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ArchaeologyoftheAfricanDiasporaANTH/AFST142Spring2010____________________________________________________Prof.ChristopherMatthews200BDavison anthczm@hofstra.edu (516)463‐4093Officehour:Tuesday3:45‐4:45pm___________________________________________________________________________________CourseDescriptionThiscourseexaminesthearchaeologyoftheAfricanDiasporafromthebeginningsofthetransatlanticslavetradetotheearlytwentiethcentury.TheobjectiveistounderstandandcontextualizethematerialworldsofAfricanDiasporacommunitieswithinthegreaterhistoriographiesoftheAtlanticworld.WewillexamineindetailthequestionofcultureintheDiaspora.AfricanDiasporaarchaeology,indialoguewithotherscholarlyfields,hasstruggledwithhowtoengagetheDiasporagiventheconvergenceofdiverseAfricanbackgroundswithforcedmigration,enslavement,freedom,racism,resistance,aswellasfactorsrelatedtocommunityformation,survival,andmemory.QuestionsofAfricanretentions,transformationsandinterculturalexchangedominatethefield.ExploringarchaeologicalfindingsfromsitesinWestAfrica,theCaribbean,Brazil,andtheUnitedStates,thiscourseconsidersthearchaeologicalcontributiontounderstandingunityanddiversityintheeverydayexperienceoftheDiaspora.Topicscoveredincludestudiesoflandscapes,foodways,innovationsinproduction,consumption,religion,marronage,racism,andheritagepolitics.

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________________________________________________________________________RequiredReadings

• Deetz,James,F.1996.InSmallThingsForgotten,rev.andexp.edition.AnchorBooks.

• Ferguson,Leland,1992.UncommonGround:ArchaeologyandEarlyAfrican­America.SmithsonianInstitutionPress.

• Singleton,Theresa,ed.1999."I,Too,AmAmerica":ArchaeologicalStudiesofAfrican­AmericanLife.UniversityofVirginiaPress.

• AdditionalreadingswillbeavailableonBlackboard.AnimportantadditionalresourceistheAfricanDiasporaArchaeologyNewsletterhttp://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/newsletter.html,

whichcontainsinformationoncurrentresearch,recentpublications,descriptionsofprojects,aswellasshortarticles._______________________________________________________________________CourseRequirements:ClassParticipationandDiscussionBoard(25%)Thiscoursewillcombinelecturewithdiscussionofthereadings.Lectureswillhighlightmajorissuesraisedinthereadings,butIwillnotcovereveryassignedreadinginexplicitdetail.Lectureswillalsointroduceinformationandprovideexamplesnotfoundinthereadings.Iexpectyourparticipationinclasstoensureyouunderstandthematerialsandcanseeconnectionsbetweentopicsandcasestudies.Tohelpyouprepareforclass,IaskthatyoupostacommentonthereadingsontheBlackboarddiscussionboardpriortoeachclassmeeting.YoushouldidentifythecentralthemesinthereadingsandofferyourthoughtsonthesignificanceofthisworktounderstandinghistoryandcultureintheDiaspora.

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Archaeologicaltechniquesquiz(10%)Asthiscoursedoesnotrequireaprerequisite,youneedtobecomeacquaintedwiththebasicmethodsandtechniquesarchaeologistsusetogeneratedataonthematerialcultureoftheAfricanDiaspora.Thisquizwillcoversomebasiccharacteristicsoflocatinganddefiningarchaeologicalsites,datarecovery,andinterpretation.Thisinformationwillbecoveredduringthefirstsetofclassmeetings.ThequizwillbeinclassonFebruary9.Africanismsdiscussionandsummarypaper(30%)Wewillhaveanin‐classdiscussiononthequestionofAfricanretentions,creolization,andchangeonMarch2.Studentteamswillselectonepositiontoresearch,introduceanddefend.Resourcesforthediscussionarelistedintheschedulebelow.Assignmentswillbefirstcome,firstserve.Followingthediscussioneachstudentwillpreparea6‐8pageessayonthedimensionsofretentionandchangeintheDiasporaasreflectedintheworkofculturaltheoristsandappliedintheAfricanDiasporaarchaeologicalresearchdiscussedbyDeetzandFerguson.PapersaredueMarch9.Finalessay(35%)Afinalessayexamwillelaborateonthemidterminacriticalevaluationofthearchaeologicalevidenceofretentionsand/orinnovationsintheDiasporainonearenaofarchaeologicalstudycoveredinclass,suchaslandscapes,foodways,commonartifacts,religion,resistance,ormodernheritagepolitics.Youmayexploreothertopicsnotcoveredinclasswithmypermission.Youmayuseexamplesfromtheclasslecturesandreadings,butyouareexpectedtodelveintothearchaeologicalliteraturetodiscussresearchnotpresentedinlectures.Ihaveprovidedsomeadditionalrecommendedreadingsinthecourseschedulebelow,andIamhappytohelpyoulocateadditionalsources.Inthispaperyouwillreviewtheretentionsandchangedebatedetailedinyourfirstpaper.Thenyouwillapplythisunderstandingpositioninacriticalreviewofspecificarchaeologicalstudies.Thispaperwillbe8‐10pagesinlength.Itisdueatthescheduledmeetingtimeforthefinalexam.

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AnalternativefinalresearchprojectonAfricanDiasporaarchaeologicalsitesonLongIslandisalsopossible.ThisprojectinvolvesprimaryresearchtodocumentsitesonLongIslandsignificanttoAfricanDiasporaarchaeology.Paperswillprovideanoverviewofasite’shistory,reviewarchaeologicalfindingsand/orpotentials,andofferacontextualanalysisofthesite’sconnectiontoDiasporahistoryandculture.Pleaseseemepriortoembarkingonthisprojectforadviceanddirection._______________________________________________________________________CourseScheduleNote:thisscheduleissubjecttominorchanges.ThesewillbeannouncedandanupdatedschedulewillbepostedonBlackboard.AllreadingsexceptthoseinrequiredbookslistedabovewillbeavailableonreserveorthroughBlackboard.Jan26,28,Feb2,4,9Archaeologyofthepeoplewithandwithouthistory

RequiredReadingsDeetz,InSmallThingsForgotten,entire

McIntoshetal.PeoplewithoutHistory Singletonin"I,Too,AmAmerica"

RecommendedThornton,AfricaandAfricans,Chs.1&2

February4Film:TracesoftheTrade,CulturalCenterTheaterArchaeologicalTechniquesquiz:Feb9

Feb18,23,25TheArchaeologyofSlavery

RequiredReadingsFerguson,UncommonGround,entireFilm:UnearthingSecretAmerica(availableathttp://www.babelgum.com/117876/scientific‐american‐frontiers‐unearthing‐secret‐america.html)

March2WhatistheDiaspora?Culture,Creolization,AfricanismsandAfricans

RequiredReadingsPosnanskyin"I,Too,AmAmerica"DeCorsein"I,Too,AmAmerica"

PerryandPaynterin"I,Too,AmAmerica"Recommended

Thornton,AfricaandAfricans,Ch.8 Holloway,TheOriginsofAfrican‐AmericanCulture

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March4ClassDiscussiononthequestionofretentions,culturalchange,creolization,history,andpoliticsinthestudyoftheDiaspora. Resources

Herskovitz,TheMythoftheNegroPastMintzandPrice,TheBirthofAfrican­AmericanCultureFrazier,TheNegroFamilyintheUnitedStatesIyo,HistoriographicalIssuesintheAfricanDiasporaExperienceGomez,Vesey’sChallengeandTad’sQueryMatory,The“NewWorld”SurroundsanOceanHolt,SlaveryandFreedomintheAtlanticWorld

PapersdueMarch11March9,11ArchaeologiesoftheSlaveTradeinWestAfrica

RequiredReadingsDeCorse,Culture,Contact,ContinuityandChangeKelly,TheArchaeologyofAfrican‐EuropeanInteractionOgundiran,OfSmallThingsRemembered

RecommendedThornton,AfricaandAfricans,Chs3‐4MacEachern,StateFormationandEnslavementMcIntosh,ToolsforUnderstandingTransformationandContinuity

March16,23LandscapeandDomesticSpaceintheDiaspora

RequiredReadingsEppersonin"I,Too,AmAmerica"Upton,WhiteandBlackLandscapesin18th‐centuryVirginiaHeathandBennett,TheLittleSpotsAllow’dThemEdwards,“Trash”RevisitedFitts,LandscapesofNorthernBondage

RecommendedPulsipher,HereWheretheOldTimePeopleBePulsipher,TheLandscapesandIdeationalRolesofSlaveGardensHeath,BoundedYardsandFluidBoundariesSingleton,SlaveryandSpatialDialecticsBattle‐Baptiste,InThisHerePlaceChan,BringingtheOutKitchenIn?

March18GuestLecturer:Prof.JennaCoplin

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March25ColonowareandotherdistinctiveartifactsintheDiaspora

RequiredReadingsEmersonin"I,Too,AmAmerica"Moueretalin"I,Too,AmAmerica"Handler,AspectsoftheAtlanticSlaveTradeWilkie,Glass‐KnappingataLouisianaPlantationWilkie,CultureBought:EvidenceofCreolizationGoucher,TheMemoryofIron

RecommendedHeath,Yabbas,Monkeys,Jugs,andJarsHauser,HawkingYourWaresHauser,BetweenUrbanandRuralHauser,andArmstrong,EmbeddedIdentitiesGoucher,AfricanMetallurgyintheAtlanticWorldMcDonald,IndependentEconomicProductionbySlavesKellyandNorman,MediumVessels

FoodwaysandMedicineintheDiaspora

RecommendedReadingsMcKeein"I,Too,AmAmerica"Yentsch,ExcavatingtheSouth'sAfricanAmericanFoodHistoryWarner,HamHocksonYourCornflakesEdwards‐Ingram,AfricanAmericanMedicineFranklin,TheArchaeologicalDimensionsofSoulFood

March30,April1SpringBreakApril6,8Spirit,Belief,DeathandBurialinDiasporicperspective

RequiredReadingsBrown,InterwovenTraditionsStine,etal,BlueBeadsasAfrican‐AmericanCulturalSymbols.Leone,AfricanAmericaMack and Blakey, The New York African Burial Ground Project Davidson,IdentityandViolentDeath

RecommendedThornton,AfricaandAfricans,Ch.9BrownandCooper,StructuralContinuityBrown,MaterialCultureandCommunityStructureFennel,BaKongoIdentityandSymbolicExpressionintheAmericasLeoneandFry,ConjuringintheBigHouseKitchen

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Orser,TheArchaeologyofAfrican‐AmericanSlaveReligionRussell,AfricanAmericanSpiritualityattheHermitageGarman,TheColorLineandtheMaterialCultureofDeath

April13­15ResistanceandMarronageintheDiaspora

RequiredReadingsDeaganin"I,Too,AmAmerica"Epperson,TheContestedCommonsMatthews,TheArchaeologyofRaceandAfricanAmericanResistanceOrserandFunari,ArchaeologyandSlaveResistance

RecommendedThornton,AfricaandAfricans,Ch.10Weik,Allies,AdversariesandKinAgorsah,ScarsofBrutality:ArchaeologyofMaroonsFunari,TheArchaeologicalStudyoftheAfricanDiasporainBrazil

April20­22Raceandracismpost­emancipation

RequiredReadingsBastianin"I,Too,AmAmerica"PaynterandAllen,W.E.B.DuBoisFennell,HistoricalLandscapesofNewPhiladelphia,Illinois.Mullins,RaceandtheGenteelConsumer

RecommendedBrandonandDavidson.TheLandscapeofVanWinkle'sMillBaumann,RagtimeArchaeologyDavidsonandTennant.APotentialArchaeologyofRosewoodMullins,RacializingtheCommonplaceLandscape

April27,27,May4PoliticsandpracticeinAfricanandAfricanDiasporaarchaeology

RequiredReadingsChappellin"I,Too,AmAmerica"Osei‐Tutu,Ghana’s“SlaveCastles”LaRocheandBlakey,SeizingIntellectualPowerMatthews,TheLocationofArchaeologyMcDavid,Descendants,Decisions,andPowerFranklin,WhyarethereSoFewBlackArchaeologists?

RecommendedEpperson,CriticalRaceTheoryMatthews,ArchaeologyandObama

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ArchaeologyoftheAfricanDiasporaSpring2010Note:thislistingwillbeupdatedregularlyduringthesemester,pleaseperiodicallycheckBlackboardtoaccessupdatedfiles.ReadingsBibliographyAgorsah,E.Kofi.2007.ScarsofBrutality:ArchaeologyofMaroonsintheCaribbeanin

ArchaeologyofAtlanticAfricaandtheAfricanDiaspora,AkinwumiOgundiranandToyinFalola,eds.pp.332‐354.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Battle‐Baptiste,WhitneyL.2007.InThisHerePlace:InterpretingEnslavedHomeplacesin

ArchaeologyofAtlanticAfricaandtheAfricanDiaspora,AkinwumiOgundiranandToyinFalola,eds.pp.233‐248.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Baumann,TimothyE.2008.RagtimeArchaeology:ExcavationsinScottJoplin's

Neighborhood.AfricanDiasporaArchaeologyNewsletter,March2008.http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0308/news0308.html#3

Blakey,MichaelL.andLesleyM.Rankin‐Hill,eds.2004.TheNewYorkAfricanBurialGround

SkeletalBiologyFinalReport,VolumeI,Chapters1and3.Availableat:http://www.africanburialground.gov/ABG_FinalReports.htm

Brandon,JamieC.andJamesM.Davidson.2005.TheLandscapeofVanWinkle'sMill:

Identity,MythandModernityintheOzarkUplandSouth.HistoricalArchaeology39(3):113‐131.

Brown,KennethL.1994.MaterialCultureandCommunityStructure:TheSlaveandTenant

CommunityatLeviJordan’sPlantation,1848‐1892inWorkingTowardFreedom:SlaveSocietyandDomesticEconomyintheAmericanSouth,LarryE.Hudson,Jr.,ed.,pp.95‐118.UniversityofRochesterPress.

Brown,Kenneth.2001.InterwovenTraditions:ArchaeologyoftheConjurersCabinsandthe

AfricanAmericanCemeteryattheJordanandFrogmoreManorPlantationsinPlacesofCulturalMemory:AfricansReflectionsontheAmericanLandscape,pp.99‐114.ConferenceProceedings.U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior,NationalParkService.

Chan,AlexandraA.2007.BringingtheOutKitchenIn?:TheExperientialLandscapesof

BlackandWhiteNewEnglandinArchaeologyofAtlanticAfricaandtheAfricanDiaspora,AkinwumiOgundiranandToyinFalola,eds.pp.249‐276.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Davidson,James.2008.IdentityandViolentDeath:ContextualizingLethalGunViolence

withintheAfrican‐AmericanCommunityofDallas,TX(1900‐1907).TheJournalofSocialArchaeology8(3):321‐356.

Davidson,James.2007.“ResurrectionMen”inDallas:TheIllegalUseofBlackBodiesas

MedicalCadavers(1900‐1907).InternationalJournalofHistoricalArchaeology11(3):193‐220.

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Davidson,JamesandEdwardGonzález‐Tennant.2008.APotentialArchaeologyofRosewood,Florida:TheProcessofRememberingaCommunityandaTragedy.TheArchaeologicalRecord8(1):13‐16.Availableat:http://www.saa.org/publications/theSAAarchRec/jan08.pdf

Deagan,KathleenA.andDarcieA.MacMahon.1995.FortMose:ColonialAmerica'sBlack

FortressofFreedom.UniversityPressofFlorida,Gainesville.DeCorse,ChristopherR.2001.“Culture,Contact,ContinuityandChange,”Chapter6inAn

ArchaeologyofElmina:AfricansandEuropeansontheGoldCoast,1400­1900.SmithsonianInstitutionPress,Washington.

Edwards,Ywone.1998.“Trash”Revisited:AComparativeApproachtoHistorical

DescriptionsandArchaeologicalAnalysisofSlaveHousesandYardsinKeepYourHeadtotheSky:InterpretingAfricanAmericanHomeGround,GreyGundaker,ed.pp.245‐272.UniversityofVirginiaPress,Charlottesville.

Edwards‐Ingram,Ywone.2001.AfricanAmericanMedicineandtheSocialRelationsof

SlaveryinRaceandtheArchaeologyofIdentity,CharlesE.Orser,Jr.,ed.,UniversityofUtahPress,SaltLakeCity.

Epperson,Terrence.1999.TheContestedCommons:ArchaeologiesofRace,Repression,and

ResistanceinNewYorkCityinHistoricalArchaeologiesofCapitalism,MarkP.LeoneandParkerB.Potter,eds.,pp.81‐110.PlenumPress.

Epperson,Terrence.2004.CriticalRaceTheoryandtheArchaeologyoftheAfrican

Diaspora.HistoricalArchaeology38(1):101‐108.Fennel,ChristopherC.2007.CrossroadsandCosmologies:DiasporasandEthnogenesisinthe

NewWorld.UniversityPressofFlorida,Gainesville.Fennel,ChristopherC.2007.BaKongoIdentityandSymbolicExpressionintheAmericasin

ArchaeologyofAtlanticAfricaandtheAfricanDiaspora,AkinwumiOgundiranandToyinFalola,eds.pp.199‐232.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Fennell,Christopher.n.d.HistoricalLandscapesofNewPhiladelphia,Illinois.

http://www.anthro.uiuc.edu/faculty/cfennell/NP/newphilgeog.htmlalsoseehttp://www.heritage.umd.edu/chrsweb/New%20Philadelphia/NewPhiladelphia.htm

Folorunso,CalebA.2006.TheTrans‐AtlanticSlaveTradeandLocalTraditionsofSlaveryin

theWestAfricanHinterlands:TheTivlandExampleinAfricanRe­genesis:ConfrontingIssuesintheDiaspora,JayB.HaviserandKevinC.MacDonald,eds.pp.237‐245.UCLPress,London.

Franklin,Maria.1997.WhyaretheresofewblackAmericanarchaeologists?Antiquity:an

internationaljournalofexpertarchaeology71(274).Franklin,Maria.2001.TheArchaeologicalDimensionsofSoulFood:InterpretingRace,

Culture,andAfro‐VirginianIdentityinRaceandtheArchaeologyofIdentity,CharlesE.Orser,Jr.,ed.,UniversityofUtahPress,SaltLakeCity.

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Funari,PedroP.2007.TheArchaeologicalStudyoftheAfricanDiasporainBrazilin

ArchaeologyofAtlanticAfricaandtheAfricanDiaspora,AkinwumiOgundiranandToyinFalola,eds.pp.355‐371.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Garman,JamesC.1994.1994 Viewing the Color Line through the Material Culture of Death. Historical

Archaeology 28(3):74-93. Gershenhorn,Jerry.2004.“SubvertingtheMythoftheNegroPast,”Chapter4inMelvilleJ.

HerskovitsandtheRacialPoliticsofKnowledge.UniversityofNebraskaPress,Lincoln.Gomez,Michael.1998.“Vesey’sChallenge”andselectionsfrom“Tad’sQuery”,Chapters1

and8(pp.1­16andpp.219­243),inExchangingOurCountryMarks:TheTransformationofAfricanIdentitiesintheColonialandAntebellumSouth.UniversityofNorthCarolinaPress,ChapelHill.

Goucher,CandiceL.1999.African‐CaribbeanMetalTechnology:ForgingCulturalSurvivals

intheAtlanticWorldinAfricanSitesArchaeologyintheCaribbean,JayB.Haviser,ed.,pp.143‐56.MarcusWeinerPublishers,Princeton.

Goucher,CandiceL.2001.TheMemoryofIroninPlacesofCulturalMemory:African

ReflectionsontheAmericanLandscape,pp.63‐68.ConferenceProceedings.U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior,NationalParkService.

Goucher,CandiceL.2007.AfricanMetallurgyintheAtlanticWorldinArchaeologyof

AtlanticAfricaandtheAfricanDiaspora,AkinwumiOgundiranandToyinFalola,eds.pp.277‐291.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Handler,JeromeS.2008.AspectsoftheAtlanticSlaveTrade:SmokingPipes,Tobacco,and

theMiddlePassage.AfricanDiasporaArchaeologyNewsletter,June2008.http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0608/news0608.html#5

Hauser,MarkW.2006.HawkingYourWares:DeterminingtheScaleoftheInformal

EconomythroughtheDistributionofLocalCoarseEarthenwarein18th‐centuryJamaicainAfricanRe­genesis:ConfrontingIssuesintheDiaspora,JayB.HaviserandKevinC.MacDonald,eds.pp.160‐175.UCLPress,London.

Hauser,MarkW.2007.BetweenUrbanandRural:OrganizationandDistributionofLocal

PotteryinEighteenth‐CenturyJamaicainArchaeologyofAtlanticAfricaandtheAfricanDiaspora,AkinwumiOgundiranandToyinFalola,eds.pp.292‐310.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Hauser,MarkW.andDouglasV.Armstrong.1999.EmbeddedIdentities:PiecingTogether

RelationshipsthroughCompositionalAnalysisofLow‐FiredEarthenwaresinAfricanSitesArchaeologyintheCaribbean,JayB.Haviser,ed.,pp.65‐93.MarcusWeinerPublishers,Princeton.

Heath,BarbaraJ.1999.Yabbas,Monkeys,Jugs,andJars:AnHistoricalContextforAfrican‐

CaribbeanPotteryonSt.EustatiousinAfricanSitesArchaeologyintheCaribbean,JayB.Haviser,ed.,pp.196‐220.MarcusWeinerPublishers,Princeton.

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Heath,Barbara.2001.BoundedYardsandFluidBoundaries:LandscapesofSlaveryat

PoplarForestinPlacesofCulturalMemory:AfricanReflectionsontheAmericanLandscape,pp.69‐81.ConferenceProceedings.U.S.DepartmentoftheInterior,NationalParkService.

Heath,BarbaraandAdeleBennett.2000.TheLittleSpotsAllow’dThem:TheArchaeological

StudyofAfricanAmericanYards.HistoricalArchaeology34(2)38‐55.Herskovitz,MelvilleJ.1990.TheMythoftheNegroPast.2ndEd.BeaconPress,Boston.Holloway,JosephE.1990.TheOriginsofAfrican‐AmericanCultureinAfricanismsin

AmericanCulture,JosephE.Holloway,ed.,pp.1‐18.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Holt,ThomasC.1999.SlaveryandFreedomintheAtlanticWorld:Reflectiononthe

DiasporanFrameworkinCrossingBoundaries:ComparativeHistoryofBlackPeopleinDiaspora,DarleneClarkHineandJaquelineMcLeod,eds.,pp.33‐44.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Iyo,Joseph‐ErnestAoyondofe.2006.HistoriographicalIssuesintheAfricanDiaspora

ExperienceintheNewWorld:Reexaminingthe“SlaveCulture”and“CreoleCulture”ThesesinAfricanRe­genesis:ConfrontingIssuesintheDiaspora,JayB.HaviserandKevinC.MacDonald,eds.pp.38‐49.UCLPress,London.

Kelly,Kenneth.1997.TheArchaeologyofAfrican‐EuropeanInteraction:Investigatingthe

SocialRoleofTrade,Traders,andtheUseofSpaceintheSeventeenthCenturyHuedaKingdom,RepublicofBenin.WorldArchaeology28(3):352‐369.

Kelly,KennethandNeilL.Norman.2006.MediumVesselsandtheLongDuree:The

EnduranceofRitualCeramicsandtheArchaeologyoftheAfricanDiasporainAfricanRe­genesis:ConfrontingIssuesintheDiaspora,JayB.HaviserandKevinC.MacDonald,eds.pp.223‐234.UCLPress,London.

LaRoche.CherylJ.andMichaelL.Blakey.1997.SeizingIntellectualPower:TheDialogueat

theNewYorkAfricanBurialGround.HistoricalArchaeology31(3):84‐106.Leone,MarkP.2006.AfricanAmerica,Chapter7inTheArchaeologyofLibertyinan

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InterpretationofAfricanAmericanBeliefSystemsBasedontheUsesofArchaeologyandFolkloreSources.JournalofAmericanFolklore112(445):372‐403

Leone,MarkP.andGladys‐MarieFry.2001.SpiritManagementamongAmericansofAfrican

DescentinRaceandtheArchaeologyofIdentity,CharlesE.Orser,ed.pp.143‐57.UniversityofUtahPress.

Leone,MarkP.,CherylJaniferLaRoche,andJenniferBarbiarz.2005.TheArchaeologyof

BlackAmericansinrecentTimes.AnnualReviewofAnthropology34:575‐98.

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MacEachern,Scott.2001.StateFormationandEnslavementintheSouthernLakeChad

BasininWestAfricaduringtheAtlanticSlaveTrade:ArchaeologicalPerspectives,ChristopherR.DeCorse,ed.,pp.131‐151.LeicesterUniversityPress,London.

Mack,MarkE.andMichaelL.Blakey.2004.TheNewYorkAfricanBurialGroundProject:

PastBiases,CurrentDilemmasandFutureResearchOpportunities.HistoricalArchaeology38(1):10‐17.

Matory,J.Lorand.2006.The“NewWorld”SurroundsandOcean:TheorizingtheLive

DialoguebetweenAfricanandAfricanAmericanCultures.InAfro­AtlanticDialogues:AnthropologyintheDiaspora.,KevinA.Yelvington,ed.,pp.151‐192.SARPress,SantaFe.

Matthews,ChristopherN.2008.TheLocationofArchaeologyinEthnographicArchaeologies:

ReflectionsonStakeholdersandArchaeologicalPractice,QuetzilE.CastanedaandChristopherN.Matthews,eds.AltaMiraPress.

Matthews,ChristopherN.2009.Archaeology,Obama,andtheLongCivilRightsMovement.

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fromTheArchaeologyofCapitalism,ms.inprogress.McDavid,Carol.1997.Descendants,Decisions,andPower:ThePublicInterpretationofthe

ArchaeologyoftheLeviJordanPlantation.HistoricalArchaeology31(3):114‐113.McDonald,Roderick.1991.IndependentEconomicProductionbySlavesonAntebellum

LouisianaSugarPlantationsinTheSlaves’Economy:IndependentProductionbySlaves,IraBerlinandPhilipD.Morgan,eds.,pp.182‐208.FrankCass,London.

McIntosh,Roderick,etal.2006.PeoplewithoutHistoryInArchaeologicalEthics,2ndEdition,

KarenVitelliandChipColwell‐Chantaphonh,eds.,pp.125‐24.AltamiraPress,Lanham,MA>

McIntosh,SusanKeech.2001.ToolsforUnderstandingTransformationandContinuityin

SenegambianSociety:1500‐1900inWestAfricaduringtheAtlanticSlaveTrade:ArchaeologicalPerspectives,ChristopherR.DeCorse,ed.,pp.16‐37.LeicesterUniversityPress,London.

Mintz,SydneyW.andRichardPrice.1992.TheBirthofAfrican­AmericanCulture:An

AnthropologicalPerspective[esp.“Introduction”and“TheEncounterModel”].BeaconPress,Boston.

Monroe,J.Cameron.2007.DahomeyandtheAtlanticSlaveTrade:ArchaeologyandPolitical

OrderontheBightofBenininArchaeologyofAtlanticAfricaandtheAfricanDiaspora,AkinwumiOgundiranandToyinFalola,eds.pp.100‐121.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Mullins,PaulR.1999.RaceandAffluence:AnArchaeologyofAfricanAmericaandConsumer

Culture.PlenumPress,NewYork.

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Mullins,Paul.1999.RaceandtheGenteelConsumer:ClassandAfricanAmerican

Consumption,1850‐1930.HistoricalArchaeology33(1):22‐28.Mullins,PaulR.2006.RacializingtheCommonplaceLandscape:AnArchaeologyofUrban

RenewalAlongtheColorLine.WorldArchaeology38(1):60‐71.Mullins,PaulR.andK.ChrisGlidden.2008.GrassrootsPoliticsandArchaeological

EngagementalongtheColorLine.AfricanDiasporaArchaeologyNewsletter,March2008.http://www.diaspora.uiuc.edu/news0308/news0308.html#3

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MaterialLifeinaYoruba‐EdoHinterland,ca.1600‐1750inArchaeologyofAtlanticAfricaandtheAfricanDiaspora,AkinwumiOgundiranandToyinFalola,eds.pp.77‐99.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Orser,CharlesE.Jr.1994.TheArchaeologyofAfrican‐AmericanSlaveReligioninthe

AntebellumSouth.CambridgeArchaeologicalJournal4(1):33‐45.Orser,CharlesE.,Jr.1999.ArchaeologyandtheChallengesofCapitalistFarmTenancyin

AmericainHistoricalArchaeologiesofCapitalism,MarkP.LeoneandParkerB.Potter,eds.,pp.PlenumPress.

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RebellionWorldArchaeology33(1):61‐72.

Osei‐Tutu,Brempong.2007.Ghana’s“SlaveCastles,”TourismandtheSocialMemoryoftheAtlanticSlaveTradeinArchaeologyofAtlanticAfricaandtheAfricanDiaspora,AkinwumiOgundiranandToyinFalola,eds.pp.185‐195.IndianaUniversityPress,Bloomington.

Paynter,RobertandE.Allen,Jr.1992.W.E.B.DuBoisandtheMaterialWorldofAfrican‐

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inTheArchaeologyofGardenandField,NaomiMillerandKathrynGleason,eds.,pp.202‐222.UniversityofPennsylvaniaPress,Philadelphia.

Pulsipher,LydiaM.1999.HereWheretheOldTimePeopleBe:Reconstructingthe

LandscapesoftheSlaveryandPost‐SlaveryErainMontserrat,WestIndiesinAfricanSitesArchaeologyintheCaribbean,JayB.Haviser,ed.,pp.9‐37.MarcusWeinerPublishers,Princeton.

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Russell,AaronE.1997MaterialCultureandAfrican‐AmericanSpiritualityattheHermitage.

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