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SCIENCE 5. UNIT 6. MATTER AND ENERGY. C.E.I.P. SANTA ANA (Madridejos)

CONTENTS:

1.– Matter: .- General properties: mass, volumen.

.- Specific properties: density, hardness, solubility...

2.a.- States of matter: solid, liquid, gas.

2.b.– Phase transition: evaporation, condensation...

3.- Pure substances and mixtures (separation processes).

4.- Chemical reactions: oxidation, combustion, fermentation

5.- Forces produce deformation and movement. Gravity.

6.– Velocity.

MATTER is anything that has a mass and

volume and occupies a space .

1.– MATTER: is anything that has a mass (it’s posible to be weighted)

and occupies a space (volume).

GENERAL PROPERTIES: a.- Mass: is the amount of matter in an object.

We can measure the mass with a scale.

The unit of mass is the gram (g.) .

1 kg = 1000 g. 1 tonne = 1000 kg.

b.- Volume: is the space that a substance or body occupies or contains.

We can measure the volume of a solid putting into a graduated container

with a liquid, and watching the increasing of the liquid level.

The unit of volume is the litre (l.)

1 cm3 = 1000 ml = 1 l. 1000 litres = 1 m3

We can measure the mass with a scale.

We can measure the volume

with a graduated container. SPECIFIC PROPERTIES:

.– Density: is the mass of an object divided by its volume.

There are substances with a great mass in a small volumen (iron), we can

say that iron is very dense, but there are others like air, oil, wood.… that

are less dense.

The unit of density is kg/m3 or g/cm3. d = _Mass (m)

Volume (V)

.– Buoyancy: is the upward force exerted by a fluid that opposes the

weight of an immersed object Wood floats because is less dense than

water.

.- Hardness: is the ressistance of a substance to being scratched.

.– Solubility: is the ability for a substance (the solute), to dissolve in a

solvent.

MASS: is the amount of matter in an object.

VOLUME: is the space that a substance or body occupies or con-

tains.

Parts of a Solution: Solute and Solvent.

Buoyancy

USEFUL WORDS:

.– matter .– mass .– volume .– density

.– buoyancy .– hardness .– solubility .– thermal conductivity

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USEFUL WORDS:

.– solid .– liquid .– gas .– temperature

.– degree .– melting point .– evaporation .– boiling point .

– freezing .– condensation .– Mixture .– Pure substance

2.1.– STATE OF MATTER:

We can find matter in thre types of states:

a.- Solids have a fixed volume and shape, with

particles close together and fixed into place.

b.- Liquids have a fixed volume, but its shape are

adapted to the containers. Particles are still close

together but move freely. c.- Gases have variable volume and shape, adapting

to the container. Particles aren’t close and move

freely.

STATE OF MATTER: solids, liquids and

gases.

2.2.- PHASE TRANSITIONS:

Phase transitions describe changes between solids,

liquids and gases. These changes depend on the

increasing or decreasing of temperature.

Temperature is the numerical measure of hot or

cold from a thing or substance.

The unit of temperature is degree ºC, ºF.

.- Temperature increases:

.-Melting: change of a substance from solid to

liquid. Melting point of water is 0ºC

.- Evaporation: changes from the surface of a

liquid into a gas. Boiling is when the vaporization

occurs within the entire mass of the liquid.

Boiling point of water is 100ºC

.- Temperature decreases:

.- Condensation: is the change of a substance from

a gas into a liquid.

Water vapour condenses into liquid after making

contact with the surface of a cold bottle.

.- Freezing: is the change from a liquid into a solid

when the temperature is below its freezing point.

Water becomes ice when temperature is 0ºC.

Gas: clouds.

Liquid: water

Solid: ice

3.– PURE SUBSTANCES AND MIXTURES:

We can find substances in nature in different ways:

.– Pure substances are substances formed by only one

type of matter (eg. Oxygen, gold, water...).

.– Mixtures are subtances formed by two or more types

of matter together (eg. Salted water, granite, foods... ) Pure substance: gold Mixture: chocolate and milk.

TEMPERATURE INCREASES

TEMPERATURE DECREASES

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USEFUL WORDS:

.– heterogeneous mixture .– homogeneous mixture

.– filtration .– evaporation .– magnetic separation

.– chemical reaction .– oxidation .– combustión

.– fermentation

3.1.– MIXTURES: TYPES.

We can find two types of mixtures:

a.– Heterogeneous mixtures: we can see the different types

of matter because they don’t have an uniform composition

( e.g.: a rock)

b.– Homogeneous mixtures: we can’t see the different

types of matter because they have an uniform compo-

sition (e.g.: salted water, air…)

We can find pure substances and mixtures.

There are heterogeneous and homogeneous mixtures.

Homogeneous mixture:

salted water

Heterogeneous mixture:

oil and water

3.2MIXTURES: SEPARATION PROCESSES.

1.- Filtration: is a method of separating a solid from a liquid, to

remove solid particles (e.g.: mixture of sand and water).

2.- Evaporation: is a method to heat the mixture until the

solvent evaporates (turns into gas) leaving behind the solid

residue (e.g.: extraction of salt from seawater)

3.- Magnetic separation is a method for separating

mixtures when one of the solid has magnetic properties

(e.g.: mixture of iron and another solid).

We use filtration to make

coffee.

Evaporation to extract salt

Magnetic separation

is used to separate iron

pieces from sand.

4.- CHEMICAL REACTIONS.

The most important chemical reactions are:

4.1.- Oxidation is a chemical reaction in which a substance

combines with oxygen.

Example: an object made of iron combines with the oxygen

from the air (in a wet environment) and get rusted. 4.2.– Combustion is a very quick oxidation process,

between a fuel (wood, paper…) and oxygen.

Every combustion produces heat and light.

There are different processes to separate mixtures like:

filtration, evaporation, magnetic separation...

A chemical reaction is a process that

transforms some chemical substances into other

different substances called products.

Types: oxidation, combustión & fermentation

Oxidation of iron Oxidation of fruit (on the right)

combustion

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USEFUL WORDS:

.– elastic objects .– plastic objects .– rigid objects

.– contact forces .– non-contact forces .– gravity

4.3.– Fermentation is a process that converts sugar to other

substances like gases (CO2, alcohol… It is made by yeast, bacteria...

It is used to produce alcoholic drinks (beer, wine…) and dairy pruducts

(yogourt), bread...

Beer and bread, are examples

of fermentation in food.

5.– FORCES PRODUCE DEFORMATIONS AND MOVE-

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5.1.– FORCE:

There are forces that produce movement and others produce

deformations on objects.

A.– Forces that make deformations:

When a force acts on an object, it can produce some

deformations on its shape. So we divide objects in:

1.– Elastic objects change their shape only when the force is

acting. (e.g.: rubber, spring…).

2.– Plastic objects change their shape, and don’t get the

previous shape after the force has finished (e.g.: plasticine…)

3.– Rigid objects don’t change the shape, the force breaks

it (e.g.: eggs, mirror…)

A force can change the position or move-

ment of an object, or makes a deforma-

tion on it.

Elastic objects:

spring Rubber ball

Plastic objects:

Plasticine Clay

Rigid objects:

Breaking an egg shell Broken mirrow

B.– Forces that produce changes in position or movement:

1.– Contact forces: when an object produce a force to another

object by contact (touching the other object).

2.– Non-contact forces: when an object interacts with another

object without touching it (magnetism, gravity).

Gravity is the force of attraction between every object and the

Earth. (e.g.: an object falling to the floor).

There are three types of objects depending on the

deformation by forces: Elastic, plastic and rigid.

Contact force: people pushing a car.

Sir Isaac Newton discovered gravity.

Gravity is the force of attraction

between every object and the Earth.

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USEFUL WORDS:

.– gravity .– weight .– velocity/speed

.– distance .– time

Imagine we apply a force to a toy car, and it moves

1 metre in 1 second.

Its velocity (or speed) is 1 metre per second.

Velocity = Distance

Time

When an object is moved:

Velocity is the distance, divided by the time it spends.

Velocity = Distance

Time

V = 1 metre = 1m/s

1 second

We can measure velocity (or speed) in diffe-

rent units.

The most common ones are:

Imagine a car goes from Madrid to Córdoba.

The distance between these two cities is 400 km.

The car spends 4 hours during the trip.

Let’s calculate its speed.

Remember: Velocity is the distance divided by

the time.

Velocity = 400 kilometres = 100 km/h

4 hours

Trip from Madrid to Córdoba

400 km

Metres per second m/s

Kilometres per hour km/h

1 metre

5.-VELOCITY or SPEED: There are lots of forces that produce movement on

objects (a car engine moves a car, a man moves a

bicycle, the raquet makes a force and moves the

tennis ball…).

So the forces move objects a distance during a

time. The relation between distance (space) and the

time is called “velocity” or “speed”. The car engine moves the car. The woman moves the bike.

Gravity attracks objects

from everyplace.

Gravity attracts objects to the centre of the Earth,

from every place.

The force of attraction depends on the mass of the

Earth and the object’s.

The quantity of this force is called weight.

So the weight of and object is different on the

Earth than on the surface of the Moon.

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