. ContractorsYes 6 75

No 2 25

B. ConsultantYes 7 88

No 1 13

C. EmployerYes 1 17

No 5 83



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Fig. 3.3, Does the involvement of MSEs increase wastage

Discussion - Table 3.4 and Fig. 3.3 shows that, whether the existence of

MSEs (Micro and Small Enterprises) have contribution for the increase of

material wastage in the project.

As the result shows 83% of the employers believe that, the involvement

of MSEs in this sector does not contribute for the increase of wastage

while; 75% of the contractors and 87.5% of the consultants replied that,

their participation in producing and supplying materials has large effect

on wastages of materials. They have explained the impact of their

influence as follows:

a) Production error and lack of perfection on materials like precast

beams, slab and HCB walls.

b) Due to lack of supervision, MSEs produce and supply poor quality

materials.



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The main problem we have understood here is that, the MSEs not yet

got enough training and knowledge which enables them to produce

materials with required quality and dimension. Due to this reason,

materials with poor quality and incorrect dimension produced and

wastages generated.

3.3.3 Section three - is related to the major side effects of materials

poor handling and wastage in Low Cost Housing projects.

Table 3.5, side effects of the problems in the project.

Item

No.Questions

Respondents

In No. In %

4What are the side effects of theproblems in LCH projects?

1. Cost overrun

A. Contractor 5 63

B. Consultant 4 50

C. Employer 4 67

2. Delay in project completion time

A. Contractor 3 38

B. Consultant 4 50

C. Employer 4 67

3. Ineffective resource utilization

A. Contractor 4 50

B. Consultant 5 63

C. Employer 5 83

4. Environmental impact

A. Contractor 3 38

B. Consultant 5 63

C. Employer 3 50



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Fig. 3.4, Side effects of the problems in the project.

Discussion - Table 3.5 and Fig. 3.4 shows that the major side effects of

poor materials handling and wastage in the low cost housing projects.

Some of the main side effects according to the survey data are cost

overrun, delay in project completion time, ineffective resource utilization,

and environmental impact.

1. Cost overrun

According to the result found from the study, averages of 60% of the

stakeholders respondents believe that materials poor handling and

wastage affects the expected project cost planned by employer and

contractor. More over as stated in the literature review section 2.3 in

building construction projects materials account for more than 50% of

the project total cost. The effect is manifested by not using proper

handling during procurement, transportation, storage, and utilization.



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2. Delay in project completion time

As the result of the study shows nearly 53% of the stakeholders

respondents believe that project completion time is affected having

materials poor handling and wastage in projects. During our discussion

with the project engineers the delay of construction work may occur

when wrong types or quality of materials are used and the time spent for

the re-construction and replacement for the goods. Another cause of

delays is damages during the transit of materials, shortage of materials,

and late delivery of materials and so on.

3. Ineffective resource utilization

As the result of the study shows nearly 83% of the employer and 63% of

the consultants believe that materials poor handling and wastage affects

the planned quantity of material to complete a project. Lack of

appropriate handling and storage of materials by the contractors

(subcontractors) contribute for wastage of materials in projects.

4. Environmental impact

According to the result found from the study shows nearly 50% of the

stakeholders respondents believe that wastes due to materials poor

handling and wastage is easily affect the environment. The impact of

construction operations on natural conservation is cumulative and

collective in most situations, such as disturbance of sensitive habitats

and species by water pollution. In addition, where large amounts of

waste are generated, loss of grassland can result from the need for

landfill sites.



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3.3.4 Section Four: proposed systems and methodologies used to

minimize materials wastage and to maintain proper material handling

from the three stakeholders point of view.

Material is the large portion of the project cost; our profit is highly

depending on proper utilization of material resources at different stage

of the project time. Because of this reason, stakeholders forward the

following systems to minimize material wastage and poor material

handling.

Table 3.6, proposed systems to minimize poor material handling and wastages.

Stake holders Proposed and practiced systemsA.

Contractors

Assignment of follow up engineer by preparing

checklists.

Training is forwarded to engineers (senior and

fresh) and to other relevant skilled laborers with in

some interval or as it need.

Regular meeting evaluation which obtain one major

agenda about material handling and its standard

utilization.

Providing bonuses, position increment, preparing

scheduled recreational time to efficient laborers and

professionals as per their position and

encouragement on different aspect.

Bar schedule preparation, finance budgeting; break

downed material schedule preparation before

forced to executions.

Recycling, for example wastage created during

plastering, concrete placing and mixing. All these

material wastage will be processed again to use for

ordinary works.



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The contractor should take care on handling of

materials during loading, unloading, transportation

and utilization periods.

The contractor should have taken right mix, quality

material and properly staffed human resource.

Stake holders Proposed and practiced systemsB.

Consultants

Giving orientation and briefing for the cause of

wastages to construction materials in LCH projects

such as slab & wall HCB's, Precast beam & onmajor raw materials such as cement, reinforcement

bar, sand & gravel.

Filling inspections on materials before they brought

in to the building to construct slab or HCB wall.

Preparing checklists, material handling procedure

and systems on storing, placing and on how

material management can be handled. Providing special training to supervisors, how they

should handle the project to the extent low cost

demands with in some intervals to create

awareness.

Assisting the contractors in how & where to store

materials when supplied by the client.

Warning contractors by writing on site book to

create a good management after repeated oral

communication and that obliged the contractors to

proceed by full filling their responsibility.

Consulting offices are trying to prepare trainings for

most stakeholders like Engineers under Consulting



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offices, contractors, suppliers & MSE's about how to

accomplish the project with appropriate quality,

relative completion time & better profit with less

wastage.

The consulting office should properly asses the

project site before rushing to the design work and

forces the contractor to implement it. Here soil

exploration must be the first mandatory and helpful

data for design work.

Stake holders Proposed and practiced systemsC. Employer The organization should take random follow up and

supervision not only on materials production but

also due attention should be taken during loading,

un loading, transportation and usage of materials.

Appreciate position rewarding to efficient

professionals to acquire better knowledge, here

rewarding goes to the degree of additional work

provisions to the constructing parties.

All stake holders should keep their responsibilities

to achieve targets.

Discussion - Table 3.6 shows the systems practiced and proposed

techniques used to minimize poor material handling and wastage. To

avoid these problems, majorly all stakeholders agreed on staff training,

close supervision, proper work force staffing, and utilization of different

wastage reduction mechanisms including innovations are the basics. Out

of them, specifically clients have weaknesses in supervising MSEs. In

addition to this all the stakeholders should try to have good relationship

among others in order to minimize materials poor handling and wastage

in low cost house projects.



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CHAPTER - FOUR

4. CONCLUTION AND RECOMMENDATION

4.1. Conclusion

The research on Material handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa Low

Cost Housing projects is concluded with the following points:

1. Stakeholders should know how projects properly managed

concerning materials.

2. The client and MSEs do not use proper material delivery system.3. From observation, material wastage is mostly created due to

utilization, poor workmanship, design problem and improper

material handling and storage systems.

4. From the research findings, training and workshop requirement is

mandatory for the reduction of material wastage.

5. On most observed sites, poor quality materials exist due to lack of

strong supervision on the production of materials like precast beams, slabsand wall HCBs.

6. Building participants are often lacking skill and knowledge in applying

wastage minimization techniques in their daily work. Hence, there is a

natural tendency among architects, engineers and contractors to use the

more familiar conventional methods.

7. Unless we familiarized and go in to practice on wastage reduction

techniques, the following major out comings will be observed widely on

most project sites. Major out comings are project cost increase, great lost

for the owner and to other participated stake holders, work will be delayed

due to the overall material shorten and environment risk.

8. Wastage is unavoidable in construction work; but by applying

appropriate controlling system, we can minimize it.



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4.2 Recommendation

1. A proper way to handle the project is early planning.2. The client should follow proper material delivery system.

3. Developing staff training, Staffs or workers have to be consulted to

ensure they know how to handle the materials correctly and try to

reduce wastage.

4. Proper design should be implemented which considers material

wastage reduction.

5. Communication between the designer and contractor is important

so that each realizes how the design decisions will affect on site

operations and wastage generation.

6. Implementation of environmentally friendly construction methods.

7. Selections of the best reputation contractor have to be made to

insure the wastages are minimized.

8. Try to implement innovations like low-wastage building

technologies by avoiding obstacles.

9. Technical problems of a few new construction methods have to be

overcome before they can be widely adopted.

10. Developing Information and record management system.

11. Use appropriate wastage minimizing techniques for LCH projects.

12. Further study is recommended on material handling and wastage

control system.



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APPENDIX - A

RESEARCH PROPOSAL

Research title :

Material Handling and wastage control in Addis Ababa low cost

housing projects.

Research goal :

To investigate any existing material wastage and poor materialhandling, studying their causes and side effects and for forwarding

improved systems to minimize wastages and correct poor material

handling systems to LCH projects.

Research objectives :

To investigate the presence of material handling and

wastage control problem on LCH project including its extent.

To find out the main causes of material wastage and poor

material handling.

To explore the side effects of material wastage and poor

material handling on LCH project.

To forward latest material wastage reducing techniques and

poor material handling corrective procedures to alleviate

problems faced on different stages of the project.

Research background :



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In order to respond the high demand of population housing problem in

respect to economy and land resource utilization, the Ethiopian

government has give due attention for low cost housing. Besides it is

believed that it creates better urbanization, job opportunity to

unemployed large number of young people and become fair living

sites especially to low-income citizens of the city. Since building

construction materials account more than 50% of the total project

cost and LCH projects target cost-efficient house construction, and

using effective wastage control systems and proper material handling

is vital for the reduction of cost expenditure due to poor material

handling and problems on material wastages. The research is tried to

describe different crucial systems to avoid excess wastages.

Research problems :

1. Problem statement:-

Identify and use appropriate systems to minimize

material wastages and poor material handlings available in

LCH projects.

2. Research questions:-

What is material handling and wastage control system?

Is materials handling and wastage problem exist? If it

exists, what are the main causes and to what extent itappears?

To what degree, the stake holders share and give

outstanding solution for the problems appear associated

with wastage?



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What are the effects of excess wastage and materials

poor handling to the project and what are the proposed

remedial measures to reduce these problems?

Research context :

Out of the construction materials, Cement, Reinforcement bar, slab

and wall HCBs, prefabricated concrete elements etc are the main

inputs for the construction of LCH buildings. However, since we are

not using the materials properly, we obliged to face different type

of wastages in degree. These wastages are:

Wastage during design and supervision.

Wastage due to incorrect purchasing.

Wastage during transportation, handling and storage.

Wastage during utilization (construction).

And these again, will lead to have maximum wastages for most

items of works. Which shows stake holders are not yet give due

attention for wastages created in different stages of the project. So

we try to explore in depth the menses and strengthening

mechanisms to reduce wastages.

Research concept :

Weakness to minimize controllable wastage of materials and attain

the permissible percentage of construction material wastage is a



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big problem. Therefore the research will find out causes and

weaknesses to reduce wastage and give appropriate solutions.

Research Methodology :

Survey & Desk study

1. Survey:-

Research data type is Qualitative (problem solving & case

study approach).

Research instrument; postal questioners.

Data Source; study population will be taken from the

following categories of project stake holders:

Employers

contractors

consultants

Data collection

Data analysis

2. Desk Study:-

For contextual concept development.

Research processes :

Topic

Proposal Literature review

Research instrument

Data collection

Analysis

Thesis writing



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Research time schedule :

Advisor: - Ato Belay Yitayew

Submitted by: - Dechasa Haile

Gebrehiwot Hintsay

Saron Anteneh

APPENDIX - B

Addis Ababa UniversityFaculty of Technology

Department of Construction Technology andManagement

Questioner on Material handling and wastage control in AddisAbaba low cost housing projects

Prepared for Contractors

Profile

Name:

Profession:

Organization: .

Years of Experience: ..

Position:



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1. Is there any material handling and wastage problem directlyconnected to low cost

housing ( ) ?

Yes No2. If your answer is yes, what are the consequences?A) Cost over run.B) Delays of project completion time.C) Ineffective material resource utilization.D) Environmental impact.Please, brief all how it affects.

A)

B).C)

D).

3. Is there any material handling problem and causes for constructionmaterial wastage due to delivering of construction material in bulk

amount to the site by the client?

Yes No4. If yes, please mention the impacts of its influence?



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..

5. Is the involvement of micro & small enterprises (MSE), havecontribution for the increase of wastage in producing and supplyingmaterials such as HCB, precast elements etc?

Yes No6. If your answer is yes, please describe it?

..

7. What is your recommendation to minimize material handling &wastage control system in LCH projects with respect to MSEs materialdelivery system?

..

8. In your opinion, which creates cost over run and delays on projectcompletion time due to material wastage and poor material handling inLCH projects?A) Over design during design period,B) Contractors negligence,



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C) Delay in material selection and approval,D) Delay in material supply by the owner,Please, brief how it affects.A)

B).C)D).

9. What is your opinion, on the effect of workmanship quality duringutilization of materials on site with respect to wastage of constructionmaterials?..

10. Lack of sufficient stock area for construction materials on site, couldit be a cause for material wastage?

Yes No11. If yes, how it will be modified?



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..

12. What are the major causes that enhancing material wastages in yourcompany? Please circle one or two and illustrate.A) Lack of appropriate attention for handling and storing,B) Poor workmanship at site,C) Improper material procurement,D) Inexperienced project managers,E) Variations in design at the construction stage (demolishing),F) Delay in material selection and approval,( )( )( )

13. What kind of methodology you adopt to your company for minimizingmaterial handling and wastage problems?

..



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..

3. If your answer is yes, what problems your companies observe duringsupervision period?..

4. Based on question no 1, is there any remedial measures taken by yourcompany to resolve problems, if problems come in to view?..

5. Is there any design modification made by your company to reduce

material wastages in low cost house (LCH) project?




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..

7. What are the major causes that enhancing material wastages in yourcompany? Please circle one or two and illustrate.A) Over design,B) Dimension dis-coordination during design stage,C) Variations in design at the construction stage (demolishing),D) Inexperienced project supervisors,E) Delay in material selection and approval,F) Resistance to adopt alternative materials.( )( )( )



..

10. In your observation, which one lead to create maximum materialwastage in LCH projects?A) Contractors negligence,



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B) Poor workman ship,C) Improper material handling and storage,D) Delay in material supply by the owner,E) Unconcerned supervisory staff,

Please circle one or two and illustrate.( )( )

11. What kind of methodology and system you adopt to your company,in minimizing material handling problem and wastage controls for LCHprojects?..



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Addis Ababa UniversityFaculty of Technology

Department of Construction Technology andManagement

Questioner on Material handling and wastage control in AddisAbaba low cost housing projects

Prepared for Employers

Profile

Name:

Profession:

Organization: .

Years of Experience: ..

Position:

1. Is there any material handling and wastage problem directlyconnected to low cost

housing ( ) ?

Yes No



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2. If your answer is yes, what are the side effects?A) Cost over run.B) Delays of project completion time.

C) Ineffective material resource utilization.D) Environmental impact.

Please, brief all how it affects.

A)

B).

C)D).

3. Which type of material wastage problem is mostly your organizationfaced in LCH projects?A) Due to designB) Due to procurement of materials

C) Due to material storage & handlingD) Due to utilization

Please, brief all how it affects.A)



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B)

.

C)

D)..

4. What are the main causes that enhancing material wastages yourorganization observe in LCH projects?A) Contractors negligenceB) Poor workman shipC) Improper material handling and storageD) Variations in design at the construction stageE) Unconcerned supervisory staffPlease circle one or two and illustrate.

( )( )

( )




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7. Is there any mechanisms designed by your organization for wastage

control?

Yes No8. If your answer is yes, what are the mechanisms?



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REFERENCES:

1. K.K Chitkara: Construction Project Management. Planning,

Scheduling and Controlling - Second reprint 2000.

2. Er. D. Lall: Construction Management Reprint 2004.

3. Wubishet Jekale Mengesha (Dr.Ing), Principles of Construction

Management

4. Management Development Program (MDP) in Professional

Project Management Course Material, Organized by Sileshi

Consult, in association with Nehru Institute of Construction and

Enterprise, INDIA.

5. Matiwos Ensermu, Material Handling and Stores Management,

Addis Ababa University College of Commerce, hand out 2006.

6. Document (terms of reference) prepared for lideta urban

renewal, AAHDPO, Unpublished.

7. Ingo Becker, Successes in Capacity Development Low Cost

Housing Program 2003.

8. Technical Manual for Low Cost Housing Volume 2, GTZ IS,

2003



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9. Construction Materials Management. Guide lines for economy

and ecology in design and construction. Prepared by, AIA

Houston, a chapter of the American Institute of Architect.

10. M. Osmani, Reducing Waste Through Architectural Design

Practices 2007.

11. http://[email protected] Construction Waste

Minimization.htm, accessed on December 15, 2009.
http://[email protected]/http://[email protected]/

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