Materials Standards for PF Steel Parts · 2017. 3. 22. · ASTM E1077. For quenched and tempered...

MPIF STANDARD 35-PF2017 Edition

Materials Standards for

PFSteelParts

Metal Powder Industries Federation105 College Road East, Princeton, NJ 08540-6692 U.S.A. (609) 452-7700 FAX (609) 987-8523Email: [email protected] website: mpif.org

2017 PF Steel Parts

MPIF Standard 35-PF

EXPLANATORY NOTES AND DEFINITIONS Introduction ...................................................................................... 2 Typical Value .................................................................................... 2 Chemical Composition ..................................................................... 2Mechanical Properties ...................................................................... 2 Heat Treatment ................................................................................ 3 Microstructure ................................................................................. 3 PF Material Code Designations ....................................................... 3 Obsolete Acronym ............................................................................ 3 Additional Material Code Designations ............................................ 3 Grade Selection .............................................................................. 4 Proof Testing .................................................................................... 4 Density ............................................................................................. 4 Impact Energy .................................................................................. 4 Ultimate Tensile Strength ................................................................. 4 Yield Strength ................................................................................... 4 Elongation ........................................................................................ 4 Reduction of Area ............................................................................ 4 Compressive Yield Strength ............................................................ 4 Hardness .......................................................................................... 4 Fatigue Limit and Fatigue Strength .................................................. 5 Elastic Constants ............................................................................. 5 Engineering Information ................................................................... 5 SI Units ............................................................................................. 5 Referenced MPIF Standards............................................................ 5 Comparable Standard ...................................................................... 5

DATA TABLES – INCH-POUND Carbon Steel ............................................................................. 6–7 Copper Steel ............................................................................. 8–9 Low Alloy PF-42XX Steel ...................................................... 10–11 Low Alloy PF-46XX Steel ...................................................... 12–13

DATA TABLES – SI UNITS Carbon Steel ......................................................................... 14–15 Copper Steel ......................................................................... 16–17 Low Alloy PF-42XX Steel ...................................................... 18–19 Low Alloy PF-46XX Steel ...................................................... 20–21

ENGINEERING INFORMATION Hardenability Data and Jominy Curves ................................ 22–23

INDEX Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Materials Systems & Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35 ......................... 24

SI UNITS CONVERSION TABLE Quantities/Terms Used in MPIF Standards ............................... 29

Table of Contents – 2017 EditionMaterialsStandards

for PFSteel Parts*

*See MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts for structural parts made by the powder metallurgy (PM) process.

*See MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings for bearings and bushings made by the PM process.

*See MPIF Standard 35, Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts for PM components made by the metal injection molding (MIM) process.

i

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or

transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher

ISBN No. 978-1-943694-13-6

© 2017 Metal Powder Industries Federation 105 College Road East

Princeton, New Jersey 08540-6692 USA

All rights reserved Produced in the U.S.A.

ii

MPIF Standard 35-PF

1

Materials Standards for PF Steel Parts Issued 2000 Revised: 2017

Scope MPIF Standard 35 is issued to provide the design and materials engineer with the information necessary for specifying powder

metallurgy (PM) materials that have been developed by the PM parts manufacturing industry. This section of Standard 35 deals with products manufactured by powder forging (PF). It does not apply to materials for conventional PM structural, self-lubricating bearings or metal injection molded (MIM) products, which are covered in separate editions of MPIF Standard 35. Each section of this standard is divided into subsections based on the various types of PF materials in common commercial use within that section. Notes at the beginning of each subsection discuss the characteristics of that material. Users of this standard should make a determination as to the availability of any referenced material.

The use of any MPIF Standard is entirely voluntary. MPIF Standards are issued and adopted in the public interest. They are designed to eliminate misunderstandings between the producer and the purchaser and to assist the purchaser in selecting and obtaining the proper material for a particular product. Existence of MPIF Standards does not in any respect preclude any member or non-member of the Federation from manufacturing or selling products that use materials or testing procedures not included in this Standard. Other such materials may be commercially available.

By publication of these Standards, no position is taken with respect to the validity of any patent rights nor does the Metal Powder Industries Federation undertake to ensure anyone utilizing the Standards against liability for infringement of any Letters Patent or accept any such liability.

Neither MPIF nor any of its members assumes or accepts any liability resulting from use or non-use of any MPIF Standard. In addition, MPIF does not accept any liability or responsibility for the compliance of any product with any standard, the achievement of any minimum or typical values by any supplier, or for the results of any testing or other procedure undertaken in accordance with any Standard.

MPIF Standards are subject to periodic review and may be revised. Users are cautioned to refer to the latest edition. New, approved materials and property data may be posted periodically on the MPIF website. Between published editions, go to mpif.org to access data that will appear in the next printed edition of this standard.

Both the purchaser and producer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a PF component: material selection, chemical composition and alloying method, proof testing, typical property values and processes, which may affect the part application.

No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. © Copyright 2017 ISBN No. 978-1-943694-13-6

Published byMetal Powder Industries Federation

105 College Road EastPrinceton, New Jersey 08540-6692 U.S.A.

Tel: (609) 452-7700Fax: (609) 987-8523

E-mail: [email protected]: mpif.org

http://www.mpif.org/http://www.mpif.org/

2

MPIF Standard 35-PF 2017 Edition

Materials Standards for PF Steel Parts

Explanatory Notes and Definitions Introduction Fully dense powder metallurgy (PM) products are pro-duced by a variety of processes including powder forging (PF) and hot isostatic pressing (HIP). The powder forging process is an extension of the more conventional press and sinter process. A porous preform is hot forged using a single blow. Forging is carried out in a heated, totally enclosed die; limited flash is generated. This PF process contrasts with the forging of wrought steels where multiple blows often are necessary to form the part from bar stock and considerable material is wasted as flash. There are two basic forms of powder forging:

1. hot upset powder forging—hot densification of a PM preform by forging where there is a significant amount of lateral material flow.

2. hot repress powder forging—hot densification of a PM preform by forging where the material flow is mainly in the direction of forging.

In hot upset PF the extensive unconstrained lateral flow of material results in a combination of normal and shear stresses around the pores. The pores become flattened and elongated in the direction of lateral flow, breaking up any residual oxide films and creating strong metallurgical bonds across former pore boundaries. This enhances dy-namic properties such as fracture toughness and fatigue strength. In hot repress PF there is much less lateral flow. As densification proceeds the stress state approaches a pure hydrostatic condition. Typically the pores flatten with-out much lateral movement or sliding. This decreased movement reduces the tendency to break up residual oxide films and may result in lower ductility and tough-ness, compared with a hot upset processed product. Typical Value For each material listed in this standard a set of typical mechanical property values are provided, including tensile properties, compressive yield strength, fatigue limit and hardness. These mechanical properties were based on laboratory studies where the test specimens were sec-tioned from PF samples. The typical values are listed for general guidance only. They should not be considered minimum values. While achievable through normal manufacturing processing, they may vary some- what depending on the area of the component chosen for evaluation or the specific manufacturing process utilized.

Chemical Composition The chemical composition of each material lists the principal elements by minimum and maximum weight percent. If required, a sample for chemical analysis shall be taken from the core area of the component. For spectroscopic analysis, the sample shall consist of a single solid piece carefully cut using a cutting fluid to prevent overheating. Samples for oxygen analysis should be cut using a low speed precision cut-off wheel. After cutting, wash the piece with a suitable low-residue solvent to remove the cutting fluid and dry with filtered compressed air. For carbon and wet chemical analysis, remove drillings, chips or solid pieces without the use of water, oil, or other lubricant, and with care to prevent overheating. (See MPIF Standards 66 and 67 for additional details.) Mechanical Properties Mechanical property data provide the typical properties that can be expected from test specimens conforming to the density and chemical composition requirements listed in this standard. The properties listed herein were derived from individual test specimens machined from PF material samples, prepared under commercial practices specifically for material evaluation. The preferred method for verifying the acceptable per-formance of a finished part is for the producer and purchaser to agree upon a qualification test to be per-formed on the actual part. The specific test should be determined following consideration of the function of the part. An example would be measuring the force needed to break teeth off a gear, using a prescribed test fixture. Where the part configuration permits, standard mechan-ical property test specimens may be machined from the part in the condition in which it is to be used. (Remove test specimens from parts to be used in the quenched and tempered condition after heat treatment of the part to ensure the microstructure is representative of the actual part.) The applicable part drawing or purchase order shall designate the location from which the mechanical property test specimens are to be removed and the type of specimen to be tested.

3

Heat Treatment PF steel parts react to heat treatment in the same manner

as wrought steels. Similar processes are used including annealing, normalizing, quench hardening and case hardening. Two heat treat processes are used in this standard – a normalized condition (cool typically from 1550 °F [843 °C] in still air) and a quench plus temper condition (oil quench typically from 1550 °F [843 °C] and temper at selected temperatures to achieve a desired hardness, unless otherwise noted).

Microstructure The examination of the microstructure of a PF steel part

can serve as a diagnostic or quality control tool by reveal-ing metallurgical information critical to the powder forging process. Five microstructural criteria are provided to assist the producer and purchaser in assessing the quality of the product. Limits for each condition and designated critical regions for evaluation should be agreed upon by the purchaser and producer.

1. Surface-finger oxide penetration – the maximum

depth of penetration of surface-finger oxides from the finished product surface, determined in accordance with ASTM B797.

2. Interparticle oxide networks – the extent of any inter-particle oxide network in each designated critical region of the PF part, determined in accordance with ASTM B797.

3. Decarburization depth – the maximum depth of complete decarburization (only ferrite present) on the surface of a PF part, or, the depth of total decarburization (total decarburization = complete decarburization + partial decarburization), the depth at which core carbon is reached, in accordance with ASTM E1077. For quenched and tempered parts an effective decarburization depth (depth to a specific hardness) may be specified.

4. Nonmetallic inclusions – the level of nonmetallic inclusions, as determined in accordance with ASTM B796. For alloys containing MnS additions,

the inclusion assessment is modified to count only those discrete inclusions greater than or equal to 100 µm maximum caliper (Feret’s) diameter.

5. Cross-product contamination – the amount of unal- loyed iron contamination in a prealloyed steel com-position, or, the amount of prealloyed contamination in carbon or copper steel compositions, determined in accordance with ASTM B795.

PF Material Code Designations The PF material code designation defines a specific material with respect to chemical composition, alloying method, and minimum density. The code consists of the PF prefix to designate the material as having been manufactured by the powder-forging process. For the carbon and low-alloy steels, this is followed by a four digit code number that is a modification of the AISI–SAE nomenclature for wrought steels. For example, 10XX designates a carbon steel and the XX the amount of carbon; 46XX designates a low-alloy steel and the XX the amount of carbon. The XX designates the forged product carbon content, in hundredths of a percent. Composition limits for alloy and impurity elements may differ from the AISI–SAE limits. Most powder-forged copper steels follow this approach but with the addition of the letter C to designate a copper steel. For example, 11CXX designates a nominally 2 wt.% copper steel with admixed manganese sulfide to aid machinability. Copper steels with higher copper content have two digits prior to the C that indicate the nominal copper content. For example, 1135CXX designates a nominally 3.5 wt.% copper steel with admixed manganese sulfide. Obsolete Acronym The old acronym for powder forging P/F has been replaced by PF throughout this document. The change in the prefix for the material designations is to match the currently approved acronym for powder forging. No change has been made to the material specification and performance characteristics for the various powder-forged materials.

Additional Material Code Designations

The following PF steel alloys have been designated but mechanical property data have not yet been developed. They are manufactured from prealloyed steel powder admixed with graphite as the source of carbon.

Material Designation

TABLE 1 Chemical Composition Requirements, % - PF-44XX and PF-49XX Fe (D)

Ni Mo Mn Cu Cr S Si P C O

PF-44XX Bal. 0.10 (max)

0.80-0.95 0.08-0.20 0.15 (max)

0.10 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


1.4-1.6 0.08-0.20 0.15 (max)

0.10 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)

For (B), (C) and (D) refer to the chemical composition tables in the materials section of the standard.

MPIF Standard 35, PF Steel Parts—2017 Edition

4

Grade Selection Before a particular grade of material can be selected, a

careful analysis is required of the design of the part and its end use, including dimensional tolerances and an analysis of part design versus tool design. In addition, the final property requirements of the finished part should be con-sidered, e.g., static and dynamic loading, wear resistance, machinability and any other requirements pertinent to the application. It is recommended that all of the above aspects be subjects of discussion between the producer and the purchaser prior to the final grade selection.

Proof Testing It is highly recommended that a proof test and/or

destructive test method be established between the pur-chaser and PF parts producer to ensure that the actual PF part meets the intent of the design. If possible, this test should be related to the actual function of the part, e.g., gear tooth break load, crush test, pull test, etc. It may require a written procedure, a special test fixture or sub-assembly for use by both the PF parts producer and the purchaser. Establishment of values should be determined by actual testing of production lots. It is recommended that such tests supplement the material specification designated on the engineering drawing.

Density The density of the PF part is determined using

Archimedes’ principle, by immersion in water, in accordance with MPIF Standard 54. The minimum density requirements are listed in various material sections of the standard. Impact Energy

Impact energy, measured in ft•lbf (J), is a measurement of the energy absorbed in fracturing a specimen with a sin-gle blow. The V-notch Charpy specimen is most commonly used for PF steels (ASTM E23).

Ultimate Tensile Strength Ultimate tensile strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa), is

the ability of a test specimen to resist fracture when a pulling force is applied in a direction parallel to its longitu-dinal axis. It is equal to the maximum load divided by the original cross-sectional area. (See MPIF Standard 10 for additional details—machined round specimen.)

Yield Strength Yield strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa), is the load at which the material exhibits a 0.2% offset from proportion-ality on a stress-strain curve in tension divided by the orig-inal cross-sectional area (ASTM E8). (See MPIF Standard 10 for additional details—machined round specimen.) Elongation Elongation (plastic), expressed as a percentage of the original gauge length (usually 1 inch) (25 mm), is based on measuring the increase in gauge length after the fracture, provided the fracture takes place within the gauge length. Elongation can also be measured with a breakaway extensometer on the tensile specimen. The recorded stress-strain curve displays total elongation (elastic and plastic). Plastic strain at failure is calculated by subtracting elastic strain from the total strain at failure. (See MPIF Standard 10 for additional details—machined round specimen.) Reduction of Area

Reduction of area, expressed as a percentage of the original gauge cross-sectional area, is based on measur-ing the reduced diameter at the fracture, calculating the cross-sectional area at this point and then determining the percent reduction in area as compared with the original cross-sectional area (ASTM E8). Compressive Yield Strength

Compressive yield strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa), is the stress at which a material exhibits a specified per-manent set. The 0.1% permanent offset was measured utilizing a clip-on extensometer on a 0.375 inch (9.53 mm) diameter by 1.05 inch (26.7 mm) long specimen.

For certain heat-treated steels listed in the data tables the hardenability of the alloy is not sufficient to completely through harden the 0.375 inch (9.53 mm) diameter test specimen. Examination of the tensile yield and compres-sive yield values for the prealloyed steels find their values comparable for the section sizes tested (up to 0.375 inch [9.53 mm]). Typically, smaller cross sections have higher compressive yield strengths and larger sections some-what lower strengths due to the hardenability response. (See MPIF Standard 61 for additional details.) Hardness

The hardness value of a PF part is determined by using a conventional indentation hardness tester, such as a Rockwell or Rockwell Superficial. The producer and purchaser should agree on the hardness value, the hard-ness scale and the critical location for testing, in accor-dance with ASTM E18.


5

Fatigue Limit and Fatigue Strength Fatigue strength, expressed in 103 psi (MPa), is the

maximum alternating stress that can be sustained for a specified number of cycles without failure, the stress being reversed with each cycle unless otherwise stated. The number of cycles survived should be stated with each strength listed. The fatigue limit is the stress sustainable for an indefinite number of cycles, and no cycle number is given. For PF steels, like wrought steels, fatigue strengths of 107 cycles duration using smooth, unnotched speci-mens on R.R. Moore style testing machines are consid-ered to be sustainable indefinitely and are therefore stated as fatigue limits (also termed endurance limits).

The fatigue limits in this standard were generated through statistical analysis of rotating beam fatigue strength data. Due to the limited number of data points available for the analysis, these fatigue limits were deter-mined as the 50% survival stress, i.e., the fatigue stress at which 50% of the test specimens survived 107 cycles. (See MPIF Standard 56 for additional details.)

Elastic Constants The elastic constants for the PF steels were not mea-

sured directly from test specimens. Since the minimum density requirement for these materials is greater than 99.5% that of the equivalent wrought steel, the elastic con-stants are considered equal to the accepted values for wrought steel, typically:

Young’s Modulus (E) = 30 x 106 psi (207 GPa) Poisson’s Ratio = 0.3

Engineering Information

Hardenability and Jominy Curves

SI Units Data were measured in inch-pound units and converted

to SI units in accordance with IEEE/ASTM SI 10.

Referenced MPIF Standards The test method standards referenced in this document

are published by MPIF and are available in the latest edition of Standard Test Methods for Metal Powders and Powder Metallurgy Products.

Std. 10 Tensile Properties of Powder Metallurgy

(PM) Materials Std. 54 Density of Impermeable Powder Metallurgy

(PM) Materials Std. 56 Rotating Beam Fatigue Endurance Limit of

Powder Metallurgy (PM) Materials Std. 61 Compressive Yield Strength of Powder

Metallurgy Materials Std. 66 Sample Preparation and Determination of

Hardenability of PM Steels (Jominy End-Quench Hardenability)

Std. 67 Sample Preparation for the Chemical

Analysis of the Metallic Elements in PM Materials

Comparable Standard ASTM B848 Standard Specification for Powder Forged

(PF) Ferrous Structural Parts.


6

PF Steel Material Section—2017 MPIF Standard 35-PF

Carbon Steel This subsection covers PF materials manufactured

from elemental iron powders that are essentially free of other alloying elements. Graphite is admixed to achieve the desired carbon content.

Material Characteristics These materials are manufactured by pressing, sintering

and then forging. Chemical composition and minimum density requirements are given in Tables 1 and 2 respec-tively.

Application PF carbon steels are used primarily in the normalized

condition where moderate strength and hardness are desired. Carbon steels are not through hardenable on heat treatment except in very thin sections.

Microstructure The normalized structure consists of ferrite and pearlite

where the amount of pearlite increases with increasing carbon content. Powder forged material typically is fine grained.

TABLE 1 Material Designation

Chemical Composition Requirements, % - Carbon Steel Fe (D)



0.05 (max)

0.10-0.25 0.30 (max)

0.10 (max)

0.025 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


0.05 (max)

0.30-0.60 (A) 0.30 (max)

0.10 (max)

0.23 (A) (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)

(A) Covers manganese sulfide (MnS) additions from 0.3 to 0.5%. The manganese content in solution is similar to PF-10XX or

PF-10CXX, that is 0.10 to 0.25%. (B) Nominal carbon content shall be as specified by the purchaser. Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and

producer, the forged product carbon content shall be within ± 0.05% of the specified carbon content. (C) When required, maximum oxygen content shall conform to the amount specified by the purchaser. (D) For information only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required.

TABLE 2 Minimum Density for Carbon Steel Compositions (Fully Annealed Heat

Treatment Condition – Ferrite/Pearlite Microstructure (1) (2))

Material Designation Density (g/cm3) PF-1020 7.81 PF-1040 7.81 PF-1060 7.81 PF-1140 7.79 PF-1160 7.78

(1) Quench-hardening and tempering will reduce the density

values. Normalized samples may have lower density values than fully annealed materials.

(2) Based on the method described in Smith, D. W. “Calculation of the Pore-Free Density of P/M Steels: Role of Microstructure and Composition”, The International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1992, p. 259. Calculations based on 350 ppm max oxygen content and all oxygen combined as 3MnO.Al2O3.3SiO2.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectivness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PF parts producer. Both the purchaser and producer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a PF component: material selection, chemical composition and alloying method, proof testing, typical property values and processes, which may affect the part application.

Car

bon

Stee

l PF

Ste

el M

ater

ial P

rope

rtie

s –

Inch

-Pou

nd U

nits

T

YP

ICA

L V

AL

UE

S(A

)

Te

nsile

Pro

pert

ies

Mat

eria

l C

ode

Des

igna

tion

H

eat T

reat

C

ondi

tion

(B)

U

ltim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

0.2%

offs

et

El

onga

tion

(in 1

inch

)

R

educ

tion

of A

rea

H

ardn

ess

Im

pact

En

ergy

Com

pres

sive

Yi

eld

Stre

ngth

0.

1% o

ffset

Mea

n Fa

tigue

Li

mit

103 p

si

103 p

si

%

%

Roc

kwel

l ft·

lbf

103 p

si

103 p

si

PF-1

020

N

64

50

30

55

70 H

RB

20

55

N

/D

PF-1

040

N

75

45

27

50

75 H

RB

3

60

N

/D

Q

14

0 12

0 12

42

30

HR

C

15

1

10 (C

) N

/D

PF-1

060

N

90

55

17

37

90 H

RB

2

65

45

Q

125

100

12

30

26 H

RC

4

95

(C)

N/D

Q

195

175

8

25

40 H

RC

10

130

(C)

N/D

(A)

Mec

hani

cal p

rope

rty d

ata

deriv

ed fr

om la

bora

tory

pre

pare

d te

st s

peci

men

s si

nter

ed a

nd fo

rged

und

er c

omm

erci

al m

anuf

actu

ring

cond

ition

s.

(B)

N: n

orm

aliz

ed c

ondi

tion

(aus

teni

tize

and

cool

in s

till a

ir).

Q: q

uenc

hed

and

tem

pere

d co

nditi

on (a

uste

nitiz

ed, o

il qu

ench

ed a

nd te

mpe

red

1 ho

ur a

t tem

pera

ture

to R

ockw

ell C

har

dnes

s le

vel i

ndic

ated

). (C

) Sin

ce th

e cr

oss

sect

ion

of th

e te

nsile

yie

ld te

st s

peci

men

is s

mal

ler t

han

the

com

pres

sive

yie

ld s

peci

men

a d

irect

cor

resp

onde

nce

betw

een

tens

ile a

nd c

ompr

essi

ve y

ield

stre

ngth

dat

a is

not

pos

sibl

e.

N/D

Not

det

erm

ined

for t

he p

urpo

ses

of th

is s

tand

ard.

201

7 Ed

ition

A

ppro

ved:

200

0 R

evis

ed: 2

017

7

8


Copper Steel This subsection covers PF materials manufactured

from iron powders admixed or prealloyed with copper (as the only alloying element); as well as, graphite (as the source of carbon). Copper steels may also contain manganese sulfide as a machinability aid.

Material Characteristics Copper steels are manufactured by pressing, sintering


Application PF copper steels are used primarily in the normalized

condition where higher strength and hardness than the PF carbon steels are desired. Copper steels are not through hardenable on heat treatment except in thin sec-tions.


where the amount of pearlite increases with increasing carbon content. Little or no free copper should be evident in the microstructure. If manganese sulfide is present, fine inclusions should be seen as individual, gray particles scattered evenly throughout the structure. Powder forged material typically is fine grained.


Chemical Composition Requirements, % - Copper Steel Fe (D)


PF-10CXX Bal. 0.10 (max)

0.05 (max)

0.10-0.25 1.8-2.2 0.10 (max)

0.025 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


0.05 (max)

0.30-0.60 (A) 1.8-2.2 0.10 (max)

0.23 (A) (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


0.05 (max)

0.30-0.60 (A) 2.7-3.3 (E) 0.10 (max)

0.23 (A) (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


0.05 (max)

0.30-0.60 (A)

3.0-3.8 (E) 0.10 (max)

0.23 (A) (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)

(A) Covers manganese sulfide (MnS) additions from 0.3 to 0.5%. The manganese content in solution is similar to PF-10XX or PF-10CXX, that is 0.10 to 0.25%.

(B) Nominal carbon content shall be as specified by the purchaser. Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and producer, the forged product carbon content shall be within ± 0.05% of the specified carbon content.

(C) When required, maximum oxygen content shall conform to the amount specified by the purchaser. (D) For information only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required. (E) Some or all of the copper may be prealloyed.

TABLE 2

Minimum Density for Copper Steel Compositions (Fully Annealed Heat Treatment Condition –

Ferrite/Pearlite Microstructure (1) (2)) Material Designation Density (g/cm3)

PF-10C40 7.81 PF-10C50 7.81 PF-10C60 7.81 PF-11C40 7.79 PF-11C50 7.79 PF-11C60 7.79

PF-1130C50 7.82 PF-1130C60 7.82 PF-1135C60 7.82

(1) Quench-hardening and tempering will reduce the density values. Normalized samples may have lower density values than fully annealed materials.

(2) The method described by Smith, D. W. “Calculation of the Pore-Free Density of P/M Steels: Role of Microstructure and Composition”, The International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1992, p. 259 that is used for the carbon and low-alloy steels is not considered applicable to steels with admixed copper additions. Pore-free densities for these materials were determined by experiment.

To select a material optimum in both properties and cost-effectivness, it is essential that the part application be discussed with the PF parts producer. Both the purchaser and producer should, in order to avoid possible misconceptions or misunderstandings, agree on the following conditions prior to the manufacture of a PF component: material selection, chemical composition and alloying method, proof testing, typical property values and processes, which may affect the part application

Cop

per S

teel

PF

Ste

el M

ater

ial P

rope

rtie

s –

Inch

-Pou

nd U

nits

TY

PIC

AL

VA

LU

ES

(A)

Tens

ile P

rope

rtie

s

M

ater

ial

Cod

e D

esig

natio

n

H

eat T

reat

C

ondi

tion

(B)

U

ltim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

0.2%

offs

et

El

onga

tion

(in 1

inch

)

R

educ

tion

of A

rea

H

ardn

ess

Im

pact

En

ergy

Com

pres

sive

Yi

eld

Stre

ngth

0.

1% o

ffset

Mea

n Fa

tigue

Li

mit

103 p

si

103 p

si

%

%

Roc

kwel

l ft·

lbf

103 p

si

103 p

si

PF-1

0C40

N

10

0 7

0 18

38

97

HR

B

3 90

N

/D

PF-1

0C50

N

12

0 8

0 16

30

22

HR

C

2 95

50

PF

-10C

60

N

125

85

11

27

24 H

RC

2

100

50

PF-1

1C40

N

9

5 7

0 14

36

98

HR

B

4 85

48

Q

130

120

10

30

26 H

RC

5

1

15 (C

) N

/D

Q

19

0 16

0 7

25

38

HR

C

7

125

(C)

75

PF-1

1C50

N

12

5 8

5 15

30

24

HR

C

4 90

50

PF

-11C

60

N

130

90

11

23

28 H

RC

3

90

N/D

PF

-113

0C50

N

15

0 10

5 15

22

30

HR

C

N/D

10

0 68

* PF

-113

0C60

N

15

5 11

0 12

16

30

HR

C

N/D

11

0 N

/D

PF-1

135C

60

N

175

120

11

18

35 H

RC

N

/D

115

N/D

(A)

Mec

hani

cal p

rope

rty d

ata

deriv

ed fr

om la

bora

tory

pre

pare

d te

st s

peci

men

s si

nter

ed a

nd fo

rged

und

er c

omm

erci

al m

anuf

actu

ring

cond

ition

s.

(B)

N: n

orm

aliz

ed c

ondi

tion

(aus

teni

tize

and

cool

in s

till a

ir).

Q: q

uenc

hed

and

tem

pere

d co

nditi

on (a

uste

nitiz

ed, o

il qu

ench

ed a

nd te

mpe

red

1 ho

ur a

t tem

pera

ture

to R

ockw

ell C

har

dnes

s le

vel i

ndic

ated

). (C

) S

ince

the

cros

s se

ctio

n of

the

tens

ile y

ield

test

spe

cim

en is

sm

alle

r tha

n th

e co

mpr

essi

ve y

ield

spe

cim

en a

dire

ct c

orre

spon

denc

e be

twee

n te

nsile

an

d co

mpr

essi

ve y

ield

stre

ngth

dat

a is

not

pos

sibl

e.

N/D

Not

det

erm

ined

for t

he p

urpo

ses

of th

is s

tand

ard.

*C

onve

rted

from

axi

al fa

tigue

(ful

ly re

vers

ed R

= -1

) val

ues.

A c

orre

latio

n an

alys

is b

etw

een

axia

l fat

igue

lim

it an

d ro

tatin

g be

am li

mit

foun

d th

e ax

ial f

atig

ue li

mit

to b

e 80

-90%

of t

he ro

tatin

g be

am fa

tigue

lim

it. A

n 85

% fa

ctor

was

use

d in

this

inst

ance

. W

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ean

fatig

ue li

mit

for t

he P

F-11

30C

50 m

ater

ial t

he c

hem

ical

com

posi

tion

and

min

imum

den

sity

requ

irem

ents

alo

ng w

ith th

e m

echa

nica

l pro

perty

dat

a fo

r the

PF-

1130

CX

X a

nd

PF-

1135

CX

X m

ater

ials

hav

e be

en a

dapt

ed, w

ith p

erm

issi

on fr

om A

STM

B84

8-15

"S

tand

ard

Spe

cific

atio

n fo

r Pow

der F

orge

d (P

F) F

erro

us M

ater

ials

", co

pyrig

ht A

STM

Inte

rnat

iona

l, 10

0 B

arr H

arbo

r D

rive,

Wes

t Con

shoh

ocke

n, P

A 1

9428

.

2017

Edi

tion

App

rove

d: 2

000

Rev

ised

: 201

7

9

10


Low Alloy PF-42XX Steel This subsection covers PF materials manufactured

from prealloyed steel powder admixed with graphite as the source of carbon.



Application Low alloy PF-42XX steels are used primarily in the heat-

treated condition where high strength and good depth of hardening are desired. The PF-42XX steels will through harden on heat treatment in modest section thicknesses (see Hardenability data table and Jominy curves).

Microstructure The heat-treated structure consists of tempered marten-

site. Powder forged material typically is fine grained. TABLE 1 Material Designation

Chemical Composition Requirements, % - Low Alloy PF-42XX Steel Fe (D)


PF-42XX Bal. 0.40-0.50 0.55-0.65 0.20-0.35 0.15 (max)

0.10 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)

(B) Nominal carbon content shall be as specified by the purchaser. Unless otherwise agreed upon between the

purchaser and producer, the forged product carbon content shall be within ± 0.05% of the specified carbon content.

(C) When required, maximum oxygen content shall conform to the amount specified by the purchaser. (D) For information only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required.

TABLE 2 Minimum Density for Low Alloy PF-42XX Steel Compositions (Fully Annealed Heat


Material Designation Density (g/cm3) PF-4220 7.82 PF-4240 7.81 PF-4260 7.80




.


Low

Allo

y PF

-42X

X St

eel

PF

Stee

l Mat

eria

l Pro

pert

ies

– In

ch-P

ound

Uni

ts

TY

PIC

AL

VA

LU

ES

(A)

Tens

ile P

rope

rtie

s

M

ater

ial

Cod

e D

esig

natio

n

H

eat T

reat

C

ondi

tion

(B)

U

ltim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

0.2%

offs

et

El

onga

tion

(in 1

inch

)

R

educ

tion

of A

rea

H

ardn

ess

Im

pact

En

ergy

Com

pres

sive

Yi

eld

Stre

ngth

0.

1% o

ffset

Mea

n Fa

tigue

Li

mit

103 p

si

103 p

si

%

%

Roc

kwel

l ft·

lbf

103 p

si

103 p

si

PF-4

220*

N

7

5 5

5 25

55

84

HR

B

25

60

N/D

Q

120

100

23

55

26 H

RC

30

9

5 N

/D

Q

17

5 14

0 9

35

38

HR

C

25

105

N/D

PF

-424

0 N

10

0 7

0 16

40

97

HR

B

8

80

55

Q

13

0 12

0 15

40

28

HR

C

20

130

N/D

Q

190

170

9

35

38 H

RC

8

18

0 N

/D

PF-4

260

N

110

75

15

30

22 H

RC

5

8

0 50

Q

130

120

15

35

30 H

RC

18

13

0 N

/D

Q

19

0 17

0 9

32

38

HR

C

14

180

80

Q

23

5 21

0 5

25

45

HR

C

8

205

N/D

Q

280

255

12



from prealloyed steel powder admixed with graphite as the source of carbon.




treated condition where high strength and high depth of hardening are desired. The PF-46XX steels will through harden on heat treatment in heavier section thickness than the PF-42XX steels (see Hardenability data table and Jominy curves).

Microstructure The as-forged microstructure consists of pearlite, bainite

and some martensite. The heat-treated structure consists of tempered marten-

site. Powder forged material typically is fine grained.




PF-46XX Bal. 1.75-2.00 0.50-0.60 0.10-0.25 0.15 (max)

0.10 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


purchaser and producer, the forged product carbon content shall be within ± 0.05% of the specified carbon content.

(C) When required, maximum oxygen content shall conform to the amount specified by the purchaser. (D) For information only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required.



Material Designation Density (g/cm3) PF-4620 7.82 PF-4640 7.81 PF-4660 7.81 PF-4680 7.80




Low

Allo

y PF

-46X

X St

eel

PF S

teel

Mat

eria

l Pro

pert

ies

– In

ch-P

ound

Uni

ts

T

YP

ICA

L V

AL

UE

S(A

)

Te

nsile

Pro

pert

ies

Mat

eria

l C

ode

Des

igna

tion

H

eat T

reat

C

ondi

tion

(B)

U

ltim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

0.2%

offs

et

El

onga

tion

(in 1

inch

)

R

educ

tion

of A

rea

H

ardn

ess

Im

pact

En

ergy

Com

pres

sive

Yi

eld

Stre

ngth

0.

1% o

ffset

Mea

n Fa

tigue

Li

mit

103 p

si

103 p

si

%

%

Roc

kwel

l ft·

lbf

103 p

si

103 p

si

PF-4

620*

N

8

0 6

0 20

50

96

HR

B

25

70

N/D

Q

140

130

24

50

28 H

RC

60

13

5 N

/D

Q

19

0 15

5 9

30

38

HR

C

20

160

N/D

PF

-464

0 N

10

0 8

0 17

40

98

HR

B

8

80

43

Q

13

0 12

0 15

30

28

HR

C

25

125

N/D

Q

190

155

13

30

38 H

RC

18

16

0 N

/D

PF-4

660

N

115

85

15

30

24 H

RC

5

8

0 60

Q

140

130

13

25

28 H

RC

20

13

0 N

/d

Q

19

0 15

5 12

25

38

HR

C

16

170

80

Q

24

0 20

0 6

15

48

HR

C

9

220

N/D

Q

290

250

14

Carbon Steel This subsection covers PF materials manufactured from elemental iron powders that are essentially free of other alloying elements. Graphite is admixed to achieve the desired carbon content.



Application PF carbon steels are used primarily in the normalized

condition where moderate strength and hardness are desired. Carbon steels are not through hardenable on heat treatment except in very thin sections.


where the amount of pearlite increases with increasing carbon content. Powder forged material typically is fine grained


Chemical Composition Requirements, % - Carbon Steel Fe (D)



0.05 (max)

0.10-0.25 0.30 (max)

0.10 (max)

0.025 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


0.05 (max)

0.30-0.60 (A) 0.30 (max)

0.10 (max)

0.23 (A) (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)

(A) Covers manganese sulfide (MnS) additions from 0.3 to 0.5%. The manganese content in solution is similar to PF-10XX or

PF-10CXX, that is 0.10 to 0.25%. (B) Nominal carbon content shall be as specified by the purchaser. Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and

producer, the forged product carbon content shall be within ± 0.05% of the specified carbon content. (C) When required, maximum oxygen content shall conform to the amount specified by the purchaser. (D) For information only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required.

TABLE 2 Minimum Density for Carbon Steel Compositions (Fully Annealed Heat


Material Designation Density (g/cm3) PF-1020 7.81 PF-1040 7.81 PF-1060 7.81 PF-1140 7.79 PF-1160 7.78






Car

bon

Stee

l PF

Ste

el M

ater

ial P

rope

rtie

s –

SI U

nits

TY

PIC

AL

VA

LU

ES

(A)

Tens

ile P

rope

rtie

s

M

ater

ial

Cod

e D

esig

natio

n

H

eat T

reat

C

ondi

tion

(B)

U

ltim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

0.2%

offs

et

El

onga

tion

(in 2

5 m

m)

R

educ

tion

of A

rea

H

ardn

ess

Im

pact

En

ergy

Com

pres

sive

Yi

eld

Stre

ngth

0.

1% o

ffset

Mea

n Fa

tigue

Li

mit

MPa

M

Pa

%

%

Roc

kwel

l J

MPa

M

Pa

PF-1

020

N

440

340

30

55

70 H

RB

27

38

0 N

/D

PF-1

040

N

520

310

27

50

75 H

RC

4

41

0 N

/D

Q

97

0 83

0 12

42

30

HR

C

20

7

60 (C

) N

/D

PF-1

060

N

620

38

0 17

37

90

HR

B

3

450

310

Q

860

690

12

30

26 H

RC

5

660

(C)

N/D

Q

1

340

1

210

8

25

40 H

RC

14

900

(C)

N/D

(A

) M

echa

nica

l pro

perty

dat

a de

rived

from

labo

rato

ry p

repa

red

test

spe

cim

ens

sint

ered

and

forg

ed u

nder

com

mer

cial

man

ufac

turin

g co

nditi

ons.

(B

) N

: nor

mal

ized

con

ditio

n (a

uste

nitiz

e an

d co

ol in

stil

l air)

.

Q

: que

nche

d an

d te

mpe

red

cond

ition

(aus

teni

tized

, oil

quen

ched

and

tem

pere

d 1

hour

at t

empe

ratu

re to

Roc

kwel

l C h

ardn

ess

leve

l ind

icat

ed).

(C) S

ince

the

cros

s se

ctio

n of

the

tens

ile y

ield

test

spe

cim

en is

sm

alle

r tha

n th

e co

mpr

essi

ve y

ield

spe

cim

en a

dire

ct c

orre

spon

denc

e be

twee

n te

nsile

and

com

pres

sive

yie

ld s

treng

th d

ata

is n

ot p

ossi

ble.

N

/D N

ot d

eter

min

ed fo

r the

pur

pose

s of

this

sta

ndar

d.

2017

Editi

on

App

rove

d: 2

000

Rev

ised

: 201

7

15

16


Chemical Composition Requirements, % - Copper Steel Fe (D)



0.05 (max)

0.10-0.25 1.8-2.2 0.10 (max)

0.025 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


0.05 (max)

0.30-0.60 (A) 1.8-2.2 0.10 (max)

0.23 (A) (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


0.05 (max)

0.30-0.60 (A) 2.7-3.3 (E) 0.10 (max)

0.23 (A) (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


0.05 (max)

0.30-0.60 (A)

3.0-3.8 (E) 0.10 (max)

0.23 (A) (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)

(A) Covers manganese sulfide (MnS) additions from 0.3 to 0.5%. The manganese content in solution is similar to PF-10XX or PF-10CXX, that is 0.10 to 0.25%.

(B) Nominal carbon content shall be as specified by the purchaser. Unless otherwise agreed upon between the purchaser and producer, the forged product carbon content shall be within ± 0.05% of the specified carbon content.

(C) When required, maximum oxygen content shall conform to the amount specified by the purchaser. (D) For information only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required. (E) Some or all of the copper may be prealloyed.

TABLE 2

Minimum Density for Copper Steel Compositions (Fully Annealed Heat Treatment Condition –

Ferrite/Pearlite Microstructure (1) (2)) Material Designation Density (g/cm3)

PF-10C40 7.81 PF-10C50 7.81 PF-10C60 7.81 PF-11C40 7.79 PF-11C50 7.79 PF-11C60 7.79

PF-1130C50 7.82 PF-1130C60 7.82 PF-1135C60 7.82


(2) The method described by Smith, D. W. “Calculation of the Pore-Free Density of P/M Steels: Role of Microstructure and Composition”, The International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1992, p. 259 that is used for the carbon and low-alloy steels is not considered applicable to steels with admixed copper additions. Pore-free densities for these materials were determined by experiment.



Copper SteelThis subsection covers PF materials manufactured

from elemental iron powders admixed with copper (as theonly alloying element) as well as, graphite (as the sourceof carbon). Copper steels may also contain manganesesulfide as a machinability aid.

Material Characteristics Copper steels are manufactured by pressing, sintering

and then forging. Chemical composition and minimumdensity requirements are given in Tables 1 and 2 respec-tively.

Application PF copper steels are used primarily in the normalized

condition where higher strength and hardness than thePF carbon steels are desired. Copper steels are notthrough hardenable on heat treatment except in thin sec-tions.


where the amount of pearlite increases with increasingcarbon content. Little or no free copper should be evidentin the microstructure. If manganese sulfide is present, fineinclusions should be seen as individual, gray particlesscattered evenly throughout the structure. Powder forgedmaterial typically is fine grained.

Cop

per S

teel

PF

Ste

el M

ater

ial P

rope

rtie

s –

SI U

nits

TY

PIC

AL

VA

LU

ES

(A)

Tens

ile P

rope

rtie

s

M

ater

ial

Cod

e D

esig

natio

n

H

eat T

reat

C

ondi

tion

(B)

U

ltim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

0.2%

offs

et

El

onga

tion

(in 2

5 m

m)

R

educ

tion

of A

rea

H

ardn

ess

Im

pact

En

ergy

Com

pres

sive

Yi

eld

Stre

ngth

0.

1% o

ffset

Mea

n Fa

tigue

Li

mit

MPa

M

Pa

%

%

Roc

kwel

l J

MPa

M

Pa

PF-1

0C40

N

69

0 48

0 18

38

97

HR

B

4 62

0 N

/D

PF-1

0C50

N

83

0 55

0 16

30

22

HR

C

3 66

0 34

0 PF

-10C

60

N

860

590

11

27

24 H

RC

3

690

340

PF-1

1C40

N

6

60

480

14

36

98 H

RB

5

590

330

Q

90

0 83

0 10

30

26

HR

C

7

790

(C)

N/D

Q

1

310

1

100

7 25

38

HR

C

9

860

(C)

520

PF-1

1C50

N

86

0 59

0 15

30

24

HR

C

5 62

0 34

0 PF

-11C

60

N

900

620

11

23

28 H

RC

4

620

N/D

PF

-113

0C50

N

10

35

720

15

22

30 H

RC

N

/D

690

470*

PF

-113

0C60

N

10

70

760

12

16

30 H

RC

N

/D

760

N/D

PF

-113

5C60

N

12

00

830

11

18

30 H

RC

N

/D

800

N/D

(A)

Mec

hani

cal p

rope

rty d

ata

deriv

ed fr

om la

bora

tory

pre

pare

d te

st s

peci

men

s si

nter

ed a

nd fo

rged

und

er c

omm

erci

al m

anuf

actu

ring

cond

ition

s.

(B)

N: n

orm

aliz

ed c

ondi

tion

(aus

teni

tize

and

cool

in s

till a

ir).

Q: q

uenc

hed

and

tem

pere

d co

nditi

on (a

uste

nitiz

ed, o

il qu

ench

ed a

nd te

mpe

red

1 ho

ur a

t tem

pera

ture

to R

ockw

ell C

har

dnes

s le

vel i

ndic

ated

). (C

) S

ince

the

cros

s se

ctio

n of

the

tens

ile y

ield

test

spe

cim

en is

sm

alle

r tha

n th

e co

mpr

essi

ve y

ield

spe

cim

en a

dire

ct c

orre

spon

denc

e be

twee

n te

nsile

an

d co

mpr

essi

ve y

ield

stre

ngth

dat

a is

not

pos

sibl

e.

N/D

Not

det

erm

ined

for t

he p

urpo

ses

of th

is s

tand

ard.

*C

onve

rted

from

axi

al fa

tigue

(ful

ly re

vers

ed R

= -1

) val

ues.

A c

orre

latio

n an

alys

is b

etw

een

axia

l fat

igue

lim

it an

d ro

tatin

g be

am li

mit

foun

d th

e ax

ial f

atig

ue li

mit

to b

e 80

-90%

of t

he ro

tatin

g be

am fa

tigue

lim

it. A

n 85

% fa

ctor

was

use

d in

this

inst

ance

. W

ith th

e ex

cept

ion

of th

e m

ean

fatig

ue li

mit

for t

he P

F-11

30C

50 m

ater

ial t

he c

hem

ical

com

posi

tion

and

min

imum

den

sity

requ

irem

ents

alo

ng w

ith th

e m

echa

nica

l pro

perty

dat

a fo

r the

PF-

1130

CX

X a

nd

PF-

1135

CX

X m

ater

ials

hav

e be

en a

dapt

ed, w

ith p

erm

issi

on fr

om A

STM

B84

8-15

"S

tand

ard

Spe

cific

atio

n fo

r Pow

der F

orge

d (P

F) F

erro

us M

ater

ials

", co

pyrig

ht A

STM

Inte

rnat

iona

l, 10

0 B

arr H

arbo

r D

rive,

Wes

t Con

shoh

ocke

n, P

A 1

9428

.

2017

Edi

tion

App

rove

d: 2

000

Rev

ised

: 201

7

17

18




PF-42XX Bal. 0.40-0.50 0.55-0.65 0.20-0.35 0.15 (max)

0.10 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


purchaser and producer, the forged product carbon content shall be within ± 0.05% of the specified carbon content. (C) When required, maximum oxygen content shall conform to the amount specified by the purchaser. (D) For information only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required.



Material Designation Density (g/cm3) PF-4220 7.82 PF-4240 7.81 PF-4260 7.80


(2) Based on the method described in Smith, D. W. “Calculation of the Pore-Free Density of P/M Steels: Role of Microstructure and Composition”, The International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, Vol. 28, No. 3, 1992, p. 259. Calculations based on 350 ppm max oxygen content and all oxygen combined as 3MnO.Al2O3.3SiO2




from prealloyed steel powder admixed with graphite as thesource of carbon.




treated condition where high strength and good depth ofhardening are desired. The PF-42XX steels will through harden on heat treatment in modest section thicknesses(see Hardenability data table and Jominy curves).

Microstructure The heat-treated structure consists of tempered marten-


Low

Allo

y PF

-42X

X St

eel

PF S

teel

Mat

eria

l Pro

pert

ies

– SI

Uni

ts

TY

PIC

AL

VA

LU

ES

(A)

Tens

ile P

rope

rtie

s

M

ater

ial

Cod

e D

esig

natio

n

H

eat T

reat

C

ondi

tion

(B)

U

ltim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

0.2%

offs

et

El

onga

tion

(in 2

5 m

m)

R

educ

tion

of A

rea

H

ardn

ess

Im

pact

En

ergy

Com

pres

sive

Yi

eld

Stre

ngth

0.

1% o

ffset

Mea

n Fa

tigue

Li

mit

MPa

M

Pa

%

%

Roc

kwel

l J

MPa

M

Pa

PF-4

220*

N

52

0 38

0 25

55

84

HR

B

34

410

N/D

Q

830

690

23

55

26 H

RC

41

66

0 N

/D

Q

121

0 97

0 9

35

38

HR

C

34

720

N/D

PF

-424

0 N

69

0 48

0 16

40

97

HR

B

11

550

380

Q

90

0 83

0 15

40

28

HR

C

27

900

N/D

Q

1

310

1

170

9

35

38 H

RC

11

1240

N

/D

PF-4

260

N

760

520

15

30

22 H

RC

7

55

0 34

0

Q

900

830

15

35

30 H

RC

24

90

0 N

/D

Q

131

0

117

0 9

32

38

HR

C

19

12

40

550

Q

162

0

145

0 5

25

45

HR

C

11

14

10

N/D

Q

1

930

1

760

20




PF-46XX Bal. 1.75-2.00 0.50-0.60 0.10-0.25 0.15 (max)

0.10 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

0.03 (max)

(B) (C)


purchaser and producer, the forged product carbon content shall be within ± 0.05% of the specified carbon content. (C) When required, maximum oxygen content shall conform to the amount specified by the purchaser. (D) For information only. Quantitative determination of this element is not required.



Material Designation Density (g/cm3) PF-4620 7.82 PF-4640 7.81 PF-4660 7.81 PF-4680 7.80






from prealloyed steel powder admixed with graphite as thesource of carbon.




treated condition where high strength and high depth ofhardening are desired. The PF-46XX steels will through harden on heat treatment in heavier section thicknessthan the PF-42XX steels (see Hardenability data table and Jominy curves).

Microstructure The as-forged microstructure consists of pearlite, bainite

and some martensite. The heat-treated structure consists of tempered marten-


28

Low

Allo

y PF

-46X

X St

eel

PF S

teel

Mat

eria

l Pro

pert

ies

– SI

Uni

ts

TY

PIC

AL

VA

LU

ES

(A)

Tens

ile P

rope

rtie

s

M

ater

ial

Cod

e D

esig

natio

n

H

eat T

reat

C

ondi

tion

(B)

U

ltim

ate

Stre

ngth

Yiel

d St

reng

th

0.2%

offs

et

El

onga

tion

(in 2

5 m

m)

R

educ

tion

of A

rea

H

ardn

ess

Im

pact

En

ergy

Com

pres

sive

Yi

eld

Stre

ngth

0.

1% o

ffset

Mea

n Fa

tigue

Li

mit

MPa

M

Pa

%

%

Roc

kwel

l J

MPa

M

Pa

PF-4

620*

N

5

50

410

20

50

96 H

RB

34

48

0 N

/D

Q

97

0 90

0 24

50

28

HR

C

81

930

N/D

Q

1

310

1

070

9

30

38 H

RC

27

1100

N

/D

PF-4

640

N

690

550

17

40

98 H

RB

11

55

0 30

0

Q

900

830

15

30

28 H

RC

34

86

0 N

/D

Q

131

0

107

0 13

30

38

HR

C

24

11

00

N/D

PF

-466

0 N

79

0 59

0 15

30

24

HR

C

7

550

410

Q

97

0 90

0 13

25

28

HR

C

27

900

N/D

Q

1

310

1

070

12

25

38 H

RC

22

1170

55

0

Q

1

650

1

380

6

15

48 H

RC

12

1520

N

/D

Q

200

0

172

0

22

2017 Edition Approved 2000 Revised 2017 When considering these engineering data the specific part application and design requirements should be discussed with a PF parts producer. Care must be taken in extending the use of these data to other material systems. Consult with a PF parts producer to understand the application of these data.

PF Steel Materials—2017 MPIF Standard 35-PF

Hardenability and Jominy Curves

Hardenability is a measure of the depth of hardening thatcan be achieved; the higher the value the more harden-able the steel. The hardenability depth was determinedfrom a standard Jominy test (ASTM A255) and the hard-ness versus depth curve produced using the Rockwell A(HRA) hardness scale. Jominy curves are provided. Thedepth, in sixteenths of an inch, where the hardness valuefalls below 50 HRC (75.9 HRA) is listed as the J depth.If a PF steel did not reach 50 HRC at the surface, the Jdepth is listed as

23

2017 Edition Approved: 2000 Revised 2017

PF Steel Materials—2017 MPIF Standard 35-PF

ENGINEERING INFORMATION

Index Alphabetical Listing & Guide to Material Systems & Designation Codes Used in MPIF Standard 35

The MPIF Standard 35 family of publications comprises four separate publications dealing with materials for: powder forged (PF) steel parts, conventional PM structural parts, PM self-lubricating bearings and metal injection molded (MIM) parts. The same materials may appear in more than one publication or section of the standard depending upon their common use, e.g. some structural materials may also be used in bearing applications and vice versa and stainless steel materials may be manufactured by more than one PM process, such as MIM or conventional PM, dependent upon part design and use.

The following indices provide the user with a reference tool to more easily locate the information on the standard-ized material needed for a specific application.

INDEX 1 (35PF1-2017) provides information on materials contained in this edition of MPIF Standard 35-PF, Materials Standards for PF Steel Parts. The standardized material designation codes are listed alphabetically,

followed by the name of the specific material system section of the standard where the chemical composition and/or mechanical property data can be found. See Table of Contents for page numbers where cited material systems (inch-pound or SI units) can be found.

INDEX 2 (35PF2-2017) provides similar information on the other three MPIF Standard 35 publications.

KEY - MPIF Standard 35 Publications: MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded

Parts PF Materials Standards for PF Steel Parts SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating

Bearings SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

INDEX 1. (35PF1—2017) Materials Standards for PF Steel Parts Material Designation Code

Section Material System

Key

PF-1020 Carbon Steel PF PF-1040 Carbon Steel PF PF-1060 Carbon Steel PF PF-10C40 Copper Steel PF PF-10C50 Copper Steel PF PF-10C60 Copper Steel PF PF-1130C50 Copper Steel PF PF-1130C60 Copper Steel PF PF-1135C60 Copper Steel PF PF-1140 Carbon Steel PF PF-1160 Carbon steel PF PF-11C40 Copper Steel PF PF-11C50 Copper Steel PF PF-11C60 Copper Steel PF PF-4220 Low-Alloy PF-42XX Steel PF PF-4240 Low-Alloy PF-42XX Steel PF

PF-4260 Low-Alloy PF-42XX Steel PF





24

MPIF Standard 35 Publication KEY MIM Materials Standards for Metal Injection Molded Parts SLB Materials Standards for PM Self-Lubricating Bearings PF Materials Standards for PF Steel Parts SP Materials Standards for PM Structural Parts

INDEX 2. (35PF2—2017)

Material Section Designation Code Material System

Key

AC-2014 Aluminum Alloys SP C-0000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CFTG-3806-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB CNZ-1818 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CNZP-1816 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CT-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CT-1000-K Bronze Bearings SLB CTG-1001-K Bronze Bearings SLB CTG-1004-K Bronze Bearings SLB CZ-1000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CZ-2000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CZ-3000 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CZP-1002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CZP-2002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP CZP-3002 Copper and Copper Alloys SP F-0000 Iron and Carbon Steel SP F-0000-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB F-0005 Iron and Carbon Steel SP F-0005-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB F-0008 Iron and Carbon Steel SP F-0008-K Iron and Iron-Carbon Bearings SLB FC-0200 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-0200-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB FC-0205 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-0205-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB FC-0208 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-0208-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB FC-0505 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-0508 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-0508-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB FC-0808 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-1000 Iron-Copper and Copper Steel SP FC-1000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB FC-2000-K Iron-Copper Bearings SLB FC-2008-K Iron-Copper-Carbon Bearings SLB FCTG-3604-K Diluted Bronze Bearings SLB

25

INDEX 2. (35PF2—2017) Material Section Designation Code Material System

Key

FD-0105 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FD-0200 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FD-0205 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FD-0208 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FD-0400 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FD-0405 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FD-0408 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FDCT-1802-K Diffusion-Alloyed Iron-Bronze Bearings SLB FF-0000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP FG-0303-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB FG-0308-K Iron-Graphite Bearings SLB FL-3905 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4005 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4205 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4400 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4405 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4605 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4805 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-4905 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-5108 Prealloyed Steel SP FL-5208 Prealloyed Steel SP

FL-5305 Prealloyed Steel SP Sinter-Hardened Steel SP

FLC-4608 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLC-4805 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLC-4908 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLC2-4808 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLC2-5208 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLDN2-4908 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FLDN4C2-4905 Diffusion-Alloyed Steel SP FLN-4205 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN2-3905 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN2-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN2-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN2-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLN2C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN4-4400 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN4-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN4-4405(HTS) Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN4-4408 Sinter Hardened Steel SP FLN4C-4005 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP

26

INDEX 2. (35PF2—2017)

Material Section Designation Code Material System

Key

FLN6-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLN6-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FLNC-4405 Hybrid Low-Alloy Steel SP FLNC-4408 Sinter-Hardened Steel SP FN-0200 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP FN-0205 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP FN-0208 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP FN-0405 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP FN-0408 Iron-Nickel and Nickel Steel SP FN-5000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP FS-0300 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP FX-1000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FX-1005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FX-1008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FX-2000 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FX-2005 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FX-2008 Copper-Infiltrated Iron and Steel SP FY-4500 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP FY-8000 Soft-Magnetic Alloys SP MIM-17-4 PH Stainless Steels MIM MIM-2200 Low-Alloy Steels MIM

MIM-2700 Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM Low-Alloy Steels MIM

MIM-316L Stainless Steels MIM MIM-4140 Low-Alloy Steels MIM MIM-420 Stainless Steels MIM MIM-430L Stainless Steels MIM

MIM-440 Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM Stainless Steels MIM

MIM-4605 Low-Alloy Steels MIM MIM-Cu Copper MIM MIM-F-15 Controlled-Expansion Alloys MIM MIM-Fe-3% Si Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM MIM-Fe-50% Co Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM MIM-Fe-50% Ni Soft-Magnetic Alloys MIM SS-303L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-303N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-303N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-304H Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-304L Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-304N1 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP SS-304N2 Stainless Steel - 300 Series Alloy SP

27

INDEX 2. (35PF2—

Date post:	27-Jan-2021
Category:	Documents
Upload:	others
View:	0 times
Download:	0 times

Materials Standards for PF Steel Parts · 2017. 3. 22. · ASTM E1077. For quenched and tempered...

Documents