MATTER IN OUR SURROUNDINGS

Title

• WHAT IS MATTER?• ANYTHING THAT OCCUPIES SPACE

AND VOLUME IS MATTER.MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM.

Title

• EXPERIMENT

• IT WAS THE RUTHERFORD’S ALPHA SCATTERING EXPERIMENT

• OBSERVATION• MOSTLY ALPHA RAYS ARE PASSING THROUGH THE

GOLD FOIL.THUS ATOM POSSES EMPTY SPACE.

• FEW ALPHA PARTICLESARE SLIGHTLY DEFLECTING.THUS ATOM POSSES MASS AND CHARGE BUT NOT DISTRIBUTED UNIFORMLY

• A FEW ALPHA PARTICLES ARE LARGELY DEFLECTING.THUS ATOM POSSES MASS IT A CONCENTRATED IN A SMALLER REGION.

MATTER IS MADE UP OF PARTICLES.

PARTICLES OF MATTER HAVE SPACE BETWEEN THEM.

PARTICLES OF MATTER MOVE CONTINOUSLY.

PARTICLES OF MATTER ATTRACT EACH OTHER.

PARTICLES OF MATTER ARE VERY SMALL.

PHYSICAL NATURE OF MATTER

MATTER WITH DEFINITE SHAPE BOUNDRIES AND VOLUME IS A SOLID. ATTRACTIVE FORCE BETWEEN THE PARTICLES OF SOLID SYATE ARE VERY HIGH, SO IT NEED HIGH PRESSURE TO DEFORM THE SOLID STATE.THE PARTICLES ARE NOT TO FREE TO MOVE FROM ONE PLACE TO ANOTHER .BUT THEY CAN VIBRATE ABOUT THEIR MEAN POSITIONS.

SOLID

A STATE OF MATTER IN WHICH VOLUME IS FIXED BUT SHAPE IS NOT FIXED IS CALLED LIQUID

STATE.A LIQUID STATE TAKES THE SHAPE OF THE VESSEL IN WHICH IT IS KEPT.ATTRACTIVE FORCES

AMONG THE PARTICLES OF LIQUID ARE LESS IN COMPARISON TO THE SOLID STATE PARTICLES

AND MORE THAN THE GASEOUS STATE PARTICLES.

LIQUID

CHARACTERISTICS OF LIQUID STATE

A LIQUID HAS NO DEFINITE SHAPE BUT HAS DEFINITE VOLUME.

THE DENSITY OF LIQUID IS LOWER THAN THAT OF SOLID .

LIQUID SHOWS COMPRESSIBILITY UPTO A LIMITED EXTENT.

A LIQUID SHOWS FLUIDITY AND VISCOSITY.

A LIQUID SHOWS FLUIDITY AND HENCE IT CAN DIFFUSE.

GASEOUS STATE

SUBSTANCE WITH NO FIXED SHAPE, SIZE OR VOLUME IS SAID TO BE IN GASEOUS STATE.ATTERACTIVE FORCES AMONG GASEOUS PARTICLES ARE VERY LESS OR WEAK.THEY OCCUPY THE WHOLE SPACE AVAILBLE TO THEM MOLECULES OF GAS MOVE FREELY . WHEN THE FAST MOVING PARTICLES HIT THE WALLS OF THE CONTAINER THEY EXERT A PRESSURE WHICH IS KNOWN AS GAS PRESSURE AND THE MOTION IS KNOWN AS BROWNIAN MOTION

CHARACTERISTICS OF GASEOUS STATE

GAS HAS NEITHER SPECIFIC FIXED VOLUME NOR SHAPE.

THE DENSITY OF GAS IS LOWER THAN THAT OF SOLID OR LIQUID .

A GAS IS HIGHLY COMPRESSIBLE THIS IS DUE TO LARGE INTERPARTICLE SPACE WHICH CAN BE

REDUCED BY APPLYING PRESSURE.GAS SHOWS TH PROPERTY OF DIFFUSION AND

FLUIDITY.

PLASMA

THIS IS THE FOURTH KNOWN STATE OF MATTER IN THIS STATE ALL THE PARTICLES GET HIGHLY

ACTIVATED AND CHARGED .THE PARTICLES EXIST IN SUPER ENERGETIC AND SUPER EXCITED STATE .THE FLUORESCENT TUBE AND NEON BULBS CONSIST OF

PLASMA .

PLASMA OR IONISED GASES CAN EXIST AT TEMPERATURES STARTING AT SEVERAL 1000

DEGREE CELSIUS.

THE MAJORITY (90%) OF THE MATTER IN THE UNIVERSE IS ACTUALLY FOUND IN PLASMA STATE.

COMMON FORMS OF PLASMA

SPACE AND ASTROPHYSICS PLASMA EXAMPLE SUN STAR SOLAR WIND INTERSTELLAR MEDIUM,

CHARGED AIR PRODUCED BY LIGHTNING,INTERGALACTIC MEDIUM AND

INTERSTELLAR NEBULAE.

TERRESTRIAL PLASMA: LIGHTING,ST.ELMO’S FIRE.IONOSPHERE.POLAR AURORAE.

ARTIFICIALLY PRODUCED PLASMA:TELEVISION,ROCKET EXHAUST, ETC…

BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATE

IT IS KNOWN AS FIFTH STATE OF MATTER .PHYSICALLY ,THE BEC IS JUST OPPOSITE TO THE

PLASMA STATE.

IT IS VERY RIGID NEAR ABSOLUTE ZERO i.e -273.16 DEGREE CELSIUS OR 0K AT THIS ALL MOLECULAR

MOTION STOPS

IT IS A STATE IN WHICH ATOMS ARE AT THEIR LOWEST ENERGY STATE POSSIBLE.

THIS STATE IS OBTAINED BY SUPER COOLING OF A GAS OF EXTREMELY LOW DENSITY UPTO ITS ONE HUNDRED

THOUNSANDTH THE DENSITY OF NORMAL AIR.THIS PROCESS IS KNOWN AS BOSE EINSTEIN CONDENSATION

DEFINITION OF INTERCONVERSION OF STATES OF MATTER

FUSION:CONVERSION OF SOLID STATE INTO LIQUID STATE SOLIDIFICATION:CONVERSION OF LIQUID

STATE INTO SOLID STATE .VAPORISATION:CONVERSION OF LIQUID TO

GASEOUS STATE .CONDENSATION:IT IS THE CHANGE OF PHYSICAL STATE OF MATTER FROM GASEOUS STATE INTO

LIQUID STATE.SUBLIMATION:A CHANGE OF STATE DIRECTLY FROM

SOLID TO GAS WITHOUT CHANGING INTO LIQUID STATE OR VICE VERSA IS CALLED DESUBLIMATION/SUBLIMATION

LATENT HEAT

Latent Heat is the additional amount of heat supplied to boiling water to convert it into steam.

LATENT HEAT OF FUSION

THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY REQUIRED TO CONVERT 1 KG OF SOLID TO LIQUID AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WITHOUT

ANY CHANGE IN TEMPERTURE .

LATENTHEAT OF VAPOURISATION

THE AMOUNT OF HEAT ENERGY REQUIRED TO CONVERT 1 KG OF LIQUID INTO GAS AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE WITHOUT

ANY CHANGE IN TEMPRATURE

EVAPORATION

EVAPORATION IS A PROCESS WHEN A LIQUID BECOMES GAS BELOW BOILING POINT.EVAPORATION

GIVES COOLING SENSATION.IT IS A SURFACE PHENOMENA.EXAMPLE SWEATING

DRYING CLOTHES

FACTORS AFFECTING EVAPORATION

IF THE SURFACE AREA IS INCREASED THE RATE OF EVAPORATION INCREASES.

INCREASE IN TEMPERTURE RESULTS IN CHANGE IN RATE OF EVAPORATION.

INCREASE IN HUMIDITY RESULTS IN LOW RATE OF EVAPORATION.

ON A WINDY DAY THE RATE OF EVAPORATION INCREASES THUS WIND SPEED INCREASES RATE OF

EVAPORATION INCREASES.

HOW DOES EVAPORATION CAUSE COOLING?

IN AN OPEN VESSEL,THE LIQUID KEEPS ON EVAPORATING THE PARTICLES OF LIQUID ABSORB

ENERGY FROM SURROUNDING TO REGAIN THE ENERGY LOST DURING EVAPORATION THIS

ABSORBTION OF ENERGY FROM THE SURROUNDINGS MAKES THE SURROUNDINGS COLD

STATE VARIABLES

THERE ARE THREE STATE VARIABLES

TEMPERATURE (T)

PRESSURE (P)

VOLUME(V)

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE

EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE CAN BRING A CHANGE IN STATE OF MATTER LIKE IF A SOLID

IS HEATED IT BECOMES A LIQUID AND IF FURTHER HEATED IT BECOMES GAS AND IF

FURTHER HEATED IT BECOMES PLASMA

EFFECT OF PRESSURE

ON APPLYING PRESSURE PARTICLES OF MATTER COME CLOSER TO EACH OTHER AND STATES CAN ALSO BE CHANGED .PRESSURE

GIVES OPPOSITE RESULTS TO THAT OF TEMPERATURE, INCREASE IN PRESSURE LEADS TO A STATE WITH HIGHER DENSITY

AND HIGHER ATTRACTIVE FORCES.

APPLYING PRESSURE AND DECRESING TEMPRATURE CAN LIQUEFY GAS

OUT OF THE TWO FACTORS THE EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE IS MORE IMPORTANT .BEACAUSE

THERE IS A CERTAIN MINIMUM TEMPERTURE ABOVE WHICH THE GASES DO NOT LIQUEFY .

DIFFERENT UNITS OF TEMPERATURE

LET x BE THE TEMPRATURE IN CELSIUS x DEGREE K =x+273.16

HERE LET x BE THE TEMPERATURE IN KELVIN

X DEGREE C= X-273.16.

CONVERSION OF CELSIUS TO FAHRENHEIT