Matter and Measurements

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Matter and Measurements

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Matter and Energy - Vocabulary

• Chemistry• Matter• Energy• Natural Law-(scientific law)

– Observation, Hypothesis, Theory, Law

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States of Matter

• Solids

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States of Matter

• Solids• Liquids

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States of Matter

• Solids• Liquids• Gases

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States of Matter

• Change States– heating– cooling

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States of Matter• Illustration of changes in state

– requires energy

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Substances, Compounds, Elements and Mixtures

• Substance– matter that all samples have identical composition

and properties• Elements

– Pure substances that cannot be decomposed into simpler substances via chemical reactions

– Special elemental forms of atoms (diatomic)Elemental symbols

– found on periodic chart

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• Compounds– Pure substances composed of two or more

elements in a definite ratio by mass– can be decomposed into the constituent elements

REVIEW– Element cannot be broken down– Compound can be broken down into its elements!

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• Mixtures– composed of two or more substances– homogeneous mixtures

• Uniform throughout• Example: solutions

– heterogeneous mixtures• Not uniform • Example: rocks

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Classify the following substances as an element, compound or a mixture

(homogeneous or heterogeneous). Which are pure substances?

• Lightly scrambled egg• Water• Lava lamp• Seawater• Chicken noodle soup• Root beer• Sucrose (C12H22O11)

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Separating Mixtures• Distillation

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Separating Mixtures• Chromatography

paper

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Chemical and Physical Properties• Extensive Properties - depend on quantity

of material Ex. mass

• Intensive Properties - do not depend on quantity of material

Ex. boiling point

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Chemical and Physical Properties• Chemical Properties - chemical changes

– Observed during change of material to new material• Iron rusting

• Physical Properties - physical changes– No change to the identity of the substance

• changes of state• density • color • solubility

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Physical Properties• Density

– mass / volume intensive property– Mass and volume extensive

properties• Solubility

– Amount of substance dissolved in the solvent at a given temperature• Saturated solution• Unsaturated solution• Supersaturated solution

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Identify the following as either a chemical or physical change.

• Combination of sodium and chlorine to give sodium chloride.

• Liquefaction of gaseous nitrogen.• Separation of carbon monoxide into

carbon and oxygen.• Freezing of water.

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Measurements in Chemistry

• length meter m• volume liter l• mass gram g• time second s• current ampere A• temperature Kelvin K• amt. substance mole mol

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Measurements in Chemistry• mega M 106

• kilo k 103

• deka da 10• deci d 10-1

• centi c 10-2

• milli m 10-3

• micro m 10-6

• nano n 10-9

• pico p 10-12

• femto f 10-15

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Units of Measurement• Mass

– measure of the quantity of matter in a body• Weight

– measure of the gravitational attraction for a body

• Length 1 m = 39.37 inches2.54 cm = 1 inch

• Volume1 liter = 1.06 qt 1 qt = 0.946 liter

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The Use of Numbers

• Exact numbers 1 dozen = 12 things• Accuracy

– how closely measured values agree with the correct value

• Precision– how closely individual measurements

agree with each other

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The Use of Numbers

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The Use of Numbers

• Exact numbers 1 dozen = 12 things– Counted numbers ex. 3 beakers

• Significant figures– digits believed to be correct by the person

making the measurement• Scientific notation

– Way of signifying the significant digits in a number

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Significant Figures - rules

• leading zeroes - never significant0.000357 has three sig fig

• trailing zeroes - may be significantmust specify (after decimal – significant

before decimal - ambiguous)

1300 nails - counted or weighed?

Express 26800 in scientific notation with4 sig figs 3 sig figs 2 sig figs

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Significant Figures - rules• imbedded zeroes are always significant

3.0604 has five sig fig

How many significant figures are in the following numbers?

0.01240.1241.2401240

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multiply & divide rule - easyproduct has the smallest number of sig. fig.

of multipliers

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• multiply & divide rule - easyproduct has the smallest number of sig. fig.

of multipliers

310 x 5.22 tooff round

66.5217

31.2x 2424

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• multiply & divide rule - easyproduct has the smallest number of sig. fig.

of multipliers

310 x 5.22 tooff round

66.5217

31.2x 2424

3.9 tooff round89648.3

41.x 2783.2

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Practice

• 142 x 2 = • 4.180 x 2.0 = • 0.00482 / 0.080 = • 3.15x10-2 / 2.00x105 = • 24.8x106 / 6.200x10-2 =

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Practice

• 142 x 2 = 300• 4.180 x 2.0 = • 0.00482 / 0.080 = • 3.15x10-2 / 2.00x105 = • 24.8x106 / 6.200x10-2 =

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Practice

• 142 x 2 = 300• 4.180 x 2.0 = 8.4• 0.00482 / 0.080 = • 3.15x10-2 / 2.00x105 = • 24.8x106 / 6.200x10-2 =

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Practice

• 142 x 2 = 300• 4.180 x 2.0 = 8.4• 0.00482 / 0.080 = 0.060• 3.15x10-2 / 2.00x105 = • 24.8x106 / 6.200x10-2 =

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Practice

• 142 x 2 = 300• 4.180 x 2.0 = 8.4• 0.00482 / 0.080 = 0.060• 3.15x10-2 / 2.00x105 = 1.58x10-7

• 24.8x106 / 6.200x10-2 =

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Practice

• 142 x 2 = 300• 4.180 x 2.0 = 8.4• 0.00482 / 0.080 = 0.060• 3.15x10-2 / 2.00x105 = 1.58x10-7

• 24.8x106 / 6.200x10-2 = 4.00x108

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• add & subtract rule - subtleanswer contains smallest decimal place of

the addends

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the addends


20.2423.13692.3

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the addends


20.2423.13692.3


312.27793.8

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Practice

• 416.2 – 10.18 =• 16.78 + 10. = • 422.501 – 420.4 = • 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = • 42.00x10-4 + 1.8x10-6 =

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Practice

• 416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0• 16.78 + 10. = • 422.501 – 420.4 = • 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = • 42.00x10-4 + 1.8x10-6 =

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Practice

• 416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0• 16.78 + 10. = 27• 422.501 – 420.4 = • 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = • 42.00x10-4 + 1.8x10-6 =

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Practice

• 416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0• 16.78 + 10. = 27• 422.501 – 420.4 = 2.1• 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = • 42.00x10-4 + 1.8x10-6 =

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Practice

• 416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0• 16.78 + 10. = 27• 422.501 – 420.4 = 2.1• 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = 49.8• 42.00x10-4 + 1.8x10-6 =

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Practice

• 416.2 – 10.18 = 406.0• 16.78 + 10. = 27• 422.501 – 420.4 = 2.1• 25.5 + 21.1 + 3.201 = 49.8• 42.00x10-4 + 1.8x10-6 = 4.2 x 10-3

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More Practice

4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) =

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More Practice

4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) = 4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =

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More Practice

4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) = 4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =4.18 – 21.5192 =

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More Practice

4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) = 4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =4.18 – 21.5192 = -17.3392Round off correctly

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More Practice

4.18 – 58.16 x (3.38 – 3.01) = 4.18 – 58.16 x (0.37) =4.18 – 21.5192 = -17.3392Round off correctly to 2 sig. figs-17

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Unit Factor MethodDimensional Analysis

• simple but important way to always get right answer

• way to change from one unit to another• make unit factors from statements

1 ft = 12 in becomes 1 ft/12 in or 12in/1 ft3 ft = 1 yd becomes 3ft/1yd or 1yd/3ft

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Unit Factor MethodDimensional Analysis

• simple but important way to always get right answer

• way to change from one unit to another• make unit factors from statements

1 ft = 12 in becomes 1 ft/12 in or 12in/1 ft• Example: Express 12.32 yards in

millimeters.

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Unit Factor Method

.).........yd1ft3( yd 12.32

mm ?yd 12.32

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Unit Factor Method

mm 1011.27)cm1mm10( )

in1cm2.54( )

ft1in12( )

yd1ft3( yd 12.32

mm ?yd 12.32

3

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Unit Factor Method• Example: Express 323. milliliters in

gallons

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Unit Factor Method• Express 323. milliliters in gallons.

gal 0.0856gal 0.085595gal ?

)qt4

gal1( )L1

qt1.06( )mL1000

L1( mL 323gal ?

mL 323gal ?

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Unit Factor Method• Example: Express 5.50 metric tons in

pounds. 1 metric ton = 1 Megagram

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Unit Factor Method• Example: Express 5.50 metric tons in

pounds.

lbsxlbsglbgrams 4

6

1021.1537.121144541

tonmetric 11x10 tons5.50 lbs ?

tonsmetric 5.50 lbs ?

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Unit Factor Method• area is two dimensional• Example: Express 4.21 x 106 square

centimeters in square feet

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Unit Factor Method• area is two dimensional

express 4.21 x 106 square centimeters in square feet

2262 )cm 2.54

in 1(cm104.21ft ?

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22262 )in12ft 1()

cm2.54in 1(cm104.21ft ?

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232

22262

ft 4.53x10ft 4531.6063

)in12ft1()

cm2.54in1(cm104.21ft ?

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Unit Factor Method• volume is three dimensional• Example: Express 3.61 cubic feet in

cubic centimeters.

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Unit Factor Method• volume is three dimensional• Example: Express 3.61 cubic feet in

cubic centimeters.

353

3333

cm 101.02cm 102223.42

)in 1

cm 2.54()ft 1in 12(ft 3.61cm ?

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Percentage

• Percentage is the parts per hundred of a sample.

• Example: A 500. g sample of ore yields 27.9 g of sulfur. What is the percent of sulfur in the ore?

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Percentage• Percentage is the parts per hundred of

a sample.• Example: A 500. g sample of ore yields

27.9 g of sulfur. What is the percent of sulfur in the ore?

5.58%

100%x ore g 500S g 27.9

100% x ore of grams

sulfur of grams iron % ?

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Derived Units - Density • density = mass/volume• What is density?• Example: Calculate the density of a

substance if 123. grams of it occupies 57.6 cubic centimeters.

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Vm D

mL 6.57cm 57.6 mL 1 cm 1 33

68



g/mL 2.13 DmL 57.6

g 123. D

Vm D

mL 6.57cm 57.6 mL 1 cm 1 33

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Derived Units - Density • Example: Suppose you need 175. g of a

corrosive liquid for a reaction. What volume do you need? – liquid’s density = 1.02 g/mL

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DmV

VmD

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mL 172mL 171.57 1.02g 175V

DmV

VmD

mLg

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Heat & Temperature• heat and T are not the same thing

T is a measure of the intensity of heat in a body• 3 common T scales - all use water as a

reference

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Heat & TemperatureMP BP

• Fahrenheit 32oF 212oF• Celsius 0oC 100cC• Kelvin 273 K 373 K

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Relationships of the 3 T Scales

273KC

or 273 C K

o

o

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1.859

1018

100180

273K C

or273 C K

o

o

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1.832FC

or32C 1.8F

1.859

1018

100180

273KC

or273 C K

oo

oo

o

o

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Heat and Temperature• Example: Convert 111.oF to degrees

Celsius.

1.832111C

1.832FC

o

oo

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Heat and Temperature• Example: Convert 111.oF to degrees

Celsius.

9.438.1

791.8

32111C

1.832FC

o

oo

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Heat and Temperature• Example: Express 757. K in Celsius

degrees.

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Heat and Temperature• Example: Express 757. K in Celsius

degrees.

.484C

273..757C

273.KC

o

o

o

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The Measurement of Heat

• SI unit J (Joule)• calorie

1 calorie = 4.184 J• English unit = BTU

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Synthesis Question• It has been estimated that 1.0 g of

seawater contains 4.0 pg of Au. The total mass of seawater in the oceans is 1.6x1012 Tg, If all of the gold in the oceans were extracted and spread evenly across the state of Georgia, which has a land area of 58,910 mile2, how tall, in feet, would the pile of Au be?Density of Au is 19.3 g/cm3. 1.0 Tg = 1012g.

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Au g106.4)OH of g

Au g104.0O)(H of g10(1.6

OH of g 101.6)Tg

g 10( Tg) 10(1.6

12

2

12

224

224

1212

84

331533

3113

12

12

2

12

224

224

1212

mile 1cm 104.16 mile 1cm 160,934

cm 160,934in 1

cm 2.54ft 1in 12

mile 1ft 5280mile 1

Aucm103.3Au g 19.3

1cmAu g106.4

Au g106.4)OH of g

Au g104.0O)(H of g10(1.6

OH of g 101.6)Tg

g 10( Tg) 10(1.6

85

ft 107.13mile 1

ft 5280mile)10(1.35mile 58,910

mile107.96

mile107.96cm104.16

mile 1Au) cm 10(3.3

692

35

35315

3311

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Group Activity• On a typical day, a hurricane expends

the energy equivalent to the explosion of two thermonuclear weapons. A thermonuclear weapon has the explosive power of 1.0 Mton of nitroglycerin. Nitroglycerin generates 7.3 kJ of explosive power per gram of nitroglycerin. The hurricane’s energy comes from the evaporation of water that requires 2.3 kJ per gram of water evaporated. How many gallons of water does a hurricane evaporate per day?

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Matter and Measurements

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