Unit 2 Vocabulary

Matter and Energy

Matter – anything that has mass and occupies space

Chemistry – the study of the properties of matter and how matter changes

Substance – a single kind of matter that is pure and has a specific set of properties

Solid – A state of matter that has a definite shape and a definite volume

a solid that is made up of crystals in which particles are arranged in a regular, repeating pattern

Crystalline solid

a solid made up of particles that are not arranged in a regular pattern

Amorphous solid

Liquid – a state of matter that has no definite shape but has a definite volumeFluid – a substance that can easily flowSurface tension – the result of an inward pull among the molecules of a liquid that brings the molecules on the surface closer together

Viscosity – a liquid’s resistance to flowingGas - a state of matter with no definite shape or volumeMelting – the change from the solid to the liquid state of matter

Melting point – the temperature at which a substance changes from a solid to a liquidFreezing – the change from the liquid to the solid state of matterVaporization – the change of state from a liquid to a gas

Evaporation – the process that occurs when vaporization takes place only on the surface of a liquidBoiling – the process that occurs when vaporization takes place inside a liquid as well as on the surface.Boiling point – the temperature at which a substance changes from a liquid to a gas

Condensation – the change from the gaseous to the liquid state of matterSublimination – the change in state from a solid directly to a gas without passing through the liquid state

Plasma–a gas-like state of matter consisting of a mixture of free electrons and atoms that are stripped of their electrons.

Physical property – a characteristic of a pure substance that can be observed without changing it into another substance

Chemical property – a characteristic of a pure substance that describes its ability to change into a different substance

Weight – A measure of the force of gravity on an object.

Mass – A measure of how much matter is in an object.

International system of units –The system of units (SI) used by scientists to measure the properties of matter.

Volume – The amount of space that matter occupies.

Density – The ratio of the mass of a substance to its volume.

Precipitate A solid that forms from a solution during a chemical reaction.

Acid – a substance that tastes sour, reacts with metals and carbonates, and turns blue litmus paper red.

Corrosive – The way in which acids react with some metals so as to eat away the metal.

Indicator – a compound that changes color in the presence of an acid or a base.

Base – A substance that tastes bitter, feels slippery, and turns red litmus paper blue.

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Acids and BasesProperties of Matter

AM CARRIER

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Acids

þTurns litmus paper RED

þTaste sour, Feel squeeky

þCorrode materials

þConduct Electricity

þReact with bases to form salts and

water

þMeasure 0-6 on the pH scale

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Some Common Acids

HCl hydrochloric acid

(stomach)

H2CO3 carbonic acid (acid rain)

H3PO4 phosphoric acid (Coca

Cola)

H2SO4 sulfuric acid

(Batteries)

CH3COOH acetic acid (Pickles)

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Bases

Turns Litmus Paper BLUE

Taste bitter, chalky

Feel soapy, slippery

Also conduct electricity

React with acids to form salts and

water

Measure 8-14 on the pH scale

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Some Common Bases

NaOH sodium hydroxide (DRANO)

KOH potassium hydroxide (Tie Dye)

Na2CO3 sodium carbonate (baking

soda)

Mg(OH)2 magnesium hydroxide (MOM)

Al(OH)3 aluminum hydroxide (TUMS)

pH Scale(potential of Hydrogen)

Lots of H+ IONS

Lots of OH- IONS Few to

NO IONS

ACTIVITY DIRECTIONS Observe: Which samples are acids & which

are bases? Hypothesis: Discuss with your group. Experiment: Take a clean Qtip and insert it

into the solution. Wipe it onto the paper. If it is a Base, it will turn the paper orange; if its an acid, it will erase the orange mark. Test all six substances.

Conclusion: Which are acids & which are bases?

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Learning Check 1

Describe the solution in each of the following as: 1) acid 2) base or 3)neutral.A. ___soda

B. ___soapC. ___coffeeD. ___ wineE. ___ water

F. ___ grapefruit

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Solution 1

Describe each solution as: 1) acid 2) base or 3) neutral.A. _1_ soda

B. _2_ soapC. _1_ coffeeD. _1_ wineE. _3_ water

F. _1_ grapefruit

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Learning Check 2

Identify each as characteristic of an A) acid or B) base____ 1. Sour taste ____ 2. Chalky taste____ 3. Is corrosive

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Solution 2

Identify each as a characteristic of an A) acid or B) base

_A_ 1. Sour taste

_B_ 2. Chalky taste

A 3. Is corrosive

Physical change – a change in a substance that does not change its identity

Chemical change – a change in which one or more substances combine or break apart to form new substances

Law of conservation of mass – the principle that the total amount of matter is neither created nor destroyed during any chemical or physical change.

Energy – the ability to do work or cause change; the ability to move an object some distance.

Temperature – a measure of the average energy of motion of the particles of a substance.

Thermal energy – the total potential and kinetic energy of the particles in an object.

Endothermic change – a change in which energy is taken in.

Exothermic change – a change in which energy is given off.

Elements, Compounds, and

MixturesChristine Gray

2013

Element a pure substance that cannot be broken

down into other substances by chemical or physical means; one of about 100 basic materials that make up all matter

Compound a pure substance made of two or more

elements chemically combined

MIXTURES

CREATING A MIXTURE IS A PHYSICAL CHANGE. YOU STILL HAVE THE ORIGINAL SUBSTANCES YOU BEGAN WITH, BUT THEY JUST SHARE SPACE!

EXAMPLES:◦KOOL AID◦PIZZA◦TRAIL MIX◦SALAD◦SWEET TEA◦SODA

DO ALL THESE THINGS LOOK THE SAME TO

YOU?

TYPES OF MIXTURES HOMOGENOUS – (same) MIXTURES THAT LOOK THE SAME ALL THE WAY THROUGH – CANT SEE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATTER

EXAMPLES:◦KOOL AID, SWEET

TEA & SODA

THESE ARE CALLED

SOLUTIONS!

SOLVENT – WHAT DOES THE

DISSOLVING (usually a liquid)

SOLUTE – WHAT DISSOLVES

(solid)

TYPES OF MIXTURES HETEROGENOUS - MIXTURES THAT YOU CAN SEE THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF MATTER ITS MADE OF.

BIGGER PIECES

EXAMPLES:◦SALAD◦PIZZA◦TRAIL MIX

THESE ARE EASY TO

SEE & SEPARATE!

REVIEW VIDEO

REVIEW GAME

Solution – a well-mixed mixture containing a solvent and at least one solute that has the same properties throughout.

Chemical bond – the force that holds atoms together

• Molecule – a neutral particle made of two or more atoms joined by covalent bonds• Chemical formula – a

combination of symbols that represents the elements in a compound and their proportions

Standard: Distinguish Between Atoms and

Molecules

Standard: Recognize that there are more

than 100 elements and some have similar

properties as shown on the Periodic Table

of the Elements

Atom – The basic particle from which all elements are made.

Electron – A negatively charged particle that is found outside the nucleus of an atom.

Darn

Nucleus – The central core of the atom containing protons and neutrons.

Proton – A positively charged particle that is part of an atom’s nucleus.

Energy Level – The specific amount of energy an electron has.

Atomic Number – The number of protons in the nucleus of an atom.

Neutron – A small particle in the nucleus of the atom, with no electrical charge.

Isotope- An atom with the same number of protons and a different number of neutrons from other atoms of the same element.

Atomic Mass– The sum of protons and neutrons in the nucleus of an atom.

Atomic Mass– The average mass of all the isotopes of an element.

Periodic Table– A chart of the elements showing the repeating pattern of their properties.

Period– A horizontal row of elements in the periodic table.

Group –Elements in the same vertical column of the periodic table; also called a family.

Chemical Symbol–A one- or two-letter representation of an element.

Nuclear Fusion–The process in which two atomic nuclei combine to form a larger nucleus, forming a heavier element and releasing huge amounts of energy.

A class of elements characterized by physical properties that include shininess, malleability, ductility, and conductivity.

Metal

A term used to describe material that can be pounded into shapes.

Malleable

A term used to describe a material that can be pulled out into a long wire.

Ductile

The ability of an object to transfer heat or electricity to another object.

Conductivity

The ease and speed with which an element combines, or reacts, with other elements and compounds.

Reactivity

The gradual wearing away of a metal element due to a chemical reaction.

Corrosion

An element in Group 1 of the periodic table.

Alkali metal

One of the elements in Groups 3 through 12 of the periodic table.

Transition metal

A machine that moves atomic nuclei at higher and higher speeds until they crash into one another, sometimes forming heavier elements.

Particle accelerator

An element that lacks most of the properties of a metal.

Nonmetal

An element found in Group 17 of the periodic table.

Halogen

An element that has some characteristics of both metals and nonmetals.

Metalloid