MATTER

the stuff of the universe

Matter• Matter: ______________________________

_____________________________________• Mass: the amount of ____________________• Weight: ______________________________

– on Earth, this is the same as mass• Law of Conservation of Matter: “__________

________________________________”…but it can be rearranged (via chemical or physical reactions)

Atoms

Matter is composed of _________• Atoms: ___________________________

_________________________________ _________________________________

• can not be further divided and still have _________ ___________

– Are composed of _________, ___________, and ___________

Pure Substance

• A substance with

– Ex:___________________ _______________________

• __________ and ______________are both considered to be pure substances

States of Matter

Solid Liquid Gas

Condensed States: Solids

• Solids–Have a ___________________

__________________________–Molecules are

• Tightly ________• Moving _________________________

____________________• ________________attracted to each

other• Not _________________

Condensed States: Liquids

• Liquids Have NO set__________but definite

__________–Molecules are

• ____________than in a solid at the same temperature

• _________________________• _________ attracted to each other• Not _______________

Expanded States: Gas

• Gas (vapor)– Have no ________________

• Depends on the container

– Have ________________• Varies depending on _______________ and ___________

– Molecules are • ______________________attracted to each other• ________________than those in a liquid at the same

temperature• As a result are

– _________________as far as possible– __________________past each other– _____________________

Expanded States: Plasma

• Plasmas– Occur at extremely ____________________– Are ________________

• May be some atoms or molecules but mostly– ________________ floating around not attached

– Usually are __________________________– Most ________________ form of matter in the

universe• ______________

– Here on Earth: _______________________________ ___________________________________________

What is a non-Newtonian fluid?

You have to pull the trigger on a water pistol to get the water to squirt out. To make the

water to come out faster, you have to pull the trigger harder. Fluids resist flow. The

resistance to flow arises because of the friction between these layers. This

phenomenon is known as viscosity.

Newton devised a simple model for fluid flow that could be used to relate how hard you

have to pull the trigger to how fast the liquid will squirt out of the pistol. Picture a

flowing liquid as a series of layers of liquid sliding past each other. The slower one layer

slides over another, the less resistance there is, so that if there was no difference

between the speeds the layers were moving, there would be no resistance.

Fluids like water and gasoline behave according to Newton's model, and are called

Newtonian fluids.

But ketchup, blood, yogurt, gravy, pie fillings, mud, and cornstarch paste DON'T follow the

model. They're non-Newtonian fluids because doubling the speed that the layers slide

past each other does not double the resisting force. It may less than double (like

ketchup), or it may more than double (as in the case of quicksand and gravy). That's why

stirring gravy thickens it, and why struggling in quicksand will make it even harder to

escape.

For some fluids (like mud, or snow) you can push and get no flow at all- until you push hard

enough, and the substance begins to flow like a normal liquid. This is what causes

mudslides and avalanches.

Physical and Chemical Properties and Changes

Physical Property

• Characteristic of a substance that can be observed ________________ ________________________________________________________________

• Examples:– ______________– ______________– ______________– ______________– ______________– ______________

Chemical Property

• Ability of a substance to _____________ _________________________________

• You must change the identity _________ __________________________________________________________________

• Examples:– ______________– ______________ with acids and bases

Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Properties

• Intrinsic (intensive) Property: A property that _______________ __________________________ of substance changes–_____________–_____________–_____________–_____________

Intrinsic v. Extrinsic Properties

• Extrinsic (extensive) property: A property that ___________________ ____________________________________________________________–_____________ –_____________ –_____________ –_____________

Density…Intrinsic or Extrinsic?

Mass (g) Volume (mL) Density

46.71 2.42

297.80 15.43

662.76 34.34

147.07 7.62

431.162 22.34

85.69 4.44

Density data for a sample of gold. Density= mass/ volume

Units are g/mL or g/cm3

Physical Change• Change in the _________________substance, not

in its chemical nature– No chemical bonds ___________________________

• The chemical formula is the same before and after the change

– ________________________________are made or broken, not the molecules themselves

– Examples:• __________________• __________________• __________________• __________________

Chemical Change (___________)• Change_____________________________

_____________________________ Atoms are __________________

– Bonds are ______________________ in new ways

• Examples:– __________________ – __________________ – _______________– __________________

Signs of Chemical Change• Change in:

– ___________________• Forming a _______________ (solid made from liquids)• ___________________________

– __________– ________________

• _________ (exothermic)• _________ (endothermic)

– _____________• giving off ___________

What is an element?

• Element:

– A substance made up of only one type of atom is an _____________________

How do we represent elements?– Represented by symbols on the periodic table

• Usually comes from the ___________, a _____________, or a _____________

• One or two letters for those with official names–___________________________________–___________________________________

• Unofficially named elements have three letters, starting with a capital ____

Elements in Nature

• ____90 naturally occurring– Of the __________on the Periodic Table, only ___

and ____ are not naturally occurring• Some elements are _________________

__________________, but commonly are found in compounds– ex: ______________is virtually non-existent in

pure form, but is found in common_______, a compound we call table salt.

Elements

When elements were discovered

Allotropes

• Allotropes are ___________________ __________________________

• Shown here are allotropes of carbon• ______________, ______________, and ______________

• Difference is how the atoms are __________________________

Molecules

• Two (2) or more _______________ _____________________– O2

– H2

– H2O

– C6H12O6

Compounds• Two (2) or more ___________________

________________________________ _________________________________– Has own, unique:

• ________ (law of__________________)• properties

– ___________________________________

– Need a ___________________to separate them into the elements it is made from• 2 H2O -> 2H2 and O2

Law of Definite Proportions

• In samples of any chemical compound, the ________________________________ _________________________________

• ________________________________

– H2O is always H2O, and never H2O2

– Once the formula is different, the materials and the properties are different

What is the difference between compounds and molecules?

Molecules: two or more atoms

bonded

Compounds: two or more

atoms of _______

________ bonded

• The term molecule is more _________, compound is more _________.

• Molecules can be _______________ like ___________

• Compounds by definition ________ _______________

Separation of compounds into their elements• Compounds can be

broken into their elements by _______________, such as

• ______________. This is the decomposition of a substance (here, water) into it’s elements by an ______________.

Mixture

• A blend of 2 or more____________• Have __________ compositions

–No _____________________• Examples:

Air: A Mixture

Types of Mixtures

• Homogeneous– ________________– __________________– cannot see ________________– Examples

• ___________• ___________• ___________• ___________

Types of mixture, con’t• Heterogeneous

–______________–not __________________–can see ______________–Examples:

• _________________• _________________• _________________• _________________

Subtypes of mixtures...• Solutions: one thing dissolved in another;

they do not ___________________or when filtered (particles are molecules)– Two parts:

• Solvent-______________________________• Solute- _______________________________

Ex: Salt water – water is the ________, salt the _______

– Can be any state of matter• Alloys are _____________________(a solid solution)

Subtypes of mixtures...• Suspensions:

– Heterogeneous mixture of two or more substances

– may look like a solution but can ____________________________ ____________________________

– particles are not dissolved • particles are larger than molecules;

sometimes they can be seen by the naked eye

Subtypes of mixtures...• Colloid- microscopically mixed homogeneous solutions

that will _______________ (____________)– They will ________________out upon standing– Emulsion- a type of colloid made from of two liquids that

normally will not mix (are_________________________)

Tyndall Effect

• Twenty-four-karat gold is an _____________• Eighteen-karat gold is an ________. • Fourteen-karat gold is an ___________.

– (Alloys are homogeneous mixtures- specifically solutions- of metals)

– What is the solvent in 18K and 14K gold?– What is/ are the solute(s) in 18K and 14K gold?

1_15

Matter(materials)

Substances Mixtures

Elements CompoundsHomogeneous

mixtures(solutions)

Heterogeneousmixtures

Physical processes

Chemical

reactions

Classification of Matter

Separating Mixtures

• Mixtures can be separated by _________________________– No chemical reactions or changes needed– 5 main methods are based on physical properties

• _________________• _________________• _________________• _________________• _________________

Separating Mixtures

• Evaporation: ____________________ ________________________________

• Crystallization: ___________________ __________________________________________________________– Usually paired

• _____________• _____________• _____________• _____________

Chromatography: “color writing”• Using how ______________________to separate them

– Use specific ratios of movement through a medium (paper, water, column) based on how some molecules move through the medium

– Phases:• Stationary phase

– _____________________(paper, the column)– ____________________of the mixture _________________

• Mobile phase– moves over the stationary phase– _________________________of the mixture

– Rf values constant for component of a mixture• Ratio of ________________________________________

_______________________________________________

• Ex: running colors in ink when wet

chromatograms

Gas and Column Chromotography

Filtration

• Use a funnel and ________ _____________

• Separates a __________________________

• Based on _____________

Distillation• Separates _______

________________• One liquid has to

have a lower _____ ________________– Heat both; the one

with the lower BP is boiled out first

– Can use _______________ to collect materials as they boil out

• Used with crude oil (______________) to isolate separate products

Distillation of Crude Oil: Cracking

Other methods…• Use ____________ (____________)

– _____________________

• Use _____________– For solids: Mixture of pieces is placed in a

solution• Some float and can be skimmed off• Some sink• Used in recycling plants to separate plastics

– For liquids that are immiscible (will not mix, like oil and water): use a separatory funnel

Separatory Funnel

Used for liquids that are ___________ (will not mix, like oil and water)

End of Chapter