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HAL Id: tel-00759383https://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00759383v1
Submitted on 30 Nov 2012 (v1), last revised 6 Sep 2013 (v2)
HAL is a multi-disciplinary open accessarchive for the deposit and dissemination of sci-entific research documents, whether they are pub-lished or not. The documents may come fromteaching and research institutions in France orabroad, or from public or private research centers.
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Matériaux magnétiques et solutions innovantes defiltrage CEM pour applications aéronautiques
Fanny Mesmin
To cite this version:Fanny Mesmin. Matériaux magnétiques et solutions innovantes de filtrage CEM pour applicationsaéronautiques. Energie électrique. Université de Grenoble, 2012. Français. tel-00759383v1
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THÈSE Pour obtenir le grade de
DOCTEUR DE L’UNIVERSITÉ DE GRENOBLE Spécialité : Génie électrique
Arrêté ministériel : 7 août 2006
Présentée par
Fanny MESMIN Thèse dirigée par Afef Lebouc et codirigée par Hervé Chazal et Fabien Sixdenier préparée au sein du Laboratoire de Génie Électrique de Grenoble dans l'École Doctorale Électronique, Électrotechnique, Automatique et Traitement du Signal
Matériaux magnétiques et solutions innovantes de filtrage CEM pour applications aéronautiques Thèse soutenue publiquement le 28 septembre 2012 devant le jury composé de :
Mr. Belahcène MAZARI Professeur des universités de Rouen, Président
Mr. Eric LABOURE Professeur des universités de Paris SUD, Rapporteur
Mr. Nadir IDIR Professeur des universités de Lille, Rapporteur
Mr. Patrick DULAR Directeur de recherche, université de Liège, Examinateur
Mme. Afef LEBOUC Directeur de recherche CNRS, Directrice de thèse
Mr. Hervé CHAZAL Maître de conférence, INP Grenoble, Co-encadrant
Mr. Fabien SIXDENIER Maître de conférence, Université Claude Bernard, Co-encadrant
Membres invités :
Mr. Houmam MOUSSA, Hispano-Suiza
Mr. Dominique GAUTARD, TCT
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Page 37
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Page 38
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Page 39
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Capacités
Cx et Cy
Composant
magnétiqueRSIL
Filtre CEM
!"#$% !HI # D3'F/( J&C&2F8(K '1 -3843&%,2 8%G,*20@1( (2 '( &3, (,60)3,,(8(,2
=, +3,-203, '(& 7(&30,& 'E1,( *21'( (2 '1 '(G)* '( -384/(902* 'E1, &C&2F8( -3,&0'*)*?
1, ,06(%1 'E%44)3-L( '0>*)(,2 '302 M2)( -L30&0! =, 2()8( '( &081/%203,? -(-0 &( 2)%'102 4%)
1, -384)380& (,2)( /% -384/(902* '1 83'F/( -L30&0? '( /% 4)*-0&03, &31L%02*( '(& )*&1/2%2&
(2 '1 2(84& '( -%/-1/! 5% BG1)( !HI )(4)*&(,2( /E%44)3-L( 'E1, &C&2F8( -384/(9( 4%)
'*-3843&0203, (, &31&N&C&2F8(&! O0(, &P)? ,32)( *21'( &( /0802( %1 B/2)( $=D (2 4/1& 4%)N
20-1/0F)(8(,2 (,-3)( %1 -3843&%,2 8%G,*20@1(! / (&2 '3,- 4)*+*)%7/( 431) ,31& '( 431630)
G%)'() J/E(,60)3,,(8(,2K '1 -3843&%,2 8%G,*20@1( -3,&2%,2 %B, 'E*21'0() &3, 0,Q1(,-(
Page 42
!"! #$%&'()*'+$% ,) -$,./0 !
"#$ %&" '&$(#$)*(+,-". /,#$ 0&%*1 -,#" *2,-" 345-+ %& "6"(78& &- ",#"9"6"(78&" :;,#$0&
3& '&$(#$)*(+,-"1 0*'*0+(4"1 0,8',"*-( 8*<-4(+=#& &( >;?@A. B,88& +-3+=#4 "#$ %* 59
<#$& ??.CD1 0E*=#& ",#"9"6"(78& '&#( 3,-0 F($& 2# 0,88& #- =#*3$+'G%&. B&" =#*3$+'G%&"
'&-( F($& $&'$4"&-(4" ",#" %* H,$8& 3& 8*($+0& 3& ($*-"H&$( %+*-( %&" (&-"+,-" &( 0,#$*-("
3I&-($4& *#J (&-"+,-" &( 0,#$*-(" 3& ",$(+& :'*$ &J&8'%& ',#$ %& 0,8',"*-( 8*<-4(+=#&
??.CCA.
V2_out
V1_out
V2_in
V1_in
I1_in
I2_in
I1_out
I2_out
I1_c
I2_c I2_d
I1_d
!"#$% ??.CC K ;0E48* 3# =#*3$+'G%& L0,8',"*-( 8*<-4(+=#&M
@I4(#3& 3I#-& -,#2&%%& (,',%,<+& 3& 0,8',"*-( 8*<-4(+=#& &-<&-3$&$* #-+=#&8&-( %*
8,3+50*(+,- 3& %* 8*($+0& 3& ($*-"H&$( 3# 0,8',"*-( 8*<-4(+=#&. !" #$%&'()*'+$% ,) -$,./0 !"!# $# %&'()*&' &+,-()*% -) .-/ (&')0#*')-/
N- *4$,-*#(+=#&1 %* 8*""& &"( #- 0$+(7$& +8',$(*-( =#I+% H*#( ,'(+8+"&$. B,88& -,#"
-& -,#" +-(4$&"",-" =#I*# 0,8',"*-( 8*<-4(+=#& &( =#& %&" *%%+*<&" ,-( =#*"+8&-( %* 8F8&
8*""& 2,%#8+=#&1 -,#" *2,-" 340+34 3& $43#+$& %& 2,%#8& 3# 0,8',"*-( 8*<-4(+=#&. O,#"
*2,-" 3,-0 0E,+"+ %& 2,%#8& *''*$&-( 0,88& H,-0(+,- ,)P&0(+H :Q+<. ??.C A.
!"#$% ??.C K R45-+(+,- 3& %* "&0(+,- *''*$&-(& 3I#- 0,8',"*-(
@&" 0,-($*+-(&" ',#$ %&" 0,8',"*-(" ",-( 3& 3&#J (6'&". RI#-& '*$( %&" 0,-($*+-(&"
<4,84($+=#&"1 ,- '&#( 0+(&$ S
Page 43
! ! "#$%& '( )* +$,$)$-%( '. /$0,$1*2+ 0*-23+%4.( .2%4.(
" #$% &'()*+,$% &$% +-,$% ./'()*+,$ $0+1,'$2, .Dext34 /'()*+,$ '5+1,'$2,.Dint33
" 6' 7( +-8-7-9'$ &-'+ (:-', 25 $5+,$;$, .<5+,$;$, .Ent34 =3
" >-2+$% 7$% +-8-7-9'$% %-5+ ?-?'51$% .@-)?,$ &$ %8',$% N 4 = $+ 5-)?,$ $5+'$,3
" #$ 5-)?,$ &$ %8',$% &-'+ A+,$ B-5+$52 &(5% 7( ;$5A+,$ &$ ?-?'5(9$C D(, $0$)87$E 8-2,
25 +-,$ %')87$ ?-?'51 (:$B 25 F7 &$ &'()*+,$ .Dfil3 G
N Dfil = π (Dint −Dfil) .HHCI3
#$ B-$JB'$5+ &$ ;-'%-55$)$5+ %$,( 8,'% $5 B-)8+$ &(5% 7$ BK(8'+,$ HL 8-2, 7M-8+')'N
%(+'-5 (:$B 7$% B-5+,('5+$% '5&2%+,'$77$%C
<+ &M(2+,$ 8(,+ 7$% B-5+,('5+$% &$ 8$,;-,)(5B$C O-))$ 5-2% 7M(:-5% &1F5' 8,1B1&$)N
)$5+E 7( :(7$2, &$ 7( +$5%'-5 (20 ?-,5$% &2 P6H# &-'+ A+,$ (2 )-'5% '5;1,'$2,$ Q B$77$ &2
B(% &$ ,1;1,$5B$E B$ R2' B-,,$%8-5& Q 25$ )$'77$2,$ (++152(+'-5C @-2% 5-2% %-))$% 7')'+1%
Q %'0 :(7$2,%E R2' %-5+ 7$% +$5%'-5% &$ )-&$ B-))25 $+ 7$% +$5%'-5% &$ )-&$ &'S1,$5+'$7 Q
+,-'% ;,1R2$5B$% .T=UVWE T==UVW $+ TXVW3 R2' B-,,$%8-5&$5+ Q BK(R2$ &1B(&$ &$ 7( 87(9$
;,1R2$5+'$77$ Q 7(R2$77$ 7$ B-)8-%(5+ %$,( %-2)'%C
!"!# $%&' '( )*+,-%.(& /+ &0&-12'
!"!#$% &'()*+,-.-
#$% )(+1,'(20 )(951+'R2$% -5+ 25 B-)8-,+$)$5+ 5-5 7'51(',$C @-2% (:-5% &1F5' 7$
B-)8-,+$)$5+ )(951+'R2$ &2 )(+1,'(2 YK(2+$ 8$,)1(?'7'+1Z 8(, 25$ 7-' $5 (,B+(59$5+$
8-2, 8,$5&,$ $5 B-)8+$ 7( %(+2,(+'-5 .<RCHHC[3C
Js $%+ 7( 8-7(,'%(+'-5 Q %(+2,(+'-5 &2 )(+1,'(2 )(951+'R2$C
µri $%+ 7( 8$,)1(?'7'+1 ,$7(+':$ '5'+'(7$ &2 )(+1,'(2 )(951+'R2$C
µ0 $%+ 7( 8$,)1(?'7'+1 &2 :'&$C
H $%+ 7$ BK()8 )(951+'R2$C
J $%+ 7( 8-7(,'%(+'-5 &2 )(+1,'(2 )(951+'R2$C
J(H,µri) =2 Jsπ
arctan(πµ0(µri − 1)H)
2 Js.HHC[3
D(, ('77$2,%E 8-2, 7$% )(+1,'(20 ?(%%$% 8$,)1(?'7'+1%E 5-2% (:-5% F01 7( 8$,)1(?'7'+1
Q µr \ I==C O$++$ 8$,)1(?'7'+1 B-,,$%8-5& (2 +-,$ &2 B-)8-%(5+ Y?(%%$ 8$,)1(?'7'+1Z
&MV'%8(5-N62'W( $+ $%+ $5 (BB-,& (:$B 7$% )(+1,'(20 )(951+'R2$% 1:-R21% &(5% 7( 8(,+'$
8,1B1&$5+$C @-2% (:-5% B$8$5&(5+ F01 B$++$ :(7$2, (2 7'$2 &$ 8,$5&,$ 25 )-&*7$ &$ )(+1N
,'(2 (:$B 25$ 7-' $5 (,B+(59$5+$ 82'%R2$ 7$ BK()8 &$ %(+2,(+'-5 &2 )(+1,'(2 $%+ +,*% 7-'5
&2 BK()8 B,11 8(, 7$ B-2,(5+ 8-,+$2, &$ ]^E 5-2% 5M(:-5% &-5B 8(% &$ %(+2,(+'-5 8-2, 7(
%$B+'-5 &-551$C @-2% 8,$5&,-5% 5-+$ &$ :1,'F$, 7$ B,'+*,$ (:$B 7$% &')$5%'-5% -?+$52$%C
/(5% 5-+,$ )-&*7$ %_%+*)$E 5-2% :-27-5% &1F5', &$% )(+,'B$% &$ +,(5%;$,+ &$ BK(R2$ %-2%N
%_%+*)$ R2$ 5-2% 8-2,,-5% $5%2'+$ )$++,$ $5 B(%B(&$C /M25 8-'5+ &$ :2$ 5-,)(+';E 7M1+2&$
&$% 8$,+2,?(+'-5% &$ )-&$ B-5&2'+ .)-&$% B-))25 $+ &'S1,$5+'$73 %$ ;('+ 8(, 7M(5(7_%$ &$
7M(++152(+'-5 &$% +$5%'-5% (20 ?-,5$% &2 P6H#C OK(B25 &$ B$% )-&$% $%+ +,(&'+'-55$77$)$5+
&1F5' B-))$ %2'+ G
Page 44
!"! #$%&'()*'+$% ,) -$,./0 !
VMC = V1+V2
2
VMD = V1 − V2
IMC = I1 + I2IMD = I1−I2
2
"##$%&
'( )*+,-(+ ./)01 /. 2.+0,3- 4- 5.11.6- "7& "89$ ##$:&$
VMD
IMD
VMC
IMC
=
1 −1 0 0
0 0 12
−12
12
12 0 0
0 0 1 1
V1
V2
I1I2
"##$:&
!"!#$%% &'()*%+,))(-(). /0 1,-2,34). -45)6.%70(
&( 89 &
;. ()02- <'=>:? ()@1 ,25)1- 4-1 AB#;1 .C.(+ @(- ,25D4.(3- 4DE(,- 5.0 /. E6@0- ##$>F$
<- 5/@1G /. 2-1@0- ()02.+,H- .@I *)0(-1 4@ AB#; 4),+ J+0- -K-3+@D- 1@0 @(- ,25D4.(3-
4- %? Ω -+ @(- 3.5.3,+D 4- >? µF 4),+ J+0- 5/.3D- -( -(+0D- 4- 3-/@,=3,$
!"#$% !"# $ %& ' ()*+,-
'- %& ' *./0/123 4)567./,0- 78-4 07 9)+5-3 -1. 4)91./.*2 :;2025-9.1 6711/<1 /:27*= >?/@!
!"AB!
!"#$ !" # $%&'()* +'* ,-./-*%01* +( 23 4
LRSIL RRSIL CRSIL RsRSIL CsRSIL
5µH 50Ω 0.75µF 0.7Ω 10µF
4' )5*'%( '*1 (0 6(* 78! 8-..' 0-1)' 51(+' /-)1' *() &' ,-./-)1'.'01 9)5:('01;'& +(
Page 45
! ! "#$%& '( )* +$,$)$-%( '. /$0,$1*2+ 0*-23+%4.( .2%4.(
Vreseau
L_RSILI_L
L_RSIL
I_B2_RSIL I_B1_RSIL
C_RSIL
R_RSIL R_RSIL
C_RSILCs_RSIL
Rs_RSIL
Cs_RSIL
Rs_RSIL
I_s1_RSIL
I_s2_RSILV1_in
V2_in
I1_in
I2_in
I1_out
I2_out
V2_out
V1_out
!"#$% ""#$% & '()*+, -. /'"0 (1+2,34567 ,87( 6, 91:+7 ;<=$>!
?@?3A+7 73 79 2,:34(.647: -. B63:7C 91.? 21.819? (19?4-*:7: 6D4+2*-,9(7 -. :*?7,. (1++7
9.667# 07 ?()*+, -. /'"0 7?3 ,61:? ?4+264B* EF4G# ""#$HI#
I_L
I_B2_RSIL I_B1_RSIL
C_RSIL
R_RSIL R_RSIL
C_RSIL
2*L_RSIL
V1_in
V2_in
I1_out
I2_out
V2_out
V1_out
!"#$% ""#$H & '()*+, -. /'"0
J 2,:34: -. ?()*+, *67(3:4K.7C 91.? 21.819? 79 -*-.4:7 6, +,3:4(7 -. /'"0 E/'"0I
ELK# ""#MI#
I1out = −IL − IB1RSIL
I2out = IL − IB2RSIL
E""#NI
V1
V2
I1I2
out
=
1 0
0 1
−( 12∗ZLRSIL
+ 1ZCRSIL
+ZRRSIL
) 12∗ZLRSIL
12∗ZLRSIL
−( 12∗ZLRSIL
+ 1ZCRSIL
+ZRRSIL
)
[
V1
V2
]
in
E""#MI
! "#$%&' (' )'%*$%+!*,#-"
"6 7O4?37 26.?47.:? +1-A67? -7 ?1.:(7? -7 27:3.:5,3419? PLQ E37+21:76? 1. R:*K.793476?I
S0,5$!T# 07? 37()94K.7? -7 +1-*64?,3419 7O4?3,937? :721?793 ?.: 6, :72:*?793,3419 -7? ?1.:(7?
-7 27:3.:5,3419? 2,: -7? G*9*:,37.:? *K.48,6793? E-7 379?419 1. -7 (1.:,93I 73 67? ()7+49?
-7 2:12,G,3419 2,: -7? :*?7,.O -D4+2*-,9(7?# ;,9? 913:7 *3.-7C 91.? ,819? ()14?4 6, +1-*=
64?,3419 3@27 U 51437 914:7 V# P7 3@27 -7 +1-*64?,3419 9D, 2,? 21.: 5.3 -7 (1+2:79-:7 -D1W
Page 46
!"! #$%&'()*'+$% ,) -$,./0 !
"#$%&'(('() *'+ "'#),#-.)&$(+ /0,( 1$(%'#)&++',# +',* 2.&+ /' #')#.(+1#&#' *' 1$2"$#)'2'()
/' *0&()'#1$(('3&$( /' "*,+&',#+ +)#,1),#'+ +,# ,( 242' #5+'., ".# ,(' 2$/5*&+.)&$( +&2"*'
') 65(5#&7,' /' 18.1,(9 :'+ )#.%.,3 +0."",&'() +,# ,(' &/'()&;1.)&$( /' )<"' = -$&)' ($&#'
> ') ,( "#$)$1$*' /' 2'+,#' ./.")5 7,& "'#2') /' #'(+'&6('# ,( 2$/?*' 1$2"$+5 /' +$,#1'+
') /0&2"5/.(1'+ @A&69 BB9!CD EAFGHIJKKL!HM9 N(' O$&+ #'(+'&6(5J %, /, -,+ 1$()&(, /0.*&P
2'().)&$( ') /' *. )'##'J *' 2$/?*' +' 1$2"$#)' 1$22' *. +)#,1),#' 1$(+&/5#5' ') 65(?#'
*'+ 242'+ "'#),#-.)&$(+ /' 2$/' 1$22,( ') /' 2$/' /&Q5#'()&'*9 :'"'(/.()J *' 2$/?*'
(' "'#2') ".+ /0&/'()&;'# 7,'**'+ +$() *'+ +$,#1'+ /' "'#),#-.)&$(+ ., +'&( /' *. +)#,1),#'9
:' )<"' /' 2$/5*&+.)&$( '+) ,( '31'**'() $,)&* /0.(.*<+' ') "'#2') ,(' 5),/' . "$+)'#&$#&
/0,( +<+)?2' 6*$-.* 2.&+ (0'+) ".+ ./.")5 R *. "#5/&1)&$( /'+ "'#),#-.)&$(+ &()#&(+?7,'+ R
,(' +)#,1),#'9 S' "*,+J *' 2$/?*' '+) /5;(& "$,# ,( 1$(%'#)&++',# .%'1 ,(' 18.#6' /$((5'J
10'+) R /&#' "$,# ,( "$&() /' O$(1)&$(('2'()9 T$,# *0&(+).()J .,1,(' 5),/' (' "'#2') /'
"#5%$&# *. 2$/&;1.)&$( /, 2$/?*' +& *0$( 2$/&;' *. 18.#6'J /'+ )#.%.,3 /' #'18'#18' +$()
'( 1$,#+ +,# +$( ./.").)&$( @)8?+' /' U'('%&?%' A#.()V ., UWX*.-D9 Y. "#'2&?#' 5)."'
1$(+&+)' /$(1 R #'(+'&6('# 1'+ /&Q5#'()+ 5*52'()+9 Y. /5;(&)&$( /' *. +$,#1' .%'1 1' )<"'
/' 2$/?*' /'2.(/' ,(' 1'#).&(' #5Z'3&$( +,# *'+ 1$(/&)&$(+ /0&/'()&;1.)&$(9 Y'+ 2'+,#'+
/$&%'() 4)#' ./.")5'+ ') -&'( 18$&+&'+9
Z_s3
Z_s2Z_s1
I_Z_s2
I_Z_s1
I_Z_s3
I_S1
I_S2
I1_in
I2_in
V2_in
V1_in
!"#$% BB9!C [ F1852. /' *. +$,#1' /' "'#),#-.)&$(+ @)<"' =-$&)' ($&#'>D
\ ".#)&# /, +1852. 5*'1)#&7,'J ($,+ "$,%$(+ '( /5/,&#' *. 2.)#&1' /' *. +$,#1' /'
"'#),#-.)&$(+ @F]N^:XD@X79 BB9!HD9
I1in = IZs1 + IZs3 − IS1I2in = IZs2 − IZs3 − IS2
@BB9ID
[
1Zs1
+ 1Zs3
− 1Zs3
−1 0
− 1Zs3
1Zs1
+ 1Zs3
0 −1
]
V1
V2
I1I2
in
=
[
IS1IS2
]
@BB9!HD
S.(+ ($)#' 1.+J *05),/' 5).() .35' +,# *' 1$2"$+.() ') ($( *. +$,#1' /' "'#),#-.)&$(+J
($,+ (0.%$(+ /$(1 ".+ .""#$O$(/& *. "8.+' /0&/'()&;1.)&$(9 T$,# #5+$,/#' 1' "#$-*?2'J
($,+ .%$(+ /51&/5 /' O.&#' ,(' ./.").)&$( /0&2"5/.(1' '()#' *. +$,#1' /' "'#),#-.)&$( ')
*' ^FBY9 F$,+ *' )'#2' ./.").)&$( /0&2"5/.(1'J ($,+ "$,%$(+ )#$,%'# /',3 /5;(&)&$(+9 Y.
Page 47
! ! "#$%& '( )* +$,$)$-%( '. /$0,$1*2+ 0*-23+%4.( .2%4.(
"#$%&'#$ $() *+$ )$,-+&.*$ $+ /0$,)#&,&)/ "$#%$))1+) 234")&%&($# 0$ )#1+(5$#) 23*+$ "*&(6
(1+,$ /0$,)#&.*$ $+)#$ *+ /%$))$*# 7(4*#,$8 $) *+ #/,$")$*# /0$,)#&.*$ 7,-1#9$8 : $+ "#/($+,$
23*+$ 0&9+$ 2$ )#1+(%&((&4+; 03&%"/21+,$ 2* #/,$")$*# 24&) <)#$ /910$ = 03&%"/21+,$ ,1#1,6
)/#&()&.*$ 2$ ,$00$6,& "4*# />&)$# 0$( #/?$@&4+(A B1 2$*@&'%$ ($ #/5'#$ = 01 )-/4#&$ 2$( 4+2$(;
03121")1)&4+ 23&%"/21+,$ "$#%$) 23$%"<,-$# 01 +1&((1+,$ 23*+$ 4+2$ #/?/,-&$A C$))$ 2/D6
+&)&4+ >1 21+( 0$ ($+( 4E (1+( D0)#$ CFG; )4*)$( 0$( "$#)*#H1)&4+( "#42*&)$( "1# 01 (4*#,$
($ #$)#4*>$+) (*# 0$ IJKB $) 24+, (4+) )#1+(%&($( 1* #/($1*A L4*( 1>4+( 104#( 2/D+& 01
(4*#,$ 1>$, 0$( %<%$( &%"/21+,$( .*$ 0$ IJKB :
Zs1 = Zs2 = ZBRSIL
Zs3 = 2 ∗ ZLRSIL
7KKAMM8
B$( ,10,*0( 2/)1&00/( 2$ 03121")1)&4+ 23&%"/21+,$ 1&+(& .*3*+$ 1+10N($ (*# 03$@&()$+,$ 2$
,4*"019$ $+)#$ 0$( "$#)*#H1)&4+( 2$ %42$ ,4%%*+ $) 0$( "$#)*#H1)&4+( 2$ %42$ 2&O/#$+)&$0
(4+) "#/($+)/( 21+( 031++$@$ PA B1 ,4+,0*(&4+ /)1+) .*$ (& 0$( &%"/21+,$( 2$( H#1+,-$( 2$ 01
(4*#,$ (4+) (N%/)#&.*$( 104#( &0 +3N 1 "1( 2$ ,4*"019$ 2$ %42$A C$ .*& $() 0$ ,1( 21+( +4)#$
,4+D9*#1)&4+ 23121")1)&4+ 23&%"/21+,$A C$01 (&9+&D$ .*$ 031))/+*1)&4+ $+ %42$ ,4%%*+
($#1 4H($#>/$ "1# *+$ $@,&)1)&4+ $+ %42$ ,4%%*+ $) 2$ %<%$ "4*# 0$ %42$ 2&O/#$+)&$0 $)
.*$ 0$( %42$( "$*>$+) <)#$ (/"1#/( 21+( 01 (4*#,$A
B1 +4#%$ QR6MST 2/D+&) 2$( 91H1#&)( 231))/+*1)&4+ .*& 24&>$+) <)#$ #$("$,)/( $+ %42$
,4%%*+ $) $+ %42$ 2&O/#$+)&$0A C$"$+21+) +4*( +$ ,4++1&((4+( "1( 01 "1#) 2$ %42$
,4%%*+ $) 01 "1#) 2$ %42$ 2&O/#$+)&$0 21+( +4)#$ /)*2$; +4*( 1>4+( 24+, D@/ 2$( >10$*#(
&2$+)&.*$( "4*# 0$( 2$*@ %42$( 1D+ 234H($#>$# 031))/+*1)&4+ )4)10$A J& 034+ ($ #/5'#$ 1*@
/.*1)&4+( 2$ ,-1+9$%$+) 2$ H1($ 7F.A KKAU8 $) 1*@ #/(*0)1)( 2$ ,4*"019$ 2$ %42$ "4*# 01
(4*#,$ 2$ "$#)*#H1)&4+( 7F.A VAW8; ,$01 #$>&$+) = IS1 = −3 IS2A R+ D@$ 1#H&)#1&#$%$+) 01
>10$*# 2$ IS1 = M PA
!" #$%$#&'(" )* !' )+
X+ D0)#$ CFG "1((&5 Y,01((&.*$Z $() ,4+()&)*/ 23*+ H04, ,1"1,&)/ $) 23*+ H04, &+2*,)1+,$
7[&9AKA\8A B$ (4*(6(N()'%$ ,1"1,&)/( 2$>&$+) ,$0*& 2/,#&) 21+( 01 D9*#$ KKAM]A
Cx I_Cy1
I_Cy2
I_Cx
Cy2 Cy1
I1_in
I2_inV1_in
V2_inV2_out
I2_out
I1_out
V1_out
!"#$% KKAM] ^ J,-/%1 2$( ,1"1,&)/( C@ $) CN 2* D0)#$ CFG
Page 48
!"! #$%&'()*'+$% ,) -$,./0
!"#$ !!" # $%&'()* +'* ,%-%,./0*
Cx Cy
20µF 50 nF
1 -%)/.) +( *,203% 0&',/).4('5 67(* -7(876* '6 +0+(.)' &% 3%/).,' +( *7(* *9*/:3' ,%-%,./0
;<1=1>;?4" !!"@ >"
V 1in = V 1outV 2in = V 2outI1in = ICx + ICy1 + I1outI2in = −ICx + ICy2 + I2out
;!!"@A>
V1
V2
I1I2
in
=
1 0 0 0
0 1 0 0
jw(Cx+ Cy) −jwCx 1 0
−jwCx jw(Cx+ Cy) 0 1
V1
V2
I1I2
out
;!!"@ >
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B6 -'(/ +0C6.) &' ,73-7*%6/ 3%D60/.4(' ,733' (6 4(%+).-E&' ;F.D" !!"@G> +76/ &%
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[
V1
V2
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=
[
Z11 Z21
Z12 Z22
] [
I1I2
]
;!!"@I>
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V1
V2
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in
=
1 0 Z11 Z12
0 1 Z12 Z22
0 0 1 0
0 0 0 1
V1
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;!!"@R>
Page 49
! ! "#$%& '( )* +$,$)$-%( '. /$0,$1*2+ 0*-23+%4.( .2%4.(
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[
VMD
VMC
]
=
[
Z11 − 2Z12 + Z22Z11−Z22
2Z11−Z22
2Z11+2Z12+Z22
4
] [
IMD
IMC
]
PKK:HIQ
;$ 5$ 0* &*++* 8(+%/&*3 #2 ,*$+ 0#2& 0672/% -1/8,60(2&* 0* 8#0* 0/?6%*2+/*- PZMDQ
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ZMC = Z11+2Z12+Z22
4
ZMD = Z11 − 2Z12 + Z22PKK:HSQ
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kmd =Z11−Z22
2√Z2
MC+Z2
MD
PKK:HUQ
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Page 50
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Is1Is2
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Page 51
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Z = 2π fL B !56E
# 1-),2) &$ (=(,T4' &:*<$-,20/( !55. /0$( 10$%0/( &*F/2) +'( %-+'$)( &' Z11. Z12. Z22
'/ H0/3,20/ &' kmd ', &0/3 +- 4-,)23' &$ 30410(-/, 4-9/*,2<$'!
ZMC = Z11+2Z12+Z22
4
ZMD = Z11 − 2Z12 + Z22
kmd
√
L2MC + L2
MD = L11−L22
2
B !55E
Page 52
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Page 53
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Page 54
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50*&< 04 C#$+0- 2. (';%'C$5- Y,&$-*.& RZ0+@ WWW@[S 9\]^!8?@ A* (';%'C$5- $ 4$ %&'%&01-1
2#05-*&()$5+*& 4$ -*5C0'5 *- 4* ('.&$5-< 04 *C- +'.3*&51 %$& 4*C &*4$-0'5C WWW@X@
p(t) = v(t) · i(t) = Ndφ(t)
dt· i(t) = Ni(t) · dφ(t)
dt= fmm · dφ(t)
dtRWWW@XS
"* &$%%'&- 2* %&'%'&-0'55$40-1 13'H.1 %4.C )$.- *C-< 2$5C 4* ($C 2#.5 D'D05$+*< 4* 5';D&*
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b 4$ 4'0 2* (';%'&-*;*5- ;$+51-0H.* O D$C ()$;% R2$5C 4* 2';$05* 4051$0&*S@
B = µ0µr H RWWW@IS
b 2* 4$ 21N50-0'5 2* 4$ %*&;1$D040-1 (';%4*L*
µr = µreel − jµimag RWWW@ S
Page 65
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NI = (µreel · l
µ0 ·S · (µ2reel + µ2
imag)+ j
µimag · lµ0 ·S · (µ2
reel + µ2imag)
)φ .///-?1
@6 34!$ =#*) )+&%*6+# 3# ')!(A&B# #) 3# %6''65&)6!$ %48$#+B6# &=#( 3#' =&+6&C3#' NI #) dφdtD
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NI- G$ &5536<*&$) 3& 3!6 %#' &633#' H (# (6+(*6)D $!*' !C)#$!$' 3& +#3&)6!$ ///-I-
NI = Rdφ
dt+
1
C
∫
dφ
dt.///-I1
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5&+ 3& 5#+ 8&C636)8-
C =µ0 ·S · (µ2
reel + µ2imag)
µreel · l.///-N1
R =µimag · l
µ0 ·w ·S · (µ2reel + µ2
imag).///-OP1
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Page 128
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Page 129
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Page 131
Improving reliability of magnetic mutual impedance
measurement at high excitation level
F. Mesmin, B. Ahmadi, H. Chazal, A. Kedous-Lebouc
Grenoble Electrical Engineering Laboratory (G2Elab),
Grenoble INP – UJF Grenoble 1 - CNRS UMR 5269
38402 Saint Martin d’Hères Cedex, France
[email protected]
F. Sixdenier
Université Lyon 1, CNRS UMR 5005 AMPERE,
43, Bld du 11 Novembre 1918,
Villeurbanne 69622 Cedex, France
Abstract— Power electronic designers are interested in
characterization of the magnetic cores permeability up to 10MHz
and at high induction level. To achieve this aim, different
experimental setups are used to measure mutual impedance
spectra. First, impedance measurement methods are carried out
on toroidal wound core of 20 µm nanocrystalline ribbons.
Measurement uncertainties are estimated and a confidence factor
is introduced as a useful consistency test to improve
measurement reliability. Then a lumped equivalent circuit is
identified to model electrostatic and magnetic frequency behavior
of the device under test. It allows calculating complex
permeability spectra over the resonance frequency of the device
under test. Finally, we point out the limitation due to high
excitation level. According to that, a flux-metric experimental
setup is described and elliptical hysteresis-loops are measured.
These results allow to consider magnetic linear behavior until a
few 10mT and to extend complex permeability calculations to
high induction level with good reliability.
Keywords-impedance measurement; flux-metric measurement ;
nanocrystalline; confidence factor; common mode choke
I. INTRODUCTION
Nanocrystalline FeNbCuSiB alloys (Finemet type) are ultra-soft magnetic materials. Besides, when annealed under transversal magnetic field, they exhibit a very high Snoek’s product µr fc, where µr is the low frequency initial relative permeability and fc is the related cutoff frequency. These characteristics make them suitable for common-mode chokes (CMC) in electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) filter for power applications [1]. These applications in medium-to-high frequency range (from a few kHz to a few MHz) call for using Mn-Zn ferrites. Those are very soft magnetic and quasi insulating materials. According to these characteristics, Mn-Zn ferrites require specific characterization considering their high permeability and high permittivity values as described in [2]. As a result of resonance phenomena and Snoek’s limit, nanocrystalline materials are preferred to Mn-Zn ferrites for common mode chokes.
The large Snoek’s product of nanocrystalline involves wide frequency range measurements of complex permeability. These measurements are those required for understanding and predicting the behavior of magnetic cores as described in [3]. The complex permeability spectra can be deduced from mutual impedance measurements if the magnetic behavior is assumed
linear. However, even if induction level remains far from saturation and typically below 100mT, magnetic behavior could deviate from linear characteristic. To check consistency of linear behavior, hysteresis-loop measurements under various excitation levels and over a wide range of frequency are performed. To achieve these aims, an experimental set-up, which involves flux-metric measurements, was designed to provide frequency and induction requirements up to 100mT at 10MHz. The flux-metric method requires voltage and current acquisitions and skew delay correction. In order to calibrate our measurements and to define the measurement protocol, results are compared to mutual impedance for induction levels below 5mT. First the accuracy of the mutual impedance measurement method is investigated and then the results are compared to the flux-metric ones to improve its reliability.
II. MUTUAL IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT
A. Impedance Measurement Apparatus
Various methods have been developed for measuring impedance. They all have advantages and drawbacks [4], [5]. The choice between these different methods depends on the frequency range, the magnitude of the applied field, the desired accuracy and also the simplicity of implementation. Apparatus that best match these criteria appeared to be impedance analyzer so we choose Agilent 4294A which combines the 4-terminal pair measurement method into an auto-balanced bridge circuit [6].
B. Device Under Test
Device Under Test (DUT) is a toroidal wound core of 20µm nanocrystalline ribbons. Primary and secondary windings of respectively Np and Ns turns are wound in diametrical CMC topology to carry out mutual impedance measurement. Sample specifications are summarized in table 1.
TABLE I. SAMPLE SPECIFICATIONS
a. See section II.C.3.
Outer
diameter
(mm)
Inner
diameter
(mm)
Height
(mm)
Average
length
Lm
(mm)
Cross
section
area
AE
(mm2)
Primary
number
of turns
(Np)
Secondary
number of
turns
(Ns)
17 10.7 6.2 43.5 15.6 11 7 (11)a
Page 132
C. Mutual Impedance Measurement Methods
Three different methods are investigated in order to measure mutual impedance of a quadripole. First, some useful notations that are used throughout the article are given. Then, so called indirect and direct measurement methods, as described in [4] are briefly reminded. Then, open and short-circuit measurements are performed and we discuss how these measurements are suitable to deduce mutual impedance.
1) Useful notations (Table 2): Impedance measurements
are denoted for example: “ZAB_CDo”, where the first
subscript indicates the connected ports to the impedance
analyzer test fixture (A and B) and the second indicates the
short-circuited “s” or open-circuited “o” ports (C and D).
Compensation measurement Ztfs refers to impedance
measurement where sample test fixture is short-circuited as
described in [7]. All impedances are measured using test
fixture Agilent 16047E and we perform open-short
compensations to cancel wiring impact. Configuration of the
analyzer is chosen as shown in Table 3.
2) Indirect measurement method: the mutual impedance
Z12i is deduced from Common Mode (CM) and Differential
Mode (DM) impedance measurements as follow
Z12i = 1/4 (ZCM - ZDM). (1) (1)
In these measurements, primary and secondary voltages are connected respectively in series and in series opposition. To avoid non-linear magnetic behavior, maximum allowed induction level is estimated. This induction corresponds to a voltage oscillator level of the analyzer, which is estimated according to the faraday law assuming non-equal Ns and Np neglecting impedance in series. According to (1), mutual impedance modulus and phase are calculated and shown in Fig.1.
TABLE II. MEASUREMENT PROTOCOL
Table of measurement protocol
Compensation
measurement
Impedance
measurement Short name
ZAB_CDo Zo (m1) Ztfs
ZAB_CDs Zs (m2)
ZCD_ABo Z’o (m3) ZCDs_ABs
ZCD_ABs Z’s (m4)
ZAB_ACs (m5)
ZAB_BCs (m6)
ZBD_ACs ZCM (m7) Ztfs
ZAD_BCs ZDM (m8)
TABLE III. MEASUREMENT CONDITIONS
Measure parameter : IMPEDANCE MAG PHASE
Adapter : NONE
Sweep type : LOG
Number of points : 801
OSC level : 5, 20 or 100 mV
DC bias : OFF
Bandwidth (BW) : 4
Sweep averaging : OFF
Point averaging : OFF
3) Direct measurement method: As described in [4],
16047E test fixture is customized to allow direct mutual
impedance measurement. Ports B and D of the DUT are
connected together and to the L (Low) terminals of the
apparatus. The H (High) terminals are electrically separated
and used to connect A and C ports. Measured mutual
impedance, denoted Z12d, is shown in Fig.1. We emphasize
that direct measurement method requires equal Np and Ns.
Otherwise, impedance spectra show an unexplained
discontinuity at 15MHz.
4) Open/Short measurement method: As described in
previous studies [7] [8], open-circuit and short-circuit
measurements are suitable to characterize magnetic
components. In order to calculate the mutual impedance, three
measurements are needed. According to [9], a measurement
protocol was specified to avoid disconnections as soon as
possible (Table 2). The mutual impedance Z12 is deduced from
the two open-circuit and a short-circuit measurements as
follow
Ζ12 = (Ζ’sΖ o − Ζ’o Ζs)1/2, (2)
where Z’s and Z’o are related to the impedances measured from one side of the transformer (secondary) and Zs and Zo
from the other side (primary). The four impedances are shown in Fig. 2 and modulus and phase spectra of mutual impedance Z12 are shown in Fig.1.
D. Experimental Results and Accuracy Estimation
Impedance measurements are performed using Agilent 4294A in which synchronous detection techniques are used. We mean that the complex impedance values are obtained from two components: a component that is in-phase with the excitation reference (Real component) and a component that is 90° out-of-phase with the excitation reference (Imaginary component). As a consequence, uncertainties are estimated applying formula given by Agilent [1] on R (Real) and X (Imaginary) components.
Page 133
Figure 1. Mutual impedance modulus (left) and phase (right) according to direct,indirect and open/short measurement methods (symbols) and simulation results
Figure 2. Open and short circuit impedance modulus (left) and phase (right) measurements
In order to calculate uncertainties of three measurement methods, we apply error propagation law using standard deviations on (1) and (2). In Fig.3, measurement errors on impedance moduli are shown. We notice that uncertainties are considerable in low frequency range, due to large errors on the real component, and above the resonance frequency, due to large errors on imaginary component.
As depicted in Fig.3, Open/Short measurement method seems to be more accurate than the others. Consequently, we chose to investigate further the measurement of complex permeability using complete characterization of the DUT as detailed in the following subsection.
E. Complete Characterization and Modeling of the DUT
To achieve the magnetic behavior characterization up to 10MHz, and so above the resonance frequency, we chose to model the electrostatic behavior of the DUT. We use a global approach, well described in previous work [2],[8],[10]. According to table 2, measurement protocol includes to additional measurements, denoted (m5) and (m6). These two measurements, in addition to Z0, provide the experimental data for deducing the resonance frequencies that are needed to calculate stray capacitance values. The complete electrical scheme is shown in Fig.4, where all values are calculated to reduce model error below 1% up to 10 MHz.
Page 134
.
Figure 3. Estimation of mutual measurement uncertainties applying Agilent
formula given in [1] and error propagation law.
Then, electrical circuit simulations, with PSpice software, are compared to experimental results as shown in Fig.1. As a result, we are able to simulate all our measurements and all show good agreement. Moreover, the magnetic behavior was well defined up to 10 MHz and allows to accurately calculate complex permeability as follow:
µ~ = (Zm Lm)/(ω Np Ns AE µ0). (4)
The real and imaginary components of the complex permeability are shown in Fig.5 and are compared to those measured by flux-metric method as detailed in section 3.
Figure 4. Electrical equivalent circuits of the DUT
Figure 5. Complex permeability spectra deduce from mutual impedance
measurement and from hysteresis loops measurement at 10mT (symbols)
F. Measurement Reliability Improvement
In [9], the confidence factor was introduced as a useful consistency test to improve measurement reliability. It should be noticed that for a two-port passive circuit, the impedance matrix is symmetrical. In other words, one can say that only three independent equations are needed to fully characterize a quadripole. In (2), we use Z's, Zo and Z'o as equations required to deduce Z12. As mentioned in [9], Zs was used to introduce redundancy in our measurements and to define the confidence factor (CF) as follow:
CF = |(ΖoΖ's)/ (Ζ’oΖs)|. (3) (
It was pointed out that confidence factor is normally equal to 1 and a careful attention should be paid to any deviation from 1. Some examples of common causes that induce deviation of CF are listed in [9] and CF is used here to assess on uncertainty estimation. It could be noticed that impedance moduli (Zo, Z’o, Zs and Z’s shown in Fig. 2) are not close to resolution limits depicted by black lines (respectively given by the impedance modulus of a 10 nH inductor and that of a 1 pF capacitor). Moreover, our measurements seem more accurate than Agilent estimation let us suppose as shown in Fig.6. Besides, the noise level observed on confidence factor, without average technique (Table 3), is very small compared to error estimations. So accuracy of our apparatus is not incriminated in the deviation of the confidence factor.
To check the assumption of linear magnetic behavior, oscillator voltage level is increased from 5 mV to 100 mV and the confidence factor under these operating conditions is calculated as shown in Fig.6. We observe that CF deviates from 1 in the low frequency range. That highlights the non linear magnetic behavior of the core due to higher induction excitation level. We also notice that CF shows the same deviation from 1 about 20% in the high frequency range. To avoid any deviation at high frequency, we simulate the effect of a stray capacitance of 0.3 pF in parallel with the largest impedance Z0 as shown in Fig.6.
Page 135
To conclude, we are able to distinguish a deviation of about 2% on the confidence factor. It means that non linear magnetic behavior should be discriminated efficiently even when induction level remains very low, typically under 50 mT.
Figure 6. Confidence factor: in green with OSC = 5 mV, in red with OSC =
100mV and in blue compute with 0.3pF in parallel of Z0
III. FLUX-METRIC MEASUREMENT METHOD
Impedance analyzers are limited to low excitation levels. To overcome this drawback, authors in [11] have developed a specific setup for impedance measurement at high induction level. A power amplifier is introduced between the impedance analyzer and the test sample support. Current and voltage differential probes are used to step down the signals applied back to the impedance analyzer terminals. In this experiment, the test frequency is 155 kHz, so the compensation of the phase error introduced by the current and the voltage differential probes could be neglected. In our case, specific protocol is required to compensate inaccurate phase and amplitude measurements at high frequencies (f > 1 MHz).
The flux-metric measurements are related to mutual impedance ones but are not limited to linear magnetic behavior. Indeed, time-domain acquisition allows tracing magnetic hysteresis-loops up to saturation. In common-mode chokes applications, magnetic excitations are weak (e.g. 10 mT) but are applied at higher frequencies up to 10 MHz. To achieve high induction level flux-metric measurements, a home experimental setup is developed following the described approach depicted in [12] to characterize power Mn-Zn ferrite materials.
A. Experimental Setup
Sinusoidal waveforms are provided using a 100 MHz signal generator (Tektronix AFG3102) controlled via a GPIB and Matlab® interface. The DUT is fed with sinusoidal voltage thanks to a high frequency power amplifier (NF electronics instruments 4055 ) which allows an output voltage up to 70 V on a 50 Ohms load at 10 MHz. Shunts are inserted in series with DUT to measure the current in the primary side of the core. A resistance film fired onto a flat ceramic substrate known to be non-inductive up to MHz range (MP930 – 100
Ohms - 1%) is chosen to realize this function. Power package is mounted on heat sink to avoid self-heating. The resistance value was measured using four-terminal pair micro-ohmmeter
apparatus at 99.5 Ohms ± 0.1 Ohm. The non-inductive behavior of the shunt was confirmed by frequency measurement on impedance analyzer Agilent 4294A. The shunt voltage is measured with a differential probe in order to limit stray capacitance introduced by the additional electric connections to the DUT. This probe consists of a Lecroy DA1855A differential amplifier and DXC5100 differential passive voltage probe pair (10 MOhms of input resistance and 400 MHz of bandwidth). The differential amplifier allows a typical common mode rejection ratio (CMRR) of 90dB at 1 MHz and x10 gain (downgraded to 40dB due to the unbalance
of voltage probes specified at x100 ±1.75%). The common mode voltage is here about 50% (see Fig.7) of the differential voltage and the common mode error is below 10 mV. The input referred noise density levels are about 80 nV/vHz at 10 kHz and 4 nV/vHz at 1 MHz. When referred to the terminal probes, the noise level and the signal to noise ratio are respectively about 0.8 mV and 2% at 10 kHz (0.4 mV and lower that 1% at 1MHz). To measure the voltage at the secondary side of the DUT, we use a P3010 10x 100 MHz Tektronix passive voltage probe. The AC gain is calibrated using square waveforms and the accuracy is estimated at 1%. Data are acquired using a TDS3014B Tektronix oscilloscope. Waveforms are digitized simultaneously according to 9-bit resolution ADC and the record length is fixed to 10000 samples. We use an average acquisition mode to reduce uncorrelated noise and improve the measurement accuracy (64 acquisitions).
B. Measurement Protocol and Delay Compensation
In flux-metric method, measuring the phase shift between the primary current and the secondary voltage could be a tricky task, especially when concerning low loss magnetic materials [13][14]. A residual phase shift between the measured current and voltage signals appears and should be compensated.
This phase shift could be due to the acquisition system but also due to the inductive behavior of the shunt, the stray capacitance, and the limited bandwidth of the acquisition devices and probes. To compensate the measurements, the overall acquisition chain is characterized using a specific DUT free of magnetic core which represents the same size and windings as the main DUT.
The used core-less DUT is theoretically characterized by a 90° phase shift (quadrature) between the current and the voltage; however the measurement shows a deviation from this value which is an intrinsic property of the overall acquisition chain. This shift corresponds to a time delay which should be introduced numerically to correct the measurements. The measurements with magnetic core are then compensated with this same time delay. The hysteresis-loops at 5 mT and 10 mT and 40 kHz are shown in Fig.8. They all have elliptical shapes and can be described by a complex permeability value assuming a linear magnetic behavior. This result is predicted by the Confidence Factor, seen in Fig.6, which shows that the non-linear magnetic behavior vanishes over 30 kHz. As a consequence, complex permeability values are deduced from hysteresis-loops characteristics as follow:
Page 136
µ~ = 1/µ0.(Bm/Hm)
.exp(jδ), (5)
where Bm and Hm respectively define the maximum
amplitude of the induction and the magnetic field, and δ is given by
δ = arcsin(Pm/(π.f
.Hm
.Bm)) (6)
where Pm is the magnetic power loss and f the frequency.
Figure 7. Flux-metric experimental setup
Figure 8. Hysteresis-loops measured at 5 mT and 10 mT at 40 kHz
C. Conclusions
The Fig.5 shows a good agreement between flux-metric measurements and mutual impedance ones. According to that magnetic characterization at high excitation level should be achieved with a good reliability up to 10 MHz at 50 mT.
REFERENCES
[1] T. Waeckerle, F. Alves, P.L. Reydet, J. Degauque, G. Pourroy, “Magnetic behaviour of a nanocrystallized Fe/sub 73/Si/sub 15/B/sub 8/Nb/sub 3/Cu/sub 1/ alloy”, J.M.M.M., pp. 254-255, 2003.
[2] K. Laouamri, J. P. Keradec, J. P. Ferrieux, J. Barbaroux, "Dielectric losses of capacitor and ferrite core in an LCT component", Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 39, no. 3, pp. 1574-1577, May 2003.
[3] B. Ahmadi, H. Chazal, T. , J. Roudet, “Effect of Anisotropy and Direction of Magnetization on Complex Permeability of Ferromagnetic Rectangular Thin Slabs,” Magnetics, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 46, n°. 12, p. 4001-4008, 2010.
[4] Impedance Measurement Hanbook, Agilent Technologies, July 2006, ref. 5950-3000.
[5] 8 Hints for Successful Impedance Measurements, Agilent, Application Note 346-4 06/00.M. Young, The Technical Writer's Handbook. Mill Valley, CA: University Science, 1989.
[6] Agilent 16047E Test Fixture, Operation and service manual, Agilent Technologies, Jan. 2001.
[7] X. Margueron, J. P. Keradec, “Identifying the Magnetic Part of the Equivalent Circuit of n-Winding Transformers,” Instrumentation and Measurement, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 56, n°. 1, p. 146-152, 2007.
[8] X. Margueron, J. P. Keradec, “Design of Equivalent Circuits and Characterization Strategy for n-Input Coupled Inductors,” Industry Applications, IEEE Transactions on, vol. 43, n°. 1, p. 14-22, 2007.
[9] A. Besri, H. Chazal, J. P. Keradec, X. Margueron, “Using Confidence Factor to Improve Reliability of Wide Frequency Range Impedance Measurement. Application to H.F. Transformer Characterization,” IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Singapore, 2009.
[10] A. Besri, H. Chazal, J. P. Keradec, “Capacitive Behavior of HF Power Transformers: Global Approach to Draw Robust Equivalent Circuits and Experimental characterization,” presented at the IEEE International Instrumentation and Measurement Technology Conference, Singapore, 2009.
[11] S. Prabhakaran, C. R. Sullivan “Impedance analyzer measurement of high-frequency power passives : techniques for high power and low impedance” IEEE industry applications society, 2002.
[12] C. Beatrice, F. Fiorillo, F. Landgraf, V. Lazaro-Colan, S. Janasi, and J. Leicht, “Magnetic loss, permeability dispersion, and role of eddy currents in Mn-Zn sintered ferrites,” Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials, vol. 320, n°. 20, pp. e865-e868, Oct. 2008.
[13] Yongtao Han and Yan-Fei Liu, “A Practical Transformer Core Loss Measurement Scheme for High-Frequency Power Converter”, IEEE Trans. Ind. Electron, vol. 55, No. 2, Feb 2008.
[14] Baguley et al., “A new Technique For Measuring Ferrite Core Loss Under DC Bias Conditions ”, IEEE Trans. On Magn. Vol44. No11 2008.pp.4127-30.
Page 137
Résumé
L'industrie aéronautique, dans le cadre de l'avion plus électrique, met en œuvre le remplacement d'actionneurs pneumatiques
ou hydrauliques par des actionneurs électromécaniques. Cela permet de réduire le nombre de réseaux de distribution présents
dans l'avion, de faciliter la maintenance et d'améliorer le rendement. Le but final est de réduire la masse et d'améliorer
l'efficacité énergétique globale d'un avion pour réduire sa consommation en carburant. Les travaux de ce mémoire de thèse
s'inscrivent donc la logique de réduction de la masse des convertisseurs tout en assurant des critères de perturbations CEM
(Compatibilité ElectroMagnétique). En effet, les normes CEM sont de plus en plus contraignantes, en particulier les domaines
sensibles tel que l'aéronautique. Les filtres CEM sont donc de plus en plus nombreux. Dans ces filtres, les composants
magnétiques occupent plus de 50 % de la place et surtout de la masse. L'objectif de cette thèse est de faire émerger des
solutions innovantes, en dotant les filtres CEM passifs d'un composant magnétique unique pour les perturbations de mode
conduites afin de réduire sa masse. Afin de comprendre leur fonctionnement, suite à une étude bibliographique, nous avons
réalisé une étude comparative de topologies à composant magnétique unique. Nous avons développé un outil de modélisation
fréquentielle du composant magnétique unique. A partir d'une modélisation <<système>> nous avons pu prendre en compte
l'environnement du composant magnétique (Réseau Stabilisateur d'Impédance de Ligne (RSIL), Source de perturbations,
Capacités) et une modélisation plus fine des propriétés magnétiques du composant. Grâce à un modèle gyrateur-capacité, nous
avons pu prédire les performances du filtre complet dans son environnement et l'optimiser. Cette étude nous a permis de
réaliser une topologie de composant magnétique unique plus compacte et plus performante que la topologie existante. Par
ailleurs, nous avons démontré la faisabilité de l'intégration sur PCB (Printed Board Circuit) d'alliage nanocristallin en réalisant
une autre topologie de composant unique basée sur les mêmes facteurs que la précédente mais intégrée dans un PCB. Les
verrous technologiques auxquels nous avons été confrontés et les solutions que nous avons proposées pour les résoudre sont
détaillés dans le mémoire.
Abstract
In the context of the more electric aircraft, the industry replaces pneumatic or/and hydraulic actuators for electromechanical
actuators. The ultimate goal is to reduce the weight and improve the overall energy efficiency of an aircraft to reduce fuel
consumption. This thesis aims the mass reduction converters while providing criteria EMC interference (electromagnetic
compatibility). In fact, EMC standards are becoming more stringent, particularly in sensitive areas such as aeronautics. EMC
filters are more numerous. In these filters, the magnetic components have more than 50% of the space and weigth. The
objective of this thesis is to design innovative EMC filters solutions, using a single magnetic component, to reduce conducted
disturbances (common and differential modes). Following a review of the literature, we conducted a comparative study of single
magnetic component topologies. We have developed a modeling tool frequency magnetic single component. From a modeling
<<system>> we have to take into account the environment of the magnetic component (Impedance Stabilization Network Line
(LISN), Source disturbances and capacities) and a finer modeling of magnetic properties of component. With a gyrator-capacitor
model, we could predict the performance of the complete filter in its environment and optimize it. This study has allowed us to
achieve a unique magnetic topology component more compact and efficient than the existing topology. In addition, we have
demonstrated the feasibility of integrating PCB (Printed Circuit Board) of nanocrystalline alloy by performing another single
component topology based on the same factors as above but integrated into a PCB. The technological obstacles which we
faced and solutions we have proposed to solve them are detailed in the report.
Mots-clés :
Filtrage CEM, Alliage nanocristallin, recuit sous champ, intégration sur PCB.
